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Статті в журналах з теми "Labour function"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Jaskulska, Jagoda. "ABOUT THE MODIFYING FUNCTION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF LABOR LAW ON THE GROUND OF THE ART. 300 OF THE LABOR CODE." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny, no. XXI (December 30, 2021): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6096.

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The article is devoted to the function of the principles of labor law from the perspective of Art. 300 of the Labor Code, providing that in matters not regulated by provisions of the labour law relating to a relationship of employment, respective provisions of the Civil Code are applicable, if these are not contrary to principles of the labour law. Enriching the content of art. 300 of the Labor Code for the above premise allows for the identification of certain specific functions that are fulfilled by the principles of labor law on this ground. In the doctrine of labor law, among them, there is a modifying function, correlated with the clause of appropriate application of provisions in the variant, which assumes modification in the area of disposition of provisions applied in connection with Art. 300 of the Labor Code. The aim of the article is to assess the legitimacy of relating the modifying function to the principles of labor law within the meaning of art. 300 k.p. taking into account, inter alia, the limits of making and interpreting the law and the nature of the referring provisions.

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2

Woods, H. D. "Power and Function in Labour Relations." Relations industrielles 15, no. 4 (February 3, 2014): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021910ar.

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Summary The Author contends that the legal framework which has developed in Canada to deal with collective bargaining has been less favourable to the emergence of strong unions and effective collective bargaining than in the American case. This is explained better by fortuitous (and notably constitutional) circumstances than by calculated policy decisions. Canadian pragmatism in this field has led to a relatively massive State intervention which has strongly affected the basically unstable power relationship between labour and management. And the trend is increasing.

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3

Christian von Weizsäcker, Carl. "A New Technical Progress Function (1962)." German Economic Review 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 248–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00512.x.

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Abstract In this paper, I show that labour-saving or capital-saving technical progress is induced by the distribution of income between capital and labour. In the long run, technical progress is Harrod neutral. The long-run equilibrium factor income distribution is determined by a parameter of the technical progress function.

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4

Vella, Melchior. "Employment and labour hoarding: a production function approach." Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 23, no. 46 (November 5, 2018): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jefas-07-2017-0079.

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PurposeThis paper aims to test the hypothesis that the effect of production slowdown on labour demand can be muted by labour hoarding.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a production function approach, using data from Malta, a small state in the EU.FindingsThe results confirm the hypothesis and indicate that firms are normally prepared to employ and dismiss more workers in the long run than in the short run.Practical implicationsThis finding has important implications for developed countries, including that labour hoarding can be of certain relevance in times of economic slowdown as shocks are absorbed by internal flexibility.Originality/valueThe results of this study add on to the existing literature in two ways. First, this study compares two industries –manufacturing and financial services– for which the former sector received support to hoard labour after the financial turmoil of 2008. Consequently, the dominance of labour hoarding in manufacturing relative to financial services is uncovered and the effect of hoarding practices on labour demand is estimated. Second, Malta is an interesting case because it is one of the smallest economies in the world and faces a high degree of vulnerability because of constraints associated with small size and insularity. As a result, firms adopt policy-induced measures to minimise adjustment costs.

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5

Mazurek, Jiří. "On a Production Function of European Countries: An Empirical Study." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 21, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0009.

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The aim of this paper is to examine the goodness‑of‑fit of several aggregated production functions including the Cobb‑Douglas function, the Mankiw, Romer and Weil model, or Mincer’s specification for a set of 30 European countries during the period 2006–2015. The dependent variable was economic output measured in real GDP, while the set of independent variables included labour, physical capital, human capital, labour productivity or technology level. The main finding of the paper is that all the above‑mentioned aggregate production functions fitted the data exceptionally well, with the adjusted coefficients of determination above 0.95. Also, it was found that the inclusion of other macroeconomic variables, such as labour productivity, human capital or technology level to the two‑factor Cobb‑Douglas function did not result in a significantly better goodness‑of‑fit.

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6

Dykas, Paweł, and Tomasz Misiak. "The Neoclassical Growth Model with Sinusoidal Investments." Przegląd Statystyczny 63, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1148.

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The aim of the present study is an attempt to extend the neoclassical model of economic growth of Solow by repealing the assumption of fixed investment and introducing an investment function dependent sinusoidally on the time. The adoption of the sinusoidal function of investment is substantiated by the fact that investments (like manufacturing) are largely depended on the economic situation, which is subject to periodic fluctuations. The authors introduce the theoretical considerations on the notion of cyclical and smooth path of temporal capital-labour ratio and labour productivity. When using these tools the authors identified, by calculating the relative deviations of the mentioned path, the impact of investment function dependent sinusoidally on the time.In the empirical analysis the authors conducted the calibration of parameters used by the research model. Based on panel data for the EU15 between the years 2000–2013 the α parameter (production flexibility in relation to capital) was estimated first at 0,349. That value was adopted to further numerical analysis. In the second stage the simulations of numerical, calibrated deviations of temporal cyclical path of capital-labour ratio (labor productivity) from the smooth path of capital-labour ratio (labor productivity) was performed. When conducting numerical analysis the impact of different investment rates (15%, 20%, 25%) and periods of cyclical fluctuations (4 or 10 years) have been considered in relation to the formation of these deviations. Numerical analysis for the economies of the EU15 group was made for one hundred time series.

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7

SHARIF, Mohammed. "Inverted“S”-The complete neoclassical labour-supply function." International Labour Review 139, no. 4 (December 2000): 409–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913x.2000.tb00526.x.

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8

KOSKELA, ERKKI, and MATTI VIRÉN. "CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, LABOUR SUPPLY RATIONING AND BORROWING CONSTRAINTS." Oxford Economic Papers 37, no. 3 (September 1985): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041704.

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9

THIJSSEN, GEERT. "Estimating a labour supply function of farm households." European Review of Agricultural Economics 15, no. 1 (1988): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/15.1.67.

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10

Ireland, Norman J. "AN ILLUSTRATIVE PRODUCTION FUNCTION FOR LABOUR-MANAGED FIRMS." Bulletin of Economic Research 40, no. 3 (June 1988): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1988.tb00269.x.

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11

Vakhonieva, T. "MAINTENANCE OF WORK ACTIVITIES ON A PROFESSIONAL BASIS AS A FUNCTION OF LABOR LAW." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 115 (2020): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2020/5.115-2.

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The article examines the main components of professional activity as a sign of labour relations. The importance of labour law and its mechanisms in the field of maintaining the appropriate professional level of employees in performing their duties is established. The connection of labour law norms with the norms of education legislation is substantiated, the importance of professional standards in its formation is determined. Maintaining the proper professional qualification level of employees is recognized as a special and important function of labour law, which leads to the expansion of the subject of labour law and the emergence of new institutions of labour law. The result of proper provision of labour law to perform work on a professional basis is to obtain a quality material and intellectual product for a wide range of consumers.

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12

Лобачёва, Anastasia Lobacheva, Соболь, and O. Sobol. "The Modern Head of Staff Service Work Content in Russia." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 4, no. 5 (October 19, 2015): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14956.

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This article describes the results of the study to identify the content of the modern personnel Manager labour activity, organized with the involvement of personnel management services experts of companies in various Russia regions, various fields and sizes. It describes the main labour function and generalized employment functions in the area of personnel management, and also identified those features that have received the least attention in the public and the real sector of the economy. The article also studied the specialization and division of labor within the personnel management services, reveals the most popular and, conversely, not enough common work areas in the personnel management field. Authors analyzed leadership positions in human resources departments and their place in a company hierarchical level.

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13

Aran, Turhan, Ipek Pekgöz, Hasan Bozkaya, and Mehmet A. Osmanagaoglu. "Association between preterm labour and pelvic floor muscle function." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 38, no. 8 (March 23, 2018): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2018.1446922.

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14

Leslie, Derek. "MODELLING HOURS OF WORK IN A LABOUR SERVICES FUNCTION." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 38, no. 1 (February 1991): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1991.tb00298.x.

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15

KHAN, HAROON, OSAMU ISHIHARA, MARK H. F. SULLIVAN, and MURDOCH G. ELDER. "Changes in decidual stromal cell function associated with labour." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 99, no. 1 (January 1992): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14383.x.

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16

Bennett, R. J., and R. R. Pinto. "The Hiring Function in Local Labour Markets in Britain." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 12 (December 1994): 1957–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261957.

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The labour market hiring function is estimated in the 104 areas of Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) and Local Enterprise Companies (LECs) that cover Britain. The model gives good overall fit with a general pattern evidencing constant returns to scale between unemployment and vacancies. Important variations occur between local TEC/LEC areas, particularly for islands, the City of London, suburban commuter areas, and coalfields or other areas suffering steep rises in redundancies. The estimates suggest that there is a linear aggregation between the local and national level. It is also concluded that the present boundaries of TEC/LEC areas should be reviewed, particularly in metropolitan areas, or that government contracts should give a strong emphasis to TECs or LECs working more closely together in these areas.

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17

Schettkat, Ronald. "Flexibility through labour mobility: A function of the macroeconomy." Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 5, no. 2 (December 1994): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0954-349x(94)90010-8.

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18

McCollum, David, and Allan Findlay. "‘Flexible’ workers for ‘flexible’ jobs? The labour market function of A8 migrant labour in the UK." Work, Employment and Society 29, no. 3 (April 17, 2015): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017014568137.

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19

Hiļķevičs, Sergejs, and Sanita Lasmane. "EVALUATION OF THE LATVIAN LABOUR MARKET USING THE COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION AND THE BEVERIDGE CURVE MODEL." SOCIETY. TECHNOLOGY. SOLUTIONS. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (April 8, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35363/via.sts.2022.89.

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INTRODUCTION One of the biggest problems in the Latvian labour market is related to insufficient work productivity, but this is an important aspect of sustainable economic growth, and special attention needs to be paid to it from a macroeconomic point of view. Productivity is measured as gross domestic product per hour worked. One of the most important macroeconomic questions is the one that tries to understand how the gross domestic product depends on capital and labour. Cobb-Douglas production function is related to both – gross domestic product and labour market – and, despite being developed more than 90 years ago, it is still an object of interest. There are unresolved issues related to the function, one of which is whether parameters α and β are equal to 1 or not. Considering the long GDP, labour, and capital time series for one country, it has been recognised that the sum does not have to be equal to 1. The aim of this research is to find what parameters of Cobb-Douglas function for Latvia are equal to and evaluate the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function and the Beveridge curve model. METHODS When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function, the statistical data of Latvian gross domestic product, labour market and capital were taken, and multilinear logarithmic regression was performed to evaluate parameters α and β of the Cobb-Douglas production function. When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Beveridge curve, the statistical data of the unemployment rate and the vacancy rate in Latvia were chosen. RESULTS When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function, the regression analysis gave α + β > 1 (α = 0.74 and β = 1.55). Here, a certain contradiction with the standard scaling condition α + β = 1 arises. When evaluating the Latvia labour market using the Beveridge curve model, the analysis showed that the ratio between the unemployment rate and vacancy rate grows during the economic decline periods and drops during the economic growth periods. DISCUSSION The condition α + β = 1 has been discussed in the literature since the original Cobb and Douglas paper, and the main problem of the discussion is that the clear scaling reasons based on a theoretical explanation of this condition does not meet the experimental data. There is a condition called the scaling condition. If we merge two identical countries in one country that is two times larger, then GDP, capital and labour will be doubled. Cobb-Douglas function can be tested to see how it works in one country. However, when tested empirically on the data taken from one country, the requirement about the sum of parameters being equal to 1 is not met. The interest in the values of the parameters of the Cobb-Douglas production function is based on the fact that they affect the labour market equilibrium. Parameter β of the Cobb-Douglas production function is used in the utility function of firms, and the condition of utility function maximisation determines the average wage in the country.

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20

Hiļķevičs, Sergejs, and Sanita Lasmane. "EVALUATION OF THE LATVIAN LABOUR MARKET USING THE COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION AND THE BEVERIDGE CURVE MODEL." SOCIETY. TECHNOLOGY. SOLUTIONS. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (April 8, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35363/via.sts.2022.89.

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Анотація:

INTRODUCTION One of the biggest problems in the Latvian labour market is related to insufficient work productivity, but this is an important aspect of sustainable economic growth, and special attention needs to be paid to it from a macroeconomic point of view. Productivity is measured as gross domestic product per hour worked. One of the most important macroeconomic questions is the one that tries to understand how the gross domestic product depends on capital and labour. Cobb-Douglas production function is related to both – gross domestic product and labour market – and, despite being developed more than 90 years ago, it is still an object of interest. There are unresolved issues related to the function, one of which is whether parameters α and β are equal to 1 or not. Considering the long GDP, labour, and capital time series for one country, it has been recognised that the sum does not have to be equal to 1. The aim of this research is to find what parameters of Cobb-Douglas function for Latvia are equal to and evaluate the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function and the Beveridge curve model. METHODS When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function, the statistical data of Latvian gross domestic product, labour market and capital were taken, and multilinear logarithmic regression was performed to evaluate parameters α and β of the Cobb-Douglas production function. When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Beveridge curve, the statistical data of the unemployment rate and the vacancy rate in Latvia were chosen. RESULTS When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function, the regression analysis gave α + β > 1 (α = 0.74 and β = 1.55). Here, a certain contradiction with the standard scaling condition α + β = 1 arises. When evaluating the Latvia labour market using the Beveridge curve model, the analysis showed that the ratio between the unemployment rate and vacancy rate grows during the economic decline periods and drops during the economic growth periods. DISCUSSION The condition α + β = 1 has been discussed in the literature since the original Cobb and Douglas paper, and the main problem of the discussion is that the clear scaling reasons based on a theoretical explanation of this condition does not meet the experimental data. There is a condition called the scaling condition. If we merge two identical countries in one country that is two times larger, then GDP, capital and labour will be doubled. Cobb-Douglas function can be tested to see how it works in one country. However, when tested empirically on the data taken from one country, the requirement about the sum of parameters being equal to 1 is not met. The interest in the values of the parameters of the Cobb-Douglas production function is based on the fact that they affect the labour market equilibrium. Parameter β of the Cobb-Douglas production function is used in the utility function of firms, and the condition of utility function maximisation determines the average wage in the country.

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21

Chartier, Roger. "Some Basic Issues in Labour — Management Arbitration." Relations industrielles 17, no. 2 (January 29, 2014): 127–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021632ar.

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Summary This article is an attempt at probing into the fundamentals of arbitration. It deals with the NATURE and SCOPE of the process of arbitration seen as an extension and an ingredient of collective bargaining, as well as a substitute for strike action. It also analyzes some of its essential PURPOSES, FUNCTIONS, and PREREQUISITES in a free society. It examines the MANAGEMENT-RIGHTS ISSUE in terms of the SPECIFIC FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT. It then sets EQUITY and PAST PRACTICE against the language of the agreement. And finally, it briefly defines the ROLE OF THE ARBITRATOR and describes SOME RECURRENT DIFFICULTIES which threaten to bog the arbitration process.

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22

Domşodi, Dana. "Labour Relations and Labour Structures in Mediterranean Capitalism. Caporalato and Romanian Migration in the Southern Italian Agriculture." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 64, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2019-0006.

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Abstract In this paper I will examine the structural and social features of the gang-mastered labour system (caporalato) as it appears in the agricultural production process in Italy. I will discuss the functions of this type of labour regime through an analysis of the role (Romanian) migrant labour plays in the Italian agriculture process and its need for the (informal) labour market mediation in agriculture. My aim is to critically map the function of caporalato within a production circuit that starts with the low price imposed on agricultural goods, and ends up at the top of the production process, namely with the food empires and corporate retail and distribution chains. The economic constraint for an ever cheaper labourforce, and its social context, will guide our critique of caporalato

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23

Ivashnova, S. "CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AS A LABOR FUNCTION OF A TEACHER." Pedagogical education: theory and practice. Psychology. Pedagogy, no. 35 (2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2409.2021.352.

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The article presents the results of theoretical (content and essence of the concept of “labour function”) and empirical research (survey of teachers in the format of focus groups). Analysis of the content of the concept of “continuous professional development” and the dynamics of its changes during the teacher’s professional life made it possible to identify the leading competencies that are included in the content of the labour function. Discussion of the content and essence of the labour function “continuous professional development” in focus groups demonstrated some difficulties that the respondents experience in determining the content of the main competencies. The survey also revealed the respondents’ assessments of the existence of certain risks that the norms of the professional standard will be interpreted exclusively as new requirements for the teacher and will not take into account the changes in the requirements for the employer, who is obliged to provide conditions for the implementation of this labour function. The conducted research has confirmed the relevance of the development of the professional standard for teachers and revealed the need for additional explanatory work in the professional environment. The respondents also pointed out that the introduction of this document into practice can become the basis for designing an individual professional educational trajectory for a teacher and creating plans for corporate training for teaching teams. Further research is required by the introduction of a draft professional standard, including a possible revision of the activities of the advanced training system.

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24

Žiogelytė, Laura. "WAGE CHANGE IN THE LITHUANIAN LABOUR MARKET." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2010): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.044.

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In a market, the labour force of the population can be sold and bought. The wage is the price or the monetary value of the labour force. The wage rate depends on the key internal and external factors. In a market economy, remuneration for work becomes the object of negotiation between the employer and the employee. In order to legally implement this negotiation, we need to describe the term of the wage, wage systems, wage structure, functions and other issues. The article deals with the theoretical issues relating to wages: the concept of the wage, the main function of wages, the factors influencing the wage rate are analysed and systematised. The article analyses net wages and gross wages and other factors influencing the Lithuanian labour market.

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25

Rocheva, Anna. "Adaptation of labour migrants as a function of social management." SEER 13, no. 2 (2010): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2010-2-207.

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26

Shalin, Valerie, and Charles Verdile. "The identification of knowledge content and function in manual labour." Ergonomics 46, no. 7 (May 2003): 695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0014013031000085626.

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27

Mappa, I., M. Luviso, S. Tartaglia, J. Lu, A. Makatsariya, and G. Rizzo. "OP06.06: Did maternal cardiovascular function predict fetal distress in labour?" Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 58, S1 (October 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.23977.

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28

Barmby, Tim. "TESTING THE NEGATIVITY CONDITION FOR LABOUR SUPPLY FUNCTIONS DERIVED FROM A STONE-GEARY UTILITY FUNCTION." Bulletin of Economic Research 40, no. 1 (January 1988): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1988.tb00255.x.

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29

Ball, R. "The Role of the State in the Globalisation of Labour Markets: The Case of the Philippines." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 9 (September 1997): 1603–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291603.

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The burgeoning literature on ‘globalisation’ tends to identify it as an economic and cultural process, paying little attention to the associated restructuring of the state. Not only does the state sponsor globalisation, but also it ‘globalises' itself in the process. Perhaps the most significant dimension of this new development is where labour markets are integrated with global capital circuits under state sanction. The systematic and state-promoted export of temporary migrant workers has transformed the Philippine state, economy, and society. In this paper I examine the globalisation of labour from the Philippines in terms of its magnitude, its historical development, and its impact on restructuring state functions. I argue that the shift of attention on the part of the state to maintaining the economic functions of international labour circuits tends to undermine its national regulatory function thereby compromising the broad legitimacy of the state. These propositions are examined through a case study of the structuring of the Filipino state in pursuing its well-known labour-export policy.

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30

Boguska, Anna, and Łukasz Pisarczyk. "Protective function of labour law and amendments to the code of civil procedure." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 124 (November 18, 2021): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.124.3.

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The purpose of this article is to present the safeguard role of the labour law in the context of labour law disputes. Authors deliberate to what extent the procedural law impacts the substantive law. Particular attention was paid to new institutions of the Polish code of civil proceedings introduced by the law of 4 July 2019 and their influence on the procedural position of the parties of the employment relationship.

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31

Wilczyński, Robert. "Charakter i przedmiot porozumień zbiorowych z udziałem agencji pracy tymczasowej." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 105 (January 27, 2017): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.105.14.

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NATURE AND SUBJECT OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS INVOLVING THE TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT AGENCYThe article presents the view of doctrine and jurisprudence relating to collective agreements involving the temporary employment agency. The specifics of temporary employment in which there are temporary work agency and the user employer acting at employer’s side makes collective agreements conditions much more complicated against those settled in the Labour Code. Collective agreements should play an increasing role in the system of sources of labour law. In particular, in non-standard forms of employment mainly at temporary work. Collective agreements in a more perfect way are able to reconcile the protective function of labor law and the need for flexibility of employment.

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32

Crampton, G. R. "Labour-Market Search and Urban Residential Structure." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 6 (June 1997): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290989.

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The application of labour market matching theory to the context of urban spatial variations in vacancies, unemployment, and job search has recently begun to receive research attention. Empirical analysis is very difficult because of the virtual unobservability of job search. Various forms of theoretical study of spatial labour markets are summarised in this paper, together with macroeconomic empirical evidence on labour matching technology. The Cobb—Douglas form of the matching function is applied to a simple linear city model, and theoretical relationships are derived which would be necessary for a static urban labour market equilibrium. A start is made on the theoretical implications of calculating an optimal job search area for individual workers, and a complex integral form of a present value function is obtained.

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33

Gill, Harinder Singh. "Health Status, Labour Productivity and Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach." Arthshastra : Indian Journal of Economics & Research 1, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2012/v1i1-2/54514.

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34

Sasaki, Masaru. "MATCHING FUNCTION FOR THE JAPANESE LABOUR MARKET: RANDOM OR STOCK–FLOW?" Bulletin of Economic Research 60, no. 2 (April 2008): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2008.00275.x.

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35

&NA;. "The Effect of Epidural Analgesia in Labour on Maternal Respiratory Function." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 24, no. 4 (December 2004): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132582-200412000-00010.

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36

von Ungern-Sternberg, B. S., A. Regli, E. Bucher, A. Reber, and M. C. Schneider. "The effect of epidural analgesia in labour on maternal respiratory function." Anaesthesia 59, no. 4 (April 2004): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03667.x.

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37

Pavlichenko, I. M. "EMPLOYEE’S LABOUR FUNCTION AS A MUTUALLY AGREED CONDITION OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 11 (2021): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-11/75.

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38

Nagubadi, Rao V., and Daowei Zhang. "Production structure and input substitution in Canadian sawmill and wood preservation industry." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 3007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-187.

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We use a translog cost function to analyze the sawmill and wood-preservation industry in Canada from 1958 to 2003. The estimated cost function is homothetic and Hicks neutral. Allen elasticities of substitution indicate that significant substitution possibilities exist. According to Morishima elasticities of substitution, substitution of labour by other inputs is easier than the substitution of other inputs by labour, and substitution of other inputs by materials is easier than the substitution of materials by other inputs. The demand for production labour, nonproduction labour, and electric power inputs is elastic. In contrast to the previous findings of zero or negative rate of technical change, we find technical progress at the rate of 0.57% per annum and a total factor productivity growth rate of 0.54% per annum in the Canadian sawmill and wood preservation industry.

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39

Roubalová, Lenka, and Lenka Viskotová. "Productivity Development in Selected Central European Countries Measured by the Sato Production Function." Review of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2018-0018.

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Abstract In this paper, we investigate the relationship between economic output, labour and capital in the Visegrád Four, Austria and Germany. The main objective is to determine the type of technological progress in these countries over time, specifically in the period 1995-2015. The Sato production functions (a special case of the linearly homogeneous production function) for all the aforementioned countries are estimated using linear and nonlinear techniques. In addition to the original Sato production function, we propose modifying it in using a time variable, which allows us to analyse the development of productivity over time. Based on the NLS estimates of this modification, we create isoquant maps and calculate the value of the marginal rate of technical substitution of labour for capital to identify the nature of technological progress typical for each country. We also compare the properties of both the OLS and NLS estimates. The results are quite specific to individual countries, but there is some room for generalization.

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40

Wang, Wei, and Richard M. H. Suen. "Diversity and Economic Performance in a Model with Progressive Taxation." Economic Journal 129, no. 623 (May 16, 2019): 2949–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez016.

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AbstractIs a more heterogeneous population beneficial or harmful to long-term economic performance? This article addresses this and other questions in a dynamic general equilibrium model where consumers differ in their labour productivity and time preference. We show how differences in the cross-sectional distribution of these characteristics can affect the economy via two channels. The first one involves changing the composition of the labour force; and the second one involves changing the cross-sectional distribution of the marginal tax rate. We show how these channels are, respectively, determined by the shape of the labour supply function and the curvature of the marginal tax function.

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41

Ngoc Thach, Nguyen. "Macroeconomic Growth in Vietnam Transitioned to Market: An Unrestricted VES Framework." Economies 8, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030058.

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The Vietnamese economy has increased at high speed over the transformation decades; however, most recent studies on the economic growth of this country used the Cobb-Douglas or CES (Constant Elasticity of Substitution) production functions, which are unable to explore the relationship between the elasticity of capital-labour substitution and development process, and hence, are not relevant to accessing a dynamic economic system. For that reason, this study is conducted to specify an unrestricted VES (Variable Elasticity of Substitution) production function in a one-sector growth model of Vietnam, highlighted by two characteristics: successful transition from plan to market and rapid progress. The VES is given preference over the CES and the Cobb-Douglas having the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour varying with economic development. By employing a Bayesian nonlinear regression through MCMC methods, the study reported the following findings: (1) the above-unity variable elasticity of capital-labour substitution in an aggregate unrestricted VES function specified for Vietnam shows that the model generates the possibility of endogenous economic growth; (2) the capital share tends to increase, while the labour share faces a downward trend along with the development of Vietnam; (3) the VES is empirically proven through a Bayes factor test to be superior to the CES and Cobb-Douglas for analysis of the growth process of Vietnam, an emerging transition economy.

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42

Rainone, Silvia. "Labour rights in the making of the EU and in the CJEU case law." European Labour Law Journal 9, no. 3 (September 2018): 299–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952518801609.

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The present article inquires on the approach to labour rights that has characterized the development of the EU. First, it analyses the way in which the EU policy making refers to social and labour standards and to their function within the process of EU integration. Subsequently, the article turns to the CJEU interpretation of workers' rights, by taking the Directive on transfers of undertaking as case study. The concluding findings are that there is a certain degree of convergence between the CJEU's reasoning and the policy documents. In both cases, it is possible to identify a gradual change in the approach to labour rights, which are more and more considered from a market-oriented perspective. The article concludes observing that this has led to the progressive weakening of the protective function of the analysed labour norms.

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43

Sánchez-Sánchez, Nuria, and Adolfo C. Fernández Puente. "Is Women's Job Satisfaction Higher than Men's? Self-Selection, Expectations or Utility Function." Acta Oeconomica 69, no. 2 (June 2019): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2019.69.2.2.

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This paper examines the paradox between high relative levels of job satisfaction and the characteristics of women's jobs compared to men's in Spain. Three hypothesis are considered: i) the existence of a selection bias when participating in the labour market; ii) of the presence of adaptive job satisfaction; and iii) the existence of differences related to preferences of different nature to strictly labour issues. The study shows that, although having lower working conditions, women are more likely to be satisfied at work than men are. This paradox persists regardless of the inclusion of a great range of variables of different nature (objective and subjective), the age group and educational level under consideration. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition suggests that women's preferences are actually influencing the differences in job satisfaction. However, it is not demonstrated that these differences disappear as age decreases or educational level increases. The probable existence of a “glass ceiling” that prevents women from having access to posts of greater responsibility and higher wages could cause that women who actually reach them are more satisfied than their male colleagues. As the labour market and society become more equal, this paradox might dilute.

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44

Haestier, A., S. Hamilton, and R. J. Chilvers. "Labour outcomes in siblings with channelopathy associated insensitivity to pain due to bi-alleleic SCN9A mutations." Obstetric Medicine 5, no. 4 (April 23, 2012): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/om.2012.110096.

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The gene SCN9A encodes for the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7, which is highly expressed in pain sensing neurons. Bi-allelic ‘loss of function’ mutations result in a channelopathy associated with insensitivity to pain and anosmia. This is the first report of the labour and postpartum outcomes of two sisters who belong to a non-consanguineous Caucasian family with homozygous SCN9A mutations. Neither sister experienced pain during labour; this had major implications for the staff titrating the syntocinon for labour augmentation and contributed towards their ultimate delivery by caesarean section. During the postpartum period, one of the sisters developed lower limb sensory loss and investigations revealed a spinal haematoma and unrecognized bilateral pelvic fractures. The other sister had an uneventful recovery and both babies are well. These case histories underline the importance of pain in labour management and its function in alerting patients and staff to problems during the puerperium.

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45

Давлетгильдеев, Рустам, Rustam Davletgildeev, Ольга Сычева, and Olga Sycheva. "International and Legal Cooperation Development on Labour Migration Issues: from EurAsEC to Eurasian Economic Union." Journal of Russian Law 3, no. 6 (June 5, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11444.

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This article is devoted to the analysis of international and legal cooperation in the area of labor migration in the Eurasian Economic Community and the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors study background for the creation and history of the Common Economic Space and the Customs Union, one of the main purposes of which is the creation and operation of a common labour market. The authors perform the analysis taking into account similarities and differences of legal regulation of the issue under consideration in the European Union, and make comparison. The authors point out to the continuity problems of labour migration legal regulation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, including harmonization of legislation on labour migration of the Union’s member countries. The authors study the institutional system of the Eurasian Economic Community (Eurasian Economic Union) and powers of institutions in the field of labour migration, indicate the presence of special migration authorities in the EurAsEC and in the Eurasian Economic Union. Provisions of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union devoted to labour migration are analyzed. The authors note the probability that the law harmonization function will be implemented in the Eurasian Economic Union not through model laws but through international treaties and decisions of the Union’s institutions. The authors assume that the Eurasian Economic Union will work out the desired integration model, based not only on political and economic interests, but which will take into account civilizational peculiarities of the Eurasian region.

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46

Chaudhuri, Sarbajit. "Incidence of Child Labour, Free Education Policy, and Economic Liberalisation in a Developing Economy." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i1pp.1-25.

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The paper analyses the implications of a subsidy policy on education and of different liberalised trade and investment policies on the incidence of child labour in a developing economy in terms of a three-sector general equilibrium model with informal sector and child labour. The supply function of child labour is endogenously determined. The paper shows that different policies, if undertaken concurrently, may produce mutually contradictory effects, thereby producing little or no impact on the incidence of child labour. The paper provides a theoretical answer as to why the incidence of child labour has not significantly declined in the developing economies in spite of economic development and globalisation.

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47

Davar, Ezra Davar. "Unemployment: Walras’s voluntary and Keynes’s involuntary." Equilibrium 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2016.027.

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This paper shows that Keynes’s involuntary unemployment derives from Walras’s voluntary unemployment by means of changing the characteristic of the aggregate supply curve (function) of labour. On the one hand, when the original aggregate supply function is a strong-ly increasing function, as in Walras’s approach, there might only be voluntary unemployment, and its magnitude is the difference between the available quantity of labour and the equilibrium point. On the other hand, if the supply curve of labour is a weakly increasing one, which means that the supply function may have a horizontal segment, then there might be involuntary unemployment if the equilibrium point is located be-tween boundary points of the horizontal segment, and the magnitude of involun-tary unemployment is the difference between the right boundary point of the hori-zontal segment and an equilibrium point. According to Walras’s approach, “forced unemployment” might also might be considered, which is the result of the intervention of external forces (government, monopoly, trade unions, and so on) into the market, and is therefore a disequilibrium phenomenon.

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48

Umney, Charles. "Moral economy, intermediaries and intensified competition in the labour market for function musicians." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 5 (April 6, 2017): 834–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017017692510.

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This article examines the labour market for ‘function’ musicians in London. It shows how the market encompasses a chain of relationships between clients, intermediaries and musicians, considering how the idea of ‘moral economy’ – a subject of revived interest in employment sociology – fits empirical reality. It shows that function musicians have created a strong moral economy regulating the distribution of opportunities and resources within bands. However, other actors in the chain, particularly agents, are able to impose intensified labour competition on bands. This competition leads trust relationships to fray and social expectations about the distribution of resources to weaken. These tensions are embodied in the role of the fixer: a musician who uneasily straddles market and moral domains.

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49

Urrego, Daniela, Kylie Karmila Hornaday, Stephen L. Wood, and Donna Michelle Slater. "Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in Mouse and Human Intrauterine Tissues: Insights into the Role of Endocannabinoid Signaling in Late Pregnancy." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A749—A750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1524.

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Abstract Introduction: Endocannabinoid signaling (ECS), mediated primarily by cannabinoid receptors (CNR) 1 and 2, is implicated in embryo implantation, decidualization, and placentation, but less is known about its role in late pregnancy or labour. Reports of elevated serum endocannabinoid concentrations during labour suggest that ECS may modulate uterine function leading up to and during parturition. Effects on uterine function likely vary depending on: the type of cannabinoid present, the intrauterine tissue, and CNR1/2 expression. Study of ECS gene expression in late pregnancy is therefore important to determine the contribution of this pathway to the normal and pathologic physiology of labour, for instance in preterm labour. Examining ECS gene expression in pregnancy may also contribute insight into the effects of exogenous cannabinoid consumption (reported in ~5% of pregnancies) on the late-pregnant uterus. To understand when and where cannabinoid signaling may impact uterine functions, we conducted an observational study on pregnant human and mouse intrauterine tissues. Methods: Human amnion, chorion, decidua, placenta, and upper/lower myometrium (n=6 participants) were biopsied at cesarean delivery (term, non-labour) to determine CNR expression by qPCR. Additional decidua (n=80) and upper/lower myometrium (n=82) samples were similarly obtained with and without labour, at term and preterm, for CNR expression analysis by qPCR. Mouse uteri for CNR expression analysis by qPCR were obtained from timed-mated C57BL6 mice at days 15-20 of pregnancy, in active labour, or post-partum. Human and mouse expression data were analyzed by Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA (Bonferroni post-hoc), and Pearson’s correlation, as appropriate. Results: Term non-labour chorion, placenta, myometrium and decidua express CNRs, with 2-fold higher expression of CNR1 versus CNR2. In myometrium and decidua, neither CNR1 or CNR2 expression differed with labour status. CNR1 expression correlated positively with gestational age in decidua (r=0.346, p=0.0266) and lower segment myometrium (r=0.3667, p=0.0270) with labour. In mouse uteri, Cnr1 and Cnr2 expression significantly increased post-partum compared to mid/late pregnancy (vs day 19, p<0.0001 Cnr1; vs days 15-18, p<0.05 Cnr2). Conclusion: ECS may occur in the human decidua and myometrium throughout pregnancy and labour as CNR1 and CNR2 expression is maintained throughout. In our mouse model, higher Cnr1 and Cnr2 expression post-partum suggests that ECS may play a role in uterine resolution following delivery. Additional RNAseq analysis of the mouse tissues studied is underway to address whether expression of genes involved in production, transport or metabolism of cannabinoids are altered in late pregnancy or with the initiation of parturition.

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50

Sanders, David. "Popularity Function Forecasts for the 2005 UK General Election." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 7, no. 2 (May 2005): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2005.00180.x.

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The article provides a set of contingent forecasts for the forthcoming UK general election. The forecasts are based on popularity function derived from monthly time series data covering the period 1997–2004. On most likely assumptions, the forecasts produce a clear Labour victory in the early summer of 2005, with the Liberal Democrats increasing their vote share by roughly four percentage points.

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