Дисертації з теми "Land Surface Water Index"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Land Surface Water Index".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
Gortan, Emmanuelle. "Misura dello stato idrico di fraxinus ornus L. quale biomonitor dell'aridità ambientale in siti diversi del carso triestino." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2658.
Повний текст джерелаL'aridità è una condizione ambientale che comporta una ridotta disponibilità d'acqua per le piante all'interno del suolo. La disponibilità d'acqua rappresenta, unitamente alla temperatura, il fattore ambientale che più di ogni altro condiziona la distribuzione e la produttività primaria della vegetazione. Poiché una prolungata aridità ambientale ha serie conseguenze sulla produttività degli ecosistemi forestali e sulla sopravvivenza di alcune specie vegetali meno competitive di altre in tali condizioni, è di fondamentale importanza quantificare il livello di aridità ambientale per poterne prevedere l'impatto attuale e le tendenze in atto. Il progetto di ricerca si poneva quindi l’obiettivo di individuare e definire un indice di aridità ambientale, che consentisse di rappresentare le relazioni che la pianta contrae con l’acqua presente nell’ambiente in funzione della risposta fisiologica della pianta al variare del contenuto idrico del suolo, attraverso un valore unico a significato ecofisiologico. L'individuazione di un parametro ecofisiologico in grado di stimare in modo affidabile l'impatto dello stress idrico poneva le basi per valutare possibili correlazioni con parametri ottenibili con il telerilevamento. Un'altra finalità del lavoro era, infatti, l'individuazione di un parametro di riferimento mediante l'utilizzo di tecniche di telerilevamento da satellite da applicare nello “scaling up” ecologico, che a partire dallo studio dell'impatto dello stress idrico su singole specie potesse indagare sistemi di vegetazione sempre più grandi nell'ottica di sviluppare una visione olistica di grandi aree in relazione all'aridità ambientale. La specie vegetale che è stata scelta come potenziale biomonitor è Fraxinus ornus L. ossia l'orniello, che è stato selezionato in quanto trattasi di una specie vegetale che si distingue per la notevole capacità di resistenza a condizioni di stress idrico e proprio per questa sua capacità, è una specie diffusa in una grande varietà di ambienti. L'area di studio scelta è stata la provincia di Trieste ed in particolare l'area carsica. Questa zona, infatti, offre l'opportunità di eseguire significativi biomonitoraggi per valutazioni quantitative e qualitative sull'ambiente, in quanto presenta una elevata variabilità di substrati litologici, costituiti da rocce soggette a fenomeni di dissoluzione da parte delle acque meteoriche chimicamente aggressive (rocce carsificabili), a cui sono associati diversi tipi di circolazione idrica. La presenza di una fitta rete di fessure e fratture nei substrati geologici a tratti determina un forte drenaggio dell'acqua all'interno del suolo dovuto a percolamento della stessa verso gli strati più profondi. Nella zona del Carso triestino, sono state selezionate 21 stazioni in base ad un criterio geomorfologico noto come carsificabilità, che misura in modo indiretto e qualitativo la capacità di campo di un suolo, e in modo tale da ricoprire tutto il territorio dell'area carsica all'interno della provincia di Trieste. Al fine di identificare quale fosse il parametro fisiologico o morfologico che meglio si addicesse allo scopo della ricerca, sono stati misurati nel periodo da Maggio a Settembre i parametri relativi alle relazioni pianta-acqua generalmente correlati allo stress idrico e cioè la conduttanza fogliare al vapore d'acqua (gL), il potenziale dell'acqua della foglia (Ψfoglia) e la conduttanza idraulica della foglia (Kfoglia). Contestualmente, sono stati misurati anche i diametri dei vasi xilematici. Grazie all'analisi di questi parametri è stato possibile eseguire uno studio biofisico accurato del comportamento idraulico dell'orniello in condizioni di limitazione della disponibilità d'acqua. Da questi dati emerge che la conduttanza fogliare al vapore d'acqua (gL) è il parametro più affidabile a rappresentare l'indice di aridità ambientale, in quanto è risultato essere il più sensibile alle variazioni nella disponibilità d'acqua. Il tentativo di integrare i dati di campo relativi a gL con quelli ottenuti mediante elaborazione di immagini satellitari non ha portato ai risultati sperati. L'indice ottenuto da dati telerilevati è risultato poco promettente come indice di riferimento per la realizzazione di uno “scaling-up”, in quanto non è risultato essere in grado di rilevare condizioni di stress idrico in aree caratterizzate da forte drenaggio dell'acqua (aree ad alta carsificabilità). L'applicabilità delle tecniche di telerilevamento da satellite nel monitoraggio dell'aridità ambientale risulta quindi fortemente limitata dalla struttura geomorfologica del territorio oggetto di studio.
XX Ciclo
1973
Muche, Muluken Eyayu. "Surface water hydrologic modeling using remote sensing data for natural and disturbed lands." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32609.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Stacy L. Hutchinson
The Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is widely used to estimate direct runoff from rainfall events; however, the method does not account for the dynamic rainfall-runoff relationship. This study used back-calculated curve numbers (CNs) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to develop NDVI-based CNs (CN[subscript]NDV) using four small northeastern Kansas grassland watersheds with average areas of 1 km² and twelve years (2001–2012) of daily precipitation and runoff data. Analysis indicated that the CN[subscript]NDVI model improved runoff predictions compared to the SCS-CN method. The CN[subscript]NDVI also showed greater variability in CNs, especially during growing season, thereby increasing the model’s ability to estimate relatively accurate runoff from rainfall events since most rainfall occurs during the growing season. The CN[subscript]NDVI model was applied to small, disturbed grassland watersheds to assess the model’s ability to detect land cover change impact for military maneuver damage and large, diverse land use/cover watersheds to assess the impact of scaling up the model. CN[subscript]NDVI application was assessed using a paired watershed study at Fort Riley, Kansas. Paired watersheds were identified through k-means and hierarchical-agglomerative clustering techniques. At the large watershed scale, Daymet precipitation was used to estimate runoff, which was compared to direct runoff extracted from stream flow at gauging points for Chapman (grassland dominated) and Upper Delaware (agriculture dominated) watersheds. In large, diverse watersheds, CN[subscript]NDVI performed better in moderate and overall flow years. Overall, CN[subscript]NDVI more accurately simulated runoff compared to SCS-CN results: The calibrated model increased by 0.91 for every unit increase in observed flow (r = 0.83), while standard CN-based flow increased by 0.506 for every unit increase in observed flow (r = 0.404). Therefore, CN[subscript]NDVI could help identify land use/cover changes and disturbances and spatiotemporal changes in runoff at various scales. CN[subscript]NDVI could also be used to accurately estimate runoff from precipitation events in order to instigate more timely land management decisions.
Amazirh, Abdelhakim. "Monitoring crops water needs at high spatio-temporal resolution by synergy of optical/thermal and radar observations." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30101.
Повний текст джерелаOptimizing water management in agriculture is essential over semi-arid areas in order to preserve water resources which are already low and erratic due to human actions and climate change. This thesis aims to use the synergy of multispectral remote sensing observations (radar, optical and thermal data) for high spatio-temporal resolution monitoring of crops water needs. In this context, different approaches using various sensors (Landsat-7/8, Sentinel-1 and MODIS) have been developed to provide information on the crop Soil Moisture (SM) and water stress at a spatio-temporal scale relevant to irrigation management. This work fits well the REC "Root zone soil moisture Estimates at the daily and agricultural parcel scales for Crop irrigation management and water use impact: a multi-sensor remote sensing approach" (http://rec.isardsat.com/) project objectives, which aim to estimate the Root Zone Soil Moisture (RZSM) for optimizing the management of irrigation water. Innovative and promising approaches are set up to estimate evapotranspiration (ET), RZSM, land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation water stress through SM indices derived from multispectral observations with high spatio-temporal resolution. The proposed methodologies rely on image-based methods, radiative transfer modelling and water and energy balance modelling and are applied in a semi-arid climate region (central Morocco). In the frame of my PhD thesis, three axes have been investigated. In the first axis, a Landsat LST-derived RZSM index is used to estimate the ET over wheat parcels and bare soil. The ET modelling estimation is explored using a modified Penman-Monteith equation obtained by introducing a simple empirical relationship between surface resistance (rc) and a RZSM index. The later is estimated from Landsat-derived land surface temperature (LST) combined with the LST endmembers (in wet and dry conditions) simulated by a surface energy balance model driven by meteorological forcing and Landsat-derived fractional vegetation cover. The investigated method is calibrated and validated over two wheat parcels located in the same area near Marrakech City in Morocco. In the next axis, a method to retrieve near surface (0-5 cm) SM at high spatial and temporal resolution is developed from a synergy between radar (Sentinel-1) and thermal (Landsat) data and by using a soil energy balance model. The developed approach is validated over bare soil agricultural fields and gives an accurate estimates of near surface SM with a root mean square difference compared to in situ SM equal to 0.03 m3 m-3. In the final axis a new method is developed to disaggregate the 1 km resolution MODIS LST at 100 m resolution by integrating the near surface SM derived from Sentinel-1 radar data and the optical-vegetation index derived from Landsat observations. The new algorithm including the S-1 backscatter as input to the disaggregation, produces more stable and robust results during the selected year. Where, 3.35 °C and 0.75 were the lowest RMSE and the highest correlation coefficient assessed using the new algorithm
Elbag, Mark A. "Impact of surrounding land uses on surface water quality." Link to electronic thesis, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050306-155834/.
Повний текст джерелаKeywords: Conductivity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, UV absorbance, Source Water, Surface Water, Dissolved Organic Carbon, Total Organic Carbon, Particle Counts, Turbidity, E. coli, Fecal Coliforms, West Boylston Brook, Wachusett Reservoir, source water protection, surface water protection Includes bibliographical references (p.73-77).
Elbag, Jr Mark A. "Impact of Surrounding Land Uses on Surface Water Quality." Digital WPI, 2006. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/665.
Повний текст джерелаCheng, Chi Han. "Land use effects on energy and water balance-developing a land use adapted drought index." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5160.
Повний текст джерелаID: 031001561; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 26, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
Decker, Mark Ryan. "IMPROVING THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE IN LAND SURFACE CLIMATE MODELS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195627.
Повний текст джерелаChingombe, Wisemen. "Effects of land-cover - land-use on water quality within the Kuils - Eerste River catchment." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5893_1373463134.
Повний текст джерелаThe most significant human impacts on the hydrological system are due to land-use change. The conversion of land to agricultural, mining, industrial, or residential uses significantly alters the hydrological characteristics of the land surface and modifies pathways and rates of water flow. If this occurs over large or critical areas of a catchment, it can have significant short and long-term impacts, on the quality of water. While there are methods available to quantify the pollutants in surface water, methods of linking non-point source pollution to water quality at catchment scale are lacking. Therefore, the research presented in this thesis investigated modelling techniques to estimate the effect of land-cover type on water quality. The main goal of the study was to contribute towards improving the understanding of how different land-covers in an urbanizing catchment affect surface water quality. The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to explain how the quality of surface runoff varies on different land-cover types and to provide guidelines for minimizing water pollution that may be occurring in the Kuils-Eerste River catchment. The research objectives were
(1) to establish types and spatial distribution of land-cover types within the Kuils-Eerste River catchment, (2) to establish water quality characteristics of surface runoff from specific land-cover types at the experimental plot level, (3) to establish the contribution of each land-cover type to pollutant loads at the catchment scale. Land-cover characteristics and water quality were investigated using GIS and Remote Sensing tools. The application of these tools resulted in the development of a land-cover map with 36 land classifications covering the whole catchment. Land-cover in the catchment is predominantly agricultural with vineyards and grassland covering the northern section of the catchment. Vineyards occupy over 35% of the total area followed by fynbos (indigenous vegetation) (12.5 %), open hard rock area (5.8 %), riparian forest (5.2 %), mountain forest 
 
(5 %), dense scrub (4.4 %), and improved grassland (3.6 %). The residential area covers about 14 %. Roads cover 3.4 % of the total area. Surface runoff is responsible for the transportation of large quantities of pollutants that affect the quality of water in the Kuils-Eerste River catchment. The different land-cover types and the distribution and concentration levels of the pollutants are not uniform. Experimental work was conducted at plot scale to understand whether land-cover types differed in their contributions to the concentration of water quality attributes emerging from them. Four plots each with a length of 10 m to 12 m and 5 m width were set up. Plot I was set up on open grassland, Plot II represented the vineyards, Plot III covered the mountain forests, and Plot IV represented the fynbos land-cover. Soil samples analyzed from the experimental plots fell in the category of sandy soil (Sa) with the top layer of Plot IV (fynbos) having loamy sand (LmSa). The soil particle sizes range between fine sand (59.1 % and 78.9 %) to coarse sand (between 7 % and 22 %). The content of clay and silt was between 0.2 % and 2.4 %. Medium sand was between 10.7 % and 17.6 %. In terms of vertical distribution of the particle sizes, a general decrease with respect to the size of particles was noted from the top layer (15 cm) to the bottom layer (30 cm) for all categories of the particle sizes. There was variation in particle size with depth and location within the experimental plots.Two primary methods of collecting water samples were used
grab sampling and composite sampling. The quality of water as represented by the samples collected during storm events during the rainfall season of 2006 and 2007 was 
used to establish  
water quality characteristics for the different land-cover types. The concentration of total average suspended solids was highest in the following land-cover types, cemeteries (5.06 mg L-1), arterial roads/main roads (3.94 mg L-1), low density residential informal squatter camps (3.21 mg L-1) and medium density residential informal townships (3.21 mg L-1). Chloride concentrations were high on the following land-cover types, recreation grass/ golf course (2.61 mg L-1), open area/barren land (1.59 mg L-1), and improved grassland/vegetation crop (1.57 mg L-1). The event mean concentration (EMC) values for NO3-N were high on commercial mercantile (6 mg L-1) and water channel (5 mg L-1). The total phosphorus concentration mean values recorded high values on improved grassland/vegetation crop (3.78 mg L-1), medium density residential informal townships (3mgL-1) and low density residential informal squatter camps (3 mg L-1). Surface runoff may also contribute soil particles into rivers during rainfall events, particularly from areas of disturbed soil, for example areas where market gardening is taking place. The study found that different land cover types contributed differently to nonpoint source pollution. A GIS model was used to estimate the diffuse pollution of five pollutants (chloride, phosphorus, TSS, nitrogen and NO3-N) in response to land cover variation using water quality data. The GIS model linked land cover information to diffuse nutrient signatures in response to surface runoff using the Curve Number method and EMC data were developed. Two models (RINSPE and N-SPECT) were used to estimate nonpoint source pollution using various GIS databases. The outputs from the GIS-based model were compared with recommended water quality standards. It was found that the RINSPE model gave accurate results in cases where NPS pollution dominate the total pollutant inputs over a given land cover type. However, the N-SPECT model simulations were too uncertain in cases where there were large numbers of land cover types with diverse NPS pollution load. All land-cover types with concentration values above the recommended national water quality standard were considered as areas that needed measures to mitigate the adverse effects of nonpoint pollution. The expansion of urban areas and agricultural land has a direct effect on land cover types within the catchment. The land cover changes have adverse effect which has a potential to contribute to pollution.
De, Chiara Giovanna. "Satellite remote sensing for surface soil water content estimation." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/125.
Повний текст джерелаSatellite remote sensing is a useful source of observations of land surface hydrologic variables and processes and could be a practical substitution of conventional in-situ monitoring. Most of hydrological dynamic processes change not only throughout the years but also within weeks or months and their monitoring requires frequent observations. The most prominent advantage of the remote sensing technologies is that they offer a synoptic view of the dynamics and spatial distribution of phenomena and parameters, often difficult to monitor with traditional ground survey, with a frequent temporal coverage. Many of the variables in the land surface water balance can now be observed with satellite techniques thanks to an extensive development over the last decades. Often the problem connected to the use of remotely sensed data is their accuracy that, according to the sensor used and to the application considered, can ranges from moderate to excellent. The objective of this thesis has been to evaluate the use of satellite remote sensing techniques for the monitoring of two variables useful for hydrology applications: water body extension and soil moisture monitoring. The capability to map water surface is important in many hydrological applications, in particular accurate information on the extent of water boundary is essential for flood monitoring and water reservoir management. Often, this information is difficult to retrieve using traditional survey techniques because water boundaries can be fast moving as in floods or may be inaccessible. In this PhD thesis, an artificial basin for which in-situ information about the water extension are available is used as case study. The area extension recorded daily by the dam owner is compared to the one retrieved by using satellite images acquired from SAR and TM/ETM+ sensors. The outcomes of the analysis show that satellite images are able to map water body surfaces with a good accuracy. The analysis also highlighted the factor to be taken into account while using types of sensors. Soil moisture is recognized as a key variable in different hydrological and ecological processes as it controls the exchange of water and heat energy between land surface and the atmosphere. Despite the high spatial variability of this parameter it has been demonstrated that many satellite sensors are able to retrieve soil moisture information of the surface layer at catchment scale. Among other sensors, the Scatterometer is very useful for climatic studies and modelling analysis thanks, respectively, to the temporal frequency, global coverage and to the long time series availability. Even though the ERS Scatterometer has been designed to measure the wind over the ocean surface, in recent years it has been pointed out that backscattering measurements have high potentiality for soil moisture retrieval. The second task of this PhD thesis, concerning the use of satellite data for soil moisture monitoring, has been developed at Serco S.p.A. in the framework of the Advanced Scatterometer Processing System (ASPS) project developed by ESA (European Space Agency) to reprocess the entire ERS Scatterometer mission. Since the beginning of the ERS-1 Scatterometer mission in 1991 a long dataset of C-band backscattering signal from the Earth surface is available for studies and researches. This is a very consistent dataset, but in particular for climatology studies it is important to have high quality and homogeneous long term observation as also stated in the key guidelines included in the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The main goal of this task has been the generation of the new Scatterometer ASPS products with improved data quality and spatial resolution. This achievement required a long preparation activity but represents an important contribution to the C-band Scatterometer dataset available to the scientific community. In order to evaluate the usage of the re-processed Scatterometer data for soil moisture estimation, the backscattering measurements derived in the new ASPS products have been then compared to in-situ volumetric soil moisture data and the relationship between radar backscattering and soil moisture measurements has been investigated under different conditions: angle of incidence, angle of azimuth, data measurements resolution, season of the year. Analysis results show that a relationship between the C-band backscattering coefficient and the in-situ volumetric soil moisture exists and takes into account the incidence and azimuth angles and the vegetation cover. [edited by author]
VIII n. s.
Wang, Shusen. "Modelling water, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics in CLASS, Canadian Land Surface Scheme." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0008/NQ59692.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTediosi, A. "HERBICIDE TRANSPORT FROM LAND TO SURFACE WATER IN AN ARTIFICIALLY DRAINED CATCHMENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150206.
Повний текст джерелаJames, Tosin. "Changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Surface Water Quality and Modelling Surface Discharge in Beaver Creek Watershed, Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3747.
Повний текст джерелаBourgeois-Calvin, Andrea. "Relationship between Land Use and Surface Water Quality in a Rapidly Developing Watershed in Southeast Louisiana." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/714.
Повний текст джерелаGustafsson, David. "Boreal land surface water and heat balance : Modelling soil-snow-vegetation-atmosphere behaviour." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3406.
Повний текст джерелаQC 20100614
Yeh, Pat Jen-Feng 1969. "Representation of water table dynamics in a land surface scheme : observations, models, and analyses." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29617.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 198-207).
A recent regional-scale water balance analysis has indicated that the groundwater storage and groundwater runoff are significant terms in the monthly and annual water balance for areas with a shallow water table. However, most of the current land surface parameterization schemes lack any representation of regional groundwater aquifers. Such a simplified representation of subsurface hydrological processes would result in significant errors in the predicted land-surface states and fluxes especially for the shallow water table areas in humid regions. This study attempts to address this deficiency. To incorporate the water table dynamics into a land surface scheme LSX, a lumped aquifer model is developed to represent the regional unconfined aquifer as a nonlinear reservoir, in which the aquifer simultaneously receives the recharge from the overlying soils, and discharges runoff into streams. The dependence of groundwater runoff on the water table depth (WTD), i.e., groundwater rating-curve, is parameterized empirically based on the observations in Illinois. The unconfined aquifer model is linked to the soil model in a land surface scheme LSX through the groundwater recharge flux (i.e., soil drainage flux). The total thickness of the unsaturated zone varies in response to the water table fluctuations, thereby interactively couples the aquifer model with the soil model. The second issue to be addressed in this thesis is the representation of the sub-grid variability of water table depths (WTD) in the coupled model LSXGW. A statistical-dynamical (SD) approach is used to account for the effects of the unresolved sub-grid variability of WTD in the grid-scale groundwater runoff. The probability distribution function (PDF) of WTD is specified as a two-parameter Gamma distribution based on observations.
(cont.) The scale of this PDF is dynamic according to the varying grid-mean WTD at each time step. The shape parameter of the PDF describing the WTD is kept constant. The grid-scale groundwater rating-curve (i.e., aquifer storage-discharge relationship) is derived statistically by integrating a point groundwater runoff model with respect to the PDF of WTD. Next, a mosaic approach is utilized to account for the effects of sub-grid variability of WTD in the grid-scale groundwater recharge. According to the time-varying PDF, a grid-cell is categorized into different sub-grids based on WTD. The fraction describing each sub-grid can be determined from the WTD PDF; hence it varies with time. The grid-scale hydrologic fluxes are computed by averaging all the sub-grid fluxes weighted by their fractions. This new methodology combines the strengths of the SD approach and the mosaic approach. The developed model has been successfully tested in Illinois for an 11-year period (1984-1994). The results indicate that the simulated hydrologic variables (soil saturation and WTD) and fluxes (evaporation, runoff, and groundwater recharge) agree well with the observations in Illinois. Nevertheless, it is recognized that the excellent performance of LSXGW in the Illinois simulation is significantly attributed to the reliable estimation of the macro-scale groundwater rating-curve ...
by Pat Jen-Feng Yeh.
Ph.D.
El, Vilaly Mohamed Abd salam Mohamdy. "Drought Monitoring with Remote Sensing Based Land Surface Phenology Applications and Validation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301553.
Повний текст джерелаK, C. Pratima, and C. Pratima K. "Effect of Climate Conditions on Land Surface Productivity Across the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahua Deserts and Apache Highlands." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626150.
Повний текст джерелаMitchell, Bruce Coffyn. "Urbanization and Land Surface Temperature in Pinellas County, Florida." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3250.
Повний текст джерелаNaugler, Trudy Lynn. "Groundwater - surface water interactions in the Salmon River Watershed, BC : integrating spectroscopy, isotopes, water quality, and land use analyses." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31782.
Повний текст джерелаScience, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
Lanfranco, R. "OPTICAL DETECTION OF MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS ON THE SURFACE OF MATERIALS INDEX-MATCHED TO WATER." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/378031.
Повний текст джерелаValayamkunnath, Prasanth. "Understanding the Role of Vegetation Dynamics and Anthropogenic induced Changes on the Terrestrial Water Cycle." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105061.
Повний текст джерелаDoctor of Philosophy
Widén-Nilsson, Elin. "Global-Scale Modelling of the Land-Surface Water Balance : Development and Analysis of WASMOD-M." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8352.
Повний текст джерелаWater is essential for all life on earth. Global population increase and climate change are projected to increase the water stress, which already today is very high in many areas of the world. The differences between the largest and smallest global runoff estimates exceed the highest continental runoff estimates. These differences, which are caused by different modelling and measurement techniques together with large natural variabilities need to be further addressed. This thesis focuses on global water balance models that calculate global runoff, evaporation and water storage from precipitation and other climate data.
A new global water balance model, WASMOD-M was developed. Already when tuned against the volume error it reasonable produced within-year runoff patterns, but the volume error was not enough to confine the model parameter space. The parameter space and the simulated hydrograph could be better confined with, e.g., the Nash criterion. Calibration against snow-cover data confined the snow parameters better, although some equifinality still persisted. Thus, even the simple WASMOD-M showed signs of being overparameterised.
A simple regionalisation procedure that only utilised proximity contributed to calculate a global runoff estimate in line with earlier estimations. The need for better specifications of global runoff estimates was highlighted.
Global modellers depend on global data-sets that can have low quality in many areas. Major sources of uncertainty are precipitation and river regulation. A new routing method that utilises high-resolution flow network information in low-resolution calculations was developed and shown to perform well over all spatial scales, while the standard linear reservoir routing decreased in performance with decreasing resolution. This algorithm, called aggregated time-delay-histogram routing, is intended for inclusion in WASMOD-M.
Browning, Drew. "Modeling non-point source pollution in surface water under non-stationary climates and land uses." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408983669.
Повний текст джерелаUrteaga, Crovetto Patricia. "Biofuels and water. Spatial transformation in Piura, Perú." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/79027.
Повний текст джерелаThe arrival of biofuels companies in the Chira Valley, Piura, Peru, in order to produce ethanol on sugarcane cultivation, intensified the agricultural use of land and water in the mid-2000s. This article analyzes the ecological, political and social transformations that biofuels production brought about in the valley. For that purpose the paper describes the role of the state in promoting biofuels and the concomitant land and water-grabbing processes in the valley. It also explores the consequences it had for local communities and medium-sized and small farmers. Ethanol production in the Chira valley produced a profound space transformation because land and water-grabbing processes for biofuels reinforced social inequalities. Information for this article was gathered from primary and secondarysources. This is a qualitative research. Eighteen interviews were conducted in Piura and Lima.
LIU, ZHONGWEI. "WATER QUALITY SIMULATION AND ECONOMIC VALUATION OF RIPARIAN LAND-USE CHANGES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1153507620.
Повний текст джерелаMölders, Nicole, and Armin Raabe. "On the influence of grid resolution and land surface heterogeneity on hydrologically relevant quantities." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-212321.
Повний текст джерелаNumerical experiments were performed to investigate the influence of grid resolution and subgrid heterogeneity on the prediction of the quantities of the water cycle. The results were compared with each other and with those provided by a simulation using the same surface parameterization scheme but taking subgrid scale surface heterogeneity into account. The model results substantiate that the evapotranspiration, cloudiness and precipitation are affected by the grid resolution and the heterogeneity. lt was found that increasing the grid size but including the heterogeneity describes more realistically the surface processes and phenomena (e.g„ heat island effect) than assuming one land use type for the whole grid element
Hendriks, Jan, and Rutgerd Boelens. "Accumulation of water rights in Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/80114.
Повний текст джерелаIn Latin America, water governance is facing the problem of rising demand for water resources, increased hydrological variability in a context of climate change, proliferating contamination and thus —in general— increasing scarcity of water in terms of quantity, quality, and opportunity. This creates competition and conflicts among stakeholders. The issue coincides with the urgent international problem of concentration of land, which is heavily intertwined with the concentration of water in the hands of the few. Globalization and a neoliberal political climate facilitate that powerful actors accumulate water rights and volumes at the expense of less powerful water users. This paper examines some exemplary situations in Peru. It is based on literature review, reports and archival research. The paper concludes that the unfair distribution of land and water, at the expense of rural families, communities and indigenous territories, constitutes a serious threat to environmental sustainability, water security and food security.
Farhadi, Leila. "Estimation of land surface water and energy balance flux components and closure relation using conditional sampling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70757.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 348-364).
Models of terrestrial water and energy balance include numerical treatment of heat and moisture diffusion in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum. These two diffusion and exchange processes are linked only at a few critical points. The performance and sensitivity of models are highly dependent on the nature of these linkages that are expressed as the closure function between heat and moisture dynamics. Land response to radiative forcing and partitioning of available energy into sensible and latent heat fluxes are dependant on the functional form. Since the function affects the surface fluxes, the influence reaches through the boundary layer and affects the lower atmosphere weather. As important as these closure functions are, they remain essentially empirical and untested across diverse conditions. It is critically important to develop observation-driven estimation procedures for the terrestrial water and energy closure problem, especially at the scale of modeling and with global coverage. In this dissertation a new approach to the estimation of key unknown parameters of water and energy balance equation and their closure relationship is introduced. This approach is based on averaging of heat and moisture diffusion equations conditioned on land surface temperature and moisture states respectively. The method is derived only from statistical stationarity and conservation statements of water and energy and thus it is scale free. The aim of this dissertation is to establish the theoretical basis for the approach and perform a global test using multi-platform remote sensing measurements. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated at point-scale using synthetic data and flux-tower field site data. The method is applied to the mesoscale region of Gourma (West Africa) using multi-platform remote sensing data. The retrievals were verified against tower-flux field site data and physiographic characteristics of the region. The approach is used to find the functional form of the Evaporative Fraction (ratio of latent heat flux to sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes) dependence on soil moisture. Evaporative Fraction is a key closure function for surface and subsurface heat and moisture dynamics. With remote sensing data the dependence of this function on governing soil and vegetation characteristics is established.
by Leila Farhadi.
Ph.D.
Mölders, Nicole, and Armin Raabe. "On the influence of grid resolution and land surface heterogeneity on hydrologically relevant quantities." Universität Leipzig, 1995. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15016.
Повний текст джерелаNumerical experiments were performed to investigate the influence of grid resolution and subgrid heterogeneity on the prediction of the quantities of the water cycle. The results were compared with each other and with those provided by a simulation using the same surface parameterization scheme but taking subgrid scale surface heterogeneity into account. The model results substantiate that the evapotranspiration, cloudiness and precipitation are affected by the grid resolution and the heterogeneity. lt was found that increasing the grid size but including the heterogeneity describes more realistically the surface processes and phenomena (e.g„ heat island effect) than assuming one land use type for the whole grid element.
Evans, Jason Peter, and jason evans@yale edu. "Modelling Climate - Surface Hydrology Interactions in Data Sparse Areas." The Australian National University. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020313.032142.
Повний текст джерелаMartinez, Agudelo John Alejandro. "On the Hydroclimate of Southern South America: Water Vapor Transport and the Role of Shallow Groundwater on Land-Atmosphere Interactions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595679.
Повний текст джерелаTanaka, Kenji. "Development of the new land surface scheme SiBUC commonly applicable to basin water management and numerical weather prediction model." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145376.
Повний текст джерела0048
新制・論文博士
博士(工学)
乙第11576号
論工博第3817号
新制||工||1329(附属図書館)
22875
UT51-2004-U473
京都大学大学院工学研究科環境地球工学専攻
(主査)教授 池淵 周一, 教授 椎葉 充晴, 教授 中北 英一
学位規則第4条第2項該当
Cairampoma, Arroyo Alberto, and Vega Paul Villegas. "Legal regime ground water in Peru." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108913.
Повний текст джерелаEn el presente artículo se estudia el régimen jurídico de las aguas subterráneas, analizando el marco de la gestión integrada de recursos hídricos y reconociendo su definición y particularidades.Asimismo, se analiza la titularidad de las aguas subterráneas, el régimen de planificación aplicable, las actividades de exploración y explotación, sus títulos habilitantes, la actividad de supervisión que sobre ellas recae, para finalmente, dejar anotados los regímenes especiales de gestión y limitación reconocidos en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano.
Jesus, Bruna Luiza Pereira de. "A relação entre a temperatura radiométrica de superfície (Land Surface Temperature-LST), índice de vegetação (Normalizes Diference Vegetation Index-NDVI) e os diferentes padrões de uso da terra do município de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-11012016-143102/.
Повний текст джерелаThis study aims to understand the relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the patterns of land use in the municipality of São Paulo, from 1985 to 2010. A totoal of 45 random samples were extracted from the 15 districts used in this study, with different patterns of land use which were subdivided into three different clases: low-end, middle and middle-high. Geospatial approaches allowed the extraction of satellite image data from Landsat 5 data (TM) and from Orthophotos from 2010. The behavior of the samples varied accordingly to the different group profiles. The low-end group presented the highest thermal amplitudes and more significant absence of urban vegetation linked, both to low urbanization and construction standards. The average standard group is characterized by the predominance of vertical buildings and lacks urban trees amidst a consolidated urban landscape. The average-high standard group displayed the highest concentration of green urban areas, distributed homogeneously in most samples, so this group presented low variations both in temperature amplitude and in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The correlation tests showed strong negative correlations between samples of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the NDVI samples, of -0.58 in 1985, -0.43 in 2004 and -0.82 in 2010. Understanding the relations between the different patterns of land use, surface temperature and the NDVI (with due concern for environmental planning) is an important step in the identification and rehabilitation of enviromentally. This research is part of the Thematic Project FAPESP 08/58161 -1 process, \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil and strategies for Adaptation options\", Component 5: Vulnerability of the metropolitan region of São Paulo to climate Change.
Hu, Tian. "Thermal Directionality Study and Application of Thermal Radiation to Drought Monitoring." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/392051.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
Nagai, Haruyasu. "Development of a New Atmosphere-Soil-Vegetation Model to Study Heat, Water, and CO2 Exchanges between the Atmosphere and Land-surface." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147889.
Повний текст джерелаMoutahir, Hassane. "Likely effects of climate change on water resources and vegetation growth period in the province of Alicante, southeastern Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/70649.
Повний текст джерелаDawson, Emily Kathleen. "A river health assessment of selected South-Western Cape Rivers : index of habitat integrity, water quality and the influence of surrounding land use." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16297.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The River Health Programme (RHP) is an assessment tool for monitoring the ecological state of rivers to ensure that they remain fit for use by present and future generations. This study, forming part of a RHP assessment conducted on the south-western Cape Hout Bay, Lourens and Palmiet Rivers, has the aim to (1) zone the rivers for representative site selection, (2) assess their habitat integrity (HI), (3) determine the influence of land use on riverine HI and (4) assess the river water quality at the time of the RHP assessments. (1) The desktop geomorphological zonation method used in RHP assessments has not been sufficiently previously tested on short rivers draining the Western Cape Mountains. The Lowland River Zone of the rivers studied, as well as the Hout Bay River’s Upper Foothill Zone, were found to have steeper gradients than expected, probably due to these rivers being shorter and consequently steeper than any on which the method was previously tested. The notion of one gradient river classification system being applicable throughout South Africa, with its diverse geology and climate, is unlikely. Rather a classification system modified for various physiographic features regions or by a factor based on river length is more realistic. (2) Although there is a general longitudinal decrease in HI downstream along the Hout Bay and Lourens Rivers, coinciding with increased anthropogenic activities, HI improves in the Palmiet River’s lower reaches through the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Surrounding land use thus seems to be a major determinant of HI. Although the Index of Habitat Integrity (IHI) used appears to achieve its aim, it was found to be subjective. Categorisation of the IHI scoring is suggested. (3) The amount of natural versus disturbed land use occurring upstream of a site at a regional and local scale, is a good predictor of riverine HI. Regional alien forestry and local urbanisation have significantly strong negative effects on instream (r2 = -0.80, r2 = 0.80, p<0.05) and riparian (r2 = -0.81, r2 = -0.83, p<0.05) HI. Different land use types therefore appear to affect riverine HI at differing scales and thus managers must not only think on a local but also a catchment scale. (4) In the Hout Bay River, a filtering system (e.g. wetland) appears to improve the water quality between the middle and lower reaches. Along the Lourens River, high total dissolved salts, conductivity and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the middle reaches are cause for concern. Along the Palmiet River there appeared to be insufficient oxygen to support most aquatic life forms at Grabouw. Impoundments in the middle reaches act as sinks for nutrients and salts, but the Huis and Krom tributaries downstream then appear to degrade the water quality of the Palmiet River’s lower reaches within the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Together with the results of simultaneous biotic assessments, these results should be used to develop management actions to improve the ecological health of these rivers. The results have been used in a State-of-Rivers Report for the south-western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Riviergesondheidsprogram (RGP) is 'n asseseringsinstrument wat die ekologiese stand van riviere monitor om te verseker dat hulle steeds bruikbaar bly vir huidige en toekomstige geslagte. Hierdie studie maak deel uit van 'n RGP-assessering van die Lourens-, Houtbaai- en Palmietrivier in die Suidwes-Kaap en het ten doel om (1) die riviere te soneer vir verteenwoordigende terreinseleksie, (2) die habitat-integriteit (HI) te assesseer, (3) die invloed van grondgebruik op rivier-HI te bepaal en (4) die kwaliteit van rivierwater tydens die RGP-assesserings te bepaal. (1) Die geomorfologiese-soneringsmetode wat in RGP-assesserings gebruik word, is nog nie voorheen genoegsaam vir die kort riviere wat die Wes-Kaapse berge dreineer, getoets nie. Daar is bevind dat die studiegebied riviere in die laagland-sones skerper gradiënte het as verwag, gehad het. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die riviere wat korter en dus steiler is as enige van dié wat voorheen met die metode getoets is. Die moontlikheid dat een gradiëntklassifikasiestelsel vir riviere regdeur Suid-Afrika met sy diverse geologie en klimaat toegepas kan word, is onwaarskynlik. 'n Klassifikasiestelsel aangepas vir verskillende fisiografiese streke of met 'n faktor gebaseer op rivierlengte, is meer realisties. (2) Alhoewel HI stroomaf langs die Lourens- en Houtbaairivier in die algemeen longitudinaal saam met die toename in antropogeniese aktiwiteite afneem, verbeter die Palmietrivier se HI waar dit laer af deur die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat vloei. Die gebruike van aanliggende grond blyk dus 'n belangrike bepaler van HI te wees. Die Indeks van Habitatintegriteit (IHI) bereik klaarblyklik die vereiste doel, maar is te subjektief. Kategorisering van die IHI-waardes word voorgestel. (3) 'n Goeie voorspeller van rivier-HI is die hoeveelheid natuurlike teenoor versteurde grondgebruik stroomop van 'n terrein op 'n streeks- en lokale skaal. Die sterk negatiewe effek van uitheemse plantegroei in die omgewing en lokale verstedeliking op stroom- (r² = -0.80, r² = 0.80, p<0.05 ) en oewer-HI (r² = -0.81, r² = -0.83, p<0.05) is beduidend. Verskille in tipe grondgebruik beïnvloed rivier-HI op verskillende vlakke; bestuurders moet dus plaaslik en aan die opvanggebied dink. (4) In die Houtbaairivier lyk dit asof 'n filtreringstelsel (bv. vleigrond) die waterkwaliteit tussen die middel- en lae gedeeltes verbeter. In die loop van die Lourensrivier is hoë totale opgeloste soute, geleidingsvermoë en anorganiese stikstofkonsentrasies in die middelgedeelte 'n rede tot kommer. In die Palmietrivier by Grabouw was die suurstof te min om die meeste akwatiese lewensvorme te onderhou. Opgedamde water in die middel gedeeltes dien as 'n sink vir voedingstowwe en soute, maar dit lyk asof die Huis- en Kromrivier die waterkwaliteit van die Palmietrivier stroomaf in die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat degradeer. Saam met die resultate van gelyktydige biotiese assesserings, kan hierdie resultate gebruik word vir die ontwikkeling van bestuursaksies om die ekologiese toestand van hierdie riviere te verbeter. Die resultate is gebruik in 'n toestand-van-riviere-verslag vir die Suidwes-Kaap.
Mölders, Nicole, Thomas Beckmann, and Armin Raabe. "A module to couple an atmospheric and a hydrologic model." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-212867.
Повний текст джерелаEin Bodenmodul zur Kopplung eines meteorologischen mit einem hydrologischen Modell wird vorgestellt. Er wurde implementiert und getestet in der Leipziger Version von GESIMA. Obgleich der Schwerpunkt des Artikels auf der Beschreibung des Moduls und seiner Auswirkung auf den atmosphärischen Wasserkreislauf liegt, werden auch vorläufige Ergebnisse einer Kopplung mit NASMO präsentiert. Ein positiver Effekt des Moduls ist, daß er ermöglicht, detaillierter die subskalige Evapotranspiration zu beschreiben und den Niederschlag zu heterogenisieren. Dies wirkt sich stark auf die Bodenfeuchte, die Bewölkung und das thermische Regime der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht aus
Ma, Ning, Guo-Yue Niu, Youlong Xia, Xitian Cai, Yinsheng Zhang, Yaoming Ma, and Yuanhao Fang. "A Systematic Evaluation of Noah-MP in Simulating Land-Atmosphere Energy, Water, and Carbon Exchanges Over the Continental United States." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626444.
Повний текст джерелаRedfearn, Howard Daniel. "Rainfall-runoff changes due to urbanization: a comparison of different spatial resolutions for lumped surface water hydrology models using HEC-HMS." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4939/.
Повний текст джерелаOhta, Takeshi, Tetsuya Hiyama, Hiroki Tanaka, Takeshi Kuwada, Trofim C. Maximov, Tetsuo Ohata, and Yoshihiro Fukushima. "Seasonal variation in the energy and water exchanges above and below a larch forest in eastern Siberia." Wiley, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7756.
Повний текст джерелаBrunke, Michael A., Patrick Broxton, Jon Pelletier, David Gochis, Pieter Hazenberg, David M. Lawrence, L. Ruby Leung, Guo-Yue Niu, Peter A. Troch, and Xubin Zeng. "Implementing and Evaluating Variable Soil Thickness in the Community Land Model, Version 4.5 (CLM4.5)." AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612995.
Повний текст джерелаLemon, Michelle M. "The effects of land use and regional hydrology on surface water quality in the upper San Pedro River, Arizona, United States of America." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292075.
Повний текст джерелаTörnqvist, Rebecka. "Basin-scale change in water availability and water quality under intensified irrigated agriculture." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93214.
Повний текст джерелаAt the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Manuscript.
Barreto-Munoz, Armando. "Multi-Sensor Vegetation Index and Land Surface Phenology Earth Science Data Records in Support of Global Change Studies: Data Quality Challenges and Data Explorer System." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301661.
Повний текст джерелаVan, Heerden Karien. "Geological and anthropogenic impacts on inorganic water quality at rural clinics in the Limpopo Province, South Africa / van Heerden, K." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6978.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (M.Sc. (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
Christoffersen, Bradley. "The Ecohydrological Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability of Amazonian Tropical Forests to Water Stress." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293566.
Повний текст джерелаGHIRARDINI, Andrea. "Main sources and emission pathways of micropollutants released in surface water at a catchment scale: from a theoretical approach to a practical application on a case-study." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488226.
Повний текст джерелаSheler, Rebecca Joy. "The impact of agricultural drainage systems on hydrologic responses." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2630.
Повний текст джерела