Дисертації з теми "Labor-legal status"

The basic research question this thesis addresses is how the secondary status of Bangladeshi women is reinforced through household labour. It is argued that gender relations and housework shape each other. To develop this, it examines the degree of participation of women in different areas of housework and family decisions. The thesis further explores whether the autonomy of women coming from the traditional Bangladeshi family set-up has increased as a result of their immigration to Canada and their exposure to Canadian family values. This is done by a comparison of the family experiences of Canadian and Bangladeshi women. Finally, it is suggested that age, position in the family and length of immigration are the indices of the autonomy of Bangladeshi women in Canada.

In this thesis, we present the outcomes of a research conducted on children's domestic labor in Haiti. In addition to being engaged in housekeeping work -- which has a negative impact on access to basic education -- children in domesticity are generally victims of harmful disciplinary measures as well. Consequently, our main objective is to expose the actual norms and practices regarding the education and the physical treatment of young domestic workers.
Based on legal pluralism, the approach undertaken during this research combines both theoretical and empirical research, and focuses on law and norms existing at multiple levels.
First, we present the information gathered from our theoretical approach. After exploring the notion of "Haitian child domestic servant", sketching social profiles of actors engaged in the practice of domesticity, and identifying the most significant contingent factors, we underline the principal national and international norms guaranteeing children the right to education as well as to physical integrity.
Second, we explore the local norms related to the education and to physical treatment of young domestic servants through the results of empirical research carried out in Haiti in the form of observation and interviews with relevant actors.
We conclude by identifying the framework of norms that govern the behaviour of families that host domestic children. Understanding that framework allows jurists and other actors to identify and implement the actions more likely to improve the quality of life of child domestic workers.

Thesis for a degree of Candidate of Science in Law, specialty 12.00.05 «Labor law; social security law». – Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. – Kharkiv, 2018.
The dissertation is devoted to the systematic and detailed analysis of the legal essence, content and features of the status of the head of a higher education institution as a subject of labor law, as well as actual problems of practical nature and the search for solutions to them. In the scientific work the legal characterization of the activity of the head of a higher education institution as a form of realization of labor rights for the fulfillment of official duties, as well as a specific kind of labor activity was carried out. Defined the notion and essential features of the labor-legal status of the head of a higher education institution, in particular, the nature of the legal relationships that the composition is established between the head of a higher education institution (as an employee) and the founder of a higher education institution (as an employer). Features of the emergence and termination of labor relations with the head of the higher education institution are highlighted, and the gaps and conflicts in the normative and legal regulation of labor relations with the head of higher education institution are identified. Specific suggestions and recommendations for improving the legal regulation of the status of the head of a higher education institution as a subject of labor law have been formed.

South Africa has over the years and particularly since the enactment of our new Constitution, attracted an increasing number of foreigners. One of the main problems associated with the large number of illegal immigrants in this country is that they are placing strain on South Africa‟s already scare resources such as housing and healthcare. A further problem is that these illegal immigrants are competing with South Africans for jobs which are already scarce, and thus aggravating the unemployment situation. Nevertheless, these illegal immigrants are being employed and by virtue of their circumstances are easily exploited and often the victims of cheap labour, corruption, eviction and assault. Given that these workers are illegal immigrants not in possession of the required work permits, their employment is prohibited by the Immigration Act 13 of 2002. They are thus illegal workers. Another category of illegal workers are those, predominantly women, who are employed in an industry which offers easy income with no contractual obligations – the prostitution industry. Despite the prohibition of prostitution by the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957, the prostitution industry throughout South Africa continues to exist. These workers are also particularly vulnerable and easily exploited and abused by their employers. Illegal immigrants and sex workers in South Africa have until recently been denied access to the protection of our labour legislation, by virtue of the illegality of their employment contracts. However two recent controversial decisions, that of the Labour Court in the Discovery Health case, and that of the Labour Appeal Court in the Kylie case, have changed this position.

Пантелієнко, Г. М. Працівники поліції як спеціальні суб’єкти трудового права : магістерська робота : 081 Право / Г. М. Пантелієнко; керівник роботи Литвиненко В. М. ; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра трудового права, адміністративного права та процесу. – Чернігів, 2019. – 86 с.
Трудова діяльність працівників поліції є однією з форм праці, право на яку закріплено у ст. 43 Конституції України. Вибір такої почесної професії завжди означав готовність до напруженої роботи на благо Вітчизни та відданість національним інтересам. Місія, що покладається на працівників поліції, є дуже відповідальною - служити суспільству шляхом забезпечення охорони прав і свобод людини, протидії злочинності, підтримання публічної безпеки і порядку. У межах реалізації нашою державою напрямку на європейську інтеграцію, надзвичайно актуальними сьогодні постали питання щодо реформування діяльності поліції в цілому, а також удосконалення правого регулювання статусу її працівників. Це стосується, зокрема, і трудоправового статусу працівників поліції. У розділі 1 роботи визначено сутність правового статусу працівника поліції як спеціального суб’єкта трудового права, поняття, зміст та основні риси його трудової діяльності, правові основи регулювання такої діяльності. Розділ 2 присвячений характеристиці основних принципів, завдань та функцій трудової діяльності працівників поліції. У розділі 3 досліджуються актуальні проблеми та напрями вдосконалення правової регламентації трудової діяльності працівників поліції. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що: 1) запропоновано внести зміни до ч. 5 ст. 91 Закону України «Про Національну поліцію», у якій йдеться про компенсацію роботи поліцейського у вихідні, святкові та неробочі дні шляхом надання йому іншого дня для відпочинку. Зокрема, необхідно передбачити як альтернативу можливість отримання грошової компенсації у подвійному розмірі при залученні його до роботи у такі дні, що у свою чергу узгоджувалося б зі статтями 72 та 107 Кодексу законів про працю України (с. 62-63); 2) дістало подальшого розвитку авторське тлумачення терміну «трудоправовий статус працівника поліції». Вбачається, що це закріплена Конституцією України, законами України «Про Національну поліцію», «Про державну службу», «Про запобігання корупції», Кодексом законів про працю України система прав, обов’язків, заборон, обмежень, заохочень та гарантій професійної діяльності працівника поліції, а також міра відповідальності за невиконання або неналежне виконання ним службово-трудових обов’язків (с. 21-22). Основні положення і висновки роботи обговорювалися на міжкафедральному науково-практичному семінарі «Правові реформи в Україні: стан і перспективи розвитку» (м. Чернігів, 2019 р.). Основні результати проведеного дослідження викладені у 1 науковій праці.
The employment of police officers is a form of labor, the right of which is enshrined in Art. 43 of the Constitution of Ukraine. Choosing such an honorable profession has always meant a willingness to work hard for the good of the Fatherland and a commitment to national interests. The mission of the police is very responsible - to serve the community by ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms, combating crime, maintaining public safety and order. As part of our country's pursuit of European integration, the issues of reforming police activity as a whole, as well as improving the right regulation of its employees' status, are extremely relevant today. This applies in particular to the employment status of police officers. Section 1 of the paper defines the essence of the legal status of a police officer as a special subject of labor law, the concept, content and main features of his employment, the legal basis for regulating such activity. Section 2 deals with the description of the basic principles, tasks and functions of the work of police officers. Section 3 explores the current issues and areas for improving the legal regulation of the employment of police officers. The scientific novelty of the work is that: 1) it is proposed to make changes to Part 5 of Art. 91 of the Law of Ukraine "On the National Police", which refers to the compensation of police work on weekends, holidays and non-working days by giving him another rest day. In particular, consideration should be given to the possibility of receiving double compensation when hired to work on such days, which in turn would be consistent with Articles 72 and 107 of the Labor Code of Ukraine (pp. 62-63); 2) the author's interpretation of the term "police officer's employment status" was further developed. It is believed that this is enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine "On the National Police", "On the Civil Service", "On Corruption Prevention", the Labor Code of Ukraine system of rights, duties, prohibitions, restrictions, incentives and guarantees of professional activity of an employee police, as well as the degree of responsibility for their non-performance or improper performance of their official duties (pp. 21-22). The main provisions and conclusions of the work were discussed at the inter-departmental scientific-practical seminar "Legal Reforms in Ukraine: State and Prospects for Development" (Chernihiv, 2019). The main results of the study are outlined in 1 scientific paper.

Сучасний стан наукових досліджень в галузі правового регулювання праці медичних працівників також характеризується фактичною відсутністю наукових робіт комплексного, інтегративного характеру. Розроблена в сучасній правовій науці система понять, які характеризують зміст трудо-правового статусу найманого працівника взагалі і медичного працівника зокрема, залишається досить дискусійною. Особливості правового регулювання праці медичних працівників спрямовані, перш за все, на сприяння поліпшенню якості наданої медичної допомоги та послуг, на підвищення ефективності системи охорони здоров'я, на захист життя і здоров'я пацієнтів, на здійснення медичної допомоги на благо суспільства.
Современное состояние научных исследований в области правового регулирования труда медицинских работников также характеризуется фактическим отсутствием научных работ комплексного, интегративного характера. Разработана в современной правовой науке система понятий, характеризующих содержание трудо-правового статуса наемного работника вообще и медицинского работника в частности, остается достаточно дискуссионной. Особенности правового регулирования труда медицинских работников направлены, прежде всего, на содействие улучшению качества оказываемой медицинской помощи и услуг, повышение эффективности системы здравоохранения, на защиту жизни и здоровья пациентов, на осуществление медицинской помощи на благо общества.
The current state of scientific research in the field of legal regulation of labor of medical workers is also characterized by the actual lack of scientific works of a complex, integrative nature. Developed in modern legal science, the system of concepts that characterize the content of the labor-legal status of a hired employee in general and a medical worker in particular, remains rather controversial. The peculiarities of the legal regulation of labor of medical workers are aimed, first of all, at promoting the quality of the provided medical aid and services, in improving the efficiency of the health care system, in protecting the life and health of patients, in the delivery of medical care for the benefit of society.

Africa reportedly has the highest incidence of child labour in the world. To respond to this problem, some scholars recommend an outright ban on child labour through legislation. In this regard, most African countries, including South Africa (SA), have enacted legislation directed at banning child labour. However, legislation directed at banning child labour may impact negatively on certain fundamental rights of children. This is because child labour is sometimes a source of income for many children who may themselves have ‘dependants’. For instance, for children in desperate need, adherence to laws which have the effect of depriving them of basic necessities including food, housing and water is unrealistic, inadequate and totally ineffective. A notable example is with regard to orphaned children. Taking such children out of employment is counter-productive as they are left with no means of survival. On the other hand, though child labour contributes to the survival of many children and their families in Africa, it impacts negatively on fundamental rights of children. Some of these rights include the right to education, health, leisure, among others. Therefore, regardless of the circumstances that compel children to engage in child labour, it remains a problem that needs to be addressed through appropriate approaches. This study stresses that the approaches adopted need to be cognizant of the diverse circumstances under which children engage in child labour.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

This thesis focuses on trade union responses to casualisation of labour in the Eastern Cape. In the context of increased globalization, some employers have attempted to achieve high production outputs while saving on operational costs. The ‘flexible firm’ model is used as but one theory to explain increased flexibility in the workplace. In an effort to achieve increasingly flexible firms that may swiftly respond to subsequent challenges such as increased international competition, employers have been seen incorporating more non-standard workers in the form of casual, temporary, part-time, and seasonal workers. This has been a matter of concern for the unions for numerous reasons: some nonstandard workers are subjected to sub-standard working conditions, irregular working hours and little or no benefits; casual work is arranged in such a way that it is virtually impossible for these workers to join a union – a predicament which bears a high possibility of a decline in the typically standard worker–based membership of trade unions; and non-standard workers are often faced with the representation gap predicament which entails that they are not adequately protected by labour legislation. The thesis explores the responses of trade unions to these challenges, and the proposals that they have made in this regard, by focusing on the sectoral dynamics of non-standard labour in the province. It further discusses the regulation of non-standard labour, as poor representation of some non-standard workers bears consequences for the regulation of the practice of non-standard work. The research adopted qualitative research techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews, and used purposive and snowball sampling in accessing relevant data for analysis purposes.

This study surveyed 107 working college students with varying disabilities. Individual, job, and organizational characteristics were evaluated for their ability to predict job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover cognitions. One area this characteristic that was explored was that of an individual's perception of organizational resources related to legally mandated reasonable accommodations. Using hierarchal regression this study found that self-efficacy, job characteristics, and means-efficacy were key predictors of job satisfaction. Means-efficacy was the only one of these that was a predictor of turnover intentions.

Le concept et la justiciabilité des droits sociaux et économiques dans le cadre nord-américain n'ont jamais fait l'objet d'une étude à part entière par la doctrine juridique française. En cause, le fait que la culture juridique nord-américaine apparaît aux yeux de la plupart des juristes comme largement imperméable à cette catégorie de droits que nous référençons sous le vocable de « droits sociaux ». Lorsque l'on s'interroge sur la manière d'appréhender leur garantie, l'évolution des droits sociaux dans le droit nord-américain est pourtant riche d'instruction, du fait du cadre culturel particulier dans lequel ils opèrent, et du fait que la doctrine nord-américaine a eu le mérite d'embrasser un large spectre théorique pour penser cette catégorie. Le cas nord-américain a impliqué une construction des droits sociaux en deux temps séparés, relatifs à deux projets sociaux différents : d'abord celui de la Nouvelle donne (New Deal) de la présidence Roosevelt dans les années 1930 ; et celui de la déségrégation raciale amorcée par la Cour suprême d'Earl Warren dans les années 1950, couplée avec la Guerre contre la pauvreté (War on Poverty) de la présidence Johnson la décennie suivante. Ces deux temps dans le traitement de la question sociale nord-américaine nous permettent de distinguer deux conceptions antagonistes des droits sociaux. La première est relative à la période du New Deal, elle est fondée sur l'émancipation individuelle du travailleur, et demeure la responsabilité du pouvoir législatif par des politiques d'assurance sociale. La seconde est relative à la période de la guerre contre la pauvreté et de déségrégation raciale dans les années 1950-1960, elle est fondée sur la réintégration des minorités écartées de la première catégorie, elle opère sur le plan de l'assistance sociale et demeure la responsabilité du juge en « réaction » aux oublis du législateur. Il ressort de cet historique des droits sociaux une dualité conceptuelle qui rend compte des limites à la possibilité de théoriser une garantie uniforme des droits sociaux aux Etats-Unis. Cette dualité permet en revanche d'analyser avec plus de précisions les débats doctrinaux essentiels sur la conception et la justiciabilité des droits sociaux. La doctrine nord-américaine a ainsi nourri deux débats doctrinaux majeurs, celui sur le caractère indéterminé des droits sociaux, impliquant leur caractère fondamentalement dynamique, un débat qui aboutit le plus souvent à condamner les théories transcendantes visant à figer leur contenu. Enfin le débat doctrinal sur la compétence réel du juge, qui interroge plus largement les rouages et les possibilités du modèle américain de Judicial Review relativement à la question sociale. Le résultat théorique de notre étude, relativement à la dualité conceptuelle prise en compte, implique la conclusion que la garantie des droits sociaux ne peut s'apprécier qu'en fonction des conjonctures politiques. Elles dépendent du projet social en cours et des jugements collectifs qui déterminent les vecteurs les justifiant, que ce soit le besoin du bénéficiaire, ou sa contrepartie à la société. Cette perspective vide de sa substance le contenu du concept de garantie, mais permet de mieux définir la réalité et les évolutions en cours au sujet de cette catégorie de droits, notamment les vecteurs décisifs à prendre en compte à leur sujet
The concept and justiciability of social and economic rights in the specific US legal field has never been studied by the French legal doctrine, with the exception of short comparative studies. We see the American legal field as largely aversive to the recognition of the so-called “social rights”. However, when we consider social rights guarantee, American law offers weak but very original perspectives. And the American legal doctrine offers many ways to consider social rights guarantee in the field of Common law. To better appreciate social rights, we need to distinguish two different timeline in American legal history which has influenced the creation and spreading of social rights. First timeline is Franklin Roosevelt New Deal in the 30's, second timeline is Warren court judicial activism against segregation starting in the 50's, joined by Johnson War on poverty the following decade. By dealing with social and economic regulation, these two timelines offers two antagonistic conceptions of social rights. The first conception goes back to the New Deal era. It focuses on the emancipation of worker's rights, and social insurance. That conception implies the exclusive responsibility of legislative branch to make such a social legislation. The second conception goes back mainly to Warren court era and Johnson presidency. That conception implies the protection of the minorities who didn't get access to New Deal reforms because of segregation laws at that time . It is the responsibility of the Supreme Court to put them back into the Welfare State. That specific two channels conception of social rights gave birth to a specific conceptual duality which prevents any possibility to conceive a whole theory of social rights guarantee in US legal doctrine. That conceptual duality is interesting tough, as it permits to better consider doctrinal debates about justiciability of social rights. US legal doctrines focused on two mains debates according to social rights. The first one is the problem of indeterminacy. It implies social rights as a history related and dynamic kind of law, condemning most theories based on moral transcendent principles of justice. The second is the problem of court capability for enforcing such kind of rights. It focuses on a broader debate about the Judicial review model, and the separation of powers between courts and legislative branch. The conceptual duality of social rights made their guarantee strongly contingent of the political process. Social rights guarantee depend on the background social project which put them into reality. That perspective made the basic idea of guarantee a non sense in the case of social rights, but stay as the best tool to better appreciate their evolution and the needs they fulfill

This thesis elucidates new perspectives on transnational migration. The analysis draws from three oral histories that recount border-crossings and their unique impact on Salvadoran immigrant self-realization. The oral histories presented refine the study of transnational migration by providing valuable qualitative information that supplements and nuances empirical fact. The first subject, whose story takes place in the 1970s just before the outbreak of the Salvadoran civil war, constructs identity through an embrace of assimilationist practices. The second narrative, occurring just after the civil war, is of a woman who navigates hegemonic Anglo structures by appropriating a space of her own. The third subject, a man who immigrates in the wake of post-9/11 heightened security concerns, desires permanent settlement; however, his undocumented status prevents him from fully integrating into American mainstream society. Additionally, an analytical focus on transnationalism reveals an important relationship with gendered identities. Through close analysis, these narratives reveal how Salvadoran immigrants have renegotiated what it means to belong in the United States. Overall this thesis contributes to a relatively young and undeveloped line of research on Salvadoran migration, particularly through its focus on gender.

This dissertation reveals the origins of one of early US history’s most frequently evoked concepts: the northern “free state.” Beginning in the colonial era and ending with the Civil War, “Slavery Is Slavery: Early American Mythmaking and the Invention of the Free State” follows two threads simultaneously: first, the changing meaning of the term “free state,” and, second, the politics of enslavement and freedom in New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, the three states whose relationship to slavery seemed most unsure at the Founding. Relying on the methods of conceptual history, this dissertation reveals that for the first several decades of US history, “free state” signified a self-governing, republican entity, and the phrase only came to be associated with slavery after around the year 1820. Even then, the exact geography it represented remained contested, especially in the lower Mid-Atlantic. The confluence of a developing free labor economy and growing northern antislavery sentiment combined to create the conditions for the “free state” to take on a new meaning—the one historians have inherited and continue to employ today.

Until recently, the legal position of domestic workers in South Africa could be described as a relic of the nineteenth century, when the contract of employment and the common law defined the employer-employee relationship. The legal rules which regulate the relationship between the domestic worker and her employer are examined. International labour standards and the legal position of domestic workers in other countries are considered. Cognisance is taken of the social phenomenon which finds domestic workers at the convergence of three lines along which inequality is generated, namely gender, race and class. Furthermore, the unique economic forces at play in this sector are examined. The law will be stretched to its limits when attempting to resolve what is, essentially, a socio-economic problem. However, the working lives of a million people are at stake. The legislature has a constitutional, political and moral responsibility to attend to reform in this sector as a matter of urgency.
Private Law
LL.M.

Despite the extensive research conducted on sexual harassment, very little work has focused on the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment. In exploring the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment, we are confronted with salient issues pertaining to the determination of the welcomeness requirement which call for a reflection. A key characteristic of sexual harassment is that it is unwanted by the recipient. It is for each person to decide what behaviour is acceptable to them and what they regard as offensive. Thus, although there is general agreement about what can constitute sexual harassment, the experience of sexual harassment is subjective in nature and the precise quantification of workplace sexual harassment is problematic. The present study aims to: (a) identify the reasoning/history behind the "unwelcomeness/unwanted" requirement, (b) assess the reasonableness of· the requirement of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct, taking into account the various pieces of legislation and case law, (c) determine how the courts have interpreted this requirement and what factors are looked at, (d) determine whether the test is subjective or objective, (e) identify the struggle and debilitating effects sexual harassment has on women in the workplace. The results of this study will assist in gaining knowledge and understanding of the concept of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct in sexual harassment cases and the effects it has on the victim which will go a long way in assisting management in any business to effectively implement strategies and disciplines to manage the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace.
Private Law
LLM (Labour Law)

Cancer is regarded as a global disease and one of the leading killer diseases in the world. The reason why cancer is so widespread and often misunderstood stems from multiple factors, namely, the lack of knowledge about cancer, unfair discrimination of persons living with cancer, inadequate or inappropriate treatment provided to patients, the stigma attached to cancer, misdiagnosis and late diagnosis of persons living with cancer, as well as the inadequate provision of screening programs to detect cancer at an early stage. The combination of these issues raises alarming medico-legal problems that merit further attention. The thesis will explore the origin, nature, philosophical and clinical aspects pertaining to cancer, as well as legal issues related to cancer and oncology. The study will conclude with recommendations aimed at mitigating and addressing the shortcomings that exist in the medico-legal framework. The study will also draw on a legal comparison of relevant South African, English and American laws and regulations. Since this thesis entails focussing on medico-legal principles, the study will draw on aspects of medical law, labour law, law of contract, law of delict, constitutional law and criminal law.
Private Law
LL. D.

Брильова О.В. Правовий статус організацій роботодавців, їх об’єднань як суб’єктів трудових правовідносин: дис. ... канд. юрид. наук: 12.00.05 / Брильова Ольга Валеріївна. - Одеса, 2016. - 190 с.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.05 - трудове право; право соціального забезпечення.- Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Одеса, 2016. Дисертація є першим у сучасній вітчизняній науці трудового права спеціальним комплексним дослідженням правового статусу організацій роботодавців, їх об’єднань як суб’єктів трудових правовідносин. У дисертації досліджено нормативне закріплення права роботодавців на об’єднання у міжнародно-правових актах і законодавстві України. Визначено поняття та статус організацій роботодавців, їх об’єднань. Охарактеризовано порядок утворення і припинення організацій роботодавців, їх об’єднань. З’ясовано мету і завдання організацій роботодавців, їх об’єднань, виокремлено функції зазначених роботодавців, їх об’єднань та розкрито їх зміст. Розглянуто елементи правового статусу організацій роботодавців, їх об’єднань як суб’єктів трудових правовідносин. Охарактеризовано основні форми участі організацій роботодавців, їх об’єднань у соціальному діалозі у сфері праці. Сформульовано науково обґрунтовані пропозиції щодо удосконалення актів чинного законодавства, проекту ТК України у частині закріплення правового статусу організацій роботодавців, їх об’єднань як суб’єктів трудових правовідносин.
Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.05 - трудовое право; право социального обеспечения.- Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия», Одесса, 2016. Диссертация является первым в современной отечественной науке трудового права специальным комплексным исследованием правового статуса организаций работодателей, их объединений как субъектов трудовых правоотношений на основе международно-правовых актов, обновленного национального законодательства, проекта ТК Украины. У диссертации исследовано нормативное закрепление права работодателей на объединение в международно-правовых актах (актах ООН, МОТ, Совета Европы и Европейского Союза) и законодательстве Украины. Особое внимание уделяется анализу актов МОП, содержащих основной массив международных стандартов права на объединение. Сделаны выводы о соответствии национального законодавтельства, проекта Трудового кодекса Украины международным стандартам в этой сфере. Определены понятие и статус организаций работодателей, их объединений. Охарактеризован порядок создания и прекращения организаций работодателей, их объединений. Установлены цель и задачи организаций работодателей, их объединений. Выделены функции организаций работодателей, их объединений (представительская, защитная, контрольная, информационная, образовательная, консультационная) и раскрыто их содержание. Рассмотрены элементы правового статуса организаций работодателей, их объединений как субъектов трудовых правоотношений: трудовая правосубъектность; основные трудовые права и обязанности; юридические гарантии трудовых прав и обязанностей. Охарактеризовано участие организаций работодателей, их объединений в осуществлении таких форм социального диалога в сфере труда, как: обмен информацией, консультации, согласительные процедуры, коллективные переговоры по заключению коллективных договоров и соглашений. На основе анализа специальной литературы, нормативно-правовых актов и материалов практики сформулированы научно обоснованные предложения по совершенствованию актов действующего законодательства, проекта ТК Украины в части закрепления правового статуса организаций работодателей, их объединений как субъектов трудовых правоотношений.
The thesis for the degree of candidate of legal sciences, specialty 12.00.05 - Labor Law; Social Security Law. - National University “Odessa Law Academy”, Odessa, 2016. The dissertation is the first special comprehensive research of the legal status of employers’ organizations, their associations as subjects of labor relations. The statutory implementation of the right of employers to association in international legal acts and in the legislation of Ukraine is researched in the article. The definition and status of employers’ organizations are defined. The order of creation and termination of employers’ organizations, their associations are characterized. The functions of employers’ organizations, their associations were allocated and researched. The elements of the legal status of employers’ organizations, their associations as subjects of labor relations were examined. Basic forms of participation of employers’ organizations, their associations in the social dialogue in the field of labour were characterized. Scientifically based proposals for improvement of acts of current legislation, draft Labour Code in terms of implementation of the legal status of employers’ organizations, their associations as subjects of labor relations were formulated.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
科際整合法律學研究所
104
At the rise of the service industry, the working hours of white-collar workers has become an emergent issue. Considering this, the most important issue is how to strike a balance between operational elasticity for employers and the protection of labor rights. To respond to this problem, this thesis aims to provide some inspirations and reflections for the legal system regulating the working hours of white-collar workers in Taiwan, by conducting research on the corresponding legal system in the United States. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation and structure of this thesis. Chapter 2 provides an elaboration on the “White-collar exemption” clause in the United States, of which the main purpose is to exclude the overtime pay regulated by the Fair Labor Standards Act. In addition, the exemption provides criteria for deciding the characterization of the white-collar. In order to be qualified as a white-collar, a labor must pass three tests sequentially: the salary basis test, the salary level test and the duty test. Based on the white-collar identity, Chapter 3 furthermore studies its working hour issues. After the above research on the regulation in the United States, Chapter 4 focuses on the “Supervisory, administrative workers, and professional workers with designated responsibility” in Article 84-1 in the Labor Standards Act of Taiwan, discussing the criteria and working hour standards for workers in this category. Finally, conclusion is derived through a comparison between Taiwan and the United States in Chapter 5: As for the criteria and work hour of the white-collar, the United States exercises high degree of intervention from the public power for the former, while the latter mostly relies upon private autonomy. On the other hand, Taiwan administers high degree of intervention from the public power on both of the above-mentioned aspects. Based on this difference, the pros and cons of the work-hour systems of the two countries can be generated. The system in the United States has enough flexibility to adjust the working condition for the white-collar workers, while having more difficulty to ensure appropriate interest distribution between employers and laborers nowadays. The system in Taiwan gives laborers more protection, while being confined in the legal framework of working hours restrictions, which results in a lack of flexibility. In view of this, how do the public power design a framework of regulation, in which enough protection and flexibility can be provided to help laborers shape working hours conditions through private autonomy? This can be an issue worth studying in the future.

Income inequality is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. In all of these countries there are workers who are highly paid while others are given very low wages. The disgruntled low-paid workers in these countries usually force their governments to intervene in the labour market and introduce the redistributive policies like the minimum wage policy. Governments usually accede to these demands of low-paid workers because they do not want to invite political troubles. That led to an increase in the number of countries using minimum wage policy as redistributive mechanism in the late 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Minimum wage policy is, however, a very controversial issue. Supporters of minimum wages regard the policy as ideal because it provides social protection to un-unionised and low-paid workers with little or no bargaining power. The opponents of the policy on the other hand argue that wages in the labour market should be determined by the forces of demand and supply. It is argued that wages that are artificially determined lead to the rationing of jobs and displacement of the very same low-paid workers that the policy is intended to protect, as employers are forced to replace unskilled workers with skilled workers and machines. South Africa’s agricultural sector workers were among some of the least paid workers in the country. Employers were able to exploit these workers because they were not protected by any labour legislation that workers in other sectors were afforded. Farm workers were only protected by common law. It was only in the 1990s that labour legislations like Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Labour Relations Act, Employment Equity Act, Extension of Security Act and Tenure Act and Skills Development Act were extended to the agricultural sector in an attempt to protect the working conditions of vulnerable workers. These acts as well failed to improve the working conditions of the agricultural sector workers and that prompted the Minister of Labour to instruct the Director-General of Labour to conduct the necessary investigations to see if it could be necessary to introduce minimum standard of employment in the sector, including minimum wages. That led to the adoption of Sectoral Determination 8 of 2003 which introduced sectoral minimum wage in the sector. The sectoral minimum wage which came into effect in 2003 was increased annually by the rate of inflation plus one per cent. It was only in 2013, after the Western Cape farm workers went on strike for higher wages, that the minimum wage was raised by 52 per cent. As argued by the opponents of minimum wages, job losses occurred among unskilled workers. The implementation of minimum wage policy in the agricultural sector was problematic, as the policy was not properly complied with due to several compliance concerns. Apart from there being insufficient inspectors to monitor and investigate cases of non-compliance, inspectors were under-trained and under-equipped. Fines imposed on offenders were too small, which further encouraged disregard for the policy.
Economics
M. Com. (Economics)

Since 1994, various policies and guidelines, pertaining to the employment of people with disabilities have been promulgated. All of these policies highlighted the importance of employment equity and equality within the working environment. Despite all these policies and guidelines people with disabilities are still experiencing barriers within the working environment. These barriers prevent them from functioning optimally and equally alongside able-bodied colleagues. The requirements of people with disabilities are still not integrated into the general considerations of the workplace. In order to determine what factors people with physical disabilities perceive as important with regard to equality in the workplace, a combination of a qualitative and quantitative research approach were followed. Both convenient and Snowball/Chain sampling was utilised to identify the research participants. The data was gathered by means of an intensive literature study, as well as utilisation of surveys and interviews. After analysing the data, specific conclusions could be made. The sample was not representative of the total population, so these conclusions could not be generalised, it could however indicate certain trends. The conclusions with regard to the study could be utilised to improve the management of employees with physical disabilities in order to promote workplace equality. Certain recommendations in this regard have been made. Recommendations on how social workers could assist with the attainment of workplace equality for employees with disabilities have also been made.
Social Work
M.A. (Social Science)