Статті в журналах: "Land surface morphology"

1

Dietrich, William E., Cathy J. Wilson, David R. Montgomery, James McKean, and Romy Bauer. "Erosion thresholds and land surface morphology." Geology 20, no. 8 (1992): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0675:etalsm>2.3.co;2.

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2

Wang, Jiong, Qingming Zhan, and Yinghui Xiao. "IDENTIFYING THE LOCAL SURFACE URBAN HEAT ISLAND THROUGH THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2 (June 2, 2016): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-2-69-2016.

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Current characterization of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) at city scale insufficiently supports efficient mitigations and adaptations of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) at local scale. This research intends to delineate the LST variation at local scale where mitigations and adaptations are more feasible. At the local scale, the research helps to identify the local SUHI (LSUHI) at different levels. The concept complies with the planning and design conventions that urban problems are treated with respect to hierarchies or priorities. Technically, the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite image products are used. The continuous and smooth latent LST is first recovered from the raw images. The Multi-Scale Shape Index (MSSI) is then applied to the latent LST to extract morphological indicators. The local scale variation of the LST is quantified by the indicators such that the LSUHI can be identified morphologically. The results are promising. It can potentially be extended to investigate the temporal dynamics of the LST and LSUHI. This research serves to the application of remote sensing, pattern analysis, urban microclimate study, and urban planning at least at 2 levels: (1) it extends the understanding of the SUHI to the local scale, and (2) the characterization at local scale facilitates problem identification and support mitigations and adaptations more efficiently.

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3

Wang, Jiong, Qingming Zhan, and Yinghui Xiao. "IDENTIFYING THE LOCAL SURFACE URBAN HEAT ISLAND THROUGH THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2 (June 2, 2016): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-2-69-2016.

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Current characterization of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) at city scale insufficiently supports efficient mitigations and adaptations of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) at local scale. This research intends to delineate the LST variation at local scale where mitigations and adaptations are more feasible. At the local scale, the research helps to identify the local SUHI (LSUHI) at different levels. The concept complies with the planning and design conventions that urban problems are treated with respect to hierarchies or priorities. Technically, the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite image products are used. The continuous and smooth latent LST is first recovered from the raw images. The Multi-Scale Shape Index (MSSI) is then applied to the latent LST to extract morphological indicators. The local scale variation of the LST is quantified by the indicators such that the LSUHI can be identified morphologically. The results are promising. It can potentially be extended to investigate the temporal dynamics of the LST and LSUHI. This research serves to the application of remote sensing, pattern analysis, urban microclimate study, and urban planning at least at 2 levels: (1) it extends the understanding of the SUHI to the local scale, and (2) the characterization at local scale facilitates problem identification and support mitigations and adaptations more efficiently.

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4

Juhadi, Juhadi, ‪Elok Surya Pratiwi, Edy Trihatmoko, Aprillia Findayani, Junun Sartohadi, and Nur Hamid. "THE STUDY OF ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE ON GEOPEDOGENETIC PROCESS AT THE LOWER SLOPE OF MT. UNGARAN, INDONESIA." Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 1735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20502/rbg.v23i3.2142.

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Volcanic rocks mining activity will undoubtedly remove vegetation cover and cause the physical environment changes. Revegetation effort as part of land rehabilitation program then often found many obstacles because it was mostly conducted without adequate knowledge of detailed morphology and soil characteristics at the post-mining area. This study investigates the geopedogenetic changes, including land surface morphology, recent geomorphic processes, and soil properties caused by andesite rocks exploitation at the northern flank of Mt. Ungaran, Central Java Province of Indonesia. A digital terrain model was firstly generated from small format aerial photography acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to identify the surface morphology changes due to the mining. Soil observation on field and laboratory test were conducted from samples at the affected and unaffected mining areas in order to analyse the changes on pysiochemical properties. This research exhibits that the mining activities have altered a single convex hill into a complex land surface morphology consisting of sloping zone, basins and flat area. Human disturbance on pedogenetic process at the mining area are in the form of parent material alteration that make them return to the early stage of soil development and top soil reduction that modify its genetic horizons. In addition, the changes on surface morphology and the absence of vegetation cover right after the mining ends also triggered new geomorphic processes in the form of incision and deposition on slopes and basin respectively. The finer deposit layers then become a new parent material at the basin zone. Soil laboratory data demonstrate that the affected soils tend to have a high level of base saturation, but lower C-organic and N-total levels, which result in a less favourable environment for supporting vegetation growth. A precise surface morphology design, extra soil surface protection and organic matter enhancement could be wise recommendations for land managers to control soil incision and support vegetation growth at the andesite post-mining area.

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5

Xu, X., and Q. Tang. "LIDAR AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPROACHES FOR MONITORING LAND SURFACE MORPHOLOGY IN EPHEMERAL GULLY SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 19, 2019): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-1065-2019.

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Abstract. LIDAR and photogrammetry techniques were used to quantify the land surface morphology dynamics of ephemeral gully system based on the field investigation. LIDAR monitoring results showed that ephemeral gully occurred in the same location on the slope surface after every rainy season in the ephemeral gully system, then lateral topsoil was tilled and brought into the ephemeral gully channel, inducing 2 cm decrease around channel before rainy season of next year, which make it a cycle of erosion-tillage-erosion. During this process, imbricated landform was formed in ephemeral gully system. The photogrammetry monitoring results showed that most drop-sills distances in ephemeral gully channel were in 10 to 25 cm, while slope gradients were among 15° to 40°. The drop-sills distance and slope gradient showed negative exponent relationship. The results of this study showed that LIDAR technology can quickly acquire the topographic characteristics of the whole ephemeral gully system, while photogrammetry method could quickly acquire detailed morphology in ephemeral gully channel.

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6

Gao, Sihang, Qingming Zhan, Chen Yang, and Huimin Liu. "The Diversified Impacts of Urban Morphology on Land Surface Temperature among Urban Functional Zones." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 9578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249578.

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Local warming induced by rapid urbanization has been threatening residents’ health, raising significant concerns among urban planners. Local climate zone (LCZ), a widely accepted approach to reclassify the urban area, which is helpful to propose planning strategies for mitigating local warming, has been well documented in recent years. Based on the LCZ framework, many scholars have carried out diversified extensions in urban zoning research in recent years, in which urban functional zone (UFZ) is a typical perspective because it directly takes into account the impacts of human activities. UFZs, widely used in urban planning and management, were chosen as the basic unit of this study to explore the spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between landscape composition, urban morphology, urban functions, and land surface temperature (LST). Global regression including ordinary least square regression (OLS) and random forest regression (RF) were used to model the landscape-LST correlations to screen indicators to participate in following spatial regression. The spatial regression including semi-parametric geographically weighted regression (SGWR) and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) were applied to investigate the spatial heterogeneity in landscape-LST among different types of UFZ and within each UFZ. Urban two-dimensional (2D) morphology indicators including building density (BD); three-dimensional (3D) morphology indicators including building height (BH), building volume density (BVD), and sky view factor (SVF); and other indicators including albedo and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and impervious surface fraction (ISF) were used as potential landscape drivers for LST. The results show significant spatial heterogeneity in the Landscape-LST relationship across UFZs, but the spatial heterogeneity is not obvious within specific UFZs. The significant impact of urban morphology on LST was observed in six types of UFZs representing urban built up areas including Residential (R), Urban village (UV), Administration and Public Services (APS), Commercial and Business Facilities (CBF), Industrial and Manufacturing (IM), and Logistics and Warehouse (LW). Specifically, a significant correlation between urban 3D morphology indicators and LST in CBF was discovered. Based on the results, we propose different planning strategies to settle the local warming problems for each UFZ. In general, this research reveals UFZs to be an appropriate operational scale for analyzing LST on an urban scale.

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7

Aryal, Anil, Bijay Man Shakya, Manisha Maharjan, Rocky Talchabhadel, and Bhesh Raj Thapa. "Evaluation of the Land Surface Temperature using Satellite Images in Kathmandu Valley." Nepal Journal of Civil Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njce.v1i1.43368.

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Urbanization leads the conversion of green area to built-up area which eventually leads to increase in surface temperature and creates the urban heat islands. Kathmandu Valley (KV), one of the growing mega cities in South Asia in-terms of population density and urbanization, requires the monitoring of urban morphology for the proper assessment. Use of satellite images makes the work more easier. The present study focuses on the evaluation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) as a preliminary work of monitoring urban and periurban areas of Kathmandu Valley. We used Landsat-8 satellite images as an input to evaluate LST over different administrative units for the study period 2013-2019. The results of research showed that Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur administrative units have higher average LST (ranging from 22.1 to 36.9°C in the month of March and June respectively) comparing to other administrative units. The average LST was found to be higher in the month of June. The temporal results of LST portrays 2015 as the hottest year during the study period. Also, spatial and temporal evaluation of LST in KV suggests to increase the more green space in the urban areas to minimize surface temperature. Finally, the authors of current research recommends using the concept of remote sensing (satellite image analysis) as an alternative tool for monitoring urban morphology.

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8

Putra, Erwin Hardika. "Landslide Hazard Area Identification Using Smorph-Slope Morphology Method in Manado City." Jurnal Wasian 1, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jwas.v1i1.849.

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Landsliding is one of the natural process that shape the earth’s surface to achieve slope stability and it will be hazard if they threat human life. This study was conducted to identify potential landslide hazard in Manado region using SMORPH method with digital elevation model (DEM) data. ASTER GDEM data provide more detail landslide information than SRTM data because of the higher spatial resolution. Result shows that 716 ha approximately of land have high landslide vulnerability and 1,176 ha approximately of land have medium landslide vulnerability.

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9

Goel, Vikram, Kenichi Matsuoka, Cesar Deschamps Berger, Ian Lee, Jørgen Dall, and René Forsberg. "Characteristics of ice rises and ice rumples in Dronning Maud Land and Enderby Land, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 66, no. 260 (October 1, 2020): 1064–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.77.

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AbstractIce rises and rumples, locally grounded features adjacent to ice shelves, are relatively small yet play significant roles in Antarctic ice dynamics. Their roles generally depend upon their location within the ice shelf and the stage of the ice-sheet retreat or advance. Large, long-stable ice rises can be excellent sites for deep ice coring and paleoclimate study of the Antarctic coast and the Southern Ocean, while small ice rises tend to respond more promptly and can be used to reveal recent changes in regional mass balance. The coasts of Dronning Maud Land (DML) and Enderby Land in East Antarctica are abundant with these features. Here we review existing knowledge, presenting an up-to-date status of research in these regions with focus on ice rises and rumples. We use regional datasets (satellite imagery, surface mass balance and ice thickness) to analyze the extent and surface morphology of ice shelves and characteristic timescales of ice rises. We find that large parts of DML have been changing over the past several millennia. Based on our findings, we highlight ice rises suitable for drilling ice cores for paleoclimate studies as well as ice rises suitable for deciphering ice dynamics and evolution in the region.

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10

Yin, Shusheng, Jiatong Liu, and Zenglin Han. "Relationship between urban morphology and land surface temperature—A case study of Nanjing City." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0260205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260205.

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This study investigated the relationship between urban form and land surface temperature (LST) using the Multi-access Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model. A case study on Nanjing City was conducted using building data, point-of-interest (POI) data, land use data, remote sensing data, and elevation data. The results show that the MGWR model can reveal the influence of altitude, urban green space, road, building height (BH), building density (BD) and POI on LST, with a superior fitting effect over the geographically weighted regression model. LST in Nanjing exhibits a significant spatial differentiation, and the distribution of LST hotspots is spatially consistent with the level of urban construction. In terms of the two-dimensional landscape pattern, LST decreases with altitude and increases with POI. In terms of the three-dimensional structure, building height has a positive correlation with LST. POI, urban roads, and urban buildings positively affect LST, while urban green space and altitude negatively affect LST. The results of this study were verified against existing findings. The LST of areas with high-rise and super high-rise buildings is lower than that of areas with mid-rise building, which can be attributed to the large number of shadow areas formed by high-rise and super high-rise buildings. A similar phenomenon was also observed between areas with medium- and high-density buildings. These findings provide a reference for urban architecture planning and can help to develop urban heat island adaptation strategies based on local conditions.

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11

Chen, Hung-Chu, Qi Han, and Bauke De Vries. "Modeling the spatial relation between urban morphology, land surface temperature and urban energy demand." Sustainable Cities and Society 60 (September 2020): 102246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102246.

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12

Guo, Andong, Jun Yang, Wei Sun, Xiangming Xiao, Jianhong Xia Cecilia, Cui Jin, and Xueming Li. "Impact of urban morphology and landscape characteristics on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land surface temperature." Sustainable Cities and Society 63 (December 2020): 102443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102443.

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13

Guo, Guanhua, Xiaoqing Zhou, Zhifeng Wu, Rongbo Xiao, and Yingbiao Chen. "Characterizing the impact of urban morphology heterogeneity on land surface temperature in Guangzhou, China." Environmental Modelling & Software 84 (October 2016): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.06.021.

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14

Lu, Youpeng, Wenze Yue, and Yaping Huang. "Effects of Land Use on Land Surface Temperature: A Case Study of Wuhan, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 9987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199987.

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In this study, we aim to understand the impact of land use on the urban heat island (UHI) effect across an urban area. Considering the case study of Wuhan, China, land use factors and land surface temperatures (LSTs) of 589 planning management units were quantified in order to identify the spatial autocorrelation of LST, which indicated that a traditional regression would be invalid. By investigating the relationships between land use factors and the LST in summer, based on spatial regression models including the spatial lag model and the spatial error model, four conclusions were derived. First, the spatial error model effectively explains the relationships between LST and land use factors. Second, the impact on LST of the percentage of industrial areas is significant even though the impacts of land cover and building-group morphology indicators are combined, indicating that anthropogenic heat emission of industrial production contributes to high LSTs. Third, the relationship between the percentage of commercial area and LST is significant in the Pearson correlation analysis and traditional regression models, while not significant in spatial error model, suggesting that the urban heat environment of a commercial area is determined by the land use factors of the surrounding area. Fourth, the UHI effect in industrial and commercial areas could be precisely mitigated by not locating industrial areas beside residential areas, and setting up buffer zones between commercial areas and surrounding traditional residential areas. Overall, the results of this study innovatively deepen the understanding of the impact of the percentage of different urban land use types on the urban heat environment at the scale of planning management units, which is conducive to formulating precise regulation measures for mitigating UHI effects and improving public health.

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15

Hofierka, J. "ASSESSING LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN URBAN AREAS USING OPEN-SOURCE GEOSPATIAL TOOLS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W1-2022 (August 5, 2022): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w1-2022-195-2022.

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Abstract. Land surface temperature (LST) in urban areas can be traditionally observed by thermal remote sensors. The increasing availability of 3D city models provides an alternative approach based on geospatial modeling. Using solar radiation tools and scripting in GRASS GIS, we have developed a physically-based LST model that can be used to estimate LST in urban areas represented by vector 3D city models. It uses standard input parameters such as solar irradiance, albedo or convection heat transfer coefficient for urban surfaces. The solar irradiance is estimated using the v.sun solar radiation add-on module in GRASS GIS. The LST values are calculated using map algebra operations using a Python script. The suggested methodology was applied to the study area in the city of Košice, Slovakia. Results indicate that urban morphology has a strong impact on spatial distribution of LST during the daylight hours. The accurate parameterization of urban surfaces can increase the accuracy of the model that can be used for urban planning, optimization of energy use in buildings or mitigation of urban heat island effects.

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16

Hofierka, Jaroslav, Jozef Bogľarský, Štefan Kolečanský, and Anastasia Enderova. "Modeling Diurnal Changes in Land Surface Temperature in Urban Areas under Cloudy Conditions." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090534.

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Land surface temperature (LST) in urban areas is a dynamic phenomenon affected by various factors such as solar irradiance, cloudiness, wind or urban morphology. The problem complexity requires a comprehensive geographic information system (GIS)-based approach. Our solution is based on solar radiation tools, a high-resolution digital surface model of urban areas, spatially distributed data representing thermal properties of urban surfaces and meteorological conditions. The methodology is implemented in GRASS GIS using shell scripts. In these shell scripts, the r.sun solar radiation model was used to calculate the effective solar irradiance for selected time horizons during the day. The calculation accounts for attenuation of beam solar irradiance by clouds estimated by field measurements. The suggested algorithm accounts for heat storage in urban structures depending on their thermal properties and geometric configuration. Computed land surface temperature was validated using field measurements of LST in 10 locations within the study area. The study confirmed the applicability of our approach with an acceptable accuracy expressed by the root mean square error of 3.45 K. The proposed approach has the advantage of providing high spatial detail coupled with the flexibility of GIS to evaluate various geometrical and land surface properties for any daytime horizon.

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17

Li, Nana, Hua Wu, and Xiaoying Ouyang. "Localized Downscaling of Urban Land Surface Temperature—A Case Study in Beijing, China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 2390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102390.

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High-resolution land surface temperature (LST) data are essential for fine-scale urban thermal environment studies. Urban LST downscaling studies mostly remain focused on only two-dimensional (2-D) data, and neglect the impact of three-dimensional (3-D) surface structure on LST. In addition, the choice of window size is also important for LST downscaling over heterogeneous surfaces. In this study, we downscaled Landsat-LST using localized and stepwise approaches in a random forest model (RF). In addition, both 2- and 3-D building morphologies were included. Our results show that: (1) The performances of a local moving window and stepwise downscaling are dependent on the extent of surface heterogeneity. For mixed surfaces, a localized window performed better than the global window, and a stepwise approach performed better than a single-step approach. However, for monotonous surfaces (e.g., urban impervious surfaces), the global window performed better than a localized window; (2) That multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) could provide a possibility for selection of the optimal moving window. 7 × 7 windows derived from MGWR by the minimum bandwidth of predictors, performed better than other windows (3 × 3, 5 × 5, and 11 × 11) in the Beijing area; (3) That the morphology of buildings has a non-negligible impact and scaling effect on urban LST. When building morphologies were included in downscaling, the performance of the RF model improved. Furthermore, the importance of the sky view factor, building height, and building density was greater at a higher resolution than at a lower resolution.

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18

Keesstra, S. D., J. van Huissteden, J. Vandenberghe, O. Van Dam, J. de Gier, and I. D. Pleizier. "Evolution of the morphology of the river Dragonja (SW Slovenia) due to land-use changes." Geomorphology 69, no. 1-4 (July 2005): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.01.004.

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19

Rofita, R., Sri Nuryani Hidayah Utami, Azwar Maas, and Makruf Nurudin. "Spatial distribution of soil morphology and physicochemical properties to assess land degradation under different NDVI and TRI in North Halmahera, Indonesia." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 3137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2021.091.3137.

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Land degradation is currently a major environmental problem that can lead to decreasing biomass productivity. The causes of land degradation have been widely reported. However, the soil morphological characteristics and its detailed properties related to land degradation need to be investigated further. The research was conducted in North Halmahera Regency in March-April 2020. The study started with an overlay of basic maps such as rainfall, land use, topography, and soil types to map the degraded land units. Several land units classified from slightly damaged to severely damaged will be validated based on field observations and supported by laboratory measurements. Characterization of soil morphology and soil sampling was carried out according to USDA international standards. Sentinel 2A image and SRTM image from March to April 2020 were used to determine NDVI and TRI. The characteristics of the soils that have not been degraded tend to be found in volcanic landscapes, while those of the degraded soils tend to be found in structural and karst hills. The thickness of the degraded soil horizons tends to be shallower with an incomplete horizon arrangement, and many rock fragments are found in the soil surface layer. SOC gradually decreases in degraded soils, while the essential nutrients (N, P, and K) are relatively more varied across soil types. The improper land use without conservation on steep slopes causes the soils to be easily degraded. The soil degradation index has a linear relationship with NDVI and TRI. Thus, the revitalization of degraded lands needs to pay attention to the layout and types of vegetation with different slope levels according to the geomorphological zone.

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20

El Kenawy, Ahmed M., Mohamed Hereher, Sayed M. Robaa, Matthew F. McCabe, Juan I. Lopez-Moreno, Fernando Domínguez-Castro, Islam M. Gaber, et al. "Nocturnal Surface Urban Heat Island over Greater Cairo: Spatial Morphology, Temporal Trends and Links to Land-Atmosphere Influences." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 3889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233889.

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This study assesses the spatial and temporal characteristics of nighttime surface urban heat island (SUHI) effects over Greater Cairo: the largest metropolitan area in Africa. This study employed nighttime land surface temperature (LST) data at 1 km resolution from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua sensor for the period 2003–2019. We presented a new spatial anomaly algorithm, which allowed to define SUHI using the most anomalous hotspot and cold spot of LST for each time step over Greater Cairo between 2003 and 2019. Results demonstrate that although there is a significant increase in the spatial extent of SUHI over the past two decades, a significant decrease in the mean and maximum intensities of SUHI was noted. Moreover, we examined the dependency between SUHI characteristics and related factors that influence energy and heat fluxes between atmosphere and land in urban environments (e.g., surface albedo, vegetation cover, climate variability, and land cover/use changes). Results demonstrate that the decrease in the intensity of SUHI was mainly guided by a stronger warming in daytime and nighttime LST in the neighborhood of urban localities. This warming was accompanied by a decrease in surface albedo and diurnal temperature range (DTR) over these areas. Results of this study can provide guidance to local urban planners and decision-makers to adopt more effective mitigation strategies to diminish the negative impacts of urban warming on natural and human environments.

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21

Mkrtchian, Alexander, and Ivan Kovalchuk. "ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE REGIME OF LAND SURFACE FOR BYSTRYTSIA RIVER BASIN AND THE INFLUENCE OF TERRAIN ATTRIBUTES USING LANDSAT 8 DATA." PROBLEMS OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE UKRANIAN CARPATHIANS AND ADJACENT AREAS 02, no. 13 (December 30, 2021): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/gpc.2021.2.3551.

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Terrain morphology is a powerful factor influencing climate characteristics, which manifests itself at various scale levels. At the detailed scale, this effect is mainly due to the redistribution of solar radiation on surfaces and slopes of different slope and aspect, which causes their unequal heating, and local redistribution of air masses. Spatial distribution of land surface temperatures can be effectively studied using remote sensing data in far-infrared range, which can be recalculated into temperature values. The values of the land surface temperature in the Bystrytsia river basin were calculated with far-infrared channels of Landsat spatial images for three time slices: October 5, 2013, February 13, 2015, August 10, 2016. The statistical analysis has been carried out on the impact of terrain morphometric parameters and land surface type and characteristics on its temperature. To determine the relative influence of each specific factor, the method of hierarchical partitioning has been implemented with the hier.part package of R software environment. Significant seasonal differentiation of the influence of individual factors on temperature was revealed. During all the seasons of the year, absolute height appeared as the most significant factor among those analyzed. The influence of absolute height on temperature distribution was the strongest in autumn, somewhat weaker in winter and the weakest in summer. Artificial surfaces, dry grass and soil were heated more strongly despite their lower albedo due to smaller heat consumption by evaporation, whereas vegetation surface and wet soils were less heated. On the other hand, the influence of relative surface insolation, being differentiated by terrain elements appeared to be relatively weaker, which can be explained by the calculation method used (insolation has been calculated for the moment the images were taken, whereas surface heating takes some time). The influence of the level of surface moisture also appeared to be significant. Key words: land surface temperature, Landsat, Bystrytsia, morphometric parameters, hierarchical partitioning.

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22

Kubáň, Martiň, Adam Brziak, and Silvia Kohnová. "The role of land use and morphology representation in the setup and calibration of the conceptual TUW model." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012050.

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Abstract The processes of the transformation of rainfall to runoff are highly complicated, and the proper characterisation of these processes with conceptual hydrological models is a very challenging task. Morphology and land cover have a significant influence on a river basin’s hydrologic response. Thus, catchment characteristics of the topography and land use play an essential role in parametrising the runoff concentration processes in hydrological models. In the study, our goal was to detect which characteristics and their spatial distribution influence the efficiency of a conceptual rainfall-runoff model efficiency most. The spatially lumped and semi-distributed versions of the TUW conceptual rainfall model, which is an HBV type model, were compared. Both models use the concept of lumped storages associated with the surface and subsurface, interconnected by thresholds and links to simulate the runoff transformation. We focused on two land-use characteristics, the percentage cover of the agricultural land and percentage cover of the forests, and the mean slope of the terrain as a topography characteristic. The differences between runoff model efficiencies both in the calibration and validation periods were evaluated. Based on which version of the model was more effective in the simulation of the runoff, it was detected which types of catchment land use, and morphology were better represented by using the lumped or semi-distributed version of the TUW model, respectively. The analysis aimed to improve the understanding of the influence of spatial representation morphology and land cover in conceptual models on model efficiency and may help to improve model setup and calibration.

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Karwan, Diana L., J. David Allan, and Kathleen M. Bergen. "CHANGING NEAR-STREAM LAND USE AND RWER CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY IN THE VENEZUELAN ANDES." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37, no. 6 (December 2001): 1579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03661.x.

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24

Liu, T. T., J. R. Shao, L. Shen, X. Y. Wang, Tayier Tuerti, L. H. Li, and W. Zhang. "Intercropping of Maize (Zea mays) and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) vs. Monoculture: Plant Growth, Root Development, and Yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 9 (August 15, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n9p17.

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In Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, we conducted an experimental study to evaluate the root morphology and crop yield for the intercropping of maize and cotton. Due to the shading effect of maize and the reduced root surface area of cotton root system, intercropped cotton yield was smaller (14.7%) than monoculture cotton yield. By contrast, intercropped maize with cotton yield was higher than monoculture maize yield. Compared with typical production of each crop separately, intercropping of maize and cotton showed several benefits: increased the land utilization rate, with a land equivalent ratio (LER) greater than 1; and increased the root length, root surface area, and light interception in maize, which contributed to an increase in maize yield.

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Näslund, Jens-Ove. "Subglacial Preservation of Valley Morphology at Amundsenisen, Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22, no. 5 (May 1997): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199705)22:5<441::aid-esp696>3.0.co;2-4.

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26

Kuenzer, Heimhuber, Huth, and Dech. "Remote Sensing for the Quantification of Land Surface Dynamics in Large River Delta Regions—A Review." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11171985.

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River deltas and estuaries belong to the most significant coastal landforms on our planet and are usually very densely populated. Nearly 600 million people live in river deltas, benefiting from the large variety of locational advantages and rich resources. Deltas are highly dynamic and vulnerable environments that are exposed to a wide range of natural and manmade threats. Sustainable management of river deltas therefore requires a holistic assessment of historic and recent ongoing changes and the dynamics in settlement sprawl, land cover and land use change, ecosystem development, as well as river and coastline geomorphology, all of which is difficult to achieve solely with traditional land-based surveying techniques. This review paper presents the potential of Earth Observation for analyses and quantification of land surface dynamics in the large river deltas globally, emphasizing the different geo-information products that can be derived from medium resolution, high resolution and highest resolution optical, multispectral, thermal and SAR data. Over 200 journal papers on remote sensing related studies for large river deltas and estuaries have been analyzed and categorized into thematic fields such as river course morphology, coastline changes, erosion and accretion processes, flood and inundation dynamics, regional land cover and land use dynamics, as well as the monitoring of compliance with respect to anthropogenic activity such as industry expansion-related habitat destruction. Additionally, our own exemplary analyses are interwoven into the review to visualize related delta work.

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Rezzag Bara, Chouaib, Mohamed Djidel, Fethi Medjani, and Sofiane Labar. "Spatiotemporal evolution of land surface temperature of Lake Oubeira catchment, northeastern Algeria." Journal of Water and Land Development 43, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0073.

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AbstractThe difficulties of access and detailed measurements of land surface temperature (LST) and water surface temperature (WST) especially in wetlands made the use of remote sensing data as one of the sources and techniques to estimate many climate elements including surface temperature and surface emissivity (ɛ). This study aims to estimate the surface temperature of the wetland of Lake Oubeira located in northeastern Algeria and their spatiotemporal evolution in both land and water. Landsat OLI-TIRS images in two dates (April and September 2016) obtained from the USGS have been used in this work, and forms the basis of a series of operations to obtain the final LST: development of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), conversion of the digital number (DN) of the thermal infrared band (TIR) into spectral radiance as well as the calculation of the effective luminosity temperature of the sensor from the spectral radiation and surface emissivity (ɛ).The results show that the LST varies in space and time (from 16 to 31°C in April and from 24 to 41°C in September). This implies that the absorption of the equilibrium temperature at land cover depends on the optical properties of the surface, which are essentially determined by its water content, colour and morphology. At the same time, the water surface is the lowest land cover temperature, which also has a spatial variation (from 19 to 25°C in April and from 26 to 34.5°C in September) induced by atmospheric temperature, wind direction and speed and the depth of the lake.

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Zhao, Chunhong, Jennifer Jensen, Qihao Weng, and Russell Weaver. "A Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis of the Underlying Factors Related to the Surface Urban Heat Island Phenomenon." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091428.

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This study investigated how underlying biophysical attributes affect the characterization of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomenon using (and comparing) two statistical techniques: global regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Land surface temperature (LST) was calculated from Landsat 8 imagery for 20 July 2015 for the metropolitan areas of Austin and San Antonio, Texas. We sought to examine SUHI by relating LST to Lidar-derived terrain factors, land cover composition, and landscape pattern metrics developed using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2011. The results indicate that (1) land cover composition is closely related to the SUHI effect for both metropolitan areas, as indicated by the global regression coefficients of building fraction and NDVI, with values of 0.29 and −0.74 for Austin, and 0.19 and −0.38 for San Antonio, respectively. The terrain morphology was also an indicator of the SUHI phenomenon, implied by the elevation (0.20 for Austin and 0.09 for San Antonio) and northness (0.20 for Austin and 0.09 for San Antonio); (2) the SUHI phenomenon of Austin on 20 July 2015 was affected by the spatial pattern of the land use and land cover (LULC), which was not detected for San Antonio; and (3) with a local determination coefficient higher than 0.8, GWR had higher explanatory power of the underlying factors compared to global regression. By accommodating spatial non-stationarity and allowing the model parameters to vary in space, GWR illustrated the spatial heterogeneity of the relationships between different land surface properties and the LST. The GWR analysis of SUHI phenomenon can provide unique information for site-specific land planning and policy implementation for SUHI mitigation.

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Khoshnoodmotlagh, Sajad, Alireza Daneshi, Shervan Gharari, Jochem Verrelst, Mohsen Mirzaei, and Hossien Omrani. "Urban morphology detection and it's linking with land surface temperature: A case study for Tehran Metropolis, Iran." Sustainable Cities and Society 74 (November 2021): 103228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103228.

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30

Zhou, Liang, Bo Yuan, Fengning Hu, Chunzhu Wei, Xuewei Dang, and Dongqi Sun. "Understanding the effects of 2D/3D urban morphology on land surface temperature based on local climate zones." Building and Environment 208 (January 2022): 108578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108578.

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31

Wang, Jiong, Qingming Zhan, and Huagui Guo. "The Morphology, Dynamics and Potential Hotspots of Land Surface Temperature at a Local Scale in Urban Areas." Remote Sensing 8, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8010018.

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Azhdari, Abolghasem, Ali Soltani, and Mehdi Alidadi. "Urban morphology and landscape structure effect on land surface temperature: Evidence from Shiraz, a semi-arid city." Sustainable Cities and Society 41 (August 2018): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.034.

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Mashhoodi, Bardia, Dominic Stead, and Arjan van Timmeren. "Spatializing household energy consumption in the Netherlands: Socioeconomic, urban morphology, microclimate, land surface temperature and vegetation data." Data in Brief 29 (April 2020): 105118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105118.

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34

Erlingis, Jessica M., and Ana P. Barros. "A Study of the Role of Daytime Land–Atmosphere Interactions on Nocturnal Convective Activity in the Southern Great Plains during CLASIC." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 5 (September 25, 2014): 1932–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0016.1.

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Abstract This study examines whether and how land–atmosphere interactions can have an impact on nocturnal convection over the southern Great Plains (SGP) through numerical simulations of an intense nocturnal mesoscale convective system (MCS) on 19–20 June 2007 with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. High-resolution nested simulations were conducted using realistic and idealized land surfaces and two planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations (PBLp): Yonsei University (YSU) and Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ). Differences in timing and amount of MCS precipitation among observations and model results were examined in the light of daytime land–atmosphere interactions, nocturnal prestorm environment, and cold pool strength. At the meso-γ scale, land cover and soil type have as much of an effect on the simulated prestorm environment as the choice of PBLp: MYJ simulations exhibit strong sensitivity to changes in the land surface in contrast to negligible impact in the case of YSU. At the end of the afternoon, as the boundary layer collapses, a more homogeneous and deeper PBL (and stronger low-level shear) is evident for YSU as compared to MYJ when initial conditions and land surface properties are the same. At the meso-β scale, propagation speed is faster and organization (bow echo morphology) and cold pool strength are enhanced when nocturnal PBL heights are higher, and there is stronger low-level shear in the prestorm environment independent of the boundary layer parameterization for different land surface conditions. A comparison of one- and two-way nested MYJ results demonstrates how daytime land–atmosphere interactions modify the prestorm environment remotely through advection of low-level thermodynamic features. This remote feedback strongly impacts the MCS development phase as well as its spatial organization and propagation velocity and, consequently, nocturnal rainfall. These results indicate that synoptic- and meso-α-scale dynamics can play an important role in determining the spatial and temporal scales over which precipitation feedbacks of land–atmosphere interactions emerge regionally. Finally, this study demonstrates the high degree of uncertainty in defining the spatial and temporal scales of land–atmosphere interactions where and when organized convection is dominant.

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Xu, Yidi, Philippe Ciais, Le Yu, Wei Li, Xiuzhi Chen, Haicheng Zhang, Chao Yue, Kasturi Kanniah, Arthur P. Cracknell, and Peng Gong. "Oil palm modelling in the global land surface model ORCHIDEE-MICT." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 7 (July 23, 2021): 4573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4573-2021.

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Abstract. Oil palm is the most productive oil crop that provides ∼ 40 % of the global vegetable oil supply, with 7 % of the cultivated land devoted to oil plants. The rapid expansion of oil palm cultivation is seen as one of the major causes for deforestation emissions and threatens the conservation of rain forest and swamp areas and their associated ecosystem services in tropical areas. Given the importance of oil palm in oil production and its adverse environmental consequences, it is important to understand the physiological and phenological processes of oil palm and its impacts on the carbon, water and energy cycles. In most global vegetation models, oil palm is represented by generic plant functional types (PFTs) without specific representation of its morphological, physical and physiological traits. This would cause biases in the subsequent simulations. In this study, we introduced a new specific PFT for oil palm in the global land surface model ORCHIDEE-MICT (v8.4.2, Organising Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems–aMeliorated Interactions between Carbon and Temperature). The specific morphology, phenology and harvest process of oil palm were implemented, and the plant carbon allocation scheme was modified to support the growth of the branch and fruit component of each phytomer. A new age-specific parameterization scheme for photosynthesis, autotrophic respiration and carbon allocation was also developed for the oil palm PFT, based on observed physiology, and was calibrated by observations. The improved model generally reproduces the leaf area index, biomass density and fruit yield during the life cycle at 14 observation sites. Photosynthesis, carbon allocation and biomass components for oil palm also agree well with observations. This explicit representation of oil palm in a global land surface model offers a useful tool for understanding the ecological processes of oil palm growth and assessing the environmental impacts of oil palm plantations.

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Taheri Otaghsara, M. P., and H. Arefi. "MODELLING URBAN HEAT ISLAND USING REMOTE SENSING AND CITY MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 19, 2019): 1035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-1035-2019.

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Abstract. The aim of this study was to model the surface urban heat island (SUHI) based on remote sensing data, urban morphology parameters and partial least square (PLS) regression using Santa Rosa, California, USA as a case study. Night-time Land surface temperature (LST) was estimated for all the available Landsat 8 night-time data from august to November for the year 2013. Urban morphology parameters such as Building Volume (BV) and Sky View Factor (SVF) were calculated using available LIDAR data of the study area and Normalized Difference Vegetation (NDVI), Index based Built-up Index (IBI) were calculated using Landsat 8 data sets and were used to identify the impact of urban surface characteristics on land surface temperature. Partial least square (PLS) regression analysis was used to assess the correlation and statistically significance of the variables on LST and model the night time LST of the study area. The results of the analysis showed that the LST has a strong positive relationship with IBI and BV and negative relationship with SVF and NDVI and also at night-time, results showed that SVF has a stronger impact on LST differences than NDVI where areas with high density trees had higher temperature than obstacle free vegetated areas. The result of night time LST modelling of the study area was R-square with value of 0.81 between estimated and predicted LST and RMSE with value of 1.02 °C.

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Rusdi, Rusdi, Feri Padli, and Hendra Hendra. "Studi Morfologi Pantai Rewata’a Desa Lalampanua." Jambura Geoscience Review 2, no. 2 (April 14, 2020): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jgeosrev.v2i1.4039.

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This research is aimed at knowing morphology characteristics and factors which influence landform that is located at Rewata’a Coastal. Geomorphology is a study stressed on landform characteristics with all processes and material at the world surface. The landform is seen as the appearance of landform as the main aspect of the landscape. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method by collecting primary data, such as images or photos of land from that is directly taken from the research location. The phenomenological approach used to explain what, where, how, and why related to landform which based on available theory and prior research. The research result concludes that the Rewata’a Village morphology is cliffed coast, namely the coastal with the vertical cliff. Composed by host rock or hard sediment. Although we can find sand land at bay and north area. The landform found are delta, sea cave, beach, spit, notch, cliff, wave-cut platform, and stack.

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Shih, Naai-Jung, and Yi-Ting Qiu. "The Morphology of Evolved Urban Fabric around Farm Ponds." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030437.

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Resilience, water-based ecosystems, and regional urbanization are closely related. Ponds, as a part of water-based ecosystems, are subject to the indicators of urbanization. The farm ponds in Taoyuan, Taiwan, represent a sustainable fulfillment of irrigation demand and are a system that has been resilient to the topological change in plate elevation over time. The old system was developed in three stages and gradually replaced by canals and reservoirs, with lands abolished or demolished for other purposes. This study aimed to investigate the resilience of farm ponds based on a quantitative estimation of the morphologically evolved urban fabric. Based on five types of map resources, case studies were made on the ponds located near or away from the Green Line of the Taoyuan Rapid Transit System in order to explore their potential relationship with urbanization and the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD). The results show high dynamics of land-use changes while each one was surrounded by a specific urban fabric and contributed to the individual history, designated role, and major type of buildings developed. Quantitative estimation made from satellite images found the developing patterns of resilience in different convergence stages. Each of the four pond cases represents a different stage and application pattern to the integration of water and urban resilience and, in the meantime, maintains the old pond culture. The verification of the water surface area was compared between former 3D scans and satellite images.

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Schoorl, J. M., C. Boix Fayos, R. J. de Meijer, E. R. van der Graaf, and A. Veldkamp. "The 137Cs technique applied to steep Mediterranean slopes (Part I): the effects of lithology, slope morphology and land use." CATENA 57, no. 1 (June 2004): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2003.08.003.

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40

Otoluwa, Zulkifli, Rignolda Djamaluddin, Royke M. Rampengan, Jane Mamuaya, Esry T. Opa, and Joudy RR Sangari. "MORFOMETRI GISIK KAWASAN PANTAI WISATA BAHARI SARIO KOTA MANADO." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.9.2.2021.34851.

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Beach formation has an important role in protecting land from the action of the sea and it is useful for recreation, conservation and other uses. In “Wisata Bahari Sario” Kota Manado coastal area there is still a particular area of beach that is used for various purposes, so it is important to study its morphology. This research was conducted with the aim of describing morphology and analyzing oceanographic factors that affected the dynamic process of beach morphology. The results showed that the beach had an area of 422.69 m2, with the criteria for short slopes in the Northeast and long slopes in the Southwest. The shapes of the beach surface were in the form of gutters and shoots, their appearance was more visible towards the Southwest. In general, the deposition process took place more intensively in the Southwestern part of the beach. Keywords: Beach, Morphology, Slope, Deposition

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41

Danniswari, Dibyanti, Tsuyoshi Honjo, and Katsunori Furuya. "Analysis of Building Height Impact on Land Surface Temperature by Digital Building Height Model Obtained from AW3D30 and SRTM." Geographies 2, no. 4 (September 22, 2022): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies2040034.

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Land surface temperature (LST) is heavily influenced by urban morphology. Building height is an important parameter of urban morphology that affects LST. Existing studies show contradicting results where building height can have a positive or negative relationship with LST. More studies are necessary to examine the impact of building height. However, high accuracy building height data are difficult to obtain on a global scale and are not available in many places in the world. Using the Digital Building Height Model (DBHM) calculated by subtracting the SRTM from AW3D30, this study analyzes the relationship between building height and Landsat LST in two cities: Tokyo and Jakarta. The relationship is observed during both cities’ warm seasons (April to October) and Tokyo’s cool seasons (November to February). The results show that building height and LST are negatively correlated. In the morning, areas with high-rise buildings tend to have lower LST than areas with low-rise buildings. This phenomenon is revealed to be stronger during the warm season. The LST difference between low-rise and mixed-height building areas is more significant than between mixed-height and high-rise building areas.

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42

Yulianto, Fajar, Suwarsono, Taufik Maulana, and Muhammad Rokhis Khomarudin. "Analysis of the dynamics of coastal landform change based on the integration of remote sensing and gis techniques: Implications for tidal flooding impact in pekalongan, central java, Indonesia." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0025.

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Abstract Coastal landforms are located in the interface zone between atmosphere, ocean and land surface systems formed by the geomorphic process of erosion, depositional, and subsidence. Studying the dynamics of coastal landform change is important for tracing the relationship between coastal landform changes and tidal flooding in the coastal areas of Pekalongan, Indonesia. The method of integrating remote sensing data with geographic information system (GIS) techniques has been widely used to monitor and analyze the dynamics of morphology change in coastal landform areas. The purpose of this study is to map the dynamics of landform change in the study area from 1978 to 2017 and to analyze its implications for the impact of tidal flooding. The results of the mapping and change analysis associated with coastal landforms can be classified into four landform types: beach, beach ridge, backswamp and alluvial plain. Changes in coastal morphology and landform topography affected by land subsidence and changes in land use/ land cover have contributed to the occurrence of tidal flooding in the study area. Beach ridges perform an important role as natural levees which hold back and prevent the entry of seawater at high tide in coastal areas. A limitation of this study is that, as it focuses only on the physical aspects of coastal landform characteristics for one of the factors causing tidal flooding.

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Coutts, Andrew M., Jason Beringer, and Nigel J. Tapper. "Impact of Increasing Urban Density on Local Climate: Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Surface Energy Balance in Melbourne, Australia." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2462.1.

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Abstract Variations in urban surface characteristics are known to alter the local climate through modification of land surface processes that influence the surface energy balance and boundary layer and lead to distinct urban climates. In Melbourne, Australia, urban densities are planned to increase under a new strategic urban plan. Using the eddy covariance technique, this study aimed to determine the impact of increasing housing density on the surface energy balance and to investigate the relationship to Melbourne’s local climate. Across four sites of increasing housing density and varying land surface characteristics (three urban and one rural), it was found that the partitioning of available energy was similar at all three urban sites. Bowen ratios were consistently greater than 1 throughout the year at the urban sites (often as high as 5) and were higher than the rural site (less than 1) because of reduced evapotranspiration. The greatest difference among sites was seen in urban heat storage, which was influenced by urban canopy complexity, albedo, and thermal admittance. Resulting daily surface temperatures were therefore different among the urban sites, yet differences in above-canopy daytime air temperatures were small because of similar energy partitioning and efficient mixing. However, greater nocturnal temperatures were observed with increasing density as a result of variations in heat storage release that are in part due to urban canyon morphology. Knowledge of the surface energy balance is imperative for urban planning schemes because there is a possibility for manipulation of land surface characteristics for improved urban climates.

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Zhang, Ya, Zhenfeng Shao, Xiao Huang, Xiaoxiao Feng, Zifan Zhou, and Yong Li. "Impact of Spatial Configuration of Urban Green Space and Urban Impervious Surface on Land Surface Temperature: A Multi-Grid Perspective." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 88, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.21-00034r3.

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Urbanization process has a huge impact on vegetation dynamics in urban ecosystems. Ecosystem services provided by urban green space have been increasingly incorporated into city-level measures to address climate change. Understanding the relationship between urban green space (UGS) and urban impervious surface (UIS) as well as land surface temperature (LST ) is crucial to the understanding of urban spatial morphology. To better understand the impact of different spatial configurations on the urban heat island effect at different scales, this study constructed the spatial configuration of UIS and UGS on four grids of different scales and explored their relationship with LST in sea- sonal changes. The results show that different indicators present significant characteristic disparity under the four grid scales, compared with other scales, indicators have a relative stability correlation at 1 km. In addition, trees and grass, as different urban green spaces, have notable negative effects on surface temperature. At grid 3 (G3) scale, grassland had a strong correlation with LST in aggregation index and landscape shape index, which were 0.473 and 0.648, suggesting that fine-scale planning is of great significance to alleviating the urban heat island effect. This study can assist in designing sustainable cities by providing insights into urban green space planning and management.

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Putro, S. T. J., N. Arif, and T. Sarastika. "Land surface temperature (LST) and soil moisture index (SMI) to identify slope stability." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 986, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012022.

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Abstract Scientists widely use satellite images for scientific purposes, including investigation on earth science and environmental issues. Developing of many environmental models is due to replicating the natural process. Landslide is a known natural process controlled by slope stability which incorporates many parameters such as soil water content, morphology, and meteorological factor. Both LST and SMI were derived from satellite images, while SMI was the derivation of LST, meanwhile the use of both parameters in determining slope stability was rarely done. This research explores the use of LST and SMI in slope stability modeling. The LST analysis was calculated based on SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms) using Landsat 8 imagery. The LST was then used to construct the SMI. Slope stability (FS) was calculated using the Selby model. All those variables were then cross-plotted in a regression to find the R2 value. The result shows a weak connection between FS-LST and FS-SMI with the R2 value of 9,09% and 8,16%. A stronger connection is only demonstrated in FS-Slope regression with a value of 70,98%. The weak R2 indicates that the model is not fit to calculate the FS of the Selby model. The LST and SMI were derived from satellite images and did not directly correspond to the soil characteristic as SMI was derived from LST and vegetation indices. Further empirical data collection needs to be used to build a better model on FS.

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Higashi, Akira, and Yoshiyuki Fujii. "Studies on microparticles contained in medium-depth ice cores retrieved from east Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 20 (1994): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500016268.

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SEM observations of microparticles in ice-core samples retrieved by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in east Dronning Maud Land have been carried out since 1987. Morphology and elemental composition by EDS of many microparticles taken from various depths of the 700 m Mizuho ice core were compared with each other and with those of stratospheric microparticles in NASA Cosmic Dust Catalogs and microparticles hitherto found in deep ice cores retrieved in Antarctica. Number concentrations of microparticles were measured on all samples throughout the 700 m Mizuho ice core. Remarkable fluctuations found in the depth profile of the concentration seem to coincide with cold climates indicated by δ18O of the same core. Compositional analysis of volcanic ash at a depth of 500.7 m in the Mizuho ice core, dated at approximately 6000 years BP, indicates that the ash originated from the South Sandwich Islands.

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Qiao, Zhi, Xiping Han, Chen Wu, Luo Liu, Xinliang Xu, Zongyao Sun, Wei Sun, Qian Cao, and Linwan Li. "Scale Effects of the Relationships between 3D Building Morphology and Urban Heat Island: A Case Study of Provincial Capital Cities of Mainland China." Complexity 2020 (November 27, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9326793.

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In the process of rapid urbanization, urban heat island (UHI) effect has been showing more and more significant impacts on human well-being. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the impact of three-dimensional (3D) building morphology on UHI effect across a continuum of spatial scales will be necessary to guide and improve the human settlement.This study selected 31 provincial capital cities of mainland China to analyze the impacts of the 3D building morphology, including the number, area, height, volume, and the surface area of the buildings, on the land surface temperature (LST). By exploring how the influence of 3D building morphology on LST changes with the increase of spatial scale (between 0 and 600 m radii), this study finally recognized which 3D building morphology index is the most significant index affecting LST in different cities, and which spatial scale these 3D building morphology indexes have the most significant impact on LST. The results showed that the building area is the most important 3D building morphology parameter affecting the LST, while the building height has the slightest influence on the LST. These effects are more significant in the spatial scale of 150 m–540 m, and the spatial scale increases with the increase of building areas in developed cities. These results highlight the necessity of considering fine-grained management in the governance and alleviating of the urban thermal environment through urban planning and urban renewal strategies.

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48

Retallack, G. J. "Precambrian life on land." Journal of Palaeosciences 63, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2014.289.

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Although Precambrian landscapes have been regarded as barren as the surface of Mars, increasingly close inspection of fossil soils (palaeosols) is revealing a variety of fossils, comparable with those already documented in Cambrian to Ordovician (542–444 Ma) palaeosols. The biggest surprise was that some Ediacaran (550 Ma) fossils of South Australia grew in soils. Different kinds of palaeosols can be used to define Ediacaran terrestrial communities in Australia (550 Ma) and Newfoundland (565 Ma). Simple discoids such as Aspidella dominate communities of intertidal sulfidic palaeosols, whereas quilted forms such as Dickinsonia dominate communities of well drained palaeosols. The discoids may be simple microbial colonies, but complex quilted fossils may be lichenized fungi. Complex quilted fossils appear in palaeosols during the Ediacaran along with large “acritarchs” (such as Ceratosphaeridium, and Germinosphaera) comparable with fungal chlamydospores and vesicles like those of Glomales (Glomeromycota). Discoid fossils and microbial filaments also are found in Palaeoproterozoic palaeosols, for example, in the 2100 Ma Stirling Range Quartzite of Western Australia. Complex Palaeoproterozoic (2200 Ma) fossils in South African palaeosols include Diskagma, comparable with the living endocyanotic Geosiphon (Archaeosporales, Glomeromycota). Archaean (2800 Ga) palaeosols of South Africa contain fossils such as Thucomyces, comparable with modern columnar biofilms. Even older terrestrial fossils may be represented by un–named spindle–like fossils from the 3000 Ma Farrel Quartzite and 3420 Ma Strelley Pool Formation of Western Australia. These spindle–like forms are comparable in morphology with modern soil actinobacteria, such as Planomonospora. Life on land may extend well back into geological history. Positive feedback for soil stabilization by formation of clay and organic matter, and the metered supply of water and nutrients in soils, make soils attractive sites for theories concerning the origin of life.

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Lipson, Mathew, Sue Grimmond, Martin Best, Winston T. L. Chow, Andreas Christen, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Andrew Coutts, et al. "Harmonized gap-filled datasets from 20 urban flux tower sites." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 11 (November 22, 2022): 5157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5157-2022.

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Abstract. A total of 20 urban neighbourhood-scale eddy covariance flux tower datasets are made openly available after being harmonized to create a 50 site–year collection with broad diversity in climate and urban surface characteristics. Variables needed as inputs for land surface models (incoming radiation, temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind and precipitation) are quality controlled, gap-filled and prepended with 10 years of reanalysis-derived local data, enabling an extended spin up to equilibrate models with local climate conditions. For both gap filling and spin up, ERA5 reanalysis meteorological data are bias corrected using tower-based observations, accounting for diurnal, seasonal and local urban effects not modelled in ERA5. The bias correction methods developed perform well compared to methods used in other datasets (e.g. WFDE5 or FLUXNET2015). Other variables (turbulent and upwelling radiation fluxes) are harmonized and quality controlled without gap filling. Site description metadata include local land cover fractions (buildings, roads, trees, grass etc.), building height and morphology, aerodynamic roughness estimates, population density and satellite imagery. This open collection can help extend our understanding of urban environmental processes through observational synthesis studies or in the evaluation of land surface environmental models in a wide range of urban settings. These data can be accessed from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7104984 (Lipson et al., 2022).

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Philpott, Stacy M., Simone Albuquerque, Peter Bichier, Hamutahl Cohen, Monika H. Egerer, Claire Kirk, and Kipling W. Will. "Local and Landscape Drivers of Carabid Activity, Species Richness, and Traits in Urban Gardens in Coastal California." Insects 10, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040112.

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Urban ecosystems, as mosaics of residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural land, present challenges for species survival due to impervious surface, degradation, fragmentation, and modification of natural habitat, pollution, and introduced species. Some urban habitats, such as community gardens, support biodiversity and promote ecosystem services. In gardens, local factors (e.g., vegetation, groundcover) and landscape surroundings (e.g., agriculture, built or impervious cover) may influence species abundance, richness, and functional traits that are present. We examined which local and landscape factors within 19 community gardens in the California central coast influence ground beetle (Carabidae) activity density, species richness, functional group richness, and functional traits—body size, wing morphology, and dispersal ability. Gardens with higher crop richness and that are surrounded by agricultural land had greater carabid activity density, while species and functional group richness did not respond to any local or landscape factor. Gardens with more leaf litter had lower carabid activity, and gardens with more leaf litter tended to have more larger carabids. Changes in local (floral abundance, ground cover) and landscape (urban land cover) factors also influenced the distribution of individuals with certain wing morphology and body size traits. Thus, both local and landscape factors influence the taxonomic and functional traits of carabid communities, with potential implications for pest control services that are provided by carabids.

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