Статті в журналах з теми "Lake (Vic ) Regulation"

Stable isotopes of lake waters are widely used to identify the relative importance of hydrological processes on the lake water balance across the ungauged landscape via the coupled-isotope tracer model. The isotopic compositions of twenty shallow freshwater lakes across the mid-lower reaches of Yangtze floodplain (MLY) were investigated in January and May of 2018. The lake-specific input water (δI) and evaporation-to-inflow (E/I) ratios were estimated to explore the specific lake hydrology across the MLY. Results showed that distinct isotopic enrichment trends in May compared with those in January, which was indicative of stronger evaporation in May. The δ18OI values of specific lakes exhibited large variability across the MLY, which may be related to the watershed properties, such as watershed area and elevation, and rainfall. The estimated E/I ratios of lakes across the MLY were below 1, which suggested that these lakes (code 1–15) are flood-dominated in the middle reaches of Yangtze River where lakes are susceptible to Three Gorges Dams regulations. By contrast, the relatively lower variability of lake E/I ratios were observed from the Yangtze River Delta (code 17–20) because these lakes with developed river network systems are highly exchanged by artificial regulation. Our investigation of lake types and corresponding isotopic evolution patterns are likely typical of other floodplain landscapes and their identification could be used to better predict hydrological responses to ongoing climate change and artificial regulations by dams.

Desert terminal lakes are important signals to discern ecological degradation crises, particularly in arid areas where an artificial project of ecological water diversion has designated a quota of river water to prevent lake body shrinkage and protect the ecosystem. Knowledge of the minimum ecological water demand (EWD) is thus necessary to ensure the basic health of lake ecosystems. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of water boundaries using Landsat satellites data via remote sensing technology from 2002 to 2017 in East Juyan Lake, an inland desert terminal lake of the Heihe River in northwest China. The minimum lake water demand was determined using two estimation methods: the lake-evaporation-oriented EWD method and the minimum water level method. In the latter method, both lake topography (using water-level area curves) and biological survival demands (using bighead carps as indicators) were considered to derive the minimum lake EWD. Water diversion to the lake over the past 15 years has increased the lake’s area, but there are still marked intra-annual seasonal variations. The annual minimum lake water demand was suggested to be 54 × 106 m3/year by comparing the different methods; however, it was not satisfied, and the lake survival was endangered when the occurrence frequency of the annual runoff in the Zhengyixia hydrological station exceeded 65%. This study offered promising directions for inland lake water resource management.

Abstract. A one-dimensional (1-D) model for an enclosed basin (lake) is presented, which reproduces temperature, horizontal velocities, oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane in the basin. All prognostic variables are treated in a unified manner via a generic 1-D transport equation for horizontally averaged property. A water body interacts with underlying sediments. These sediments are represented by a set of vertical columns with heat, moisture and CH4 transport inside. The model is validated vs. a comprehensive observational data set gathered at Kuivajärvi Lake (southern Finland), demonstrating a fair agreement. The value of a key calibration constant, regulating the magnitude of methane production in sediments, corresponded well to that obtained from another two lakes. We demonstrated via surface seiche parameterization that the near-bottom turbulence induced by surface seiches is likely to significantly affect CH4 accumulation there. Furthermore, our results suggest that a gas transfer through thermocline under intense internal seiche motions is a bottleneck in quantifying greenhouse gas dynamics in dimictic lakes, which calls for further research.

Globally, many shallow lakes have shifted from a clear macrophyte-dominated state to a turbid phytoplankton-dominated state due to eutrophication. Such shifts are often accompanied by toxic cyanobacterial blooms, with specialized traits including buoyancy regulation and nitrogen fixation. Previous work has focused on how these traits contribute to cyanobacterial competitiveness. Yet, little is known on how these traits affect the value of nutrient loading thresholds of shallow lakes. These thresholds are defined as the nutrient loading at which lakes shift water quality state. Here, we used a modelling approach to estimate the effects of traits on nutrient loading thresholds. We incorporated cyanobacterial traits in the process-based ecosystem model PCLake+, known for its ability to determine nutrient loading thresholds. Four scenarios were simulated, including cyanobacteria without traits, with buoyancy regulation, with nitrogen fixation, and with both traits. Nutrient loading thresholds were obtained under N-limited, P-limited, and colimited conditions. Results show that cyanobacterial traits can impede lake restoration actions aimed at removing cyanobacterial blooms via nutrient loading reduction. However, these traits hardly affect the nutrient loading thresholds for clear lakes experiencing eutrophication. Our results provide references for nutrient loading thresholds and draw attention to cyanobacterial traits during the remediation of eutrophic water bodies.

Abstract. It has become more and more evident that CO2 emission (FCO2) from freshwater systems is an important part in the global carbon cycle. Only few studies addressed the different mechanisms regulating FCO2 from lotic and lentic systems. In a comparative study we investigated how different biogeochemical and physical factors can affect FCO2 from streams and reservoirs. We examined the seasonal variability in CO2 concentrations and emissions from four streams and two pre-dams of a large drinking water reservoir located in the same catchment, and compared them with parallel measured environmental factors. All streams generally were supersaturated with CO2 over the whole year, while both reservoirs where CO2 sinks during summer stratification and sources after circulation. FCO2 from streams ranged from 23 to 355 mmol m–2 d–1 and exceeded the fluxes from the reservoirs (–24 to 97 mmol m–2 d–1). Both the generally high piston velocity (k) and CO2 oversaturation were responsible for the higher FCO2 from streams in comparison to lakes. In both, streams and reservoirs FCO2 was mainly controlled by the CO2 concentration (r = 0.86 for dams, r = 0.90 for streams), which was clearly affected by metabolism and nutrients in both systems. Besides CO2 concentration, also physical factors control FCO2 in lakes and streams. During stratification FCO2 in both pre-dams was controlled by primary production in the epilimnion, which led to a decrease of FCO2. During circulation when CO2 from the hypolimnion was mixed with the epilimnion and the organic matter mineralisation was more relevant, FCO2 increased. FCO2 from streams was physically controlled especially by geomorphological and hydrological factors regulating k, which is less relevant in low wind lakes. We developed a schematic model describing the role of the different regulation mechanism on FCO2 from streams and lakes. Taken together, FCO2 is generally mostly controlled by CO2 concentration in the surface water. Lake stratification is a very important factor regulating FCO2 from lakes via controlling CO2 concentration and metabolism. But FCO2 in heterotrophic streams is generally higher. The higher k values are responsible for the comparable high FCO2. On a Central European landscape scale CO2 emission from streams was more relevant than the CO2 flux from standing waters.

Abstract. The competition for scarce water resources in the Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon has generated conflict among its stakeholders, as demonstrated by recent regulations on withdrawals from Upper Klamath Lake. Information on agricultural water usage can help assess the hydrologic impacts of irrigation and support operational decisions. This paper presents an experimental satellite-based evapotranspiration estimation system that is combined with the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model to estimate irrigation consumption, which is then used to assess the effects of irrigated agriculture on lake storage volumes and water levels. The hydrological model is calibrated with streamflow observations and used to estimate unmeasured lake inflows and guide water balance calculations. When combined with the VIC model, the satellite-based evapotranspiration estimation system shows that irrigation caused a decline of 0.3 m in average annual water levels and 0.5 m in mean October water levels, and an increase of 0.5 m in annual water level ranges at the lake from 2001 to 2005. The results demonstrate the potential of satellite data for agricultural water resource management at the regional scale.

Abstract. Competition for scarce water resources in the Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon has generated conflict among its stakeholders, as demonstrated by recent regulations on withdrawals from Upper Klamath Lake. Information on agricultural water usage can help assess the hydrologic impacts of irrigation and support operational decisions. This paper presents an experimental satellite-based evapotranspiration estimation system that is combined with the Variable Inflitration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model to estimate irrigation consumption, which is then used to assess the effects of irrigated agriculture on lake storage volumes and water levels. The hydrological model is calibrated with streamflow observations and used to estimate unmeasured lake inflows and guide water budget calculations. When combined with the VIC model, the satellite-based evapotranspiration estimation system shows that irrigation caused a decline of 0.3 m in average annual water levels and 0.5 m in mean October water levels, and an increase of 0.5 m in annual water level ranges at the lake from 2001 to 2005. The results demonstrate the potential of satellite data for agricultural water resource management at the regional scale.

Efforts to understand the ecological regulation of species diversity via bottom-up approaches have failed to yield a consensus theory. Theories based on the alternative of top-down regulation have fared better. Paine’s discovery of keystone predation demonstrated that the regulation of diversity via top-down forcing could be simple, strong, and direct, yet ecologists have persistently failed to perceive generality in Paine’s result. Removing top predators destabilizes many systems and drives transitions to radically distinct alternative states. These transitions typically involve community reorganization and loss of diversity, implying that top-down forcing is crucial to diversity maintenance. Contrary to the expectations of bottom-up theories, many terrestrial herbivores and mesopredators are capable of sustained order-of-magnitude population increases following release from predation, negating the assumption that populations of primary consumers are resource limited and at or near carrying capacity. Predationsensu lato(to include Janzen–Connell mortality agents) has been shown to promote diversity in a wide range of ecosystems, including rocky intertidal shelves, coral reefs, the nearshore ocean, streams, lakes, temperate and tropical forests, and arctic tundra. The compelling variety of these ecosystems suggests that top-down forcing plays a universal role in regulating diversity. This conclusion is further supported by studies showing that the reduction or absence of predation leads to diversity loss and, in the more dramatic cases, to catastrophic regime change. Here, I expand on the thesis that diversity is maintained by the interaction between predation and competition, such that strong top-down forcing reduces competition, allowing coexistence.

AbstractCichlid fishes provide textbook examples of explosive phenotypic diversification and sympatric speciation, thereby making them ideal systems for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying rapid lineage divergence. Despite the fact that gene regulation provides a critical link between diversification in gene function and speciation, many genomic regulatory mechanisms such as microRNAs (miRNAs) have received little attention in these rapidly diversifying groups. Therefore, we investigated the posttranscriptional regulatory role of miRNAs in the repeated sympatric divergence of Midas cichlids (Amphilophus spp.) from Nicaraguan crater lakes. Using miRNA and mRNA sequencing of embryos from five Midas species, we first identified miRNA binding sites in mRNAs and highlighted the presences of a surprising number of novel miRNAs in these adaptively radiating species. Then, through analyses of expression levels, we identified putative miRNA/gene target pairs with negatively correlated expression level that were consistent with the role of miRNA in downregulating mRNA. Furthermore, we determined that several miRNA/gene pairs show convergent expression patterns associated with the repeated benthic/limnetic sympatric species divergence implicating these miRNAs as potential molecular mechanisms underlying replicated sympatric divergence. Finally, as these candidate miRNA/gene pairs may play a central role in phenotypic diversification in these cichlids, we characterized the expression domains of selected miRNAs and their target genes via in situ hybridization, providing further evidence that miRNA regulation likely plays a role in the Midas cichlid adaptive radiation. These results provide support for the hypothesis that extremely quickly evolving miRNA regulation can contribute to rapid evolutionary divergence even in the presence of gene flow.

Maternal influences on age-0 walleye (Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818)) recruit abundance and survival from egg to fall were observed in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, in 1957–2015. Annual egg production best explained variation in age-0 recruitment, compared with female relative abundance, and adult abundance (sexes combined). Age-0 recruitment was not significantly correlated with any temperature metric tested or our index of yellow perch (Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)) abundance. Survival of walleye from egg to fall age-0 was positively correlated with the percent contribution of large females (>55.9 cm) to annual egg production. Mean size diversity of females by length class did not influence age-0 recruit abundance or survival over time. Evidence for maternal effects via size- and age-specific influences on fecundity and age-0 walleye survival suggest that exploitation may influence natural recruitment by altering adult female size structure. Given recent declines observed in walleye natural recruitment in the upper Midwestern USA, understanding the roles of maternal drivers and exploitation on recruitment is critical for sustainable walleye management.

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in several plant developmental processes. The phytohormone ethylene has been implicated in PCD signalling in many plant systems, but it is also important in developmental processes such as seed germination, flowering, and climacteric fruit ripening. Lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis (Mirbel) H. Bruggen) is an aquatic monocot that develops perforated leaves via the deletion of cells through developmentally regulated PCD. The plant is ideal for studying PCD; however, little is known about the regulation of cellular death involved in this system. The current study examines ethylene as a potential signalling molecule in lace plant PCD and investigates climacteric-like behaviour during lace plant leaf development. Whole plants were treated with the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), or a combination of both. Subsequently, ethylene levels were monitored, and leaf development was analyzed. The results indicate that ethylene is involved in lace plant PCD signalling. AVG-treated plants had significantly lower ethylene outputs and a significant reduction in perforation formation. The inhibitory effect of AVG was recovered when AVG and ACC were applied simultaneously. The data presented here show for the first time, to our knowledge, climacteric-like behaviour during the remodelling of leaves.

Many behaviors are associated with heritable genetic variation [Kendler and Greenspan (2006) Am J Psychiatry 163:1683–1694]. Genetic mapping has revealed genomic regions or, in a few cases, specific genes explaining part of this variation [Bendesky and Bargmann (2011) Nat Rev Gen 12:809–820]. However, the genetic basis of behavioral evolution remains unclear. Here we investigate the evolution of an innate extended phenotype, bower building, among cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi. Males build bowers of two types, pits or castles, to attract females for mating. We performed comparative genome-wide analyses of 20 bower-building species and found that these phenotypes have evolved multiple times with thousands of genetic variants strongly associated with this behavior, suggesting a polygenic architecture. Remarkably, F1 hybrids of a pit-digging and a castle-building species perform sequential construction of first a pit and then a castle bower. Analysis of brain gene expression in these hybrids showed that genes near behavior-associated variants display behavior-dependent allele-specific expression with preferential expression of the pit-digging species allele during pit digging and of the castle-building species allele during castle building. These genes are highly enriched for functions related to neurodevelopment and neural plasticity. Our results suggest that natural behaviors are associated with complex genetic architectures that alter behavior via cis-regulatory differences whose effects on gene expression are specific to the behavior itself.

Cyanobacterial blooming is a worldwide problem which sometimes results in cyanotoxin production. Most commonly produced cyanotoxins are microcystins (MCs), potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is known to be involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes. In this study, MC concentration was assessed via inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1 assay) in water samples taken from 14 lakes of Muzlja fishpond, Vojvodina, Serbia. During the summer of 2011, cyanobacterial growth occured in the fishpond lakes and small, planktonic crustacean Daphnia sp. was used to control or/and prevent further development of cyanobacteria. Different MC concentrations (calculated as microcystin-LR equivalents) were detected, mostly depending on the occurrence and grazing of Daphnia sp. More thorough monitoring of fishponds should be conducted, both in Serbia and around the world, in order to gain more precise estimation of cyanotoxin concentrations and their accumulation in organisms used for human consumption and thus prevent possible negative health effects.

Understanding the factors that regulate phytoplankton and zooplankton is an important goal of aquatic ecologists; however, much remains unknown because of complex interactions between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish. Zooplankton, in particular cladocerans, can be regulated by bottom–up factors either via food quantity or food quality in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or phosphorus (P) contents in phytoplankton. Fish can recycle nutrients and in turn change the PUFA and P contents of algal resources, thus modifying bottom–up regulation. Furthermore, fish can change phytoplankton structure through consumption of cladocerans which selectively graze phytoplankton. We conducted a mesocosm (300 L) experiment to determine how trophic state and fish affected crustacean dynamics. The mesocosms were filled with water containing natural plankton from the eutrophic Lake Jorzec and mesotrophic Lake Majcz (Northeastern Poland), and we manipulated fish presence/absence. We also conducted a complementary life-table experiment to determine how trophic state and fish nonconsumptively affected demographic parameters of the dominant cladocerans in the mesocosms. Small and large cladoceran species responded differently to food quantity and quality. Small-bodied Ceriodaphnia were regulated mainly by resource concentrations (i.e., food quantity), while large species were limited by PUFAs (i.e., food quality). Fish likely increased food quality in terms of PUFA, primarily eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), thus providing conditions for more successful development of Daphnia than in the fish-free treatments. Phosphorus in the seston was likely limiting for zooplankton. However, food quality in terms of phosphorus was likely less important than PUFA because zooplankton can accumulate nutrients in their body.

The Snake River is a prominent, central feature of Grand Teton National Park, and this dynamic fluvial system maintains diverse habitats while actively shaping the landscape. Although the riparian corridor is relatively pristine, the Snake River is by no means free from anthropogenic influences: streamflows have been regulated since 1907 by Jackson Lake Dam. Among dam-controlled rivers in the western U.S., the Snake River is unique in that tributaries entering below the dam supply sufficient coarse bed material to produce a braided morphology. As a result of tributary inputs, sediment flux along the Snake River has been relatively unaffected by Jackson Lake Dam, but flow regulation has reduced the magnitude and altered the timing of streamflows. In this study we are coupling an annual image time series with extensive field surveys to document channel changes occurring on the Snake River. Our objective is to quantify how snowmelt runoff events and flow management strategies influence patterns of sediment transfer and storage throughout the river system, with a particular focus on tributary junctions. More specifically, we are using the image sequence to identify areas of erosion and deposition and hence infer the sediment flux associated with the observed changes in channel morphology. This analysis will improve our understanding of the river’s response to flow management and enable us to generate hypotheses as to how the system might adapt to future anthropogenic and/or climate-driven alterations in streamflow and sediment supply. In addition, our research on the Snake River involves an ongoing assessment of the potential to measure the morphology and dynamics of large, complex rivers via remote sensing. A new aspect of this investigation involves estimating flow velocities from hyperspectral images that capture the texture of the water surface. Extensive field measurements of velocity and water surface roughness are being used to develop this innovative approach and thus increase the amount of river information that can be inferred via remote sensing.

To reduce the transfer of nonindigenous species, regulations require transoceanic ships to exchange ballast with ocean water before discharging into the Great Lakes. Although ballast water exchange (BWE) is effective for live freshwater animals, laboratory experiments provide mixed results with regards to its impact on diapausing zooplankton eggs. We conducted an in situ test of the effectiveness of BWE for treating diapausing eggs in ballast sediments. Incubation chambers containing ballast sediment were placed in ballast tanks of cargo vessels transiting from North America to Europe. Each vessel had paired ballast tanks, one of which remained filled with Great Lakes water (control), while the second was exchanged with mid-ocean water. Laboratory viability tests were then conducted to compare viability of eggs recovered from sediments placed in both treatments, as well as identical sediments that remained at the laboratory in cold storage. No significant differences in egg viability were detected between treatments, but more species hatched from sediment that remained in cold storage. Results indicate that physical conditions in ballast tanks may affect egg viability, but saltwater exposure does not eliminate the risk of species introductions via diapausing eggs. Strategies that minimize sediment accumulation in ballast tanks can reduce the risk of species introductions via diapausing eggs.

The trophic cascade hypothesis currently being tested in north temperate systems may not apply to open-water communities in lower latitude U.S. reservoirs. These reservoir communities differ dramatically from northern lakes in that an open-water omnivore, gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), often occurs in abundance. Neither controlled by fish predators (owing to high fecundity and low vulnerability) nor by their zooplankton prey (following the midsummer zooplankton decline, gizzard shad consume detritus and phytoplankton), gizzard shad regulate community composition rather than being regulated by top-down or bottom-up forces. In experiments across a range of spatial scales (enclosures, 1–9 m2; ponds, 4–5 ha; and reservoirs, 50–100 ha), we evaluated the generality of the trophic cascade hypothesis by assessing its conceptual strength in reservoir food webs. We reviewed the role of gizzard shad in controlling zooplankton populations and hence recruitment of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus (via exploitative competition for zooplankton), and largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (by reducing their bluegill prey). Reservoir fish communities, owing to the presence of gizzard shad, appear to be regulated more by complex weblike interactions among species than by the more chainlike interactions characteristic of the trophic cascade.

In general, decision makers tend to respond to problems rather than prevent them. In political science, this process of responsive governance is associated with complex dynamics such as availability cascades and punctuated equilibrium. However, most authors treat problems as one-time events, like oil spills or political scandals. Here, we use an agent based model loosely based on the Lake Erie watershed to explore how responsive governance evolves along with an on-going but noisy environmental problem: harmful microbial blooms. This conceptual model features a two-level decision process based on Jones and Baumgartner (2005). Meta-agents representing the individual level of analysis “perceive” blooms either directly via observation if they are near a bloom or indirectly through the media. As a meta-agent observes more blooms, their concern increases until it crosses an action threshold, at which point they use simple cost-benefit analysis to select from a range of options. One of these options is to send a signal to their policy agent, which aggregates these political signals based on a range of assumptions and then decides on actions in much the same way as the metapopulations themselves. We examine two major scenarios, one in which there is a single policy maker managing the entire region (e.g. the national government) and one where there are 5 policy makers, each separately regulating a demographically and geographically distinct region. Although the model is relatively simple, it lets us explore how variability in risk perception and responsive governance shape the functioning of the entire coupled human and natural system, including biophysical feedbacks.

Climate-related changes in fish communities can present new challenges for fishery managers who must address declines in cool- and cold-water sportfish while dealing with increased abundance of warm-water sportfish. We used largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in Wisconsin lakes as model populations to determine whether angler harvest provides a realistic method for reducing abundance of a popular warm-water sportfish that has become more prevalent and has prompted management concerns around the globe. Model results indicate largemouth bass will be resilient to increased fishing mortality. Furthermore, high rates of voluntary catch-and-release occurring in most largemouth bass fisheries likely preclude fishing mortality rates required to reduce bass abundance at meaningful levels (≥25% reductions). Increasing fishing mortality in these scenarios may require more “stimulus” than merely providing anglers with greater harvest opportunities via less stringent harvest regulations. Angler harvest could result in populations dominated by small fish, a scenario that may be undesirable to anglers, but could provide ecological benefits in certain situations.

According to the Brazilian forest code, Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) should be protected and covered by native vegetation. However, most river basins found in these areas have been altered. The objective of the present study was to map the PPAs and identify conflicts of use in the Pajeú river basin, PE, Brazil. With the aid of a geographic information system, five classes of APPs were defined: hill tops (APP-1), slopes greater than 45° (APP-2), areas surroundings of springs (APP-3), areas surrounding watercourses (APP-4), and areas surrounding lakes (APP-5). Mapping of land use was performed using images from the Landsat 5 satellite of the year 2010, via supervised classification. The Pajeú basin presents 1,260.92 km² of APPs, corresponding to 7.46% of the basin area (16,886.22 km²). Of the APP areas defined, only 33.67% presented misuse, consisting of pasture (27.94%), agriculture (4.84%), exposed soil (0.75%) and urban areas (0.14 %). It can be concluded that in all APP classes mapped, 66.33% were unchanged, which is consistent with the environmental regulations.

High value animal products from New Zealand’s pasture-based livestock systems have consistently earned $25-$30B in export earnings per year for the country over the past 5 years (Ministry for Primary Industries 2021). Total earnings from dairy and meat of $30.5B in 2020 equate to 35% of New Zealand’s total goods and services export earnings of $86.4B. The importance of this revenue to the national economy has been shown in stark relief recently with the Covid-19 pandemic substantially reducing the earnings generated by other key export sectors such as tourism and international education. While our pasture-based livestock industries have ridden the coronavirus wave well compared with other sectors of the economy, they are facing change at a scale and pace not seen since the far-reaching reforms to the economic settings for agriculture introduced by the Lange Government in the early 1980s. Locally, the ramping-up of government environmental policies beginning c. 2011 has resulted in stringent regulations controlling the amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sediment that can be discharged into freshwater from farm systems. The most recent iteration in this policy sequence includes new National Environmental Standards for Freshwater, and the new National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (NPS-FW), which came into force in September 2020. These policies reverse the trends of the past two decades when agricultural productivity grew substantially in the virtual absence of regulation to control the environmental externalities of systems intensification. While the initial impacts on land use and farming practices have been localised (e.g., in the lake districts of Rotorua and Taupo), disruption to the farm systems that have emerged over the past two decades, especially intensive dairy systems, will be widespread in the future. For example, Doole et al. (2021) estimated that the new standards introduced in 2020 will require about 40% of New Zealand’s 11400 dairy farms to reduce nitrate leaching by an average of around 42% relative to requirements in previous iterations of the NPS-FW. The most significant global force driving change in New Zealand agriculture is climate change, via New Zealand’s commitment to the Paris Agreement to reduce carbon (C) emissions to net zero by 2050, C-neutral strategies being implemented by some of our largest customers (e.g., Nestle 2020), and the physical impacts of climate change on conditions for plant growth (e.g., Keller et al. 2021). Of direct and significant relevance to the livestock industries are the methane emission reduction targets proposed by government, of between 27% and 47% below 2017 levels by 2050. Meanwhile our international competitors have been steadily closing the gap in costs of production with New Zealand, and now have other fields on which to out-compete us (e.g., in C footprint) unless we can keep pace.

In Tanzania, pastoralists such as the Maasai and small urban farmers are responsible for the country's milk production, and 95% of the national milk supply is sold without regulation. This study was conducted using hygiene checklists and milk sampling to investigate milk quality and safety at various steps throughout the milk production chain. In regions of Dar es Salaam and Lake Victoria, 196 milk samples were collected: 109 samples of raw milk, 41 samples of packed or open served heat-treated products, and 46 samples of fermented products. Samples were taken from (i) the production level (pastoralists and urban farmers), (ii) the collection level (middlemen and depots), (iii) processors (dairies), and (iv) retailers (kiosks). Samples were analyzed for hygiene criteria (total bacteria, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and coagulase-positive staphylococci) and foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella, enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes. Adequate heating of milk for drinking was determined via heat labile alkaline phosphatase and lactoperoxidase analysis. Total bacterial counts indicated that only 67% (73 of 109) of raw milk samples and 46% (19 of 41) of heat-treated samples met national Tanzanian standards. Bulk milk samples taken from the traditional milking vessels of Maasai pastoralists had the lowest total bacterial counts: ≥1 × 102 CFU/ml. Foodborne pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella were isolated from 10.1% (11 of 109) of raw milk samples but were not detected in heat-treated or fermented products, and 83% of heat-treated milk samples were lactoperoxidase negative, indicating overpasteurization. Coliforms were detected in 41% (17 of 41) of processed milk samples, thus indicating a high rate of recontamination. A progressive decrease in microbial quality along the milk production chain was attributed to departures from traditional methods, inadequate milk containers, long transport distances, lack of cooling, and lack of a basic understanding of hygiene.

Endocrine disruption has been reported in freshwater fish populations around the world. This phenomenon ranges from subtle changes in the physiology and sexual behavior of fish to permanently altered sexual differentiation and impairment of fertility. Despite widespread reports of endocrine disruption in fish (and this is well characterized at the individual level), few studies have demonstrated population-level consequences as a result of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). An exception to this is in Lake Ontario Lake trout where precipitous declines in the population have been linked with periods of high exposure to organochlorine chemicals (known EDCs). Recently, it has been established that roach (Rutilus rutilus) exposed to treated sewage effluent (that contains complex mixtures of EDCs) in UK rivers, have a reduced reproductive capacity. This, in turn, may have population-level consequences. Evidence for a link between exposure to effluents from kraft mill (BKME) and sewage treatment works (STWs) and altered reproductive function in freshwater fish is compelling. In most cases, however, a causal link between a specific chemical and a physiological effect has not been established. Indeed, identifying specific chemical(s) responsible for adverse effects observed in the wild is difficult, given that tens of thousands of man-made chemicals enter the aquatic environment and that mixtures of chemicals can have combination (e.g., additive) effects. Some EDCs are known to act at a number of different body targets to affect a variety of physiological processes, further complicating the identification of the causative agent(s). Endocrine disruption appears to be particularly widespread in freshwater fish populations. There is little evidence, however, to suggest fish are more susceptible to EDCs relative to other wildlife. Notwithstanding this, there are some features of the endocrine physiology of fish that may be particularly susceptible to the effects of EDCs, including the processes of sex-determination and smoltification (in salmonids). Furthermore, their aquatic existence means that fish can be bathed constantly in a solution containing pollutants. In addition, uptake of chemicals readily occurs via the gills and skin, as well as via the diet (the major exposure route for most EDCs in terrestrial animals). The exposure of fish early life stages to the cocktail of EDCs present in some aquatic environments may be of particular concern, given that this is an especially vulnerable period in their development. The challenge, from the point of view of ecological risk assessment, is to determine effects of EDCs on freshwater fish populations and freshwater ecosystems. In order to meet this challenge, high-quality data are required on the population biology of freshwater fish, on the effects of EDCs on their various life history characteristics, and comprehensive and appropriate population models. Basic information on the population biology of most species of wild freshwater fish is, however, extremely limited, and needs significant improvement for use in deriving a sound understanding of how EDCs affect fish population sustainability. Notwithstanding this, we need to start to undertake possible/probable predictions of population level effects of EDCs using data derived from the effects found in individual fish. Furthermore, information on the geographical extent of endocrine disruption in freshwater fish is vital for understanding the impact of EDCs in fish populations. This can be derived using published statistical associations between endocrine disruption in individual fish and pollutant concentration in receiving waters. Simplistic population models, based on the effects of EDCs on the reproductive success of individual fish can also used to model the likely population responses to EDCs. Wherever there is sufficient evidence for endocrine disruption in freshwater fish and the need for remediation has been established, then there is a need to focus on how these problems can be alleviated. Where industrial chemicals are identified as causative agents, a practical program of tighter regulation for their discharge and/or a switch to alternative chemicals (which do not act as EDCs) is needed. There are recent examples where such strategies have been adopted, and these have been successful in reducing the impacts of EDCs from point source discharges on freshwater fish. Where EDCs are of natural origin (e.g., sex steroid hormones from human and animal waste), however, remediation is a more difficult task. Regulation of the release of these chemicals can probably be achieved only by improvements in treatment processes and/or the implementation of systems that specifically remove and degrade them before their discharge into the aquatic environment.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to estimate microcirculation changes under systemic (intraperitoneal) administration of ozonized saline. Methods: For this study, we formed four equal groups of Wistar male rats (n = 10 per group). Rats of first (control) group was intraperitoneally injected with non-ozonized sterile saline solution (daily administration volume — 1 ml.) during 30 days. Animals of other groups (n = 10 for second, third and fourth groups) received 30 intraperitoneal infusions (1 ml/day) daily with ozonized saline solution (saturating ozone concentration for indicated groups — 3000, 10000 and 40000 mcg/l, ozone dose per procedure — 0.75, 2.5 and 10 mcg, respectively). Technology of the Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) along with ``LAKK-02'' device (Moscow, Russia) was used for complex estimation of skin microcirculation state. This technology allows us to study blood flow intensity in skin microvessels at the first and thirty-first days of the experiment. We also can estimate regulatory mechanisms of microcirculation support and the presence of shunt paths of the microcirculation. Results: We studied the dose-dependent response of microcirculation on ozone infusions in chronic experiments. We found that long-lasting course (30 procedures) of intraperitoneal administration of ozonized sodium chloride solution provides an increase in the level of microcirculation index compared to that of the control (injections of nonozonized saline solution), regardless of the applied dose of ozone. At the same time, the level of the microcirculation response was directly determined by the introduced amount of ozone, and we fixed non-linear dependence on it. Our study allowed us to show that only low doses of ozone (0.75 mcg/day) have proadaptive effects on the microcirculatory bed. This was shown both in the dynamics of the microcirculation index and the state of regulatory mechanisms. Middle ozone dose (2.5 mcg/day) also caused the stimulation of blood flow in small vessels, though this was predominantly through other mechanisms (neurogenic components). The most negative reaction of microcirculation was observed for high ozone dose (8 mcg). Conclusion: Despite the activation of microcirculation observed in this case, we have identified that the mechanism was primarily through the respiratory component regulation and via formation of "steal syndrome" in the tissue.

BackgroundRegulatory T cells (Treg) can dampen antitumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have been shown to correlate with poor clinical outcome. Translational studies have demonstrated an accumulation of Treg in tumors after treatment with immunotherapies including CAR-T cells and anti-CTLA-4, which could potentially reflect a mechanism of adaptive immune resistance.1–2 CCR4, the receptor for the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22, is the predominant chemokine receptor on human Treg and is responsible for the migration and accumulation of Treg in the TME. Preclinical studies with orally available CCR4 antagonists have demonstrated potent inhibition of Treg migration into tumors, an increase in the intratumoral Teff/Treg ratio, and antitumor efficacy as a single agent and in combination with checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-CTLA-4.3 In a first-in-human trial conducted in healthy volunteers, the oral CCR4 antagonist FLX475 was demonstrated to be well tolerated with outstanding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.4 An ongoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial of FLX475 is examining the safety and preliminary antitumor activity of FLX475 as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in subjects with several types of advanced cancer.5 Given the preclinical data demonstrating a significant enhancement of the antitumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 when combined with FLX475, a Phase 2 study investigating the combination of FLX475 and ipilimumab is now being conducted in subjects with advanced melanoma.MethodsThis clinical trial is a Phase 2, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study to determine the antitumor activity of FLX475 in combination with ipilimumab in subjects with advanced melanoma previously treated with an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 agent. The primary objectives of the study are to evaluate objective response rate, and the safety and tolerability of this combination. The study will first examine the safety of the combination of the 100 mg PO QD recommended Phase 2 dose of FLX475 and the approved 3 mg/kg IV Q3W dose of ipilimumab as part of a safety run-in phase, prior to examining the degree of antitumor activity in approximately 20 subjects. Evidence of an overall response rate (ORR) notably greater than the expected ORR of ipilimumab monotherapy alone in such subjects, which has been shown to be approximately 14%,6 would provide preliminary clinical evidence in support of the clinical hypothesis that CCR4 blockade by FLX475 can significantly enhance the antitumor activity of an anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04894994ReferencesO’Rourke D, Nasrallah M, Desai A, Melenhorst J, Mansfield K, Morrissette J, Martinez-Lage M, Brem S, Maloney E, Shen A, Isaacs R, Mohan S, Plesa G, Lacey S, Navenot J, Zheng Z, Levine B, Okada H, June C, Brogdon J, Maus M. A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2017;9:eaaa0984. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa0984.Sharma A, Subudhi S, Blando J, Vence L, Wargo J, Allison JP, Ribas A, Sharma P. Anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy does not deplete FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in human cancers-Response. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25:1233–1238.Marshall L, Marubayashi S, Jorapur A, Jacobson S, Zibinsky M, Robles O, Hu D, Jackson J, Pookot D, Sanchez J, Brovarney M, Wadsworth A, Chian D, Wustrow D, Kassner P, Cutler G, Wong B, Brockstedt D, Talay O. Tumors establish resistance to immunotherapy by regulating Treg recruitment via CCR4. J Immunother Cancer 2020;8:e000764.van Marle S, van Hoogdalem E, Johnson D, Okal A, Kassner P, Wustrow D, Ho W, Smith S. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of FLX475, an orally-available, potent, and selective small-molecule antagonist of CCR4, in healthy volunteers. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6(Suppl 1):P484(SITC 2018).Powderly J, Chmielowski B, Brahmer J, Piha-Paul S, Bowyer S, LoRusso P, Catenacci D, Wu C, Barve M, Chisamore M, Nasrah N, Johnson D, Ho W. Phase I/II dose-escalation and expansion study of FLX475 alone and in combination with pembrolizumab in advanced cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2020;38(15_suppl): TPS3163 (ASCO 2020).Long G, Mortier L, Schachter J, Middleton M, Neyns B, Sznol M, Zhou H, Ebbinghaus S, Ibrahim N, Arance A, Ribas A, Blank C and Robert C. Society for Melanoma Research 2016 Congress. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 2017;30:76–156.Ethics ApprovalThis study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at each investigational site.

One of the problems faced by working mothers is caring for children, especially children who are still at an early age. This is because their workplace does not allow them to bring small children or does not provide daycare. This study aims to find out the types of child care that working mothers in Indonesia choose and their considerations in choosing that type. This research method uses a mixed-method design by combining two types of quantitative and qualitative data. Data collection was carried out through surveys with questionnaire instruments and interviews with working mothers. The number of respondents surveyed was 500 working mothers and 100 of them were interviewed. Interviews were conducted in person or via telephone and video calls using the Zoom meeting and WhatsApp applications. The study was conducted in 2020 and 2021. The results of the study found that five types of child care were selected with the main considerations being the child's development, the competence and personality of the caregivers, the conditions of the living area, and considerations of cost.Keywords: early childhood, working mothers, types of care References: Alsheikh, N., Parameswaran, G., & Elhoweris, H. (2010). Parenting style, self-esteem, and student performance in the United Arab Emirates. Current Issues in Education, 13(1), 1–26. Amalia, R. P., Abidin, F. A., & Lubis, F. Y. (2022). Parenting Stress, Mother's Assessment Of Covid-19, And Supportive Parenting [Stres Pengasuhan, Penilaian Ibu Terhadap Covid-19, Dan Pengasuhan Suportif ]. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 15(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2022.15.1.51 Arabi, R., Mamat, R., Rashid, N. A., & Bakri, R. (2018). Working Mothers’ Knowledge of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM) (Pengetahuan Penyusuan Susu Ibu Secara Eksklusif dalam Kalangan Ibu Bekerja di Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM)). Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 16(1), 163–168. Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YcdlPWPJRBcC De Almeida, L. S. (2012). Working mothers and their multivoiced self. Revista Colombiana de Psicologia, 21(2), 313–322. Dey, S., Patra, A., Giri, D., Sharma, J., & Anna, L. (2021). The effectiveness of Parental Intervention in Teaching Emotional Intelligence to Their Adole scent Children. International Education & Research Journal [IERJ], 7(December), 9–12. Dhingra, V., & Keswani, S. (2019). Impact of Working and Non—Working Mothers on Development of their Children in Madhya Pradesh. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, 7(3), 1369–1375. https://doi.org/10.32622/ijrat.732019104 Friska Realita. (2019). Relationship between Knowledge Level of Health Workers and Government Regulation No. 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding [Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Tenaga Kesehatan terhadap Peraturan Pemerintah No.33 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pemberian ASI Ekslusif]. Jurnal Kebidanan, 8(33), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.26714/jk.8.1.2019.43-49 Hakiki, G., & Idha, S. (2021). Women and Men in Indonesia 2021. BPS-Statistics Indonesia, viii+39. Handayani, A., Yulianti, P. D., & M., P. D. (2019). Module Validation of Equal Roles for Men and Women to Achieve Work-Family Balance [Validasi Modul Kesetaran Peran Laki-Laki dan Perempuan untuk Mencapai Keseimbangan Kerja-Keluarga] Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Islam, 18(2), 173. https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2019.1832.173-182 Hidayah, N., Tarnoto, N., & Maharani, E. A. (2019). Profile of Child Care Needs in Young Couples [Profil Kebutuhan Pengasuhan Anak pada Pasangan Muda]. Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku, 2(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.25077/jip.2.2.89-106.2018 Hurst, M., & Zambrana, R. E. (1982). Child Care and Working Mothers in Puerto Rican Families. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 461(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716282461000012 Meier, P., & Mead, L. (1978). Working Mothers. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 7(3), 49–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1978.tb00746.x Merlina, N. (2010). Parenting Patterns in the Giri Jaya Indigenous Community [Pola Pengasuhan Anak pada Komunitas Adat Giri Jaya]. Patanjala: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah Dan Nilai Tradisional Bandung, 2(2), 241–257. Montgomery, K. S. (2002a). Information for working mothers. The Journal of Perinatal Education an ASPOLamaze Publication, 11(2), 44–45. https://doi.org/10.1624/105812402X88713 Montgomery, K. S. (2002b). Resource Column: Information for Working Mothers. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 11(2), 44–45. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.11.2.44 Nilam Sari, P. (2017). Increasing the Success of the Exclusive Breastfeeding Program for Working Mothers as an Effort to Achieve the MDGs [Meningkatkan Kesuksesan Program ASI Ekslusif pada Ibu Bekerja sebagai Upaya Pencapaian MDGs]. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas, 9(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.24893/jkma.9.2.93-97.2015 Odenweller, K. G., & Rittenour, C. E. (2017). Stereotypes of Stay-at-Home and Working Mothers. Southern Communication Journal, 82(2), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2017.1287214 R, R., & Chacko, E. (2019). Effectiveness of Day Care center son working Mothers. Center for Management Studies, Jain University,. Retnaningsih, W., & Setiyawati, D. (2019). Validation of the Positive Discipline Training Module to Improve Parenting Practices in Mothers of Preschool Children [Validasi Modul Pelatihan Disiplin Positif untuk Meningkatkan Praktik Pengasuhan pada Ibu Anak Prasekolah]. Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP), 5(2), 158. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.50373 Rimba Eka Handini, Haryoko, S. F., & Yulianto, A. (2017). Relationship between Work-Family Conflict and Work Engagement [Hubungan antara Work-Family Conflict dan Keterikatan Kerja pada Ibu Bekerja]. Jurnal NOETIC Psychology, 4(July-Deesember), 169–180. Salum, E. D. O., Lima, J. C., Marcacine, P. R., Walsh, H. P., & Walsh, I. A. P. de. (2020). Epidemiological profile of working mothers. Revista Família, Ciclos de Vida e Saúde No Contexto Social, 8(2), 200. https://doi.org/10.18554/refacs.v8i2.4525 Saraswati, W., & Febriani, Z. (2018). Relationship between Mindful Parenting and Parenting Style in Mothers with Children Aged 3-6 Years. [Hubungan antara Mindful Parenting dengan Gaya Pengasuhan pada Ibu yang Memiliki Anak Usia 3-6 Tahun]. Journal Psikogenesis, 6(2), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.24854/jps.v6i2.704 Shao, M., He, W., Zhao, L., & Su, Y. S. (2022). The Influence of Parental Involvement on Parent Satisfaction: The Moderating Effect of Parental Educational Level and the Number of Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752802 Sim, W. H., Jorm, A. F., & Yap, M. B. H. (2022). The Role of Parent Engagement in a Web-Based Preventive Parenting Intervention for Child Mental Health in Predicting Parenting, Parent and Child Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042191 Widyastuti, S. B., Soedjatmiko, & Firmansyah, A. (2011). Growth and development profile of children at two-day care centers in Jakarta. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 45(11–12), 275–279. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi Xia, X. (2022). 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Abstract Monitoring global lake/reservoir water level changes is needed to understand the global water cycle and investigate its potential drivers. The existing global water level products only cover lakes/reservoirs with large sizes (> 100 km2). Here, ICESat and ICESat-2 altimetry data with small footprints are employed to examine global water level changes for 22,008 lakes/reservoirs greater than 1 km2. We report that 77.56% of them exhibited rising water levels over 2003-2021. Across the globe, 78.84% of lakes exhibit a rising water level, while the proportion for reservoirs is only 56.01%. Global lake/reservoir is estimated to experience a median water level change rate of +0.02±0.02 m/year over 2003-2021, and lakes have a larger water level rise (+0.02±0.02 m/year) than reservoirs (+0.008±0.14 m/year). We detect large-scale rising water levels in the Tibetan Plateau, the Mississippi River basin, and high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Our calculation also suggests a negative relationship between the percentage of water level rise in lakes/reservoirs and population density for global river basins (r = -0.41, p-value < 0.05) and eleven hotspots (r = -0.48, p-value < 0.05). Our result suggests that inland water level has tended to rise in recent years under natural processes while human activities (i.e., with higher population density) can balance the water level rise via reservoir regulation. We find the existing datasets underestimated global water level rise, which may be caused by the exclusion of numerous small lakes/reservoirs. Our estimated global water level change rates (that include numerous small lakes with areas of 1~10 km2) can improve the understanding of global hydrological cycle and water resource management under the double pressure of climate warming and human activities.

Methanotrophs oxidize methane (CH4) and greatly help in mitigating greenhouse effect. Increased temperatures due to global climate change can facilitate lake salinization, particularly in the regions with cold semiarid climate. However, the effects of salinity on the CH4 oxidation activity and diversity and composition of methanotrophic community in the sediment of natural lakes at a regional scale are still unclear. Therefore, we collected lake sediment samples from 13 sites in Mongolian Plateau; CH4 oxidation activities of methanotrophs were investigated, and the diversity and abundance of methanotrophs were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and high throughput sequencing approach. The results revealed that the diversity of methanotrophic community decreased with increasing salinity, and community structure of methanotrophs was clearly different between the hypersaline sediment samples (HRS; salinity &gt; 0.69%) and hyposaline sediment samples (HOS; salinity &lt; 0.69%). Types II and I methanotrophs were predominant in HRS and HOS, respectively. Salinity was significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of Methylosinus and negatively correlated with that of Methylococcus. In addition, CH4 oxidation rate and pmoA gene abundance decreased with increasing salinity, and salinity directly and indirectly affected CH4 oxidation rate via regulating the community diversity. Moreover, high salinity decreased cooperative association among methanotrophs and number of key methanotrophic species (Methylosinus and Methylococcus, e.g). These results suggested that salinity is a major driver of CH4 oxidation in lake sediments and acts by regulating the diversity of methanotrophic community and accociation among the methanotrophic species.

ABSTRACT The frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms are increasing worldwide. Interactions between toxic cyanobacteria and aquatic microorganisms need to be critically evaluated to understand microbial drivers and modulators of the blooms. In this study, we applied 16S/18S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics analyses to measure the microbial community composition and metabolic responses of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in a coculture system receiving dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus (DIP) close to representative concentrations in Lake Taihu, China. M. aeruginosa secreted alkaline phosphatase using a DIP source produced by moribund and decaying microorganisms when the P source was insufficient. During this process, M. aeruginosa accumulated several intermediates in energy metabolism pathways to provide energy for sustained high growth rates and increased intracellular sugars to enhance its competitive capacity and ability to defend itself against microbial attack. It also produced a variety of toxic substances, including microcystins, to inhibit metabolite formation via energy metabolism pathways of aquatic microorganisms, leading to a negative effect on bacterial and eukaryotic microbial richness and diversity. Overall, compared with the monoculture system, the growth of M. aeruginosa was accelerated in coculture, while the growth of some cooccurring microorganisms was inhibited, with the diversity and richness of eukaryotic microorganisms being more negatively impacted than those of prokaryotic microorganisms. These findings provide valuable information for clarifying how M. aeruginosa can potentially modulate its associations with other microorganisms, with ramifications for its dominance in aquatic ecosystems. IMPORTANCE We measured the microbial community composition and metabolic responses of Microcystis aeruginosa in a microcosm coculture system receiving dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus (DIP) close to the average concentrations in Lake Taihu. In the coculture system, DIP is depleted and the growth and production of aquatic microorganisms can be stressed by a lack of DIP availability. M. aeruginosa could accelerate its growth via interactions with specific cooccurring microorganisms and the accumulation of several intermediates in energy metabolism-related pathways. Furthermore, M. aeruginosa can decrease the carbohydrate metabolism of cooccurring aquatic microorganisms and thus disrupt microbial activities in the coculture. This also had a negative effect on bacterial and eukaryotic microbial richness and diversity. Microcystin was capable of decreasing the biomass of total phytoplankton in aquatic microcosms. Overall, compared to the monoculture, the growth of total aquatic microorganisms is inhibited, with the diversity and richness of eukaryotic microorganisms being more negatively impacted than those of prokaryotic microorganisms. The only exception is M. aeruginosa in the coculture system, whose growth was accelerated.

Co-management is increasingly recognized as an effective model for managing fisheries, but little information exists on whether co-management can produce effects in species other than the target species. Fishery co-management in the tropics, where fish diversity is high and fish catches tend to be multispecies, is prone to produce assemblage-wide effects via alterations in the food web and changes in the overall capture of non-target species. Here, we assessed the effects of co-management for the species Arapaima sp. in relation to the structure and composition of the overall fish assemblage in floodplain lakes of the central Amazon Basin. These floodplain lakes are managed under a system of zoning of fishing activities. We used data from surveys of six floodplain lakes, including two lakes of each of three categories (lakes where fishing is prohibited, limited-access lakes, and open fishing lakes). The surveys were carried out before and after implementation of co-management, through gillnet fishing. The study area was the lower Solimões River, in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Statistical models showed significant changes in the composition and structure of the fish assemblages after the implementation of the co-management, regardless of the zoning category. Through regulation of gear use and fishing practices, co-management allowed the colonization of species that had not been present before, which lead to higher richness and consequently increased fish sizes, abundance and biomass. Species of sedentary habits, migrants of short and medium distances, with commercial importance benefited the most from co-management. In the results presented in temporal scale, it was possible to observe a potential spillover effect being provided by the lakes where fishing is prohibited (no-take zones) and those of limited access that benefited those open to fishing. Thus, co-management had positive effects in the structure and composition of fish assemblages in all lakes, regardless of zoning category.

AbstractLakes and ponds are considered as a major natural source of CH4 emissions, particularly during the ice-free period in boreal ecosystems. Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB), which utilize CH4 using oxygen as an electron acceptor, are one of the dominant microorganisms in the CH4-rich water columns. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) have revealed the genetic potential of MOB from boreal aquatic ecosystems for various microaerobic/anaerobic metabolic functions. However, experimental proof of these functions, i.e., organic acid production via fermentation, by lake MOB is lacking. In addition, psychrophilic (i.e., cold-loving) MOB and their CH4-oxidizing process have rarely been investigated. In this study, we isolated, provided a taxonomic description, and analyzed the genome of Methylobacter sp. S3L5C, a psychrophilic MOB, from a boreal lake in Finland. Based on phylogenomic comparisons to MAGs, Methylobacter sp. S3L5C represented a ubiquitous cluster of Methylobacter spp. in boreal aquatic ecosystems. At optimal temperatures (3–12 °C) and pH (6.8–8.3), the specific growth rates (µ) and CH4 utilization rate were in the range of 0.018–0.022 h−1 and 0.66–1.52 mmol l−1 d−1, respectively. In batch cultivation, the isolate could produce organic acids, and the concentrations were elevated after replenishing CH4 and air into the headspace. Up to 4.1 mM acetate, 0.02 mM malate, and 0.07 mM propionate were observed at the end of the test under optimal operational conditions. The results herein highlight the key role of Methylobacter spp. in regulating CH4 emissions and their potential to provide CH4-derived organic carbon compounds to surrounding heterotrophic microorganisms in cold ecosystems.

The Community Service (PKM) activity aims to introduce environmentally friendly marketing to retail products found at Pondok Labu Market, South Jakarta. The partner that was chosen for this activity is the owner of the retail shop named ‘Bunda’, which sells fashion products. The owner has been in the business for a long time but does not have knowledge of environmentally friendly marketing strategies in modern traditional markets. Nowadays, the society is smarter and more considerate towards the environment, the high awareness about various environmental problems has led to a shift in consumer behavior, whereby consumer pose a different attitude towards green lifestyles .The methods offered in this activity include training in the form of socializing the importance of environmentally friendly marketing in operating a retail business. The activity also provides assistance to retail stores in environmentally friendly marketing activities to become a role model for other retail stores. The socialization was carried out online, among others, providing knowledge related to marketing strategies to be able to compete. Socialization related to government regulations regarding environmentally friendly packaging and social responsibility as a business actor. Assisting the business owner through the introduction of environmentally conscious packaging has also been done by discussing packaging materials, shapes and colors. Delivery of packaging via JNE (local courier service) to partners. The results show there has been an increase in partners' knowledge about environmentally friendly marketing. Partners have replaced plastic shopping bags with eco-friendly shopping bags, so the products sold have higher selling value than competitors.ABSTRAK:Kegiatan PKM (Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat) bertujuan untuk pengenalan pemasaran ramah lingkungan pada produk ritel yang terdapat di Pasar Pondok Labu Jakarta Selatan. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan melihat permasalahan yang terdapat di toko ritel. Mitra yang dipilih pada kegiatan ini adalah pemilik toko ritel Bunda yang menjual produk fashion yang sudah lama melakukan usaha namun belum memiliki pengetahuan tentang strategi pemasaran yang ramah lingkungan pada pasar tradisional yang sudah modern. Masyarakat semakin pintar dan peduli akan lingkungan, tingginya kesadaran tentang berbagai masalah lingkungan telah menyebabkan pergeseran tingkah laku konsumen, perubahan sikap konsumen terhadap gaya hidup hijau. Metode yang ditawarkan dalam kegiatan ini meliputi pelatihan dalam bentuk sosialisasi akan pentingnya pemasaran ramah lingkungan dalam menjalankan usaha ritel. Selain itu melakukan pendampingan pada toko ritel dalam kegiatan pemasaran ramah lingkungan untuk menjadi percontohan pada toko ritel lainnya. Sosialisasi pemasaran gerakan ramah lingkungan telah dilakukan secara daring antara lain memberikan pengetahuan terkait strategi pemasaran untuk mampu bersaing. Sosialisasi terkait peraturan pemerintah mengenai kemasan yang ramah lingkungan dan juga tanggung jawab social sebagai pelaku bisnis. Pendampingan kemasan yang berorientasi ramah lingkungan telah dilakukan dengan mendiskusikan bahan, bentuk,dan warna kemasan. Pengiriman kemasan melalui JNE kepada mitra . Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan tejadinya peningkatan pengetahuan mitra tentang pemasaran ramah lingkungan, selain itu mitra telah mengganti kantong plastik belanja dengan kantong tas belanja yang lebih ramah terhadap lingkungan, sehingga produk yang dijual memiliki nilai jual lebih dibandingkan pesaing

Introduction 2021 was the year that NFTs got big—not just in value but also in terms of the cultural consciousness. When digital artist Beeple sold the portfolio of his 5,000 daily images at Christie’s for US$69 million, the art world was left intrigued, confused, and outraged in equal measure. Depending on who you asked, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) seemed to be either a quick cash-grab or the future of the art market (Bowden and Jones; Smee). Following the Beeple sale, articles started to appear indicating that the film industry was abuzz for NFTs. Independent filmmaker Kevin Smith was quick to announce that he planned to release his horror film Killroy Was Here as an NFT (Alexander); in September 2021 the James Bond film No Time to Die also unveiled a series of collectibles to coincide with the film’s much-delayed theatrical release (Natalee); the distribution and collectible platforms Vuele, NFT Studios, and Mogul Productions all emerged, and the industry rumour mill suggests more start-ups are en route (CurrencyWorks; NFT Studios; NewsBTC). Blockchain disciples say that the technology will solve all the problems of the Internet (Tewari; Norton; European Business Review); critics say it will only perpetuate existing accessibility and equality issues (Davis and Flatow; Klein). Those more circumspect will doubtless sit back until the dust settles, waiting to see what parts of so-called web3 will be genuinely integrated into the architecture of the Internet. Pamela Hutchinson puts it neatly in terms of the arts sector: “the NFT may revolutionise the art market, film funding and distribution. Or it might be an ecological disaster and a financial bubble, in which few actual movies change hands, and fraudsters get rich from other people’s intellectual property” (Hutchinson). There is an uptick in the literature around NFTs and blockchain (see Quiniou; Gayvoronskaya & Meinel); however, the technology remains unregulated and unstandardised (Yeung 212-14; Dimitropoulos 112-13). Similarly, the sheer amount of funding being put into fundamental technical, data, and security-related issues speaks volumes to the nascency of the space (Ossinger; Livni; Gayvoronskaya & Meinel 52-6). Put very briefly, NFTs are part of a given blockchain system; think of them, like cryptocurrency coins, as “units of value” within that system (Roose). NFTs were initially rolled out on Ethereum, though several other blockchains have now implemented their own NFT frameworks. NFTs are usually not the artwork itself, but rather a unique, un-copyable (hence, non-fungible) piece of code that is attached, linked, or connected to another digital file, be that an image, video, text, or something else entirely. NFTs are often referred to as a digital artwork’s “certificate of authenticity” (Roose). At the time of writing, it remains to be seen how widely blockchain and NFT technology will be implemented across the entertainment industries. However, this article aims to outline the current state of implementation in the film trade specifically, and to attempt to sort true potential from the hype. Beginning with an overview of the core issues around blockchain and NFTs as they apply to film properties and adjacent products, current implementations of the technology are outlined, before finishing with a hesitant glimpse into the potential future applications. The Issues and Conversation At the core of current conversations around blockchain are three topics: intellectual property and ownership, concentrations of power and control, and environmental impact. To this I would like to add a consideration of social capital, which I begin with briefly here. Both the film industry and “crypto” — if we take the latter to encompass the various facets of so-called ‘web3’ — are engines of social capital. In the case of cinema, its products are commodified and passed through a model that begins with exclusivity (theatrical release) before progressing to mass availability (home media, streaming). The cinematic object, i.e., an individual copy of a film, is, by virtue of its origins as a mass product of the twentieth century, fungible. The film is captured, copied, stored, distributed, and shared. The film-industrial model has always relied on social phenomena, word of mouth, critical discourse, and latterly on buzz across digital social media platforms. This is perhaps as distinct from fine art, where — at least for dealers — the content of the piece does not necessarily matter so much as verification of ownership and provenance. Similarly, web3, with its decentralised and often-anonymised processes, relies on a kind of social activity, or at least a recorded interaction wherein the chain is stamped and each iteration is updated across the system. Even without the current hype, web3 still relies a great deal on discourse, sharing, and community, particularly as it flattens the existing hierarchies of the Internet that linger from Web 2.0. In terms of NFTs, blockchain systems attach scarcity and uniqueness to digital objects. For now, that scarcity and uniqueness is resulting in financial value, though as Jonathan Beller argues the notion of value could — or perhaps should — be reconsidered as blockchain technology, and especially cryptocurrencies, evolve (Beller 217). Regardless, NFT advocates maintain that this is the future of all online activity. To questions of copyright, the structures of blockchain do permit some level of certainty around where a given piece of intellectual property emerged. This is particularly useful where there are transnational differences in recognition of copyright law, such as in France, for instance (Quiniou 112-13). The Berne Convention stipulates that “the subsistence of copyright does not rest on the compliance with formal requirements: rights will exist if the work meets the requirements for protection set out by national law and treaties” (Guadamuz 1373). However, there are still no legal structures underpinning even the most transparent of transactions, when an originator goes out of their way to transfer rights to the buyer of the accompanying NFT. The minimum requirement — even courtesy — for the assignment of rights is the identification of the work itself; as Guadamuz notes, this is tricky for NFTs as they are written in code (1374). The blockchain’s openness and transparency are its key benefits, but until the code can explicitly include (or concretely and permanently reference) the ‘content’ of an NFT, its utility as a system of ownership is questionable. Decentralisation, too, is raised consistently as a key positive characteristic of blockchain technology. Despite the energy required for this decentralisation (addressed shortly), it is true that, at least in its base code, blockchain is a technology with no centralised source of truth or verification. Instead, such verification is performed by every node on the chain. On the surface, for the film industry, this might mean modes of financing, rights management, and distribution chains that are not beholden to multinational media conglomerates, streamers like Netflix, niche intermediaries, or legacy studios. The result here would be a flattening of the terrain: breaking down studio and corporate gatekeeping in favour of a more democratised creative landscape. Creators and creative teams would work peer-to-peer, paying, contracting, servicing, and distribution via the blockchain, with iron-clad, publicly accessible tracking of transactions and ownership. The alternative, though, is that the same imbalances persist, just in a different form: this is outlined in the next section. As Hunter Vaughan writes, the film industry’s environmental impact has long been under-examined. Its practices are diverse, distributed, and hard to quantify. Cinematic images, Vaughan writes, “do not come from nothing, and they do not vanish into the air: they have always been generated by the earth and sun, by fossil fuels and chemical reactions, and our enjoyment of them has material consequences” (3). We believe that by watching a “green” film like Avatar we are doing good, but it implicates us in the dirty secret, an issue of “ignorance and of voluntary psychosis” where “we do not see who we are harming or how these practices are affecting the environment, and we routinely agree to accept the virtual as real” (5). Beyond questions of implication and eco-material conceptualisation, however, there are stark facts. In the 1920s, the Kodak Park Plant in New York drew 12 million gallons of water from Lake Ontario each day to produce film stock. As the twentieth century came to a close, this amount — for a single film plant — had grown to 35-53 million gallons per day. The waste water was perfunctorily “cleaned” and then dumped into surrounding rivers (72-3). This was just one plant, and one part of the filmmaking process. With the shift to digital, this cost might now be calculated in the extraction of precious metals used to make contemporary cameras, computers, or storage devices. Regardless, extrapolate outwards to a global film industry and one quickly realises the impact is almost beyond comprehension. Considering — let alone calculating — the carbon footprint of blockchain requires outlining some fundamentals of the technology. The two primary architectures of blockchain are Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), both of which denote methods of adding and verifying new blocks to a chain. PoW was the first model, employed by Bitcoin and the first iteration of Ethereum. In a PoW model, each new block has a specific cryptographic hash. To confirm the new block, crypto miners use their systems to generate a target hash that is less than or equal to that of the block. The systems process these calculations quickly, as the goal is to be “the first miner with the target hash because that miner is the one who can update the blockchain and receive crypto rewards” (Daly). The race for block confirmation necessitates huge amounts of processing power to make these quick calculations. The PoS model differs in that miners are replaced by validators (or staking services where participants pool validation power). Rather than investing in computer power, validators invest in the blockchain’s coins, staking those coins (tokens) in a smart contract (think of this contract like a bank account or vault). When a new block is proposed, an algorithm chooses a validator based on the size of their stake; if the block is verified, the validator receives further cryptocurrency as a reward (Castor). Given the ubiquity and exponential growth of blockchain technology and its users, an accurate quantification of its carbon footprint is difficult. For some precedent, though, one might consider the impact of the Bitcoin blockchain, which runs on a PoW model. As the New York Times so succinctly puts it: “the process of creating Bitcoin to spend or trade consumes around 91 terawatt-hours of electricity annually, more than is used by Finland, a nation of about 5.5 million” (Huang, O’Neill and Tabuchi). The current Ethereum system (at time of writing), where the majority of NFT transactions take place, also runs on PoW, and it is estimated that a single Ethereum transaction is equivalent to nearly nine days of power consumption by an average US household (Digiconomist). Ethereum always intended to operate on a PoS system, and the transition to this new model is currently underway (Castor). Proof of Stake transactions use significantly less energy — the new Ethereum will supposedly be approximately 2,000 times more energy efficient (Beekhuizen). However, newer systems such as Solana have been explicit about their efficiency goals, stating that a single Solana transaction uses less energy (1,837 Joules, to be precise) than keeping an LED light on for one hour (36,000 J); one Ethereum transaction, for comparison, uses over 692 million J (Solana). In addition to energy usage, however, there is also the question of e-waste as a result of mining and general blockchain operations which, at the time of writing, for Bitcoin sits at around 32 kilotons per year, around the same as the consumer IT wastage of the Netherlands (de Vries and Stoll). How the growth in NFT awareness and adoption amplifies this impact remains to be seen, but depending on which blockchain they use, they may be wasting energy and resources by design. If using a PoW model, the more valuable the cryptocurrency used to make the purchase, the more energy (“gas”) required to authenticate the purchase across the chain. Images abound online of jerry-rigged crypto data centres of varying quality (see also efficiency and safety). With each NFT minted, sold, or traded, these centres draw — and thus waste, for gas — more and more energy. With increased public attention and scrutiny, cryptocurrencies are slowly realising that things could be better. As sustainable alternatives become more desirable and mainstream, it is safe to predict that many NFT marketplaces may migrate to Cardano, Solana, or other more efficient blockchain bases. For now, though, this article considers the existing implementations of NFTs and blockchain technology within the film industry. Current Implementations The current applications of NFTs in film centre around financing and distribution. In terms of the former, NFTs are saleable items that can raise capital for production, distribution, or marketing. As previously mentioned, director Kevin Smith launched Jay & Silent Bob’s Crypto Studio in order to finish and release Killroy Was Here. Smith released over 600 limited edition tokens, including one of the film itself (Moore). In October 2021, renowned Hong Kong director Wong Kar-wai sold an NFT with unreleased footage from his film In the Mood for Love at Sotheby’s for US$550,000 (Raybaud). Quentin Tarantino entered the arena in January 2022, auctioning uncut scenes from his 1994 film Pulp Fiction, despite the threat of legal action from the film’s original distributor Miramax (Dailey). In Australia, an early adopter of the technology is director Michael Beets, who works in virtual production and immersive experiences. His immersive 14-minute VR film Nezunoban (2020) was split into seven different chapters, and each chapter was sold as an NFT. Beets also works with artists to develop entry tickets that are their own piece of generative art; with these tickets and the chapters selling for hundreds of dollars at a time, Beets seems to have achieved the impossible: turning a profit on a short film (Fletcher). Another Australian writer-producer, Samuel Wilson, now based in Canada, suggests that the technology does encourage filmmakers to think differently about what they create: At the moment, I’m making NFTs from extra footage of my feature film Miles Away, which will be released early next year. In one way, it’s like a new age of behind-the-scenes/bonus features. I have 14 hours of DV tapes that I’m cutting into a short film which I will then sell in chapters over the coming months. One chapter will feature the dashing KJ Apa (Songbird, Riverdale) without his shirt on. So, hopefully that can turn some heads. (Wilson, in Fletcher) In addition to individual directors, a number of startup companies are also seeking to get in on the action. One of these is Vuele, which is best understood as a blockchain-based streaming service: an NFT Netflix, if you like. In addition to films themselves, the service will offer extra content as NFTs, including “behind the scenes content, bonus features, exclusive Q&As, and memorabilia” (CurrencyWorks). Vuele’s launch title is Zero Contact, directed by Rick Dugdale and starring Anthony Hopkins. The film is marketed as “the World’s First NFT Feature Film” (as at the time of writing, though, both Vuele and its flagship film have yet to launch). Also launching is NFT Studios, a blockchain-based production company that distributes the executive producer role to those buying into the project. NFT Studios is a decentralised administrative organisation (DAO), guided by tech experts, producers, and film industry intermediaries. NFT Studios is launching with A Wing and a Prayer, a biopic of aeronaut Brian Milton (NFT Studios), and will announce their full slate across festivals in 2022. In Australia, Culture Vault states that its aim is to demystify crypto and champion Australian artists’ rights and access to the space. Co-founder and CEO Michelle Grey is well aware of the aforementioned current social capital of NFTs, but is also acutely aware of the space’s opacity and the ubiquity of often machine-generated tat. “The early NFT space was in its infancy, there was a lot of crap around, but don’t forget there’s a lot of garbage in the traditional art world too,” she says (cited in Miller). Grey and her company effectively act like art dealers; intermediaries between the tech and art worlds. These new companies claim to be adhering to the principles of web3, often selling themselves as collectives, DAOs, or distributed administrative systems. But the entrenched tendencies of the film industry — particularly the persistent Hollywood system — are not so easily broken down. Vuele is a joint venture between CurrencyWorks and Enderby Entertainment. The former is a financial technology company setting up blockchain systems for businesses, including the establishment of branded digital currencies such as the controversial FreedomCoin (Memoria); the latter, Enderby, is a production company founded by Canadian film producer (and former investor relations expert in the oil and uranium sectors) Rick Dugdale (Wiesner). Similarly, NFT Studios is partnered with consulting and marketing agencies and blockchain venture capitalists (NFT Investments PLC). Depending on how charitable or cynical one is feeling, these start-ups are either helpful intermediaries to facilitate legacy media moving into NFT technology, or the first bricks in the capitalist wall to bar access for entry to other players. The Future Is… Buffering Marketplaces like Mintable, OpenSea, and Rarible do indeed make the minting and selling of NFTs fairly straightforward — if you’ve ever listed an item for sale on eBay or Facebook, you can probably mint an NFT. Despite this, the current major barrier for average punters to the NFT space remains technical knowledge. The principles of blockchain remain fairly opaque — even this author, who has been on a deep dive for this article, remains sceptical that widespread adoption across multiple applications and industries is feasible. Even so, as Rennie notes, “the unknown is not what blockchain technology is, or even what it is for (there are countless ‘use cases’), but how it structures the actions of those who use it” (235). At the time of writing, a great many commentators and a small handful of scholars are speculating about the role of the metaverse in the creative space. If the endgame of the metaverse is realised, i.e., a virtual, interactive space where users can interact, trade, and consume entertainment, the role of creators, dealers, distributors, and other brokers and players will be up-ended, and have to re-settle once again. Film industry practitioners might look to the games space to see what the road might look like, but then again, in an industry that is — at its best — somewhat resistant to change, this may simply be a fad that blows over. Blockchain’s current employment as a get-rich-quick mechanism for the algorithmic literati and as a computational extension of existing power structures suggests nothing more than another techno-bubble primed to burst (Patrickson 591-2; Klein). Despite the aspirational commentary surrounding distributed administrative systems and organisations, the current implementations are restricted, for now, to startups like NFT Studios. In terms of cinema, it does remain to be seen whether the deployment of NFTs will move beyond a kind of “Netflix with tchotchkes” model, or a variant of crowdfunding with perks. Once Vuele and NFT Studios launch properly, we may have a sense of how this all will play out, particularly alongside less corporate-driven, more artistically-minded initiatives like that of Michael Beets and Culture Vault. It is possible, too, that blockchain technology may streamline the mechanics of the industry in terms of automating or simplifying parts of the production process, particularly around contracts, financing, licensing. This would obviously remove some of the associated labour and fees, but would also de-couple long-established parts and personnel of the industry — would Hollywood and similar industrial-entertainment complexes let this happen? As with any of the many revolutions that have threatened to kill or resurrect the (allegedly) long-suffering cinematic object, we just have to wait, and watch. References Alexander, Bryan. “Kevin Smith Reveals Why He’s Auctioning Off New His Film ‘Killroy Was Here’ as an NFT.” USA TODAY, 15 Apr. 2021. <https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/04/15/kevin-smith-auctioning-new-film-nft-killroy-here/7244602002/>. Beekhuizen, Carl. “Ethereum’s Energy Usage Will Soon Decrease by ~99.95%.” Ethereum Foundation Blog, 18 May 2021. <https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/05/18/country-power-no-more/>. Beller, Jonathan. “Economic Media: Crypto and the Myth of Total Liquidity.” Australian Humanities Review 66 (2020): 215-225. Beller, Jonathan. The Cinematic Mode of Production: Attention Economy and the Society of the Spectacle. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College P, 2006. 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Women in federal politics are under-represented today and always have been. At no time in the history of the federal parliament have women achieved equal representation with men. There have never been an equal number of women in any federal cabinet. Women have never held an equitable number of executive positions of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) or the Liberal Party. Australia has had only one female Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, and she was the recipient of sexist treatment in the parliament and the media. A 2019 report by Plan International found that girls and women, were “reluctant to pursue a career in politics, saying they worry about being treated unfairly.” The Report author said the results were unsurprisingwhen you consider how female politicians are still treated in Parliament and the media in this country, is it any wonder the next generation has no desire to expose themselves to this world? Unfortunately, in Australia, girls grow up seeing strong, smart, capable female politicians constantly reduced to what they’re wearing, comments about their sexuality and snipes about their gender.What voters may not always see is how women in politics respond to sexist treatment, or to bullying, or having to vote against their principles because of party rules, or to having no support to lead the party. Rather than being political victims and quitting, there is a ground-swell of women who are fighting back. The rage they feel at being excluded, bullied, harassed, name-called, and denied leadership opportunities is being channelled into rage against the structures that deny them equality. The rage they feel is building resilience and it is building networks of women across the political divide. This article highlights some female MPs who are “maintaining the rage”. It suggests that the rage that is evident in their public responses is empowering them to stand strong in the face of adversity, in solidarity with other female MPs, building their resilience, and strengthening calls for social change and political equality.Her-story of Women’s MovementsThroughout the twentieth century, women stood for equal rights and personal empowerment driven by rage against their disenfranchisement. Significant periods include the early 1900s, with suffragettes gaining the vote for women. The interwar period of 1919 to 1938 saw women campaign for financial independence from their husbands (Andrew). Australian women were active citizens in a range of campaigns for improved social, economic and political outcomes for women and their children.Early contributions made by women to Australian society were challenges to the regulations and of female sexuality and reproduction. Early twentieth century feminist organisations such The Women’s Peace Army, United Association of Women, the Australian Federation of Women’s Societies for Equal Citizenship, the Union of Australian Women, the National Council of Women, and the Australian Federation of Women Voters, proved the early forerunners to the 1970s Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM). It was in many of these early campaigns that the rage expressed in the concept of the “personal is political” (Hanisch) became entrenched in Australian feminist approaches to progressive social change. The idea of the “personal is political” encapsulated that it was necessary to challenge and change power relations, achievable when women fully participated in politics (van Acker 25). Attempts by women during the 1970s to voice concerns about issues of inequality, including sexuality, the right to abortion, availability of childcare, and sharing of household duties, were “deemed a personal problem” and not for public discussion (Hanisch). One core function of the WLM was to “advance women’s positions” via government legislation or, as van Acker (120) puts it, the need for “feminist intervention in the state.” However, in advocating for policy reform, the WLM had no coherent or organised strategy to ensure legislative change. The establishment of the Women’s Electoral Lobby (WEL), together with the Femocrat strategy, sought to rectify this. Formed in 1972, WEL was tasked with translating WLM concerns into government policy.The initial WEL campaign took issues of concern to WLM to the incoming Whitlam government (1972-1975). Lyndall Ryan (73) notes: women’s liberationists were the “stormtroopers” and WEL the “pragmatic face of feminism.” In 1973 Whitlam appointed Elizabeth Reid, a member of WLM, as Australia’s first Women’s Advisor. Of her appointment, Reid (3) said, “For the first time in our history we were being offered the opportunity to attempt to implement what for years we had been writing, yelling, marching and working towards. Not to respond would have felt as if our bluff had been called.” They had the opportunity in the Whitlam government to legislatively and fiscally address the rage that drove generations of women to yell and march.Following Reid were the appointments of Sara Dowse and Lyndall Ryan, continuing the Femocrat strategy of ensuring women were appointed to executive bureaucratic roles within the Whitlam government. The positions were not well received by the mainly male-dominated press gallery and parliament. As “inside agitators” (Eisenstein) for social change the central aim of Femocrats was social and economic equity for women, reflecting social justice and progressive social and public policy. Femocrats adopted a view about the value of women’s own lived experiences in policy development, application and outcome. The role of Senator Susan Ryan is of note. In 1981, Ryan wrote and introduced the Sex Discrimination Bill, the first piece of federal legislation of its type in Australia. Ryan was a founding member of WEL and was elected to the Senate in 1975 on the slogan “A woman’s place is in the Senate”. As Ryan herself puts it: “I came to believe that not only was a woman’s place in the House and in the Senate, as my first campaign slogan proclaimed, but a feminist’s place was in politics.” Ryan, the first Labor woman to represent the ACT in the Senate, was also the first Labor woman appointed as a federal Minister.With the election of the economic rationalist Hawke and Keating Governments (1983-1996) and the neoliberal Howard Government (1996-2007), what was a “visible, united, highly mobilised and state-focused women’s movement” declined (Lake 260). This is not to say that women today reject the value of women’s voices and experiences, particularly in politics. Many of the issues of the 1970s remain today: domestic violence, unequal pay, sexual harassment, and a lack of gender parity in political representation. Hence, it remains important that women continue to seek election to the national parliament.Gender Gap: Women in Power When examining federal elections held between 1972 and 2016, women have been under-represented in the lower house. In none of these elections have women achieved more than 30 per cent representation. Following the 1974 election less that one per cent of the lower house were women. No women were elected to the lower house at the 1975 or 1977 election. Between 1980 and 1996, female representation was less than 10 per cent. In 1996 this rose to 15 per cent and reached 29 per cent at the 2016 federal election.Following the 2016 federal election, only 32 per cent of both chambers were women. After the July 2016 election, only eight women were appointed to the Turnbull Ministry: six women in Cabinet and two women in the Outer Cabinet (Parliament of Australia). Despite the higher representation of women in the ALP, this is not reflected in the number of women in the Shadow Cabinet. Just as female parliamentarians have never achieved parity, neither have women in the Executive Branch.In 2017, Australia was ranked 50th in the world in terms of gender representation in parliament, between The Philippines and South Sudan. Globally, there are 38 States in which women account for less than 10 per cent of parliamentarians. As at January 2017, the three highest ranking countries in female representation were Rwanda, Bolivia and Cuba. The United Kingdom was ranked 47th, and the United States 104th (IPU and UNW). Globally only 18 per cent of government ministers are women (UNW). Between 1960 and 2013, 52 women became prime ministers worldwide, of those 43 have taken office since 1990 (Curtin 191).The 1995 United Nations (UN) Fourth World Conference on Women set a 30 per cent target for women in decision-making. This reflects the concept of “critical mass”. Critical mass proposes that for there to be a tipping balance where parity is likely to emerge, this requires a cohort of a minimum of 30 per cent of the minority group.Gender scholars use critical mass theory to explain that parity won’t occur while there are only a few token women in politics. Rather, only as numbers increase will women be able to build a strong enough presence to make female representation normative. Once a 30 per cent critical mass is evident, the argument is that this will encourage other women to join the cohort, making parity possible (Childs & Krook 725). This threshold also impacts on legislative outcomes, because the larger cohort of women are able to “influence their male colleagues to accept and approve legislation promoting women’s concerns” (Childs & Krook 725).Quotas: A Response to Gender InequalityWith women representing less than one in five parliamentarians worldwide, gender quotas have been introduced in 90 countries to redress this imbalance (Krook). Quotas are an equal opportunity measure specifically designed to re-dress inequality in political representation by allocating seats to under-represented groups (McCann 4). However, the effectiveness of the quota system is contested, with continued resistance, particularly in conservative parties. Fine (3) argues that one key objection to mandatory quotas is that they “violate the principle of merit”, suggesting insufficient numbers of women capable or qualified to hold parliamentary positions.In contrast, Gauja (2) suggests that “state-mandated electoral quotas work” because in countries with legislated quotas the number of women being nominated is significantly higher. While gender quotas have been brought to bear to address the gender gap, the ability to challenge the majority status of men has been limited (Hughes).In 1994 the ALP introduced rule-based party quotas to achieve equal representation by 2025 and a gender weighting system for female preselection votes. Conversely, the Liberal Party have a voluntary target of reaching 50 per cent female representation by 2025. But what of the treatment of women who do enter politics?Fig. 1: Portrait of Julia Gillard AC, 27th Prime Minister of Australia, at Parliament House, CanberraInside Politics: Misogyny and Mobs in the ALPIn 2010, Julia Gillard was elected as the leader of the governing ALP, making her Australia’s first female Prime Minister. Following the 2010 federal election, called 22 days after becoming Prime Minister, Gillard was faced with the first hung parliament since 1940. She formed a successful minority government before losing the leadership of the ALP in June 2013. Research demonstrates that “being a female prime minister is often fraught because it challenges many of the gender stereotypes associated with political leadership” (Curtin 192). In Curtin’s assessment Gillard was naïve in her view that interest in her as the country’s first female Prime Minister would quickly dissipate.Gillard, argues Curtin (192-193), “believed that her commitment to policy reform and government enterprise, to hard work and maintaining consensus in caucus, would readily outstrip the gender obsession.” As Curtin continues, “this did not happen.” Voters were continually reminded that Gillard “did not conform to the traditional.” And “worse, some high-profile men, from industry, the Liberal Party and the media, indulged in verbal attacks of a sexist nature throughout her term in office (Curtin 192-193).The treatment of Gillard is noted in terms of how misogyny reinforced negative perceptions about the patriarchal nature of parliamentary politics. The rage this created in public and media spheres was double-edged. On the one hand, some were outraged at the sexist treatment of Gillard. On the other hand, those opposing Gillard created a frenzy of personal and sexist attacks on her. Further attacking Gillard, on 25 February 2011, radio broadcaster Alan Jones called Gillard, not only by her first-name, but called her a “liar” (Kwek). These attacks and the informal way the Prime Minister was addressed, was unprecedented and caused outrage.An anti-carbon tax rally held in front of Parliament House in Canberra in March 2011, featured placards with the slogans “Ditch the Witch” and “Bob Brown’s Bitch”, referring to Gillard and her alliance with the Australian Greens, led by Senator Bob Brown. The Opposition Leader Tony Abbott and other members of the Liberal Party were photographed standing in front of the placards (Sydney Morning Herald, Vertigo). Criticism of women in positions of power is not limited to coming from men alone. Women from the Liberal Party were also seen in the photo of derogatory placards decrying Gillard’s alliances with the Greens.Gillard (Sydney Morning Herald, “Gillard”) said she was “offended when the Leader of the Opposition went outside in the front of Parliament and stood next to a sign that said, ‘Ditch the witch’. I was offended when the Leader of the Opposition stood next to a sign that ascribed me as a man’s bitch.”Vilification of Gillard culminated in October 2012, when Abbott moved a no-confidence motion against the Speaker of the House, Peter Slipper. Abbott declared the Gillard government’s support for Slipper was evidence of the government’s acceptance of Slipper’s sexist attitudes (evident in allegations that Slipper sent a text to a political staffer describing female genitals). Gillard responded with what is known as the “Misogyny speech”, pointing at Abbott, shaking with rage, and proclaiming, “I will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man” (ABC). Apart from vilification, how principles can be forsaken for parliamentary, party or electoral needs, may leave some women circumspect about entering parliament. Similar attacks on political women may affirm this view.In 2010, Labor Senator Penny Wong, a gay Member of Parliament and advocate of same-sex marriage, voted against a bill supporting same-sex marriage, because it was not ALP policy (Q and A, “Passion”). Australian Marriage Equality spokesperson, Alex Greenwich, strongly condemned Wong’s vote as “deeply hypocritical” (Akersten). The Sydney Morning Herald (Dick), under the headline “Married to the Mob” asked:a question: what does it now take for a cabinet minister to speak out on a point of principle, to venture even a mild criticism of the party position? ... Would you object if your party, after fixing some areas of discrimination against a minority group of which you are a part, refused to move on the last major reform for that group because of ‘tradition’ without any cogent explanation of why that tradition should remain? Not if you’re Penny Wong.In 2017, during the postal vote campaign for marriage equality, Wong clarified her reasons for her 2010 vote against same-sex marriage saying in an interview: “In 2010 I had to argue a position I didn’t agree with. You get a choice as a party member don’t you? You either resign or do something like that and make a point, or you stay and fight and you change it.” Biding her time, Wong used her rage to change policy within the ALP.In continuing personal attacks on Gillard, on 19 March 2012, Gillard was told by Germaine Greer that she had a “big arse” (Q and A, “Politics”) and on 27 August 2012, Greer said Gillard looked like an “organ grinder’s monkey” (Q and A, “Media”). Such an attack by a prominent feminist from the 1970s, on the personal appearance of the Prime Minister, reinforced the perception that it was acceptable to criticise a woman in this position, in ways men have never been. Inside Politics: Leadership and Bullying inside the Liberal PartyWhile Gillard’s leadership was likely cut short by the ongoing attacks on her character, Liberal Deputy leader Julie Bishop was thwarted from rising to the leadership of the Liberal Party, thus making it unlikely she will become the Liberal Party’s first female Prime Minister. Julie Bishop was Australia’s Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2013 to 2018 and Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party from 2007 to 2018, having entered politics in 1998.With the impending demise of Prime Minister Turnbull in August 2018, Bishop sought support from within the Liberal Party to run for the leadership. In the second round of leadership votes Bishop stood for the leadership in a three-cornered race, coming last in the vote to Peter Dutton and Scott Morrison. Bishop resigned as the Foreign Affairs Minister and took a seat on the backbench.When asked if the Liberal Party would elect a popular female leader, Bishop replied: “When we find one, I’m sure we will.” Political journalist Annabel Crabb offered further insight into what Bishop meant when she addressed the press in her red Rodo shoes, labelling the statement as “one of Julie Bishop’s chilliest-ever slapdowns.” Crabb, somewhat sardonically, suggested this translated as Bishop listing someone with her qualifications and experience as: “Woman Works Hard, Is Good at Her Job, Doesn't Screw Up, Loses Out Anyway.”For political journalist Tony Wright, Bishop was “clearly furious with those who had let their testosterone get the better of them and their party” and proceeded to “stride out in a pair of heels in the most vivid red to announce that, despite having resigned the deputy position she had occupied for 11 years, she was not about to quit the Parliament.” In response to the lack of support for Bishop in the leadership spill, female members of the federal parliament took to wearing red in the parliamentary chambers signalling that female members were “fed up with the machinations of the male majority” (Wright).Red signifies power, strength and anger. Worn in parliament, it was noticeable and striking, making a powerful statement. The following day, Bishop said: “It is evident … that there is an acceptance of a level of behaviour in Canberra that would not be tolerated in any other workplace across Australia" (Wright).Colour is political. The Suffragettes of the early twentieth century donned the colours of purple and white to create a statement of unity and solidarity. In recent months, Dr Kerryn Phelps used purple in her election campaign to win the vacated seat of Wentworth, following Turnbull’s resignation, perhaps as a nod to the Suffragettes. Public anger in Wentworth saw Phelps elected, despite the electorate having been seen as a safe Liberal seat.On 21 February 2019, the last sitting day of Parliament before the budget and federal election, Julie Bishop stood to announce her intention to leave politics at the next election. To some this was a surprise. To others it was expected. On finishing her speech, Bishop immediately exited the Lower House without acknowledging the Prime Minister. A proverbial full-stop to her outrage. She wore Suffragette white.Victorian Liberal backbencher Julia Banks, having declared herself so repelled by bullying during the Turnbull-Dutton leadership delirium, announced she was quitting the Liberal Party and sitting in the House of Representatives as an Independent. Banks said she could no longer tolerate the bullying, led by members of the reactionary right wing, the coup was aided by many MPs trading their vote for a leadership change in exchange for their individual promotion, preselection endorsements or silence. Their actions were undeniably for themselves, for their position in the party, their power, their personal ambition – not for the Australian people.The images of male Liberal Members of Parliament standing with their backs turned to Banks, as she tended her resignation from the Liberal Party, were powerful, indicating their disrespect and contempt. Yet Banks’s decision to stay in politics, as with Wong and Bishop is admirable. To maintain the rage from within the institutions and structures that act to sustain patriarchy is a brave, but necessary choice.Today, as much as any time in the past, a woman’s place is in politics, however, recent events highlight the ongoing poor treatment of women in Australian politics. Yet, in the face of negative treatment – gendered attacks on their character, dismissive treatment of their leadership abilities, and ongoing bullying and sexism, political women are fighting back. They are once again channelling their rage at the way they are being treated and how their abilities are constantly questioned. They are enraged to the point of standing in the face of adversity to bring about social and political change, just as the suffragettes and the women’s movements of the 1970s did before them. The current trend towards women planning to stand as Independents at the 2019 federal election is one indication of this. Women within the major parties, particularly on the conservative side of politics, have become quiet. Some are withdrawing, but most are likely regrouping, gathering the rage within and ready to make a stand after the dust of the 2019 election has settled.ReferencesAndrew, Merrindahl. Social Movements and the Limits of Strategy: How Australian Feminists Formed Positions on Work and Care. Canberra. 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