Статті в журналах: "Laminated materials Effect of temperature on Testing"

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bin Yaakob, Mohd Yuhazri, T. T. T. Jennise, H. Sihombing, N. Mohamad, S. H. Yahaya, and M. Y. A. Zalkis. "Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling of Laminated Composite after Cured at Different Angle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.86.

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Moisture absorption is a very important factor in polymers and composite materials used for hull manufacture and stability in marine environment. High water absorption of the material will affects the mechanical properties and stability in composite. This research is carried out to study the feasibility of the gravity effects on curing position of the laminated composite structures to enhance the curing space needed. Vertical cured laminate having almost similar properties with common horizontal cured laminate able to save much space in composite industry. Horizontal cured laminates filled up spaces in which SMI lack of. Polyesters and E-glass fibers were used as the raw material in this research. Vacuum bagging technique was used to suck out the excess resin during lay-up to avoid any voids and air inside laminate and cured at different angle position in room temperature for 24 hours. Seven samples of laminated composite were fabricated and cut into specific dimension in accordance to ASTM standard. This paper will discuss about the investigation on the water absorption and thickness swelling of the thermosetting laminated composite by curing the laminate at different angle using vacuum bagging technique. From the testing, SN6 and SN7 shows to have good water resistant in physical properties.

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Knight, Jonathan T., Alaa A. El-Sisi, Ahmed H. Elbelbisi, Michael Newberry, and Hani A. Salim. "Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Glass Polymer Interlayer Subjected to Environmental Effects." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235113.

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It is known that weathering action has a significant impact on polymer interlayer materials, and previous studies have evaluated certain aspects of weathering such as temperature, humidity, and UV radiation. In this paper, the environmental effect on the mechanical properties of the virgin and cured/processed polymer interlayer materials will be studied. Three polymer interlayer materials were focused, i.e., Polyvinyl butyral (PVB), Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), and Ionomer (SG), due to their industrial interest. Testing setups were designed to apply the environmental effects and perform mechanical testing on the polymeric materials. Four environmental effects were studied, including water submersion (E1), constant high temperature (E2), cyclic temperature with low relative humidity (E3), cyclic temperature, and relative humidity (E4). After the exposure of these materials to these environmental effects, the samples were prepared and mechanically tested. Uniaxial tests were performed under static and high strain rates (around 45−1). It was found that under dynamic load, the properties of EVA such as the strength, maximum strain, and the toughness were not significantly affected by the environmental effects. SG5000 properties were significantly affected.

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Jennise, T. T. T., Mohd Yuhazri bin Yaakob, H. Sihombing, N. Mohamad, S. H. Yahaya, and M. Y. A. Zalkis. "Hardness of Laminated Composite for Different Angle Cured Positions under Influence of Gravity Effects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1566.

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Utilization of high tech engineering materials such as composites has been extensively applied in the industries of civil, mechanical and aerospace due to their favourable characteristic such as high stiffness to weight ratio, improve corrosion and environmental resistance and potential reduction of processing. This research is carried out to study the feasibility of laminated composite after cured at different angle due to gravity effects to enhance the curing space required. Vertically cured laminate having similar or improved properties with common horizontally cured laminate to save much space bringing huge advantage especially to the developing Small and Medium Industries / Entrepreneurs (SMI/E). The horizontal cured laminate composite no doubt will fill up the spaces which SMI/E lacks of. Polyester and E-type fiber glass were the main raw materials used in the research via vacuum bagging technique to drain out the excess resin applied as well as minimize the void or air in the laminated composite. The laminated composite fabricated is cured at different curing angle positions in room temperature for 24 hours under the gravity effects. Five samples were prepared according to the ASTM standard to undergo hardness test. From the testing, SN6 which cured at 75˚ had the closest hardness to the horizontal cured control sample.

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Louis, Bryan M., Florian Klunker, and Paolo Ermanni. "Effect of locally deposited nanosilica particles on interlaminar fracture toughness of high glass-transition temperature epoxy carbon fiber-reinforced composites." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 25 (April 23, 2019): 3599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319836063.

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This study explores the toughening of fiber-reinforced composite laminates to prevent against mode 1 delamination by using a selective placement of nanosilica particles in only the out-of-tow interlaminar regions of the laminate. In place of a conventional homogenous particle distribution throughout the laminate, “selective toughening” through controlled particle deposition is examined with the objective to increase the nanosilica toughening efficiency. Using a laboratory-scale manufacturing route conceptually similar to a combined prepreg and resin-film process, uni-directional carbon fiber composite laminates containing high glass-transition temperature amine-cured Dow D.E.R. 330 epoxy are produced from both particle distribution configurations. Comparisons are made by double cantilever beam testing for mode 1 delamination fracture energy G1C and by examination of the fracture surfaces. The results show that further nanosilica toughening efficiency is possible with local deposition and toughening compared to the conventional homogenous particle distribution throughout the laminate. For the same total nanosilica particle content in the laminate, the delamination toughening effects are maintained or improved when locally toughened in only the out-of-tow interlaminar regions. For mode 1 delamination initiation and propagation, fracture energy increases in the range of 60% over the untoughened laminates are found for the laminates with a local particle distribution. By comparison, those laminates with a conventional homogeneous particle distribution saw increase of 20–35% over the untoughened laminates. The implications of the localized toughening approach are discussed to provide further guidance in optimizing the use of nanosilica particles and particle toughening in general in composite laminates.

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Bo, Jiang, Ren Xueping, Han Yujie, Hou Hongliang, and Wang Yaoqi. "An investigation of the mechanical properties and bonding mechanism of Ti/Al-laminated composites fabricated by ultrasonic consolidation." Composites and Advanced Materials 30 (January 1, 2021): 2633366X2096919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633366x20969193.

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Foils such as 1100 aluminum and TC4 titanium were used as matrix materials for ultrasonic consolidation test of dissimilar metal materials, and the samples of Ti/Al-laminated composites were prepared. The effect of amplitude and static pressure on the interfacial bonding strength of Ti/Al foil was studied by adhesion test. The mechanical properties of Ti/Al-laminated composites were tested by electronic universal testing machine. The microstructure of Ti/Al foil interface was observed by transmission electron microscope. The results show that ultrasonic consolidation can achieve a good bonding interface of Ti/Al foil, and the bonding strength of the interface increases first and then decreases with the increase of static pressure, and increases monotonously with the increase of amplitude. The optimum adhesion strength is 58.08 N cm−1. The high temperature deformation constitutive model of Ti/Al-laminated composites is established and verified. The Ti/Al interface has metallurgical bonding, and the inner microstructure of Ti/Al matrix is obviously refined. The surface of titanium foil has formed nanocrystalline.

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Khan, Wajid Ali, Jawad Khalid, and Arsalan Raja. "Effect of Varying Initial Processing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Carbon Epoxy Composites." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 40, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 714–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2104.03.

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Use of composite materials for structural application has greatly flourished in last three decades. Mechanical properties of carbon composite are largely dependent on the processing parameters like processing temperature, compaction pressure, resin flow and fiber orientation. Processing temperature has an important and decisive role in defining the properties of the composites and absence of proper temperature can cause reduced mechanical properties and defects like wrinkles and voids. This study focuses on varying the initial processing temperature for carbon laminates and documents the effect on mechanical properties of the composite produced. The testing range of temperature was specified by the choice of resin. It was found that the mechanical properties like tensile, bending and shear strength increased non-linearly with increasing initial temperature of processing. Increase of fiber volume fraction, fiber weight fraction and density were observed which along with better resin distribution, resin flow and increased laminate compaction can be attributed as key reasons of increased mechanical properties

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Yalkın, Hüseyin E., Ramazan Karakuzu, and Tuba Alpyıldız. "Experimental and numerical behaviors of GFRP laminates under low velocity impact." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 21 (February 16, 2020): 2999–3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320906871.

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The aim of the study is to investigate the behavior of laminated composites under low velocity impact both experimentally and numerically. With this aim, the effects of wide range impact energy values between 10 J and 60 J were evaluated experimentally and numerically for the laminate of [±45/(0/90)2]S oriented unidirectional E-glass as reinforcing material and epoxy resin for matrix material. Different impactor velocities were used to maintain the impact energy values and experimental impact tests were generated with drop weight impact testing machine at room temperature. Numerical simulations were performed using LS-DYNA finite element analysis software with a continuum damage mechanics-based material model MAT058. Contact force between impactor and laminate, and transverse deflection at the center of laminate results were obtained as a function of time and used to plot contact force–time curves, contact force–deflection curves and absorbed energy-impact energy curves. Also, delamination area was examined. Finally, numerical results were compared with experimental results and a good correlation between them was observed.

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Hosur, M. V., S. M. Waliul Islam, U. K. Vaidya, P. K. Dutta, and S. Jeelani. "Effects of Temperature and Moisture on the High Strain Rate Compression Response of Graphite/Epoxy Composites." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 125, no. 4 (September 22, 2003): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1605113.

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Experimental investigations were carried out on unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy laminate samples under dynamic compression loading using a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. High strain rate testing was carried out at room and elevated temperatures. 30 layered graphite/epoxy unidirectional laminates made using DA 4518U unidirectional prepregs system were fabricated. Tests were carried out on samples at room, 51.7°C, 121.1°C, and 190.6°C temperatures. Additional high strain rate tests were conducted on samples that were subjected to moist/freeze conditioning for 42 days. Failure modes were studied through scanning electron microscopy. Results of the study indicated plasticizing of matrix which was reflected through increased ductility of the samples as well as reduced slope of the stress-strain curves with the increase in temperature. Similar effect was evident in the samples that were subjected to moist/freeze conditioning.

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KARACOR, Berkay, and Mustafa ÖZCANLI. "Post curing temperature effect on mechanical characterization of jute/basalt fiber reinforced hybrid composites." International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 6, no. 2 (under construction) (August 15, 2022): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35860/iarej.1089568.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have a fast-growing performance in many areas of engineering as a replacement for metallic materials due to their low density, low cost, specific mechanical characteristics, and lower energy consumption. The efficiency of fiber-reinforced polymer composites at high temperatures is an issue that requires to be well investigated before this type of composite can be used in important engineering fields. The aim of this study is to examine the change in mechanical properties of homogeneous and hybrid composites prepared from epoxy resin reinforced with jute fabric and basalt fabric at three diverse post-curing temperatures (50°C, 70°C, and 90°C). The vacuum- assisted resin transfer molding process was used to fabricate the laminated composites. The tensile strength and microhardness values of post- cured homogeneous and hybrid composite samples were determined by tensile tests and Vickers hardness measurements. A water absorption test was also performed to determine the water absorption capacity of the fabricated composites. After tensile testing of the fabricated structures, the effect of post-curing temperatures on the interaction of the fiber-matrix interface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results indicate that with increasing the post-curing temperature from 50 °C to 90 °C, an improvement of 45.48% in tensile strength and 34.65% in hardness is achieved for the hybrid composites. Moreover, the results of the water absorption test show that the increased post-curing temperature reduces the water absorption capacity of the hybrid composites by 3.53 times.

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Boissin, E., C. Bois, J.-C. Wahl, and T. Palin-Luc. "Effect of temperature on damage mechanisms and mechanical behaviour of an acrylic-thermoplastic-matrix and glass-fibre-reinforced composite." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 27 (June 3, 2020): 4269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320929056.

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The mechanical response of polymer matrix composites exhibits a temperature dependency even if the service temperature range is lower than the glass transition temperature of the polymer matrix. This dependency is mainly due to the temperature effect on the mechanical behaviour of the polymer matrix. However, the micro- and meso-structures driving the composite anisotropy and local stress distribution play an essential role regarding the effect of temperature on damage mechanisms specific to reinforced polymers. There are few data in the literature on the sensitivity to temperature of damage mechanisms and scenarios of polymer matrix composites regardless of loading type. In this paper, after a synthetic literature review of the effect of temperature on polymers and polymer composites, several complementary tests are proposed to analyse the temperature effect on damage mechanisms undergone by laminated composites under in-plane quasi static loadings. These tests are applied to an acrylic-thermoplastic composite reinforced by glass fibres in its service temperature range of –20℃ to 60℃. The results show that the testing temperature has a significant impact on the mechanical response and damage mechanisms of the composite material in the selected temperature range, which is markedly lower than the glass transition temperature (around 100℃). While the temperature rise generates a gradual decrease in matrix stiffness and strength, the increase in matrix ductility associated to the stress heterogeneity in the composite microstructure produces a rise in the transverse cracking threshold and removes this damage mode during quasi-static tensile tests when the temperature shifts from 15℃ to 40℃.

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Pach, Joanna, Natalia Frączek, and Jacek Kaczmar. "The Effects of Hybridisation of Composites Consisting of Aramid, Carbon, and Hemp Fibres in a Quasi-Static Penetration Test." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 4686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204686.

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The quasi-static penetration properties of hybrid laminates were experimentally investigated. Aramid fabrics, carbon fabrics, and short hemp fibres were applied as the reinforcements of hybrid and non-hybrid composite laminates with polyurethane–polyurea (PUR/PUA) matrix. The laminates were made by hand, in a mould. They were cured at room temperature for 24 h. Hybrid laminates consisted of aramid and carbon layers in two different configurations, i.e., aramid at the innermost layers and outermost layers. Aramid/PUR/PUA and carbon/PUR/PUA composites were fabricated for comparison purposes. Laminates were also prepared via an analogue sequence of laying the reinforcement layers with the addition of 5% by weight of hemp fibres in the PUR/PUA matrix. Quasi-static penetration tests (QSPT) were conducted using a tensile testing machine with a surface-hardened, hemispherical, steel punch (9 mm diameter tip), reflecting the geometry of the Parabellum projectile. A quasi-static puncture test was carried out until the laminate was perforated. The ratio between the support span (Ds) and the punch diameter (Dp) was SPR = Ds/Dp = 5.0. The results showed the influences of laminate hybridisation on the values of absorbed energy, punch shear strength, and damage mechanism in the QSPT test. The addition of hemp fibres to aramid laminates resulted in a positive hybridisation effect. The order of layers of aramid and carbon fabrics in hybrid laminates influenced the results obtained in the QSPT test.

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Miyano, Yasushi, Masayuki Nakada, and Yo Yoshikoshi. "Statistical creep failure time of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic under bending load." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 8 (February 8, 2022): 1153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211072959.

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Our developed accelerated testing methodology (ATM) based on the matrix resin viscoelasticity for the creep and fatigue failure life prediction of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) was applied to the statistical prediction of long-term creep failure life for the longitudinal bending of unidirectional Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates which is an important basic item for the durability design of CFRP structures used for aircraft and others. As results, the statistical creep failure times measured under several constant bending loads at an arbitrary temperature for unidirectional CFRP laminates were agreed with the predicted results obtained by substituting the matrix resin viscoelasticity and the flexural static strengths of CFRP laminates statistically and easily measured at various temperatures into the formulation of ATM. The long-term creep strength under bending load at an arbitrary temperature predicted were compared with that under tension load obtained by our previous paper. It was clear that the creep strength under bending load degreases drastically with increase in time and temperature comparing with that under tension load; therefore, the effect of time and temperature on the creep failure life under bending load is larger than that under tension load.

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Shindo, Yasuhide, Daiki Shinohe, Susumu Kumagai, and Katsumi Horiguchi. "Analysis and Testing of Mixed-Mode Interlaminar Fracture Behavior of Glass-Cloth∕Epoxy Laminates at Cryogenic Temperatures." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 127, no. 4 (June 2, 2005): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2019944.

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This paper presents results from an analytical and experimental study of the effect of temperature and mixed-mode ratio on the interlaminar fracture toughness in glass-cloth∕epoxy laminates. Mode I, mode II, and mixed-mode tests were conducted by the double-cantilever beam, end-notched flexure, and mixed-mode bending test methods at room temperature, liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), and liquid helium temperature (4 K). A finite element model was used to perform the delamination crack analysis. Mode I, mode II, and mixed-mode energy release rates at the onset of delamination crack propagation were computed using the virtual crack closure technique. The fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy to correlate with the interlaminar fracture properties.

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Xiong, Xiaoman, Tao Yang, Rajesh Mishra, Hiroyuki Kanai, and Jiri Militky. "Thermal and compression characteristics of aerogel-encapsulated textiles." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 8 (June 17, 2017): 1998–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717716167.

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In this work, a new approach to apply silica aerogel into textiles by laser treatment and laminating technique was used to fabricate aerogel-encapsulated textiles. Thermal insulation performance of the prepared multilayer aerogel-encapsulated laminated fabrics was characterized in terms of thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and thermal diffusivity by Alambeta instrument. Infrared thermography data were collected by FLIR ThermaCAM TVS300 thermal camera. The ORIENTEC STA-1225 Universal Testing Machine was employed for testing the compression properties like compression resistance, compression resilience and thickness loss. Results showed that the aerogel-encapsulated structure has significant effect on thermal insulation enhancement. A temperature gap of 1℃ to 1.5℃ was observed between aerogel-filled samples and regular ones. It is also found that nonwoven fabrics with aerogel-filled voids generally have lower compression resistance than regular nonwovens, samples with air-filled voids and aerogel-filled voids are observed to recover compression to a lower extent than regular samples. Nonwoven based aerogel-encapsulated composites exhibit lower thickness loss in comparison with untreated composites. The findings in this study can be used for further research in aerogel-encapsulated composites.

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Frisk, Laura K., and Kati H. Kokko. "Effect of RCC on the Reliability of Adhesive Flip Chip Joints." Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, no. 3 (October 27, 2006): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2753909.

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A need for higher packaging density and functionality has increased the use of new packaging technologies, which has also caused demand for higher interconnect densities on printed circuit boards (PCBs). Sequential build-up (SBU) processes can be used to meet these demands. In the SBU process, additional dielectric and conductor layers are formed on a core board, which is typically made of FR-4. Microvias are formed on these layers to achieve an electrical connection between them and the core board. Resin-coated copper foil (RCC) is the most widely used dielectric layer in the SBU process. The effect of RCC on the reliability of flip chip joints with anisotropically conductive adhesive film (ACF) was studied. Two substrates were used. The difference between the substrates was RCC laminated on the other substrate. The reliability of the test samples was studied using a temperature cycling test and a constant humidity test. The reliability of the substrate with the RCC was found to be better in both tests. Failure mechanisms were studied after the tests, using optical and scanning electron microscopes. After the temperature cycling, several of the test samples made with two highest bonding pressures showed delamination, which has probably caused the failures. In addition, failures occurred during the changes in the test temperature. These were probably caused by warping of the flip chip package. No delamination was found in the test samples with the lowest pressure. The failures in these series were probably caused by relaxation of the adhesive matrix and by too low deformation of the conductive particles. Several cracks had formed on the FR-4 substrates without the RCC during the temperature cycling. In addition, air bubbles were found in the test samples with the FR-4 substrates without the RCC. Since RCC is a pure resin system, it has a high coefficient of thermal expansion, which may cause problems, especially when large components are attached to it. However, in this study, the RCC was found to increase the reliability of the flip chip joints made with ACF during both temperature cycling and constant humidity testing.

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Tefera, Getahun, Sarp Adali, and Glen Bright. "Mechanical behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite material at different temperatures: Experimental and model assessment." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112211250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221125072.

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In the present study, temperature and frequency effects are studied involving carbon fibre reinforced polymeric materials with unidirectional fibers. Before testing, laminates were preserved in a deep freezer at −80, −20, 0, and 25°C for 60 days. Compressive, tensile, and stiffness behaviors of the laminates were assessed. The results confirmed that the compressive strength, tensile strength, and tensile modulus of laminates severely deteriorate at high temperatures. This might happen because of the weakening of the fibre/matrix interface, resulting in the load-carrying capacity of the carbon fibre being severely reduced. Lower temperatures did not significantly affect the mechanical performance of the laminates. This is due to minor deformation of the frozen laminates and closely compacted epoxy chain segments. The effects of temperature and vibration on the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping behaviour of laminates are discussed. The results confirm that a reduction in mechanical performance is a strongly temperature-dependent phenomenon. Laminate damping properties are also evaluated. According to the results of the experiments, −80°C has the greatest permanence. Finally, the accuracy of the results on storage modulus was compared with empirical models. The model suggested by Gibson et al. provided the most accurate estimates for the storage modulus of the laminates. Other models were less accurate and gave non-conservative estimates.

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Pietrikova, Alena, Tomas Lenger, Olga Fricova, Lubos Popovic, and Lubomir Livovsky. "Properties of glass/epoxy sandwich structure for electronic boards." Microelectronics International 37, no. 3 (March 27, 2020): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-12-2019-0084.

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Purpose This study aims to characterize a novel glass/epoxy architecture sandwich structure for electronic boards. Understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior of these composites is important because it is possible to pre-determine whether defined “internal” thick laminates will be suitable for embedding components in the direction of the axis “z,” i.e. this method of manufacturing multilayer laminates can be used for incoming miniaturization in electronics. Design/methodology/approach Laminates with a low glass transition temperature (Tg) and high Tg with E-glass type were treated, tested and compared. Testing samples were manufactured by nonstandard two steps unidirectional lamination as a multilayer structure based on prepreg layers and as “a sandwich structure” to explore its effect on thermo-mechanical properties. The proposed tested method determines the time and temperature-dependent viscoelastic properties of the board by using dynamic mechanical analysis, thermo-mechanical analysis and three-point bend tests. Findings This testing method was chosen because the main property that promotes sandwich structure is their high stiffness. Glass/epoxy stiff and thermal stabile sandwich structure prepared by nonstandard two-stage lamination is proper for embedding components and the next miniaturization in electronics. Originality/value Compared with by-default applied glass-reinforced homogenous laminates, novel architecture sandwich structure is attractive because of a combination of strength, stiffness and all while maintaining the miniaturization requirement and multifunctional application in electronics.

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Deluy, Marc-Claudel, Mohamed Khay, Anh Dung Ngo, Martine Dubé, and Rajamohan Ganesan. "Effects of environmental conditions on the axial tension–compression fatigue behavior of carbon/epoxy plain-weave laminates containing flaws." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 27 (May 29, 2020): 4215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320929411.

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The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the axial fatigue behavior of a carbon/epoxy plain-weave laminate with an embedded flaw subjected to a partially reversed cyclic load (stress ratio R = −0.1) in tension–compression. This specific material is more commonly used in aerospace engineering for the manufacturing of aircraft structural parts, which are directly exposed to various environmental conditions during service. Specific environmental and loading conditions that are appropriate to simulate real-life conditions are considered to observe and collect information about the material's behavior. For the investigation, dry and wet coupons were submitted to room temperature, 82 and 121 ℃ under loading frequencies of 7 and 15 Hz. A maximum allowable strain increase criterion is used to monitor the flaw growth threshold or delamination onset, during fatigue testing. The ultrasonic imaging (C-scan) technique is used to verify and confirm the delamination onset. Results show that the delamination onset strain increase criterion, along with fatigue life, generally decreased as the operating temperature and humidity were increased and that frequency had little effect on the delamination onset fatigue life. The S– N curves obtained from the tension–compression fatigue data were then compared to those of a previous work carried out in tension–tension fatigue loading. Results show a clear degradation in the delamination onset fatigue life of the coupons tested under tension–tension cyclic loading when the minimum tensile component of the cyclic load was replaced with a compressive load of the same magnitude.

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Bermejo, Raúl, Luis Llanes, Marc Anglada, Peter Supancic, and Tanja Lube. "Thermal Shock Behavior of an Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ Multilayered Ceramic with Residual Stresses due to Phase Transformations." Key Engineering Materials 290 (July 2005): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.290.191.

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In this work, the thermal shock behavior of an Al2O3-5%tZrO2/Al2O3-30%mZrO2 multilayer ceramic is studied. On these materials, a tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation within the Al2O3-30%mZrO2 layers takes place when cooling down from sintering. The latter induces an increase in volume and therefore compressive residual stresses arise in these layers. The residual stress distribution profile in the laminate influences the thermal shock response of the material. A finite element model has been developed to estimate both the thermal strain effects during the sintering process as well as the temperature distribution and stress profile within the laminate during thermal shock testing. Experimental tests on the monoliths and laminates were carried out and compared to the model. It is observed that the presence of the compressive layers within the laminate inhibits the penetration of thermal shock cracks into the body at even more severe conditions than in the monolithic material.

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Peterside, David T., Joseph E. Palaia, Andrew C. Schuerger, Melanie J. Correll, and Ray A. Bucklin. "Testing of Greenhouse Cladding Materials for Space Environments, Part 2: Laminates." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 3 (2018): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12465.

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Abstract. Plants grown in greenhouse-type structures are potential sources of food, oxygen, clean water, fiber, and other resources needed for bioregenerative life support systems during long-term space missions. Identification of cladding materials with appropriate optical and physical properties that can withstand the high ultraviolet radiation, low pressure, and low temperature Martian environment is necessary for greenhouse design. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of simulated Mars environmental conditions on yield strength and light transmissivity of composites composed of a layer of 0.15 mm polyimide film (LaRC™CP1) attached to acrylic, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or polycarbonate cladding materials. The University of Florida’s Mars Simulation Chamber (MSC) at Kennedy Space Center was utilized to expose material samples to simulated Mars environmental conditions. Changes in control versus exposed material sample transmissivities were measured using a spectroradiometer over the PAR range of wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm and material peak yield strengths were determined using an Instron universal testing machine. Keywords: LaRC™CP1, Mars greenhouse, PAR transmission, Plastics, Strength of materials, UV damage.The overall results comparing pre- and post-exposure of samples to simulated Martian conditions in the MSC showed that the addition of a layer of polyimide did not benefit either the transmissivity or strength of polycarbonate cladding materials, but did show benefits in retaining transmissivity for PVC and in maintaining strength for acrylics exposed to Mars simulated environment. However, transmissivities of the plastics were reduced by the addition of protective layers of polyimide. Keywords: LaRC™CP1, Mars greenhouse, PAR transmission, Plastics, Strength of materials, UV damage.

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Tian, Yuan, Yi Wang Bao, De Tian Wan, Xiu Fang Wang, and Zhi Ming Han. "Effect of Temperature on the Interfacial Bonding Strength between PVB and Glass from RT to -50 °C." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.61.

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Laminated glass and photovoltaic laminated glass are widely used in architecture. The interfacial bonding strengths between poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and glass were investigated by the cross-bonding method from room temperature to -50 °C. The loading speed was 5 mm/min, and the cooling speed was about 0.5 °C/min. The testing sample was hold at each temperature for half an hour. It was revealed that the testing temperature had great effect on the bonding strength. At room temperature, the tensile bonding strength was 11.49 MPa and the shear bonding strength was 6.61 MPa. With the temperature decreased from RT to -50 °C, the tensile bonding strength was decreased by 66.81%, but the shear bonding strength was increased by 212.16%. From RT to -30 °C, the change rates of the tensile and shear bonding strength bonding strength were 65.57% and 172.68% respectively, only 3.61% and 14.48% from -30 °C to -50 °C. The mechanism for the bonding strength depended on testing temperatures from RT to -50 °C was also discussed.

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22

Huo, Z., S. Anandan, M. Xu, and K. Chandrashekhara. "Investigation of three-dimensional moisture diffusion modeling and mechanical degradation of carbon/bismaleimide composites under seawater conditioning." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 10 (August 9, 2017): 1339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317725159.

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The effect of moisture diffusion on the mechanical properties of carbon/bismaleimide composites exposed to seawater conditioning at elevated temperatures was investigated in this study. Carbon/bismaleimide composites with two stacking sequences (unidirectional and cross-ply) were fabricated using out-of-autoclave process. Testing coupons were immersed in the seawater at two elevated temperatures (50℃ and 90℃) for approximately 3 months. Moisture diffusivities and solubility for each type of carbon/bismaleimide specimen were characterized using the experimental data. A three-dimensional dynamic finite element model was developed using these parameters to predict the moisture diffusion behavior in the carbon/bismaleimide laminates. The degradation of mechanical properties due to hygrothermal aging was assessed by short-beam shear and three-point bending tests. It was found that flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength reductions are higher at 90℃ aging than that at 50℃ aging. The reduction in mechanical properties for bismaleimide laminates can be attributed to the fiber/matrix interfacial cracks observed by scanning electron microscopy.

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23

Aşık, Mehmet Zülfü, and Selim Tezcan. "Laminated glass beams: Strength factor and temperature effect." Computers & Structures 84, no. 5-6 (January 2006): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2005.09.025.

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24

Li, Qiannan, Yifan Zhang, Yulin Cheng, Xiaojiao Zuo, Yinxiao Wang, Xiaoguang Yuan, and Hongjun Huang. "Effect of Temperature on the Corrosion Behavior and Corrosion Resistance of Copper–Aluminum Laminated Composite Plate." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041621.

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In this paper, the effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior and corrosion resistance of the copper–aluminum laminated composite plates were investigated by salt-spray corrosion, potential polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Moreover, the microstructure of the copper–aluminum laminated composite plate after salt-spray corrosion was observed by scanning electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the composition of corrosion product. The results revealed that the corrosion products of the copper–aluminum laminated composite plate were Al2O3 and AlOOH. Due to the galvanic corrosion of the copper–aluminum laminated composite plate, the cathode underwent oxygen absorption corrosion during the corrosion process; therefore, the presence of moisture and the amount of dissolved oxygen in the corrosive environment had a great influence on the corrosion process. The increasing temperature would evaporate a large amount of moisture, resulting in the corrosion product—aluminum oxide dehydrated and covered the surface of the material in the process of salt-spray corrosion, which played a role in protecting the material. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of the copper–aluminum laminated composite plate first decreased and then increased. In the salt-spray corrosion environment, the corrosion resistance of the copper–aluminum laminated composite plate reached the lowest at 45 °C, and its corrosion rate was the fastest, at 0.728 g/m2·h. The electrochemical corrosion occurred in the solution, and the impact was small; however, in addition to the protective corrosion products, the ion mobility in the solution also had a certain influence on the corrosion rate, and the ionic activity increased with the increase of temperature. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of the copper–aluminum laminated composite plate gradually decreased as the temperature increased, and its corrosion resistance was the worst at 50 °C.

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25

Chen, Z., J. J. Mecholsky, and S. Hu. "Effect of interface design on high-temperature failure of laminated composites." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 8 (August 1996): 2035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0256.

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The fracture strength and toughness of alumina can be increased by lamination with strategically placed nickel layers and with a modified Ni/Al2O3 interface through tape casting. In order to examine the potential of this type of laminated composite in high temperature applications, the laminates were tested at elevated temperatures. This paper describes how a modified tortuous interface, instead of a smooth interface, increases the creep resistance of the laminates. Interface modification can control high temperature laminate behavior and is critical to successful composite design.

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26

Chandel, Pankaj Singh, Y. K. Tyagi, Kanishk Jha, Rajeev Kumar, Shubham Sharma, Jujhar Singh, and R. A. Ilyas. "Study of mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated composites of glass and jute fibres in epoxy for structural applications." Functional Composites and Structures 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 044002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ac376e.

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Abstract Composites are being used in the place of metals in many industries as they have a lower density and are cheaper than metals. In aerospace industries there is requirement for light weight together with strength, and reinforced fibre composites are superior in some critical properties compared with metals. In this study, laminated composites were fabricated with woven E-glass and jute fibres in an epoxy matrix by a hand layup method. The samples were prepared as per the relevant the America Society for Testing ad Materials (ASTM) standard and tested for mode II interlaminar fracture toughness to investigate delamination resistance. Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness was evaluated by an end-notched flexure test using three-point bending. The fracture toughness G IIC was calculated for a curing temperature range from 40 °C to 70 °C at intervals of 5 °C for different sets of laminated composites. The investigations revealed that when the curing temperature of laminated composites was increased from 40 °C to 70 °C, the interlaminar fracture toughness G IIC was increased in neat woven E-glass laminated composites, decreased in neat jute laminated composites, significantly increased in laminated composites with woven E-glass fibres in compression and jute fibres in tension and slightly increased when woven E-glass fibres were kept in tension and jute fibres in compression.

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27

Coman, Calin-Dumitru, and Dan Mihai Constantinescu. "Temperature effects on joint strength and failure modes of hybrid aluminum–composite countersunk bolted joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 11 (March 25, 2019): 2204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420719837299.

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This paper presents the effects of temperature on the damage initiation and growth in the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminate of a hybrid aluminum–composite countersunk bolted joints designed for the bearing failure mode. Strain gage measurements conducted using an Instron testing machine coupled to a temperature-controlled chamber together with a detailed three-dimensional finite element model incorporating geometric, material and friction-based full contact nonlinearities are used to investigate the temperature effects on the progressive damage analysis of the orthotropic material model. The progressive damage analysis material model integrates the lamina nonlinear shear deformation, Hashin-type failure criteria and strain-based continuum degradation rules, being developed using the UMAT user subroutine in the MSC Patran-Nastran (MSC Software Corporation) commercial software. The results showed that the temperature effects on damage initiation and failure modes are quite accurately predicted by the progressive damage analysis material model, which proved to be computationally efficient and therefore can predict failure propagation and damage mechanisms. A low temperature increases the limit and ultimate forces and produces net-section failure, while a high temperature favors a bearing failure and even shear-out of the composite adherend of the hybrid aluminum–composite countersunk bolted joint.

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28

Chang, Fu-Kuo, Jian Mao Tang, and Douglas G. Peterson. "The Effect of Testing Methods on the Shear Strength Distribution in Laminated Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 6, no. 4 (October 1987): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168448700600401.

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29

Liew, K. M., J. Yang, and S. Kitipornchai. "Thermal Post-Buckling of Laminated Plates Comprising Functionally Graded Materials With Temperature-Dependent Properties." Journal of Applied Mechanics 71, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1795220.

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This paper presents thermal buckling and post-buckling analyses for moderately thick laminated rectangular plates that contain functionally graded materials (FGMs) and subjected to a uniform temperature change. The theoretical formulation employs the first-order shear deformation theory and accounts for the effect of temperature-dependent thermoelastic properties of the constituent materials and initial geometric imperfection. The principle of minimum total potential energy, the differential quadrature method, and iterative algorithms are used to obtain critical buckling temperatures and the post-buckling temperature-deflection curves. The results are presented for both symmetrically and unsymmetrically laminated plates with ceramic/metal functionally graded layers, showing the effects of temperature-dependent properties, layup scheme, material composition, initial imperfection, geometric parameters, and boundary conditions on buckling temperature and thermal post-buckling behavior.

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30

Yin, Ruowei, Junjie Li, Xiaopo Su, Shiqiang Qin, Chengye Yu, Yuxuan Hou, Chuanbao Liu, et al. "Emergent Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect within Wide Temperature Span in Laminated Composite Ceramics." Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 2108182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202108182.

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31

Taheri-Behrooz, F., M. Esmkhani, and A. Yaghoobi-Chatroodi. "Effect of testing procedure on the in-plane shear properties of CNF/glass/epoxy composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 28, no. 3 (August 6, 2019): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119867200.

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Many investigations have demonstrated that the addition of nanoscale particles could affect in-plane shear properties of the laminated composites. Besides, a variety of testing procedures were introduced to evaluate the in-plane shear properties of the multiscale composite materials. In the current research, Iosipescu shear, double V-notched rail, and off-axis tensile testing methods were used to measure in-plane shear modulus and strength of the glass/epoxy and carbon nanofiber (CNF) as 0.25 wt% CNF/glass/epoxy laminated composites. In-plane shear properties of the CNF/glass/epoxy specimens were increased in comparison with the neat glass/epoxy specimens using all three testing procedures. However, the improvements were not identical for all the testing methods. The maximum improvements in the in-plane shear modulus and strength recorded using off-axis tensile test method were as 11% and 15.6%, respectively. In the off-axis tensile test method, all in-plane stress components are activated in the fracture plane parallel to the fiber orientation which are responsible for the failure initiation and propagation. Consequently, enhancing the resin’s mechanical property and interface bonding quality using CNF could remarkably enhance the in-plane shear property of the CNF/glass/epoxy specimens. On the other hand, the special fiber orientation of the specimens in Iosipescu shear and V-notched rail methods prevents the reinforcing effects of the CNF particles to be effectively revealed.

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32

Jamasri and Ferriawan Yudhanto. "The Effect of Alkali Treatment and Addition of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) on Physical and Tensile Properties of Ramie/Polyester Laminated Composites." Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 32, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/rcma.320204.

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The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of alkali treatment of ramie fibers and addition of MCC on the properties of ramie/polyester laminated composites. The alkali treatment was performed using NaOH solution at a room temperature. The laminated composites was manufactured using a vacuum infusion method for three layers of treated woven ramie fibers in the polyester matrix. The MCC (microcrystalline cellulose) powder 0.5 wt.% was added into the polyester resin and then mixed by a mechanical stirrer at a rotation speed of 350 rpm for 5 minutes. The physical characterization was evaluated using FTIR, XRD, and SEM methods. The tensile test of a single fiber and laminated composites was carried out according to the ASTM D3379 and ASTM D3039, respectively. The experimental results show that the XRD of treated fiber with 5 wt.% NaOH solution has the highest crystallinity index of 66.3%. It impacts the increase of tensile strength and elastic modulus of single ramie fiber by 18% and 55%, respectively. The addition of MCC into the polyester matrix of laminated composite can increase the tensile strength and elastic modulus by 18% and 21%, respectively, compared to the untreated laminated composite. In addition, the treated fibers laminated composite can improve the adhesion and chemical bonding between fibers and polyester as a matrix. The addition of MCC filler may prevent the initial propagation of cracks on interlaminar surfaces of laminated composite.

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33

Peiyan, Wang, Geng Xiaoliang, Zhao Chen, and Zhang Rongshuo. "An investigation of the stitching effect on single lap shear joints in laminated composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0028.

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Abstract This paper aimed to investigate the stitching effect on the bond strength of single lap shear joints in carbon/epoxy composite laminates using experimental and simulation methods. Stitched and unstitched single lap shear joints were bonded using the EC-3448 epoxy adhesive and tested under different working environments, including room temperature/dry (RTD), elevated temperature/wet (ETW) and cold temperature/dry (CTD). The results showed that stitching improved the bond strength of the stitched single lap joints, with approximately 60% higher strength for stitched compared to unstitched lap joints under RTD and CTD environments and 10% higher strength under an ETW environment. The increase was smaller under ETW conditions because the adhesive recured under elevated temperature. Embedded interactions connected the lapping plates and the stitch line, and the maximum stress failure criterion was adopted for the stitch line. As the predicted failure modes are consistent with the experimental results, the progressive damage mode can be applied to simulate stitched composite structures.

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34

Lin, Feng, and Wei Sun. "Warping Analysis in Laminated Object Manufacturing Process." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 123, no. 4 (May 1, 2001): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1403447.

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This study presents an analysis of warping that occurs in the laminated object manufacturing process. Based on the study of thermal-mechanical behavior of the adhesive and its effect on the laminated materials, the cause of warping, the relationship between temperature and adhesive viscosity, and the adhesive connecting intensity is investigated. A heat transfer mathematical model and finite difference solution algorithm was developed to calculate the intralaminar thermal force induced by the material addition in the processing of laminated object manufacturing. The results of the model prediction were compared to available experimental data. Simulation of intralaminar thermal force and case studies show that the processing parameters, such as roller temperature, speed, and contact pressure, the mechanical properties of laminated material and adhesive will all contribute to the formability and warping of the laminated prototype. An optimal combination of the processing parameters may reduce the undesired warping effect.

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35

Lv, Chunyan, Caijuan Zhang, Xinjie Zhou, Mingyu He, Lili Yu, and Zhenzhong Tang. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PRE-TREATMENTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF GLUE-LAMINATED BAMBOO." WOOD RESEARCH 66(3) 2021 66, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.3.353364.

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In this study, hydrothermal treatments (duration: 2 h, 5 h, 8 h; temperature: 60°C, 80°C, 100°C), ultrasonic treatments (duration: 60 min, 90 min, 120 min; temperature: 40°C, 50°C, 60°C; ultrasonic power: 400 W, 600 W, 800 W) and freeze-drying treatments (vacuum degree: 0.05 mbar, 0.1 mbar, 0.5 mbar, 1.0 mbar, 1.7 mbar) were performed respectively to improve the permeability of glue-laminated bamboo. The effects of different pre-treatments on the permeability were compared according to the water absorption test and the mercury intrusion porosimetry test. The microstructure change of the samples was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that freeze-drying treatment was an effective way to increase the permeability of the samples, in which the water absorption rate can be increased by 47%, and the porosity can be increased by 10% at 0.5 mbar vacuum. From SEM analysis, some small holes appeared in the cell wall of the freeze-dried samples, because he free water inside the samples was changed into ice, and the volume became larger, and the pore diameter of the bamboo was enlarged.

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36

Wei, Chun Cheng, Xing Hong Zhang, Wen Bo Han, and Ping Hu. "Effect of Molding Process on Properties of Laminated ZrB₂-SiC-C_g Ultra High Temperature Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.443.

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Laminated ZrB2-SiC-Cg ceramics were successfully prepared by tape casting - dipping and tape casting - stacking respectively. The effect of different molding process on the mechanical properties of materials was investigated. The microstructure and fracture behavior were characterized as well. The flexural strength, fracture toughness and fracture work of laminated ZrB2-SiC-Cg ceramics prepared by tape casting-stacking were 427 MPa, 11.3 MPa·m1/2, 415 J/m2, respectively. The thickness of ZrB2-SiC layers was about 250 μm, and the thickness of graphite layers was about 25 μm. As a comparison, Laminated ZrB2-SiC-Cg ceramics prepared by tape casting - dipping showed non-uniform thickness of the ZrB2-SiC layers and graphite layers. And the flexural strength, fracture toughness and fracture work of laminated ZrB2-SiC-Cg ceramics prepared by tape casting-dipping were 252 MPa, 5.7 MPa·m1/2, 104 J/m2, respectively. The improvement on the mechanical properties of laminated ZrB2-SiC-Cg ceramics prepared by tape casting - stacking was attributed to the uniform graphite layer and ZrB2-SiC layer and the reducing amount of graphite infiltrated into ZrB2-SiC matrix layer.

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37

Ferraris, Luca, Fausto Franchini, Emir Pošković, Marco Actis Grande, and Róbert Bidulský. "Effect of the Temperature on the Magnetic and Energetic Properties of Soft Magnetic Composite Materials." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154400.

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In recent years, innovative magnetic materials have been introduced in the field of electrical machines. In the ambit of soft magnetic materials, laminated steels guarantee good robustness and high magnetic performance but, in some high-frequency applications, can be replaced by Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) materials. SMC materials allow us to reduce the eddy currents and to design innovative 3D magnetic circuits. In general, SMCs are characterized at room temperature, but as electrical machines operate at high temperature (around 100 °C), an investigation analysis of the temperature effect has been carried out on these materials; in particular, three SMC samples with different binder percentages and process parameters have been considered for magnetic and energetic characterization.

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38

Wang, Xi, Cheng Yong Wang, Run Ping Shi, Yue Xian Song, and Ying Ning Hu. "Research on the Effect of Low Temperature on the Performance of Drilling Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and Ti Stack Materials." Materials Science Forum 723 (June 2012): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.723.30.

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The thermal conductivity of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) and titanium alloy is lower which caused the increasing of drilling temperature and larger tool wear resistance. The low temperature air is aided for the drilling of laminated stack board of CFRP/Ti with double apex angles carbide drill at different feed rate. The drilling force and the quality of hole are analyzed. The results showed that the low temperature air can reduce the tool wear and the thrust force effectively.

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39

Shen, Hui-Shen, Y. Xiang, and Yin Fan. "Vibration of thermally postbuckled FG-GRC laminated plates resting on elastic foundations." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 9 (January 29, 2019): 1507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319825671.

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This paper investigates the small- and large-amplitude vibrations of thermally postbuckled graphene-reinforced composite (GRC) laminated plates resting on elastic foundations. The piecewise GRC layers are arranged in a functionally graded (FG) pattern along the thickness direction of the plate. The anisotropic and temperature-dependent material properties of the FG-GRC layers are estimated through the extended Halpin–Tsai micromechanical model. Based on the Reddy's higher order shear deformation plate theory and the von Kármán strain–displacement relationships, the motion equations of the plates are derived. The foundation support, the thermal effect, and the initial deflection caused by thermal postbuckling are also included in the derivation. A two-step perturbation approach is applied to determine the thermal postbuckling equilibrium paths as well as the nonlinear vibration solutions for the FG-GRC laminated plates. The numerical illustrations concern small- and large-amplitude vibration characteristics of thermally postbuckled FG-GRC laminated plates under a uniform temperature field. The effects of graphene reinforcement distributions and foundation stiffnesses on the vibration responses of FG-GRC laminated plates are examined in detail.

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40

Thonapalin, Pornrawee, Sontipee Aimmanee, Pitak Laoratanakul, and Raj Das. "Thermomechanical Effects on Electrical Energy Harvested from Laminated Piezoelectric Devices." Crystals 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020141.

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Piezoelectric materials are used to harvest ambient mechanical energy from the environment and supply electrical energy via their electromechanical coupling property. Amongst many intensive activities of energy harvesting research, little attention has been paid to study the effect of the environmental factors on the performance of energy harvesting from laminated piezoelectric materials, especially when the temperature in the operating condition is different from the room temperature. In this work, thermomechanical effects on the electrical energy harvested from a type of laminated piezoelectric devices, known as thin layer unimorph ferroelectric driver (called THUNDER) were investigated. Three configurations of THUNDER devices were tested in a controlled temperature range of 30–80 °C. The THUNDER devices were pushed by using a cam mechanism in order to generate required displacements and frequencies. The experimental results exhibited a detrimental effect of the elevated temperature on the generated voltage and the harvested electrical power. It is due to changes in residual stress and geometry. These results are advantageous for many applications of the THUNDER devices and for future design of a new laminated piezoelectric sensor and energy harvester in an elevated temperature environment.

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41

Yang, Jian, Xu-Hao Huang, and Hui-Shen Shen. "Nonlinear Vibration of Temperature-Dependent FG-CNTRC Laminated Beams with Negative Poisson’s Ratio." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 04 (March 11, 2020): 2050043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420500431.

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Laminated beams made of nanocomposite materials have been used in many industrial sectors. This paper reports a study on the vibration behavior of laminated beams when experiencing the large amplitude vibration. The beams are made of perfectly bonded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) layers. The novel constructions of CNTRC laminated beams with out-of-plane maximum negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) are proposed. The volume fraction of CNT may change across the beam thickness which results in a piece-wise pattern. The material properties of the CNTRC layers are temperature-dependent and can be estimated by the extended rule of mixture model. The beams are considered to rest on a two-parameter elastic foundation and under differential thermal environmental conditions. The higher order shear deformation beam theory is applied to derive the motion equations of the nonlinear vibration of FG-CNTRC laminated beams. These equations include the influencing factors such as the geometrical nonlinearity in the von Kármán sense, the thermal effects and the beam–foundation interaction. The nonlinear vibration solutions can be obtained by employing a two-step perturbation approach. The nonlinear vibration characteristics of FG-CNTRC laminated beams under different sets of loading conditions and thermal environmental conditions are discussed in detail through a series of parametric studies. Numerical results show that the NPR has a significant effect on the large amplitude vibration characteristics of CNTRC laminated beams.

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42

Koo, Joseph H., Peter S. Ng, and Fan-Bill Cheung. "Effect of High Temperature Additives in Fire Resistant Materials." Journal of Fire Sciences 15, no. 6 (November 1997): 488–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419701500605.

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The effect of high temperature additives in intumescent systems was examined in a laboratory environment. A matrix of ceramic fibers/minerals was incorporated into two intumescent systems. The material performance was determined using a series of small-scale propane-fired furnace tests based on the ASTM E119 time-temperature curve for fire tests of building construction and materials. Several formulations were identified using a 15-minute screening fire test before testing for a longer time period.

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43

Sel, Ibrahim, Yetkin Yildirim, and Hacer Bilir Ozhan. "Effect of Test Temperature on Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Device Testing." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26, no. 8 (August 2014): 04014037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001036.

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44

LAL, ACHCHHE, and B. N. SINGH. "EFFECT OF UNCERTAIN SYSTEM PROPERTIES ON THERMO-ELASTIC STABILITY OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES UNDER NONUNIFORM TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 02, no. 02 (June 2010): 399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s175882511000055x.

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Uncertainties in system properties are inherent in all engineering materials. This paper presents the second-order statistics of thermal buckling response of shear deformable laminated composite plate resting on elastic foundation with random system properties under nonuniform tent-like temperature distribution. The mathematical model based on higher-order shear deformation theory [HSDT] is presented. A C0 finite element method in conjunction with first-order perturbation technique is employed to derive the second-order statistics (mean and the standard deviation) of the thermal buckling temperature under nonuniform tent-like temperature distribution. Numerical results have been compared with available results in literatures and independent Monte Carlo simulation.

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45

Štefko, Jozef, and Jozef Bednár. "Wood Based Building Envelope Regarding Air Tightness." Key Engineering Materials 688 (April 2016): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.160.

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The paper deals with laboratory air tightness testing of wood based construction materials with the focus on the proportion of air infiltration through the building envelope in the air exchange of the building. Results of the specific materials testing – cross laminated timber (CLT), OSB and other structural materials are analysed in the paper. Moreover, the effect of production technology, material, its thickness and surface treatment are studied. Results of laboratory testing provide valuable data for detailed computer modelling of air exchange through the infiltration, especially in vapour diffusion-open elements of building envelope.

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Akbaş, Şeref Doğuşcan. "Hygrothermal Post-Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Beams." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 11, no. 01 (January 2019): 1950009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825119500091.

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The main goal in this paper is to make analysis of post-buckling of laminated composite beams under hygrothermal effect. In solution of problem, finite element method is utilized with the first shear beam theory. Total Lagrangian approach is used nonlinear kinematic relations. It is known that post-buckling problems are geometrically nonlinear problems. In nonlinear solution of problem, the Newton–Raphson method is used based on incremental displacement. The novelty in this study is to investigate the hygrothermal post-buckling analysis of laminated composite beams by using total Lagrangian nonlinear approach. The influences of temperature, moisture, fiber orientation angles, stacking sequence of laminas on post-buckling responses of composite laminated beam are illustrated and examined in numerical results. The results show that fiber orientation angles, stacking sequence of laminas play an important role in hygrothermal post-buckling responses of laminated beams. Also, comparison studies are performed with special results of published paper.

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47

Sayman, Onur, and Ümran Esendemir. "Rainwater effect on bearing strength of glass–epoxy laminated composite pinned joints." Journal of Composite Materials 50, no. 30 (July 28, 2016): 4269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998315621658.

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Composite materials are used in areas that have varying environmental conditions due to their advantages such as generally higher stiffness- and strength-to-weight ratio, and corrosion resistance compared to metallic alloys. This experimental study is carried out to investigate the bearing strengths and failure modes of woven glass–epoxy composite pinned joints subjected to rainwater. The specimens were immersed in rainwater in a closed plastic container indoors for 20 month periods at room temperature. The ratio of edge-distance-to-hole diameter (E/D) and the ratio of the specimen width-to-hole-diameter (W/D) were selected as parameters. Failure modes were determined by observing the failure regions on the specimens. Damage of immersed and unimmersed specimens was examined using scanning electron misroscopy for the same failure load. Experimental results showed that the bearing load values obtained from the specimens immersed in rainwater decreased in comparison to unimmersed specimens.

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48

Benzair, A., M. Maachou, KH Amara, and A. Tounsi. "Effect of transverse cracks on the elastic properties of high temperature angle-ply laminated composites." Computational Materials Science 37, no. 4 (October 2006): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2005.11.006.

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49

Rose, Colin, Dan Bergsagel, Thibault Dufresne, Evi Unubreme, Tianyao Lyu, Philippe Duffour, and Julia Stegemann. "Cross-Laminated Secondary Timber: Experimental Testing and Modelling the Effect of Defects and Reduced Feedstock Properties." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 4118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114118.

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The construction industry creates significant volumes of waste timber, much of which has residual quality and value that dissipates in conventional waste management. This research explored the novel concept of reusing secondary timber as feedstock for cross-laminated timber (CLT). If cross-laminated secondary timber (CLST) can replace conventional CLT, structural steel and reinforced concrete in some applications, this constitutes upcycling to displace materials of greater environmental impacts. The fabrication process and mechanical properties of CLST were tested in small-scale laboratory experiments, which showed no significant difference between the compression stiffness and strength of CLST and a control. Finite element modelling suggested that typical minor defects in secondary timber have only a small effect on CLST panel stiffness in compression and bending. Mechanically Jointed Beams Theory calculations to examine the potential impacts of secondary timber ageing on CLST panels found that this has little effect on compression stiffness if only the crosswise lamellae are replaced. Since use of secondary timber to make CLST has a more significant effect on bending stiffness, effective combinations of primary and secondary timber and their appropriate structural applications are proposed. The article concludes with open research questions to advance this concept towards commercial application.

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50

Moustafa, Essam, Khalid Almitani, and Hossameldin Hussein. "Effect of Crack Orientation on Laminated CFRP Composites Using Vibration and Numerical Analysis." Materials Evaluation 79, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 1081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/2021.me-04205.

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Crack orientation, a critical parameter, significantly affects the dynamic properties of composite structures. Experimental free vibration tests were conducted on carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite plates at room temperature with different crack orientations. Dynamic properties such as damping ratio, natural frequency, and storage modulus were measured using a four-channel dynamic pulse analyzer. Multi-sensors were mounted on the test plate to pick up the vibration signals. Experimental modal analysis was performed to identify the first three mode shapes of the defective plates. A numerical model using ANSYS software was developed via parametric investigation to predict the correlation between crack orientation and resonant frequencies with corresponding mode shapes. The orientation of the introduced cracks had a significant effect on the dynamic properties of CFRP composites. Vertical cracks had the most significant influence on the eigenvalues of the mode shape frequencies. Furthermore, the damping ratio was an effective method to detect the cracks in CFRP composites.

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