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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 19 лютого 2023

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1

Wright, Barry. "Lake Mungo." Aboriginal Child at School 13, no. 2 (May 1985): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200013729.

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Анотація:

Lake Mungo, in New South Wales, is the home of the first known people in this country. Here, the oldest known evidence of Aboriginal people in Australia has been found. Because of its importance, it is a site which everyone should know about. To give us a feeling for Lake Mungo, Billy Reid, the illustrator of The Aboriginal Health Worker and The Aboriginal Child at School, came with me on a trip. We travelled west to the Darling River (whose Aboriginal name is Calewatta), and then south-east to Lake Mungo itself. Billy made wonderful drawings to represent the deeds and everyday life of those people. This can be reconstructed from the fossil evidence found at Lake Mungo. He has also drawn some scenes of life along the banks of the Calewatta - the river which is Billy’s own home. He hails from Bourke.

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2

Barrows, Timothy T., Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons, Stephanie C. Mills, Jacqui Tumney, Daryl Pappin, and Nicola Stern. "Late Pleistocene lake level history of Lake Mungo, Australia." Quaternary Science Reviews 238 (June 2020): 106338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106338.

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3

Groves, Colin. "Lake Mungo 3 and his DNA." Archaeology in Oceania 36, no. 3 (October 2001): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2001.tb00492.x.

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4

Long, Kelsie, David Heslop, and Eelco J. Rohling. "Quantitative assessment of the oxygen isotope composition of fish otoliths from Lake Mungo, Australia." Quaternary Research 102 (February 1, 2021): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.121.

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AbstractThe Willandra Lakes region is a series of once interconnected and now-dry lake basins in the arid zone of southeastern Australia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site of cultural, archaeological, and geological significance, preserving records of Aboriginal occupation and environmental change stretching back to at least 50 ka. Linking the archaeology with the commensurate palaeoenvironmental information is complicated by the millennial time spans represented by the past hydrological record preserved in the sediment vs. the subdecadal evidence of each archaeological site. Oxygen isotope records across annual growth rings of fish otoliths (ear stones) can elucidate flooding and drying regimes on subannual scales. Otoliths from hearth sites (fireplaces) link lake hydrology with people eating fish on the lakeshore. Oxygen isotopic trends in hearth otoliths from the last glacial maximum (LGM) were previously interpreted in terms of high evaporation under dry conditions. However, this ignored hydrology-driven changes in water δ18O. Here, a mass balance model is constructed to test the effect lake desiccation has on water δ18O and how this compares with the LGM otolith records. Based on this modelling, we suggest that Lake Mungo otolith signatures are better explained by evaporation acting on full lakes rather than by lake drying.

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5

Oyston, Ben. "Thermoluminescence age determinations for the Mungo III human burial, Lake Mungo, Southeastern Australia." Quaternary Science Reviews 15, no. 7 (January 1996): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(96)00025-x.

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6

Walshe, Keryn. "Taphonomy of Mungo B assemblage: indicators for subsistence and occupation of Lake Mungo." Archaeology in Oceania 33, no. 3 (October 1998): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1998.tb00418.x.

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7

de Quincey, Tess. "Body Weather bodies in the outback – Lake Mungo." Theatre, Dance and Performance Training 12, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443927.2021.1943505.

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8

Adcock, Gregory J., Elizabeth S. Dennis, Simon Easteal, Gavin A. Huttley, Lars S. Jermiin, W. James Peacock, and Alan Thorne. "Lake Mungo 3: A response to recent critiques." Archaeology in Oceania 36, no. 3 (October 2001): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2001.tb00494.x.

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9

Fullagar, Richard, Elspeth Hayes, Birgitta Stephenson, Judith Field, Carney Matheson, Nicola Stern, and Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons. "The scale of seed grinding at Lake Mungo." Archaeology in Oceania 50, no. 3 (August 27, 2015): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5073.

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10

Thorne, Alan, and Darren Curnoe. "Sex and significance of Lake Mungo 3: reply to Brown “Australian Pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3”." Journal of Human Evolution 39, no. 6 (December 2000): 587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2000.0442.

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11

Smith, M. A. "What sort of seed grinding at Pleistocene Lake Mungo?" Archaeology in Oceania 50, no. 3 (August 27, 2015): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5074.

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12

Schmidt, Patrick, and Peter Hiscock. "The antiquity of Australian silcrete heat treatment: Lake Mungo and the Willandra Lakes." Journal of Human Evolution 142 (May 2020): 102744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102744.

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13

Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E., Nicola Stern, and Colin V. Murray-Wallace. "Depositional history and archaeology of the central Lake Mungo lunette, Willandra Lakes, southeast Australia." Journal of Archaeological Science 41 (January 2014): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.08.004.

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14

Smith, Mike. "How the Desert got a Past: A History of Quaternary Research in Australia’s Deserts." Historical Records of Australian Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14012.

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Анотація:

This paper examines how the past of desert landscapes has been interpreted since European explorers and scientists first encountered them. It charts the research that created the conceptual space within which archaeologists and Quaternarists now work. Studies from the 1840s–1960s created the notion of a ‘Great Australian Arid Period'. The 1960s studies of Lake Mungo and the Willandra Lakes by Jim Bowler revealed the cyclical nature of palaeolakes, that changed with climate changes in the Pleistocene, and the complexity of desert pasts. SLEADS and other researchers in the 1980s used thermoluminescence techniques that showed further complexities in desert lands beyond the Willandra particularly through new studies in the Strzelecki and Simpson Dunefields, Lake Eyre, Lake Woods and Lake Gregory. Australian deserts are varied and have very different histories. Far from ‘timeless lands', they have carried detailed information about long-term climate changes on continental scales.

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15

Brown, Peter. "Australian Pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3." Journal of Human Evolution 38, no. 5 (May 2000): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0400.

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16

Prossor, Lauren, Tim Denham, Frank Brink, Ulrike Troitzsch, and Nicola Stern. "The microstratigraphic investigation of hearth features at Lake Mungo, Australia." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 46 (December 2022): 103711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103711.

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17

Long, Kelsie, Rachel Wood, Ian S. Williams, John Kalish, Wilfred Shawcross, Nicola Stern, and Rainer Grün. "Fish otolith microchemistry: Snapshots of lake conditions during early human occupation of Lake Mungo, Australia." Quaternary International 463 (January 2018): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.10.026.

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18

Thorne, Alan, Rainer Grün, Graham Mortimer, Nigel A. Spooner, John J. Simpson, Malcolm McCulloch, Lois Taylor, and Darren Curnoe. "Australia's oldest human remains: age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton." Journal of Human Evolution 36, no. 6 (June 1999): 591–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0305.

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19

Trueman, J. W. H. "Does the Lake Mungo 3 mtDNA evidence stand up to analysis?" Archaeology in Oceania 36, no. 3 (October 2001): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2001.tb00491.x.

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20

Fullagar, Richard, Elspeth Hayes, Birgitta Stephenson, Judith Field, Carney Matheson, Nicola Stern, and Kathryn Fitzsimmons. "Evidence for Pleistocene seed grinding at Lake Mungo, south-eastern Australia." Archaeology in Oceania 50 (April 2015): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5053.

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21

Moser, Stephanie. "Visions Of The Australian Pleistocene: Prehistoric Life At Lake Mungo And Kutikina." Australian Archaeology 35, no. 1 (December 1992): iv—10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1992.11681465.

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22

Bowler, James M., Harvey Johnston, Jon M. Olley, John R. Prescott, Richard G. Roberts, Wilfred Shawcross, and Nigel A. Spooner. "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia." Nature 421, no. 6925 (February 2003): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01383.

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23

Long, Kelsie, Nicola Stern, Ian S. Williams, Les Kinsley, Rachel Wood, Katarina Sporcic, Tegan Smith, et al. "Fish otolith geochemistry, environmental conditions and human occupation at Lake Mungo, Australia." Quaternary Science Reviews 88 (March 2014): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.01.012.

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24

Gillespie, Richard, and Richard G. Roberts. "On the reliability of age estimates for human remains at Lake Mungo." Journal of Human Evolution 38, no. 5 (May 2000): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0398.

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25

Bowler, J. M., and D. M. Price. "Luminescence dates and stratigraphic analyses at Lake Mungo: review and new perspectives." Archaeology in Oceania 33, no. 3 (October 1998): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1998.tb00415.x.

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26

DURBAND, ARTHUR C., DANIEL R. T. RAYNER, and MICHAEL WESTAWAY. "A new test of the sex of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton." Archaeology in Oceania 44, no. 2 (July 2009): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2009.tb00050.x.

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27

Paciência, Filipa M. D., Deusdedith Baluya, Pay Mbaryo, Sascha Knauf, and Dietmar Zinner. "Olive baboons' (Papio anubis) response towards crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) at Lake Manyara National Park." Primate Biology 4, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-101-2017.

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Анотація:

Abstract. In this paper we report on two encounters between olive baboons (Papio anubis) and crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) at Lake Manyara National Park, northern Tanzania. During these encounters olive baboons responded by giving alarm calls and all infants and juveniles rushed down from trees seeking cover under bushes or close proximity to adult conspecifics. In one of the events, alarm calls from banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) and rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) most likely triggered alarm calling of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) which in turn prompted baboons to respond with alarm calls as well. In both observations, adult male baboons took the lead in climbing trees, threatening the eagle (staring, yawning, ground slapping) and chasing it away. The reaction of the baboons suggests that crowned eagles pose a threat at least for juvenile baboons at Lake Manyara National Park.

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28

Briefel, Aviva. "Rules of Digital Attraction: The Lure of the Ghost in Joel Anderson's Lake Mungo." Quarterly Review of Film and Video 34, no. 2 (June 27, 2016): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2016.1192909.

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29

BELL, W. T. "THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATES FOR THE LAKE MUNGO ABORIGINAL FIREPLACES AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR RADIOCARBON DATING." Archaeometry 33, no. 1 (February 1991): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00684.x.

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30

Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E., Caroline Spry, and Nicola Stern. "Holocene and recent aeolian reactivation of the Willandra Lakes lunettes, semi-arid southeastern Australia." Holocene 29, no. 4 (January 29, 2019): 606–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618824790.

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Анотація:

The Willandra Lakes in semi-arid southeastern Australia provide some of the most continuous combined palaeoenvironmental and archaeological records on the continent. These are best preserved within the transverse shoreline (lunette) dunes on their downwind margins. Following final lake retreat c. 15 ka avulsion of the dominant fluvial inflow eastwards, the Willandra lunettes periodically reactivated, experiencing erosion, aeolian redeposition and alluvial sheetwash. These reworked sedimentary archives reflect regional climatic conditions rather than those of the entire catchment. Yet the focus of most study in the region to date has remained on the late Pleistocene. The general paucity of Holocene data has contributed to a perception that people largely abandoned the area in favour of the perennial Murray and Darling Rivers to the south and west. Our study reconstructs past geomorphological conditions and patterns of human mobility in adjacent Lakes Mungo and Durthong over the last c. 15 ka subsequent to final lake retreat, including the most recent 150 years since Europeans established pastoralism in the region. Our data show that Indigenous people did not abandon the area as previously assumed, but developed effective strategies for responding to the changed environmental conditions. Final lake retreat transitioned into a phase of aeolian accumulation c. 15–12 ka, indicating locally dry conditions. Subsequent aeolian reactivation peaked during arid phases experiencing less rainfall in the early Holocene and twice in the most recent 1000 years prior to European settlement in the area. Alluvial sheetwash was deposited onto lake floors during the mid-Holocene, and again in the early decades of European settlement. Aeolian reactivation, likely driven by European pastoral activities, increases in the most recent 150 years. Our study underscores the necessity of integrating geomorphological and archaeological investigations over landscape scales in order to optimise our understanding of interactions between people and their environment through time.

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31

Olley, Jon M., Richard G. Roberts, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and James M. Bowler. "Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia." Quaternary Science Reviews 25, no. 19-20 (October 2006): 2469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022.

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32

Weston, Erica, Katherine Szabó, and Nicola Stern. "Pleistocene shell tools from Lake Mungo lunette, Australia: Identification and interpretation drawing on experimental archaeology." Quaternary International 427 (January 2017): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.048.

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33

Gillespie, Richard. "Burnt and Unburnt Carbon: Dating Charcoal and Burnt Bone from the Willandra Lakes, Australia." Radiocarbon 39, no. 3 (1997): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200053236.

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A new analysis of previous results on conflicts between shell and charcoal dates and on burnt human bones, with new data presented here, suggests that alternative interpretations are possible for the archaeology and environmental history of the Willandra Lakes region. Black sediment samples from archaeological sites at Lake Outer Arumpo exhibit wide variation in burnt and unburnt carbon content; high humic acid concentrations in midden layers and in one group of hearth/ovens are absent in another, older, group of hearth/ovens. There are no acceptable results on charcoal from hearth/ovens older than ca. 31 ka bp, and no evidence that these samples are associated with numerous midden shell dates at 34–37 ka bp. Similar logic applied to humic-free residue dates on burnt human bones places five gracile skeletons (including Mungo 1) as post–Last Glacial Maximum.

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34

Hill, Ethan C., and Arthur C. Durband. "Mobility and subsistence at the Willandra Lakes: A comparative analysis of femoral cross-sectional properties in the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton." Journal of Human Evolution 73 (August 2014): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.05.014.

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35

GrüN, Rainer, Nigel A. Spooner, Alan Thorne, Graham Mortimer, John J. Simpson, Malcolm T. Mcculloch, Lois Taylor, and Darren Curnoe. "Age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton, reply to Bowler & Magee and to Gillespie & Roberts." Journal of Human Evolution 38, no. 5 (May 2000): 733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2000.0399.

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36

Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E., Nicola Stern, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, William Truscott, and Cornel Pop. "The Mungo Mega-Lake Event, Semi-Arid Australia: Non-Linear Descent into the Last Ice Age, Implications for Human Behaviour." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2015): e0127008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127008.

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37

Jankowski, Nathan R., Nicola Stern, Terry J. Lachlan, and Zenobia Jacobs. "A high-resolution late Quaternary depositional history and chronology for the southern portion of the Lake Mungo lunette, semi-arid Australia." Quaternary Science Reviews 233 (April 2020): 106224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106224.

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38

Foley, Elizabeth, Caroline Spry, and Nicola Stern. "Establishing the integrity and stratigraphic origin of stone artefact scatters on the surface of the Lake Mungo lunette in south-eastern Australia." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13 (June 2017): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.002.

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39

Tumney, Jacqueline. "Identifying and characterising different types of stone artefact accumulations on the surface of the Lake Mungo lunette, southwest New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 21 (October 2018): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.007.

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40

Layton, Robert. "Trends in the Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art of Western Europe and Australia." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57, no. 01 (1991): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004953.

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Анотація:

Rock art associated with modern human populations has a comparable antiquity in Western Europe and Australia (table 1). In Western Europe personal adornment, human and animal statuettes and some carved stone blocks date from the early Aurignacian. In Australia a date of 30,000 BP has been claimed for the origin of the geometric art tradition of the Olary Province of Southern Australia, a date which would make it contemporary with the modern human community at Lake Mungo 150 miles to the east, who were practising deliberate burial (Bowler and Thome 1976, 129,138). This date, however, depends on the cation ratio method, whose calibration is still open to question (Nobbs and Dorn 1988; Clarke 1989; Watchman 1989).Secure dates based on C14 measurements show that both geometric motifs and engraved animal silhouettes in northern Australia are contemporary with the flowering of European Palaeolithic art during the Magdalenian (for Dampier, see Lorblanchet 1988, 286; for Laura, see Rosenfeld 1981, 12, 53).

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41

Mouser, Bruce L. "Forgotten Expedition into Guinea, West Africa, 1815–17: an Editor's Comments." History in Africa 35 (January 2008): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0007.

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Late in 1818 Major William Gray (Royal African Corps) and Staff Surgeon (Captain) Duncan Dochard (RAC) launched a mission of discovery along the Gambia River, intending to determine the source of the Niger River and follow its course to the point that it flowed into an inland sea or emptied into an ocean. That expedition consisted of no fewer than 62 military personnel, 31 formally appointed civilians, and likely an equal number of unofficial Africans who had taken advantage from a large and well-armed entourage for security along the path. That expedition, which lasted for more than two years, was moderately successful, but it failed in its larger objectives. It returned to the coast eventually without even reaching Timbuktu. Its leaders produced a monograph, published in 1825, that confirmed many observations made earlier by Mungo Park.The Gray/Dochard expedition, while admirable in its efforts and intent, was not the first, however, to make this particular attempt. Indeed, planning for this expeditionary cycle began in London during the summer of 1815, and was part of a larger government-sponsored plan to trace the course of the Niger, clarify the circumstances of the death of Mungo Park, and perhaps return his remains and personal property to the coast. The expedition's planners also hoped to resolve suggestions that the Niger might drain into an inland lake, might evaporate in the desert, or might join with the Nile, Congo, or another river before reaching Africa's coast. No less important was a concern in 1815 that the end of warfare on the European continent would bring a resurgence of French commercial and imperial interests.

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42

Flood, Josephine. "Culture in Early Aboriginal Australia." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6, no. 1 (April 1996): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977430000158x.

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Анотація:

On the basis of recent archaeological evidence it seems that humans first entered the Australian continent about 60,000 years ago. These first ocean-going mariners had a high level of technological and economic skill, and had spread right across Australia into a wide variety of environments by about 35,000 years ago. Pigment showing clear signs of use occurs in almost all Australia's oldest known occupation sites, and evidence of self-awareness such as necklaces and beads has been found in several Pleistocene rock shelters. Rituals were carried out in connection with disposal of the dead, for at Lake Mungo there is a 25,000-year-old cremation, and ochre was scattered onto the corpse in a 30,000-year-old inhumation. Complex symbolic behaviour is attested at least 40,000 years ago by petroglyphs in the Olary district, and other evidence suggests a similar antiquity for rock paintings. The special focus of this article is cognitive archaeology, the study of past ways of thought as derived from material remains, particularly the development of early Australian artistic systems.

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43

Chudziak, Wojciech. "Early medieval island-type lake dwellings in north-western Poland: Western Slavonic crannogs?" Archaeologia Historica Polona 28 (December 30, 2020): 11–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/ahp.2020.001.

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Анотація:

In many regions of Europe there are so-called lake-dwellings, which were described in 1890 by Robert Munro, and have a close spatial and functional relation withinland water systems and seas. Settlements of this type are also known from the area of north-western Poland, where the landscape is dominated by lakes. Characteristicamong them are early medieval settlements entirely occupying small islands located within lake basins (Parsęcko, Żółte and Myślibórz in Pomerania – Pomorze; Nowy Dworek, Chycina and Lubniewice in Lubusz Land – ziemia lubuska). In their external appearance, they resemble British crannogs, especially in their size, the anthropogenic structure of the islands, wooden quays, piers and bridge crossings connecting the islands with the nearby mainland. An important feature of the islands where such structures are sited is their characteristic location – directly on the long-distance routes, in the settlement border zone, in the vicinity of the main watersheds of Lubusz Land andPomerania. They were also part of local settlement clusters, which often included contemporary defensive settlements. They were central places, especially important from the point of view of the identity of local territorial communities. Their functions should be considered not only in the social and political dimension, but probably also in the mythical and sacral one.

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44

ALLEN, HARRY, and SIMON HOLDAWAY. "The archaeology of Mungo and the Willandra Lakes: looking back, looking forward." Archaeology in Oceania 44, no. 2 (July 2009): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2009.tb00052.x.

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45

Arndt, Nicholas T. "Spinifex and swirling olivines in a komatiite lava lake, Munro Township, Canada." Precambrian Research 34, no. 2 (December 1986): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(86)90054-9.

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46

Parks, Jen, Shoufa Lin, Don Davis, and Tim Corkery. "New high-precision U–Pb ages for the Island Lake greenstone belt, northwestern Superior Province: implications for regional stratigraphy and the extent of the North Caribou terrane." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-044.

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Анотація:

A combined U–Pb and field mapping study of the Island Lake greenstone belt has led to the recognition of three distinct supracrustal assemblages. These assemblages record magmatic episodes at 2897, 2852, and 2744 Ma. Voluminous plutonic rocks within the belt range in age from 2894 to 2730 Ma, with a concentration at 2744 Ma. U–Pb data also show that a regional fault that transects the belt, the Savage Island shear zone, is not a terrane-bounding structure. The youngest sedimentary group in the belt, the Island Lake Group, has an unconformable relationship with older plutons. Sedimentation in this group is bracketed between 2712 and 2699 Ma. This group, and others similar to it in the northwestern Superior Province, is akin to Timiskaming-type sedimentary groups found throughout the Superior Province and in other Archean cratons. These data confirm that this belt experienced a complex geological history that spanned at least 200 million years, which is typical of greenstone belts in this area. Age correlations between the Island Lake belt and other belts in the northwest Superior Province suggest the existence of a volcanic "megasequence". This evidence, in combination with Nd isotopic data, indicates that the Oxford–Stull domain, and the Munro Lake, Island Lake, and North Caribou terranes may have been part of a much larger reworked Mesoarchean crustal block, the North Caribou superterrane. It appears that the Superior Province was assembled by accretion of such large independent crustal blocks, whose individual histories involved extended periods of autochthonous development.

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47

Karabiniuk, Mykola, Ihor Hnatiak, and Yana Markanych. "Anthropization of valuable natural territorial complexes of the subalpine and alpine highlands of Chornohora under the influence of recreational and tourist activities in the vicinity of Brebeneskul Lake (Ukrainian Carpathians)." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 99, no. 1-2 (2020): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2020.1-2.02.

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Анотація:

The results of the study of anthropization of valuable natural territorial complexes of the subalpine and alpine highlands of Chornohora under the influence of recreational and tourist activities in the vicinity of Brebeneskul Lake (Ukrainian Carpathians) are presented. Anthropization is caused by continuous cutting of bushes, clogging and trampling. The study is based on the results of expeditionary field research. A map of degradation centers of natural territorial complexes of the subalpine and alpine highlands of Chornohora in the vicinity of Brebeneskul Lake on a scale of 1 : 10 000 at the level of simple tracts and subtracts with the use of modern mapping methods is made. Peculiarities of formation, area and configuration, as well as landscape differentiation of centers of development of degradation processes of high-mountain landscape complexes in the vicinity of Brebeneskul Lake are analyzed. It is established that the most recreational load is experienced by the complex tract of my-boulder moraine-scree bottom of the Brebeneskul Cirque of the south-eastern exposition. The cutting of mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) and littering on the area of about 0,8 ha, trampling of the soil and vegetation cover on the area of 1,0 ha were recorded here. The deterioration of the ecological situation in the vicinity of Brebeneskul Lake is the result of unorganized recreational and tourist activities. Recommendations for reducing the negative impact of recreational activities and reducing the degradation of natural territorial complexes subalpine and alpine highlands of Chornohora in the vicinity of Brebeneskul Lake are outlined.

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La Porta, N., and P. Capretti. "Mycosphaerella dearnessii, a Needle-cast Pathogen on Mountain Pine (Pinus mugo) in Italy." Plant Disease 84, no. 8 (August 2000): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.8.922a.

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Анотація:

The pathogen Mycosphaerella dearnessii Barr. (syn. Scirrhia acicola; anamorph Lecanosticta acicola), the causal agent of brown spot needle blight, was observed on Pinus mugo in the Botanical Garden in Gardone (Brescia), on the western side of Garda Lake in northeastern Italy. Symptoms were first noticed in the spring of 1997 by Klaus Lang (University of Freising, Germany). Two years later, all 12 of the P. mugo present in the Garden exhibited extensive necrosis, and defoliation of the crown starting from the bottom upward was more prevalent on the shaded portion of infected trees. The trees were about 50 years old and 2.0 to 2.5 m in height. Symptomatic needles were confined to the 2- and 3-year old internodes. Infected needles had several dark to purplish-brown spots surrounded by green tissue and usually had dead tips. Pycnidia and conidia of Lecanosticta acicola were observed. Conidia were 4-celled, curved, pointed at one end and blunt at the other, pale olive-brown and 20 to 30 × 3 to 4 μm. The fungus was isolated in pure culture. The pathogen causes serious losses in China, eastern United States, and central and South America, but was observed for the first time in Europe only 30 years ago. It is a major cause of needle blight on several European pine species, especially P. sylvestris, P. nigra, and P. mugo. In the last 7 years, there have been reports of the fungus in pine stands, first in France, Aquitaine, and the western Pyrenees on P. radiata (3), and more recently on P. mugo in the Alps in Austria (1), Switzerland (2), and southern Germany (4). This record of the fungus near Lake Garda poses a new serious threat especially for the pine plantations of P. nigra and P. sylvestris in the more humid locations in the Alps, Apennines, and elsewhere in the mountains of southern Europe where the climatic conditions are similar to that of central Europe. This is the first report of M. dearnessii on the southern slopes of the Alps and in Italy. References: (1) M. Brandstetter and T. Cech. Oesterreichische Forstzeitung 110:35, 1999. (2) O. Holdenrieder and T. N. Sieber. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 25:293, 1995. (3) A. Levy and C. Lafaurie. Phytoma 463:33, 1994. (4) L. Pehl L. Nachrichtenbl. Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzdienstes 47:305, 1995.

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Heupink, Tim H., Sankar Subramanian, Joanne L. Wright, Phillip Endicott, Michael Carrington Westaway, Leon Huynen, Walther Parson, Craig D. Millar, Eske Willerslev, and David M. Lambert. "Ancient mtDNA sequences from the First Australians revisited." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 25 (June 6, 2016): 6892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521066113.

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The publication in 2001 by Adcock et al. [Adcock GJ, et al. (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(2):537–542] in PNAS reported the recovery of short mtDNA sequences from ancient Australians, including the 42,000-y-old Mungo Man [Willandra Lakes Hominid (WLH3)]. This landmark study in human ancient DNA suggested that an early modern human mitochondrial lineage emerged in Asia and that the theory of modern human origins could no longer be considered solely through the lens of the “Out of Africa” model. To evaluate these claims, we used second generation DNA sequencing and capture methods as well as PCR-based and single-primer extension (SPEX) approaches to reexamine the same four Willandra Lakes and Kow Swamp 8 (KS8) remains studied in the work by Adcock et al. Two of the remains sampled contained no identifiable human DNA (WLH15 and WLH55), whereas the Mungo Man (WLH3) sample contained no Aboriginal Australian DNA. KS8 reveals human mitochondrial sequences that differ from the previously inferred sequence. Instead, we recover a total of five modern European contaminants from Mungo Man (WLH3). We show that the remaining sample (WLH4) contains ∼1.4% human DNA, from which we assembled two complete mitochondrial genomes. One of these was a previously unidentified Aboriginal Australian haplotype belonging to haplogroup S2 that we sequenced to a high coverage. The other was a contaminating modern European mitochondrial haplotype. Although none of the sequences that we recovered matched those reported by Adcock et al., except a contaminant, these findings show the feasibility of obtaining important information from ancient Aboriginal Australian remains.

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Pereira Sieso, Juan, María Teresa Chapa Brunet, and Antonio Madrigal Belinchón. "Reflexiones en torno al mundo funerario de la Alta Andalucía durante la transición Bronce Final-Hierro I." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla, no. 10 (2001): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2001.i10.17.

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