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1
Sanciolo, Peter, Paul Monis, Justin Lewis, Greg Ryan, Andrew Salveson, Nicola Fontaine, Judy Blackbeard, and Stephen Gray. "Effectiveness and Energy Requirements of Pasteurisation for the Treatment of Unfiltered Secondary Effluent from a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant." Water 12, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082100.
Анотація:
Pasteurisation was investigated as a process to achieve high microbial quality standards in the recycling of water from unfiltered secondary effluents from a wastewater treatment plants in Melbourne, Australia. The relative heat sensitivity of key bacterial, viral, protozoan and helminth wastewater organisms (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, FRNA bacteriophage, adenovirus, coxsackievirus, Cryptosporidium, and Ascaris) were determined by laboratory scale tests. The FRNA phage were found to be the most heat resistant, followed by enterococci and E. coli. Pilot scale challenge testing of a 2 ML/day pasteurisation pilot plant using unfiltered municipal wastewater and male specific coliphage (MS2) phage showed that temperatures between 69 °C and 75 °C achieved log reductions values between 0.9 ± 0.1 and 5.0 ± 0.5 respectively in the contact chamber. Fouling of the heat exchangers during operation using unfiltered secondary treated effluent was found to increase the energy consumption of the plant from 2.2 kWh/kL to 5.1 kWh/kL. The economic feasibility of pasteurisation for the current municipal application with high heat exchanger fouling potential can be expected to depend largely on the available waste heat from co-generation and on the efforts required to control fouling of the heat exchangers.
2
Itonaga, T., K. Kimura, and Y. Watanabe. "Influence of suspension viscosity and colloidal particles on permeability of membrane used in membrane bioreactor (MBR)." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0727.
Анотація:
In this study, pilot scale experiments were carried out to examine membrane fouling occurring in membrane bioreactors (MBR) with or without pre-treatment (coagulation/sedimentation). Especially, the influence of suspension viscosity and dissolved organic matter (DOM) on membrane fouling was investigated. The pre-coagulation/sedimentation process improved the performance of a MBR in terms of membrane permeability by controlling irreversible fouling and formation of thick cake layer. The upper limit of MLSS concentration for an efficient operation in MBR without pre-treatment was suggested to be around 10 g/L based on the measurement of suspension viscosity. In this study, it was difficult to directly relate membrane fouling to DOM detected in the membrane chamber. A series of laboratory scale dead-end filtration experiments was carried out to investigate which fractions in biomass suspension would be the most influential in the deterioration of membrane permeability. Based on the dead-end tests, it was shown that the deterioration of membrane permeability was mainly caused by the colloidal particle fraction in the biomass suspension.
3
Álvarez, José R., F. Enrique Antón, Sonia Álvarez-García, and Susana Luque. "Treatment of Aqueous Effluents from Steel Manufacturing with High Thiocyanate Concentration by Reverse Osmosis." Membranes 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10120437.
Анотація:
The feasibility of reverse osmosis (RO) for treating coking wastewaters from a steel manufacturing plant, rich in ammonium thiocyanate was assessed. DOW FILMTECTM SW30 membrane performance with synthetic and real thiocyanate-containing solutions was established at the laboratory and (onsite) pilot plant scale. No short-term fouling was observed, and the data followed the known solution-diffusion model and the film theory. Those models, together with non-steady state mass balances, were used in simulations that aided to design a full scale two-stage RO plant for thiocyanate separation.
4
Cai, B. J., I. Baudin, and H. Y. Ng. "A modified fouling index (MFI40) and fouling predicting approach for ultrafiltration of secondary effluents." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 9, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2018.020.
Анотація:
Abstract Fouling indices for evaluating fouling propensity of secondary effluents (SEF) as feed of ultrafiltration (UF) systems are important parameters for the design and operation of the UF process. However, limited fouling indices have been developed and applied for UF feedwater. This study (i) established a modified UF fouling index (MFI40) by raising operating pressure from 30 psi in a traditional MFI test to 40 psi. Standard deviation of MFI40 tests was lower than that of traditional MFI by 68.6%, indicating better stability and repeatability of MFI40. It (ii) investigated the combined effects of UF feedwater characteristics on MFI40. Biopolymers and turbidity played a dominant and secondary positive role in the MFI40, respectively. The effect of conductivity on MFI40 changed from positive to negative with a turbidity increase. It also (iii) validated the MFI40 in both laboratory- and pilot-scale UF membrane units, and UF fouling rates were linearly correlated to the MFI40 of their feeds, and (iv) explored the practical use of the MFI40. It was applied to determine the maximum allowable UF feedwater quality (MFI40max), which could be used to select an appropriate pre-treatment process. A fouling predicting model was established based on the feedwater MFI40 and the operating flux, with an average predicting error of 26.8%.
5
Morales, Yair G., and Pia Lipp. "Deacidification through calcium carbonate dosing in combination with ultrafiltration." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70, no. 8 (November 22, 2021): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.030.
Анотація:
Abstract Soft acidic waters are often treated for drinking water purposes by using limestone filters to attain chemical equilibrium. The present study investigated the process parameters of a relatively new process combination in which powdered calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was added prior to an ultrafiltration (UF). In order to reach the targeted pH value (≥7.8), dosing concentration, type of material and retention time were evaluated in pilot-scale experiments. The deacidification followed the same kinetics as for limestone filtration and yielded similar filtrate characteristics with dosing concentrations of 20 and 40 g/L CaCO3. No significant increase in transmembrane pressure was observed during the operation of a pilot-scale UF module at low flux (34 L m−2 h−1). Critical flux was determined in a laboratory scale to evaluate the potential impact of CaCO3 particles on the UF operation. Stepping-flux experiments revealed the presence of fouling only at high-dosing concentrations, resulting in a critical flux of 55 L m−2 h−1. At a higher flux, a CaCO3-fouling layer was formed, which decreased the membrane's permeability by 20% over 5 h. Considering that effective air-enhanced backwash and acidic chemical cleanings will be implemented in large-scale applications, the investigated process combination promises to be an appropriate treatment technology for turbid and soft acidic waters.
6
Al-Zuhairi, Ahmed, Ali A. Merdaw, Sami Al-Aibi, Malak Hamdan, Peter Nicoll, Alireza Abbassi Monjezi, Saleh Al-ASwad, Hameed B. Mahood, Maryam Aryafar, and Adel O. Sharif. "Forward osmosis desalination from laboratory to market." Water Supply 15, no. 4 (March 30, 2015): 834–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.038.
Анотація:
A two-step forward osmosis (FO) desalination process combining both FO and reverse osmosis (RO) systems has been developed by the Centre for Osmosis Research and Applications at the University of Surrey and commercialised by Modern Water plc. In the FO + RO process seawater was used as feed water (FW) and a concentrated aqueous solution was used as a draw solution (DS). By taking advantage of natural osmosis, pure water is transferred from the FW to the DS and then recovered from the DS by the RO process utilising low resistance membranes, and hence lower specific energy consumption (SEC). This paper presents results of FO experiments conducted on flat sheet membrane using a bench-scale rig. The osmotic agent investigated in this study was magnesium sulphate, which is non-toxic, and highly soluble in water. Furthermore experiments were carried out on the RO pilot in order to regenerate the DS for reuse in the FO process and produce clean water. This paper also presents some pilot plant results and data from commercial plants in Oman and Gibraltar. The data demonstrates the efficiency of the FO + RO compared with the conventional RO process in terms of SEC and membrane fouling performance.
7
Khaldi, Marwa, Gilles Ronse, Christophe André, Pascal Blanpain-Avet, Laurent Bouvier, Thierry Six, Saloua Bornaz, Thomas Croguennec, Romain Jeantet, and Guillaume Delaplace. "Denaturation Kinetics of Whey Protein Isolate Solutions and Fouling Mass Distribution in a Plate Heat Exchanger." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/139638.
Анотація:
Few investigations have attempted to connect the mechanism of dairy fouling to the chemical reaction of denaturation (unfolding and aggregation) occurring in the bulk. The objective of this study is to contribute to this aspect in order to propose innovative controls to limit fouling deposit formation. Experimental investigations have been carried out to observe the relationship between the deposit mass distribution generated in plate heat exchangers (PHE) by a whey protein isolate (WPI) mainly composed ofβ-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and the ratio between the unfolding and aggregation rate constants. Experiments using a PHE were carried out at a pilot scale to identify the deposit distribution of a model fouling solution with different calcium contents. In parallel, laboratory experiments were performed to determine the unfolding/aggregation rate constants. Data analysis showed that (i)β-Lg denaturation is highly dependent on the calcium content, (ii) for each fouling solution, irrespective of the imposed temperature profile, the deposit mass in each channel and the ratio between the unfolding and aggregation rate constants seem to be well correlated. This study demonstrates that both the knowledge of the thermal profile and theβ-Lg denaturation rate constants are required in order to predict accurately the deposit distribution along the PHE.
8
Yin, Zhonglong, Cheng Yang, Chao Long, and Aimin Li. "Effect of integrated pretreatment technologies on RO membrane fouling for treating textile secondary effluent: Laboratory and pilot-scale experiments." Chemical Engineering Journal 332 (January 2018): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.059.
9
Tomczak, Wirginia, and Marek Gryta. "Long-Term Performance of Ultrafiltration Membranes: Corrosion Fouling Aspect." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041673.
Анотація:
The past decade has seen a rise in the importance of the ultrafiltration (UF) technique in the separation of various complex solutions. However, the fouling phenomenon is the main limitation to faster process development. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present paper is the first to aim to identify the role of corrosion fouling in long-term UF. For this purpose, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were used. The investigations were carried out with the use of both pilot-scale and laboratory-scale units. Results obtained in the present study have clearly demonstrated that the oil concentration has a significant impact on the process performance. Indeed, it has been noted that a reduction in oil concentration from 160 to 100 mg/L resulted in an increase in the PVDF membrane flux from 57 to 77 L/m2h. In addition, it has been shown that the feed temperature has a significant influence on the UF performance. Importantly, it has been shown that corrosion fouling is of vital importance in UF membranes. Indeed, corrosion products such as iron oxides contaminated the membrane surface leading to an irreversible decrease in the UF process performance. In addition, it has been found that repeating the chemical cleaning of the membrane units significantly reduced the intensity of the fouling phenomenon. However, the complete elimination of its effects was not achieved. Therefore, it has been indicated that cleaning agents recommended by membrane manufacturers do not remove corrosion products deposited on the membrane surface. Undoubtedly, the obtained results can be used in the design of UF units leading to the extension of membrane installation lifetime.
10
Lynggaard-Jensen, A., N. H. Eisum, I. Rasmussen, H. Svankjær Jacobsen, and T. Stenstrøm. "Description and test of a new generation of nutrient sensors." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0003.
Анотація:
Sensor prototypes for measurement of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate in wastewater treatment plants are described together with the results obtained in laboratory and pilot scale wastewater treatment plants. A functional description of the sensor principles is presented together with the installation and operation procedures. Basically the measurements are done using membrane technology in combination with semi-micro Continuous Flow Analysis (μCFA) with classic colorimetry. Because of this the sensors can be installed directly in the aeration tanks without any need for sampling, filtration, etc. Furthermore, the semi-micro scale is used in such a way, that handling of chemicals and waste is a closed loop in a package to be changed once a month. The sensors have been tested thoroughly in a pilot scale waste water treatment plant (recirculation) using real raw wastewater as well as artificial wastewater. The sensors have been placed directly in the aeration tank or in the anoxic tank of the pilot plant. The tests show very little, if any, fouling problems due to the membrane material used. The test results show a good reproducibility and most important, compared to other available sensors/analyzers on the market, very low response times, less than 5 minutes. Owing to these low response times, experiments with direct measurement of nitrification and denitrification rates were carried out.
11
Lerch, A., G. Hagmeyer, R. Gimbel, and J. Fehn. "A comparison of laboratory and pilot plant experiments on the combination of flocculation/ultrafiltration for direct potable water treatment of river water." Water Supply 3, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2003): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0187.
Анотація:
A direct treatment of river waters with ultrafiltration is not yet realised in larger scales due to considerable fouling and scaling effects caused by water contaminants on the membranes surface under those circumstances. Therefore, the deposits on the membrane cannot be eliminated extensively by conventional backwashing. An extensive detachment of the formed layers while backwashing is desired to achieve cost advantages when using the process combination flocculation/ultrafiltration for the direct treatment of surface waters. Hence, pilot and laboratory plant experiments were carried out while dosing different coagulants at different pH-values with different concentrations of the coagulant to investigate their influence on the build-up of the coating layers. The experiments described here were focused on the following questions. Firstly, how do coagulation and flocculation conditions influence the performance of the treatment combination flocculation/ultrafiltration and which coagulant is best? Secondly, does a good operational performance of the combination flocculation/ultrafiltration at laboratory scale coincide with good operational performances at the pilot plant or does the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the raw water decrease the performance significantly? Thirdly, does a good operational performance coincide with an extensive reduction of DOC, or humic substances, respectively?
12
Gienau, Tobias, Artjom Ehrmanntraut, Matthias Kraume, and Sandra Rosenberger. "Influence of Ozone Treatment on Ultrafiltration Performance and Nutrient Flow in a Membrane Based Nutrient Recovery Process from Anaerobic Digestate." Membranes 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10040064.
Анотація:
Membrane filtration of biological suspensions is frequently limited by fouling. This mechanism is well understood for ultrafiltration of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors. A rather young application of ultrafiltration is the recovery of nutrients from anaerobic digestates, e.g., from agricultural biogas plants. A process chain of solid/liquid separation, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmoses separates the digestate into different products: an organic N-P-fertilizer (solid digestate), a recirculate (UF retentate), a liquid N-K-fertilizer (RO retentate) and water. Despite the preceding particle removal, high crossflow velocities are required in the ultrafiltration step to overcome fouling. This leads to high operation costs of the ultrafiltration step and often limits the economical application of the complete process chain. In this study, under-stoichiometric ozone treatment of the ultrafiltration feed stream is investigated. Ozone treatment reduced the biopolymer concentration and apparent viscosity of different digestate centrates. Permeabilities of centrate treated with ozone were higher than without ozone treatment. In a laboratory test rig and in a pilot plant operated at the site of two full scale biogas plants, ultrafiltration flux could be improved by 50–80% by ozonation. Nutrient concentrations in the fertilizer products were not affected by ozone treatment.
13
Yu, Tong, Haoshuai Yin, Lihua Cheng, and Xuejun Bi. "Effect of powder-activated carbon pre-coating membrane on the performance of the UF system for wastewater reclamation: a pilot-scale study." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 11, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.063.
Анотація:
Abstract Pretreatment is an indispensable means to alleviate membrane fouling and improve ultrafiltration (UF) performance. In this study, we designed and established a powder-activated carbon pre-coating membrane (PACPM) unit as a pretreatment for the UF system. The effective filtration area of PACPM was 0.5 m2. 300 g/m2 PAC was selected as the optimal dosage in the pilot-scale apparatus according to the laboratory-scale trial. The pre-coating membrane could be formed within 30 min. PACPM could remove different kinds of organic compounds with different molecular weights and hydrophobicity during a certain period of time. During 10 operation cycles, the specific flux decrease rate of PACPM-UF was only 2.8%, which was much lower than that of direct UF (13.4%). PACPM could improve the performance of the UF system, not only for the increase of the initial SF value but also for the increase of the flux recovery thorough backwash. Nevertheless, a regular replace-regeneration process is necessary to maintain PACPM performance.
14
Matsui, Y., T. Sanogawa, N. Aoki, S. Mima, and T. Matsushita. "Evaluating submicron-sized activated carbon adsorption for microfiltration pretreatment." Water Supply 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.017.
Анотація:
Submicron powdered activated carbon (PAC) rapidly adsorbed natural organic matter (NOM) fromwater samples: a batch test of the adsorption kinetics showed that the NOM concentration dropped substantially within 15 s and then leveled off. In a tubular flow reactor test, NOM removal after a 15 s contact time was almost the same as removal values attained at longer contact times. Laboratory-scale and bench-scale pilotplant ceramic microfiltration (MF) experiments with submicron PAC adsorption pretreatment were conducted to evaluate NOM removal and to examine the effect of the PAC on filterability. The laboratory scale MF experiment revealed that PAC adsorption pretreatment could be accomplished with a detention (2.4 s) that was much shorter than the time expected from the adsorption kinetics test. This result suggests that adsorption pretreatment for MF could be accomplished by adding the submicron PAC directly into the feed line to the membrane and that installation of a special PAC contactor before the membrane unit is unnecessary. Although micron PAC rather than submicron PAC was used unintentionally in the pilot plant experiment, these PAC showed much better NOM removal than normal PAC, and no adverse effects, such as transmembrane pressure buildup and reversible or irreversible membrane fouling, were observed.
15
Katrivesis, Fotios K., Varvara Sygouni, Christakis A. Paraskeva, and Vagelis G. Papadakis. "A Performance Comparison of Pilot-Scale Sand Filtration and Membrane Filtration of Glafkos River Water." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020203.
Анотація:
Surface-water treatment plants use the flocculation–precipitation method followed by gravity filters to remove suspended solids. In the present work, the replacement of gravity filters with ultrafiltration membrane units is suggested to improve the efficiency of water treatment and to reduce fixed and operational costs. A parametric pilot-scale study was conducted to compare the filtration efficiency of a deep bed and a membrane module for water-simulating river water of various turbidity degrees. Suspensions of kaolinite were prepared to simulate turbidity of the Glafkos River, Achaia Region of Greece and were filtered using a laboratory sand-bed column and a pilot ultrafiltration (UF) membrane unit. Operational parameters such as the particle concentration ratio, the flow rate, and the filter head loss were studied in the case of the granular bed. In the case of membrane filtration, the permeate flux, turbidity, and membrane permeability loss due to fouling were tested. A discussion in terms of the operational cost and environmental impacts was performed. Filtration capacity of the sand filter is a decreasing function of the flow rate and it was found less efficient than membrane ultrafiltration for increased turbidity or increased particle concentration values. Membrane ultrafiltration could achieve long-term economic profit while it is characterized by minimum environmental impact since the use of chemical reagents and the production of waste sludge are limited.
16
Tomczak, Wirginia, Marek Gryta, Ireneusz Grubecki, and Justyna Miłek. "Biogas Production in AnMBRs via Treatment of Municipal and Domestic Wastewater: Opportunities and Fouling Mitigation Strategies." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (May 25, 2023): 6466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116466.
Анотація:
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in developing the potential of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs). The present paper presents a comprehensive review of studies focused on biogas production via the treatment of municipal and domestic wastewater with the use of such technology. The main aim of the current work was to evaluate the impact of operating parameters on the biogas production yield. Moreover, the possibilities of applying various fouling mitigation strategies have been discussed in detail. Analyses have been performed and reported in the literature, which were conducted with the use of submerged and external AnMBRs equipped with both polymeric and ceramic membranes. It has been shown that, so far, the impact of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on biogas yield is ambiguous. This finding indicates that future studies on this issue are required. In addition, it was demonstrated that temperature has a positive impact on process performance. However, as presented in the literature, investigations have been carried out mainly under psychrophilic and mesophilic conditions. Hence, performing further experimental studies at temperatures above 40 °C is highly recommended. Moreover, it has been shown that in order to restore the initial permeate flux, a combination of several membrane cleaning methods is often required. The findings presented in the current study may be particularly important for the determination of operating conditions and suitable fouling mitigation strategies for laboratory-scale and pilot-scale AnMBRs used for biogas production via the treatment of municipal and domestic conditions.
17
Gibbins, J. R., and J. Williamson. "Advances in laboratory tests for predicting coal-related combustion problems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 212, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650981536709.
Анотація:
Problems in pulverized fuel combustion in steam-raising plant that can be attributed to the nature of the coal being fired include excessive slagging and fouling, poor char burnout, NOx emissions and flame stability. Coal performance in these areas can, to some extent, be related to the results from existing coal characterization tests but, particularly for coals from unfamiliar areas, these correlations may be unreliable and misleading. For example, attempts to relate slagging propensity to the chemical composition of the coal ash have met with only limited success. It now seems clear that empirical indices and viscosity measurements do not reflect the complex mineral interactions that occur during combustion. However, new microanalysis techniques, capable of characterizing the distribution of mineral matter in a pulverized fuel (PF), now appear likely to provide an improved assessment of the slagging propensity of a coal. Other factors, such as coal volatile yield and nitrogen release, are quite sensitive to the heating conditions. Laboratory tests which match PF combustion conditions much more closely than existing standard methods are now being developed. New approaches to predicting char burnout, by better identification of the small subset of the coal which is actually causing the problem, are also under investigation. While not a general panacea, the appropriate use of new tests is likely to offer engineers involved in coal procurement, who face an increasingly complex market, improved methods for evaluating coals before embarking on expensive pilot- or full-scale trials.
18
Kuyukina, Maria S., Anastasiya V. Krivoruchko, and Irena B. Ivshina. "Advanced Bioreactor Treatments of Hydrocarbon-Containing Wastewater." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030831.
Анотація:
This review discusses bioreactor-based methods for industrial hydrocarbon-containing wastewater treatment using different (e.g., stirred-tank, membrane, packed-bed and fluidized-bed) constructions. Aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid bioreactors are becoming increasingly popular in the field of oily wastewater treatment, while high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons usually require physico-chemical pre-treatments. Most efficient bioreactor techniques employ immobilized cultures of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, either defined consortia or mixed natural populations. Some advantages of fluidized-bed bioreactors over other types of reactors are shown, such as large biofilm–liquid interfacial area, high immobilized biomass concentration and improved mass transfer characteristics. Several limitations, including low nutrient content and the presence of heavy metals or toxicants, as well as fouling and contamination with nuisance microorganisms, can be overcome using effective inocula and advanced bioreactor designs. The examples of laboratory studies and few successful pilot/full-scale applications are given relating to the biotreatment of oilfield wastewater, fuel-contaminated water and refinery effluents.
19
Sahar, E., M. Ernst, M. Godehardt, A. Hein, J. Herr, C. Kazner, T. Melin, et al. "Comparison of two treatments for the removal of selected organic micropollutants and bulk organic matter: conventional activated sludge followed by ultrafiltration versus membrane bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.300.
Анотація:
The potential of membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems to remove organic micropollutants was investigated at different scales, operational conditions, and locations. The effluent quality of the MBR system was compared with that of a plant combining conventional activated sludge (CAS) followed by ultrafiltration (UF). The MBR and CAS-UF systems were operated and tested in parallel. An MBR pilot plant in Israel was operated for over a year at a mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) range of 2.8–10.6 g/L. The MBR achieved removal rates comparable to those of a CAS-UF plant at the Tel-Aviv wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for macrolide antibiotics such as roxythromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin and slightly higher removal rates than the CAS-UF for sulfonamides. A laboratory scale MBR unit in Berlin – at an MLSS of 6–9 g/L – showed better removal rates for macrolide antibiotics, trimethoprim, and 5-tolyltriazole compared to the CAS process of the Ruhleben sewage treatment plant (STP) in Berlin when both were fed with identical quality raw wastewater. The Berlin CAS exhibited significantly better benzotriazole removal and slightly better sulfamethoxazole and 4-tolyltriazole removal than its MBR counterpart. Pilot MBR tests (MLSS of 12 g/L) in Aachen, Germany, showed that operating flux significantly affected the resulting membrane fouling rate, but the removal rates of dissolved organic matter and of bisphenol A were not affected.
20
McKeough, Paterson, and Leena Fagernäs. "Further Evaporation and Final Treatment of Process-Water Concentrates." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1999): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0691.
Анотація:
The study is part of a longer-term effort aimed at developing a separate treatment process for evaporation-concentrates of paper-mill process waters. This article deals with research on the two key processing steps; namely, the further evaporation and the final treatment of the concentrates. In laboratory experiments, various feed waters, including several different TMP filtrates, were evaporated to high dry-solids contents. The condensates recovered in most experiments contained relatively small amounts of organic matter. The extent of vapourisation of organic acids, relative to water, increased somewhat with increase in dry-solids content. Two TMP concentrates from large-scale evaporation plants were further concentrated in a pilot-scale forced-circulation evaporator. Viscosity was the factor limiting the extent of concentration. Using an evaporation temperature of about 80°C, the maximum dry-solids contents achieved with the two different concentrates were about 45 wt% and about 60 wt%, respectively. Fouling of heat-transfer surfaces was observed with both concentrates. A techno-economic evaluation of final-treatment options for alkali-rich concentrates is under way. According to intermediate results, molten-phase combustion processes would not require support fuel once the dry-solids content of TMP concentrate exceeds about 50 wt%. The aim of future work is to optimise the overall treatment process.
21
Abushawish, Alaa, Ines Bouaziz, Ismail W. Almanassra, Maha Mohammad AL-Rajabi, Lubna Jaber, Abdelrahman K. A. Khalil, Mohd Sobri Takriff, et al. "Desalination Pretreatment Technologies: Current Status and Future Developments." Water 15, no. 8 (April 17, 2023): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15081572.
Анотація:
Pretreatment of raw feed water is an essential step for proper functioning of a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant as it minimizes the risk of membrane fouling. Conventional pretreatment methods have drawbacks, such as the potential of biofouling, chemical consumption, and carryover. Non-conventional membrane-based pretreatment technologies have emerged as promising alternatives. The present review focuses on recent advances in MF, UF, and NF membrane pretreatment techniques that have been shown to be effective in preventing fouling as well as having low energy consumption. This review also highlights the advantages and disadvantages of polymeric and ceramic membranes. Hybrid technologies, which combine the benefits of conventional and non-conventional methods or different membranes, are also discussed as a potential solution for effective pretreatment. The literature that has been analyzed reveals the challenges associated with RO pretreatment, including the high cost of conventional pretreatment systems, the difficulty of controlling biofouling, and the production of large volumes of wastewater. To address these challenges, sustainable hybrid strategies for ceramic membrane-based systems in RO pretreatment are proposed. These strategies include a thorough assessment of the source water, removal of a wide range of impurities, and a combination of methods such as adsorption and carbon dioxide with a low amount of antiscalants. Furthermore, the suggestion of incorporating renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power can help reduce the environmental impact of the system. A pilot study is also recommended to overcome the difficulties in scaling ceramic systems from laboratory to industrial scale. The review also emphasizes the importance of conducting an effective assessment to suggest a treatment for the brine if needed before being discharged to the environment. By following this framework, sustainable, energy-efficient, and effective solutions can be recommended for pretreatment in desalination systems, which can have significant implications for water scarcity and environmental sustainability.
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Wen, Zhi Yong, Cheng Zhang, Qing Yan Fang, and Gang Chen. "Feasibility Study on Accessorial Limestone Injection Desulfurization System on Large Capacity Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.293.
Анотація:
Many large capacity boilers are facing the problems of desulfurization with the variation of coal quality received and small designed desulfurization capacity in current Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization(WFGD) system. WFGD capacity improving renovation is a high cost and long construction cycle project. Therefore, a proposal to add accessorial limestone injection desulfurization system without changing the current WFGD was investigated in this study. Laboratory experiments and pilot scale field tests on a 220t/h boiler were performed to certificate the possibility of adding accessorial limestone desulfurization system on large capacity boiler. Desulfurization efficiencies under different injection position, Ca/S ratio, the porosity structures of desulfurization agent, and boiler operating conditions were tested to obtain the optimal working conditions for limestone desulfurization in large capacity boiler ; Ash composition, ash melting point, ash particle size distribution were also determined to evaluate the influence on heating surface of boiler corrosion, fouling, abrasion and boiler efficiency on a 660MW unit boiler after adding limestone injection system for security and economy concern. The results of this paper could provide reliable evidence and experiments data for the power plant to make overall consideration for adding accessorial limestone injection desulfurization system without changing the current WFGD system.
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Mouret, Aurélie, Henderson Ivan Quintero Pérez, Isabelle Hénaut, Cyril Jermann, Christian Blazquez-Egea, Rocío Macarena Ortíz, Mauricio Gutierrez Benavides, Cristian Narváez, Dalje Sunith Barbosa, and Mathieu Salaün. "Experimental evaluation of the potential impacts of polymer breakthrough on topside operations at Yariguí-Cantagallo field conditions." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.674.
Анотація:
After a successful polymer injection pilot, Ecopetrol plans to deploy at full-field scale this enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology on the Yariguí-Cantagallo field. Although a significant increase oil production is expected, the impact of the residual polymer on the produced water cycle should not be neglected. Indeed, after the polymer breakthrough, a significant part of the EOR chemical will be present in the produced fluids, and this may negatively impact the water/oil separation and the water treatment processes. An early review of this scenario provides an accurate vision of potential issues and, above all, enables to anticipate handling difficulties with produced fluids, and identifying mitigation strategies. This paper proposes a specific and comprehensive experimental methodology to assess production risks using laboratory equipment designed to mimic the current separation processes of the Yariguí-Cantagallo field, which were as representative as possible. The objective is to highlight the impact of the residual polymer first on water/oil separation processes with bottle tests, electrostatic dehydration tests, and polymer fouling evaluation on heat exchangers and, second, on water treatment using long-term gravity separation tests, Jar test, flotation column, and walnut shell filtration unit. The assessment considered different scenarios in terms of polymer concentration, water-cut, water composition and initial oil content in the produced water. The compatibility between the polymer and some oilfield chemicals, such as demulsifiers and water clarifiers, was also investigated. The efficiency of these physical and chemical treatments was evaluated by monitoring the separation kinetics as well as by evaluating the quality of the phases with measures of water-in-oil content, oil-in-water content, or water turbidity. For this case study and at laboratory scale, the polymer does not seem to stabilize tight emulsions, rather observing an improvement in water/oil separation kinetics. However, the quality of the separated water is strongly degraded with a higher oil content and some incompatibilities with current demulsifiers which reduce their efficiency have been observed. The risk of polymer precipitation or fouling on heat surface is very low under the experimental conditions tested. The performance of the different water treatment stages is slightly affected in the presence of polymer, even if the water quality remains good. The operational risk assessment conclusions and pending recommendations draw the map of conditions where the residual polymer seems to cause problems or not. This anticipated experimental approach can provide clues and solutions to better manage the impact of the residual polymer in back produced fluids. Adjusting process parameters on existing surface facilities and working on chemical treatment optimization should ensure to produce oil, and release produced water on specifications. This challenge will be one of the keys for technical success and for upholding the expected economic performance of this EOR project.
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Shurygin, Maxim, Christiane Guenther, Stephan Fuchs, and Volker Prehn. "Effective treatment of the wastewater from ceramic industry using ceramic membranes." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 5 (February 2, 2021): 1055–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.039.
Анотація:
Abstract Emissions of organic compounds, heavy metals and chemicals used in the ceramic industry cause significant organic and inorganic pollution of water. The effluent must be treated before it is discharged into a water body. International and EU laws control the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater. Conventional technologies, such as sedimentation, flocculation and biological treatment, have lots of drawbacks, whereas membrane technologies give many benefits, as they are chemical-free and allow a reduction of the treatment steps. One-step wastewater nanofiltration with ceramic membranes of 450 Da cut-off is able to reduce the COD of ceramic wastewater to a sufficient level. However, the working time without cleaning is limited and the rejection of membranes can be significantly reduced due to fouling. Multistage filtration can be the solution. Filtration experiments with various combinations (MF, UF and NF) of ceramic membranes were performed at a laboratory scale with single-channel membranes and at pilot scale with 7-, 19- and 151-channel membranes in order to permanently reach the limit value of a COD below 80 mg/L and to increase the operating time. Four types of membranes were sequentially tested in the cross-flow mode: MF (200 nm pore size), UF (2,000 Da), NF (450 Da) and NF (200 Da). 5-day Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) tests were performed in order to examine the wastewater biodegradability. The test results with single-channel membranes showed that in terms of the highest COD rejection and the highest permeability, the best combination was that of MF and UF membranes. Here, UF membranes were sufficient to reach the limit values. As for the multi-channel membranes, the combination of MF and NF (450 Da) was the best and the final COD concentration ranged from 11 to 48 mg/L. 5-day BOD bottle tests showed a COD/BOD ratio of 3.8, which opened up possibilities for combined treatment.
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Luo, Li-Wei, Yin-Hu Wu, Yun-Hong Wang, Xin Tong, Yuan Bai, Gen-Qiang Chen, Hao-Bin Wang, Nozomu Ikuno, and Hong-Ying Hu. "Aggravated biofouling caused by chlorine disinfection in a pilot-scale reverse osmosis treatment system of municipal wastewater." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, March 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.108.
Анотація:
Abstract The reverse osmosis (RO) system is widely applied to produce reclaimed water for high-standard industrial use. Chlorine disinfection is the main biofouling control method in the RO systems for wastewater reclamation. However, researchers reported the adverse effects of chlorine disinfection which aggravated biofouling in laboratory-scale RO systems. In this study, four parallel 4-inch spiral wound RO membranes were used to study the effect of chlorine on biofouling in a pilot-scale RO system. The free chlorine dosages in four experimental groups were 0, 1, 2 and 5 mg/L, respectively. After continuous chlorination and dechlorination, the feed water entered the RO system. It was found that chlorine pretreatment caused a 1.9–36.7% increase in relative feed water pressure of the RO system, suggesting that chlorine aggravated the membrane fouling in the pilot-scale RO system. The microbial community structures of living bacteria in the feed water of the RO system were determined by the PMA (propidium monoazide)-PCR method and showed that the relative abundance of chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) was significantly increased after disinfection. Nine major genera which maintained higher relative abundance in experimental groups with high chlorine dosage were considered as possible key species causing membrane fouling, including Pedobacter, Clostridium and Bradyrhizobium.
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"The effect of humic acids on the removal of atrazine from water in a continuous photocatalytic membrane reactor." Issue 3 16, no. 3 (May 26, 2014): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001412.
Анотація:
<div>
<p>This paper examines the effect of humic acids (HA) and other solution constituents (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>), frequently encountered in potable water sources, on the removal of a well-known herbicide, atrazine (ATR), by a laboratory-scale pilot Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor (PMR) system. Experimental results with different HA concentrations, in the presence (or not) of background cations, demonstrate the attainment of steady-state operation with constant degradation efficiencies and controlled membrane fouling phenomena. The excellent performance of the system is attributed to the efficient photocatalytic degradation of the dissolved organics, which is enhanced by steric interactions between the HA-ATR pseudo-complexes and the membrane. The successful laboratory tests hold promise for practical water treatment applications of the proposed PMR system.</p>
</div>
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Sanjuan, Eva, Javier Barriga-Cuartero, Oscar Andreu-Sánchez, Alberto González, and Belén Fouz. "Study of sustainable HDPE-based materials for aquaculture applications: effects on fouling." Frontiers in Marine Science 10 (October 3, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1268695.
Анотація:
This study addresses one of the most common problems faced by the marine sector, namely the accumulation of organic matter and organisms on submerged surfaces. This biological phenomenon causes structural problems in aquatic systems and its mitigation implies a large economic outlay for marine aquaculture industry. Antifouling paints are being developed to help control this undesirable process; however, these treatments are problematic as they degrade and release biocides and heavy metals into the environment. In this context, our study focuses on developing more environmentally friendly antifouling strategies. For this purpose, we designed high-density polyethylene (HDPE) material functionalized with different copper compounds or silica, and subsequently tested their effects on biofilm formation by aquatic organisms at both laboratory and pilot scale. Bacterial species (Vibrio harveyi and Cellulophaga lytica) and diatoms (Nitzschia ovalis) known for producing biofilm were used. Our study revealed that material including copper pyrithione (CuPT) was highly effective in inhibiting bacterial and algal biofilm formation. Moreover, the ecotoxicological study covering three trophic levels (bacteria, algae and rotifers) indicated that none of the materials developed and tested herein was toxic. HDPE is easily moldable and suitable to produce built-in aquatic structures, and our results show that its functionalization with CuPT greatly improves its antifouling capacity. These findings represent a step forward in the fight against fouling in marine environments.
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Vaudevire, E., E. Koreman, G. Galjaard, R. Trommel, and M. Visser. "Further treatment of ion exchange brine with dynamic vapour recompression." Water Practice and Technology 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2012.074.
Анотація:
In the context of the development of the SIX© Ion exchange process, the Dutch water company (PWN) decided to investigate options for treatment of the brine arising from the regeneration of the resin. Main goals for the brine treatment are volume reduction and product recovery (water + NaCl). In this regard a biological denitrification (DNF) aiming at total nitrate removal followed by a nanofiltration (NF) aiming at ion separation (monovalent/bivalent) focused on NaCl re-use were implemented on a pilot scale recovering 80% of the total SIX brine (implying 80%recovery of NaCl). Further NF concentrate minimization and Sodium Chloride reclamation would allow a reduction of the disposal fees and chemical uses and therefore largely increase the overall process sustainability. During operation on a pilot scale with a capacity of 250l/h, the Dynamic Vapour Recompression (DVR) technology has proved itself to be capable to reduce the raw regenerate another 6 to 10 times reaching meanwhile the solubility limits of NaCl and other salts making their recovery on a solid stream possible. The condensate that resides after DVR treatment is low contaminated and is therefore suitable for re-injection upstream the SIX pre-treatment process. Laboratory scale evaporation tests showed that salts would precipitate according to the following order: BaSO4 >BaCO3 > MgSO4 > MgCO3 >CaCO3 > CaSO4 > Na2CO3 > Na2SO4 and NaCl. A sequenced thickening by DVR treatment leads to selective precipitation of BaSO4, BaCO3, MgCO3, CaCO3 and CaSO4 at concentration factor around 8 but beyond a CF of 10 it leads to a more or less simultaneous precipitation of NaCl, Na2CO3 and Na2SO4 without fouling/clogging problems of the DVR. A reuse of a heterogeneous (co)precipitate solid fraction is difficult; however this problem could be countered by further investigation on a temperature controlled precipitation of Na2CO3 and Na2SO4. Cooling down the DVR brine saturated in dissolved sodium chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate to a temperature of 5 °C increases solubility differences between sodium chloride and its two contaminants, making their separation possible.