Статті в журналах: "L SHAPED BUILDING"

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Chaudhary, Krishna Prasad, and Ankit Mahajan. "Response spectrum analysis of irregular shaped high rise buildings under combined effect of plan and vertical irregularity using csi etabs." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012055.

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Abstract In this research work several high rise buildings were analyzed using CSI ETABS under the influence of the response spectrum analysis over it. Several different shaped high rise buildings such as H shaped, O shaped and C shaped buildings were taken into consideration for carrying out the research work. All three shaped buildings were of different storey that is of 12 storey and of 16 storey. For proper seismic analysis of all the above discussed buildings, response spectrum method of seismic analysis were taken into consideration. The results of all the buildings for response spectrum analysis were quite different from one another and it was found that the H-shaped building showed better results as compared to the other shaped buildings. It was also seen that the 12 storey building results were quite impressive as compared to the results of the 16 storey building. With the transference of heavy mass, very little effect was seen in latera sway i.e. variation in maximum displacement was negligible. Again, for 16 storey building, maximum displacement was found in the case L-Shaped 16 storey building with the value of 87.804 mm. Again, the transference of heavy masses had a minimal effect on total quantity and cost of the 16 Storey building. In the gist, it was concluded that, bending moments and shear forces were increased from 1.17% to 1.84%. Maximum variation in B.M and S.F. can be seen in O-shaped Building. L-shaped Building produces maximum displacement from all the three irregular shapes i.e. H-shape, L-shaped and O-shaped.

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Krishna, Himanshu. "Study the Behavior of Special Columns on Multi Storey Building for Seismic Ground Motions." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 2011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45642.

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ABSTRACT: Columns are RC building structural elements that are primarily subjected to axial load and moments as they transport them from the superstructure to the substructure. Columns of various shapes and sizes are used. Popular column shapes include square, rectangular, and circular columns, as well as L-shaped, T-shaped, and (+) shaped columns, which are uncommon but provide more interior space than commonly used column shapes. This study aims to examine the seismic performance of multistorey G+10 buildings with Rectangular columns and building with specially shaped columns. According to IS Code 1893(part 1):2016, the proposed buildings are analyzed using equivalent static analysis for zone IV. ETABs are used to analyze the models. After analysis, we conclude that buildings having special columns are safer and have more space as compared to the regular shaped column buildings

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Krishna, Himanshu, and Prince Yadav. "Study the Seismic Behavior of Special Columns in Multi-Story (G+4) Building for Seismic Zone III." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46215.

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Abstract: Columns are RC building structural elements that are primarily subjected to axial load and moments as they transport them from the superstructure to the substructure. Columns of various shapes and sizes are used. Popular column shapes include square, rectangular, and circular columns, as well as L-shaped, T-shaped, and (+) shaped columns, which are uncommon but provide more interior space than commonly used column shapes. This study aims to examine the seismic performance of multistory G+4 buildings with Rectangular columns and building with specially shaped columns. According to IS Code 1893(part 1):2016, the proposed buildings are analyzed using equivalent static analysis for zone III in soil condition 3. ETABs are used to analyze the models. After analysis, we conclude that buildings having special columns are safer and have more space as compared to the regular shaped column buildings

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Mokrzecka, Martyna. "Influence of building shape and orientation on heating demand: simulations for student dormitories in temperate climate conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400117.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of preliminary design decisions such as building shape and orientation on its heating demand. After analysing plans of forty student dormitories located in heating dominated climate (Dfb and Cfb), eight typical plan layouts were identified and chosen for further analysis. Eight buildings were modelled using these plans and uploaded to dynamic simulation tool, Sefaira. Buildings have the same characteristics (surface, height, thermal properties, location etc.). The next step was to rotate the buildings at 45° intervals and simulate the annual heating demand for each case. The results show that the shape influences the heating energy consumption. The difference between minimum and maximum heating demand in the chosen sample was 50%. The square – shaped buildings have advantages in terms of heating energy consumption over L, U and C-shaped buildings as well as over rectangles with different shape factor. Orientation does not substantially influence the consumption in well insulated buildings. Last step of the research was to analyse the influence of functional layout on heating energy and internal comfort in a square-shaped building.

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Mali, A. A., and P. M. Mohite. "Seismic Behaviour of Building with Soft Storey: Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48499.

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Abstract: The high-rise building in which ground storey consists of open space is known as building with soft floor. Such floor plays an important role in seismic performance of the building. This is due to the abrupt changes in lateral stiffness and strength caused by such storey. In the present era there is increase in population, finding parking for flats in congested areas has become a significant issue. As a result, erecting multistory structures with an open first floor is now a widespread practice. These Buildings that have all upper storeys enclosed by masonry walls but no infill masonry walls in the ground story are referred to as "Soft Storey" or "Open Ground Storey Buildings." Compared to regular buildings, irregular structures the drift is observed to be effectively reduced by larger columns, while the shear force and bending moment on the first floor are increased. During a violent earthquake, the Soft Storey buildings function poorly. Understanding the behavior of is this study's primary goal to the building in a seismically active area and to assess the effects of Storey overturning moments, Storey drift, displacement, and design Base shear. For comparison, G-15 story building with five completely distinct shapes a square, an L-shaped building, a Tshaped building, a plus shape building and a C-shaped building is used. ETABS 2018 version is used to analyze the entire set of models. Dynamic Analysis has been examined in the current work to assess the deformation of all five-shape building with and without soft storey considering at different level. When the soft story is offered at a higher level, displacement is reduced. Several studies on this subject that have been done in the past are reviewed in this paper. Reviewing research papers let us know about the conclusive results, which served as the basis for the objective of our future study.

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Monika, Fanny, Berkat Cipta Zega, Hakas Prayuda, Martyana Dwi Cahyati, and Yanuar Ade Putra. "The Effect of Horizontal Vulnerability on the Stiffness Level of Reinforced Concrete Structure on High-Rise Buildings." Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.49387.

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Buildings have an essential function; they are a place for people to carry out various activities, such as social, economic, and religious activities. In a building construction plan, considering multiple factors from strength to architecture is necessary. The issue of limited land in some areas has resulted in the construction of vertical buildings, often known as high-rise buildings. High-rise building construction requires paying attention to various levels of vulnerabilities, especially for projects in earthquake-prone areas. In this study, the levels of vulnerability and vertical irregularity of high-rise buildings were analyzed based on structural rigidity for reinforced concrete structures. Building models including a cube-shaped model, L-shaped model, and U-shaped model were investigated. The STERA 3D program was used to determine the strength values of the structures by providing earthquake loads on each structure model using the time-history analysis method. The El Centro and Kobe earthquakes were tested in these structural models because the earthquakes are known to contribute the most exceptional damage value in the history of earthquake-caused disasters. The assessed parameters of the tested structural models include structural stiffness, the most significant displacement in the structure, the maximum displacement and load relations experienced by the construction, and the hysteretic energy exhibited by the structure. Therefore, the best performed structural model in resisting the load could be obtained. The results showed that the U-shaped building model had the highest stiffness value with an increase in stiffness of 7.43% compared with the cube-shaped building model and 3.01% compared with the L-shaped building model.

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Khanal, Bharat, and Hemchandra Chaulagain. "Study of Seismic Response Demands of Different L-shaped Buildings." Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 1, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v1i1.33537.

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The present study evaluates the effect of plan configuration irregularity of different L shaped models. For this, one regular and six different L-shaped RC building frames were modeled for numerical analysis. The analysis was done through an equivalent static lateral force method and response spectrum analysis (dynamic analysis). The seismic response demands were measured in terms of story displacement, inter-story drift ratio, torsional irregularity ratio, and torsional diaphragm rotation. In addition, fundamental time period of structure, vibration mode shapes and modal participating mass ratios were also studied. The study shows that the fundamental time period of structure based on standard code shows a lower value as compared to a finite element approach. It is concluded that to account for the irregularities present within the buildings, current code provisions are insufficient and should be amended.

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Chhatani, Yash, Prashant Y. Pawade, Kuldeep R. Dabhekar, and Isha P. khedikar. "Seismic Performance of L-Shaped Building Through Plan Irregularities." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1197, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1197/1/012050.

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Abstract Tremors are called one in everything about preeminent erratic and annihilating of every cataclysmic event, be that as it may, the flighty idea of the incidence of those seismic tremors makes it inconvenient to hinder loss of living souls and annihilation of properties, if the constructions don’t seem to be designed to oppose such seismic tremor powers. During this paper, a shot has been made to review set up irregularities specifically torsional irregularity and re-entrant corners within the frame structure. These inconsistencies square measure made according to IS 1893:2016 (part1) code. Irregular model and regular model were considered which were analyzed exploitation ETABS 2018 to see the unstable reaction of the structure. The models were analyzed exploitation static and dynamic ways, parameters thought-about being displacement, story drift, torsional irregularity.

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Li, Yi, Ru-Biao Duan, Qiu-Sheng Li, Yong-Gui Li, and Chao Li. "Research on the characteristics of wind pressures on L-shaped tall buildings." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 10 (February 20, 2020): 2070–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220906934.

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Eight L-shaped rigid models with different geometric dimensions were tested at four typical terrain categories in a boundary wind tunnel to investigate the characteristics of wind pressures on L-shaped tall buildings. The effects including wind direction, turbulence intensity, and geometric dimension on the characteristics of wind pressures on L-shaped tall buildings were studied. Shape factors of each face under the unfavorable wind direction were summarized. Moreover, the power spectral densities, correlation coefficients, and coherence functions were analyzed in frequency domain. Based on the testing results, it is shown that the proposed exponential functions fit the measurements well. The objective of this study is to provide useful information for the wind-resistant design ofL-shaped tall buildings.

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Pratama, M. Mirza Abdillah, Septiana Dyah Sugmana Putri, and Edi Santoso. "Analisis Kinerja Bangunan Gedung Tinggi Dengan Penambahan Dinding Geser (Studi Kasus: Bangunan 8 Lantai)." Siklus : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 7, no. 2 (September 21, 2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/siklus.v7i2.6922.

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Shear walls in high-rise buildings serve to increase the resistance of high-rise buildings to lateral loads. This study aims to compare the structural performance of an existing 8 (eight) storey building designed as a special moment resisting frame structure against a building designed as a dual system, which consists of: structural vibration time, base shear force, displacement, and drift. Three configurations for shear walls are designed, as follows: (1) L-shaped located at the corner of one side of the building, totaling 2 (two) units (SW1); (2) L-shaped located at the four corners of the building totaling 4 (four) units (SW2); and 3) I-shaped located along the side of the building totaling 6 (six) units (SW3). Simulations are run using the Etabs by taking into account dead loads, live loads, and earthquake loads. The results show that the addition of shear walls can: (1) reduce the vibration period of the structure up to 62,55% in SW3, (2) increase the base shear force up to 86,34% in SW3, (3) reduce peak displacement up to 84,86% in SW3, and (4) reduce the drift between floors up to 89,58% in SW3. However, the SW2 is considered to be better applied to the building by taking into account the structural performance, effectiveness and efficiency factors.

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Diehl, Steve R., Donald A. Burrows, Eric A. Hendricks, and Robert Keith. "Urban Dispersion Modeling: Comparison with Single-Building Measurements." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2006jamc1300.1.

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Abstract Two models have been developed to predict airflow and dispersion in urban environments. The first model, the Realistic Urban Spread and Transport of Intrusive Contaminants (RUSTIC) model, is a fast-running urban airflow code that rapidly converges to a numerical solution of a modified set of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. RUSTIC uses the k–ω turbulence model with a buoyancy production term to handle atmospheric stability effects. The second model, “MESO,” is a Lagrangian particle transport and dispersion code that predicts concentrations of a released chemical or biological agent in urban or rural areas. As a preliminary validation of the models, concentrations simulated by MESO are compared with experimental data from wind-tunnel testing of dispersion around both a multistory rectangular building and a single-story L-shaped building. For the rectangular building, trace gas is forced out at the base of the downwind side, whereas for the L-shaped building, trace gas is forced out of a side door in the inner corner of the “L.” The MESO–RUSTIC combination is set up with the initial conditions of the wind-tunnel experiment, and the steady-state concentrations simulated by the models are compared with the wind-tunnel data. For the multistory building, a dense set of detector locations was available downwind at ground level. For the L-shaped building, concentration data were available at three heights in a lateral plane at a distance of one building height downwind of the lee side. A favorable comparison between model simulations and test data is shown for both buildings.

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Gandharv, Kumar, and Dolendra Patel. "Seismic Analysis of Building Structure Having L-Shaped Shear Wall." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47405.

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Abstract: The addition of shear wall is a type of global retrofitting. The shear wall offers great resist to lateral loads. The response spectrum is used in this study. It improves the structural performance of building subjected to lateral forces due to earthquake excitation. The paper deals with the investigation of building frame with L-shape shear wall placed at different location such as center and diagonally. The result show that center location is performing better as compared to other cases. The reference model shows maximum displacement.

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NITTA, Kitao, Hideki IKEDA, Norihiko SAKATA, Naoyuki TAKAYAMA, Shinya MATSUMOTO, and Yoshinobu FUJITANI. "DEVELOPMENT OF SLAB INCLUDING L-SHAPED VOID(Structures)." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 9, no. 17 (2003): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.9.141.

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Fang, Huanhuan, Xiang Ji, Yun Chu, Lufeng Nie, and Jianyuan Wang. "Study on Skywell Shape in Huizhou Traditional Architecture Based on Outdoor Wind Environment Simulation." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 18, 2023): 8270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108270.

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This study was conducted in the context of the latest Chinese policy on “double carbon”. First, we obtained building skywell and meteorological data parameters through a site survey and measurements. We applied the PHOENICS software to simulate and analyze the wind environment of a traditional building skywell. Secondly, the outdoor wind environment of typical building skywells could be simulated and evaluated one by one. Finally, using the method of controlling the variables and by combining typical buildings and skywell-scale layouts, the study summarized and compared the wind environment of the skywell under different scale combinations from three aspects: building skywell shape, skywell scale ratio, and skywell door opening. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Among the four skywell shapes, the wind environment inside of the skywell was best in the HUI shape. (2) The wind environment inside of the skywell was best in the simulated skywell width-to-height ratio D/H values of 0.2–0.6; the AO shape D/H value was equal to 0.3; and the best wind environment in the skywell occurred when the D/H value of the HUI shape was equal to 0.4. (3) The wind environment in the skywell was best in the range of 1–1.5 for the aspect ratio W/L in the HUI-shaped building skywell (when the width-to-height D/H ratio was 0.4). (4) The opening of the door of the residential building had a great impact on the wind environment of the skywell.

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Khanal, Bharat, and Hemchandra Chaulagain. "Seismic elastic performance of L-shaped building frames through plan irregularities." Structures 27 (October 2020): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.05.017.

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Baghaei Daemei, Abdollah, Parisa Haghgooy Osmavandani, and Maede Samim Nikpey. "Study on Vernacular Architecture Patterns to Improve Natural Ventilation Estimating in Humid Subtropical Climate." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091142.

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Wind ventilation is an efficient design strategy for the natural cooling system (NCS) in humid climates. The building forms can generate different pressures and temperatures to induce natural ventilation. This study has been carried out in Rasht city, Iran in 2017. The method was performed using a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approach simulation to study variance between the proposed and the actual results of a design. The goal of the study is to assist architects to design optimum building form for natural ventilation. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the form on natural ventilation. On this basis, wind flow simulation was performed using Design Builder Version 4.5. In this paper, the present usage of natural ventilation of rural residential buildings in Rasht area the application of this methodology. Initially, wind simulation was carried out based on actual building specifications. Then the proposed L-shaped extension was added to the building. The results showed that if the rectangular form is turned into an L shape, it can offer a better flow pattern for wind in all rooms, but the speed will be reduced.

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Yuan, Weibin, Zhao Wang, Hao Chen, and Kexing Fan. "Numerical analyses of aerodynamic characteristics of integrated L-shaped high-rise building." Advances in Engineering Software 114 (December 2017): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.06.018.

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IKARASHI, Kikuo, Yuichi UTSUKI, and Kazuya MITSUI. "ELASTIC SHEAR BUCKLING STRENGTH OF L-SHAPED BEAM-TO-COLUMN JOINT PANELS COMPOSED WITH I-SHAPED MEMBERS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 85, no. 771 (2020): 759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.85.759.

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Chunikhin, K. V., and V. S. Grinchenko. "Normalization of double-circuit overhead line magnetic field inside Khrushchev building." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2021.3.06.

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This paper deals with the mitigation of 110 kV double-circuit overhead line magnetic field inside five-story Khrushchev buildings. We show that the magnetic field can exceed the reference level 0.5 μT in 90 % part of living space. To mitigate the magnetic field, we propose the inverted L-shaped grid shield with conductors on the wall and in the attic of the building. Using the analytical model of the grid shield and the numerical simulation, we determine the parameters of the L-shaped grid shield which provides the magnetic field normalization in 97 % part of living space. Further improvement of the grid shield profile, in particular, the placement of some conductors in the basement, allows to reduce the quantity of metal of the shield by 15 % while maintaining the shielding efficiency. Also we consider the magnetic field normalization for the overhead line with a rated current of 500 A. In this case, the quantity of metal of the grid shield increases 2.74 times.

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Nguyen, Xuan-Huy, Xuan-Dat Pham, and Xuan-Chieu Luong. "Shaking Table Test on Seismic Performance of L- and V-Sectioned Reinforced Concrete Columns." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 09, no. 04 (October 2015): 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431115500104.

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This paper presents an experimental program to investigate the effects of cross-sectional shape on the seismic performance of irregularly shaped reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Five groups of specimens that were one-quarter of typical columns of a prototype medium-rise building were tested to failure using shaking table. The loading procedure was successively increasing peak ground acceleration until the test structure collapsed. The specimens were designed with the same cross-section area but different flange width and flange thickness. The seismic response characteristics of all specimens such as drift capacity, energy absorption capacity and failure mechanisms of each specimen group are evaluated, compared and discussed in detail. Based on the current test data, design recommendation is provided to assist engineers in designing such irregularly shaped columns.

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Zhou, Zijie, and Yiqiang Xiao. "Application of Ventilation Technology of Bamboo Houses in Modern High-Rise Buildings." Architecture and Design Review 2, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/adr.v2i2.1104.

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<p>The principle of L-shaped natural ventilation system of bamboo houses, traditional buildings in the hot-humid area of Lingnan, China, is now widely applied in the design of modern high-rise buildings. Taking the typical building case, the office building of Guangzhou Zhujiang Power Plant as an example, this article studies the natural ventilation system by the experimental method of combining actual measurement and simulation. It is concluded that the application benefits of the natural ventilation system in high-rise buildings can be improved by forming a complete ventilation path, increasing the area of air inlet and the distance between air inlet and air outlet.</p><p> </p>

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Cai, Y., and D. F. Wong. "On minimizing the number of L-shaped channels in building-block layout (VLSI)." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 12, no. 6 (June 1993): 757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.229750.

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Shaikh, M. G. "Effect of Seismic Joint in the Performance of Multi-Storeyed L-Shaped Building." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 10, no. 1 (2013): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-1017077.

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IKARASHI, Kikuo, Yuichi UTSUKI, Kazuya MITSUI, Yuta MAKINO, and Kaoru YAMADA. "EVALUATION METHOD OF ULTIMATE STRENGTH FOR L-SHAPED BEAM-TO-COLUMN JOINT PANELS COMPOSED WITH I-SHAPED MEMBERS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 85, no. 774 (2020): 1079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.85.1079.

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Gao, Ran, Shikuo Chen, Angui Li, Zhigang Yang, and Beihua Cong. "Computational fluid dynamics study on the drag and flow field differences between the single and coupled bends." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 2 (October 5, 2016): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416670695.

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Owing to the limited installation space and duct size, coupled fittings are common in the duct systems of buildings. The coupling effect leads to changes in drag and fan energy consumption. This study investigates duct drag and flow field characteristics under coupling conditions. Experiments and numerical simulations with the Reynolds stress model are conducted. Flow field changes, flow field deformation, and drag changes in the duct are analyzed. Regardless of the coupling form, the velocity near the inner arc is fast, whereas that near the outer arc is slow. Under three different coupling connection conditions (S-shaped, L-shaped, and U-shaped), the outlet velocity gradient of the U-shaped coupling connection is the least obvious. After the fluid flows through the bend, a significant centerline velocity reduction can be observed, even greater than that in the bend. The lowest centerline velocity lies within the range of 2.5 D to 4.5 D after the bend. Coupling connection has an insignificant effect on upstream duct resistance. The resistance of single bend is less than that of the downstream bend for the coupled bend and greater than that of the upstream bend under coupling conditions. Practical application: Coupling effect is common in practical application of ventilation engineering. This effect leads to the change of fluid resistance loss of ducts and pipes. However, few researchers focus on this effect. This study finds that regardless of the coupling form, the velocity near the inner arc is fast, whereas that near the outer arc is slow. It means the guide vane should be set near inner arc. L-shaped coupling connection has the largest downstream piping resistance. The resistance of the downstream piping under S-shaped coupling is the least, thus L-shaped coupling connection should be avoided as far as possible in practical application.

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Arun, Meera, T. Srinivas, and PVVSSR Krishna. "Role of expansion joint in the study of seismic analysis of a multi-storied building." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901115.

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In this paper, the study on the multi-storied building with and without expansion joint when it is subjected to seismic forces in both x and y direction are taken into consideration. By maintain same floor area of different plans the expansion joint is provided along the weaker column forces stretch and stiffed the building in order to make more resistant when compared to the plans without expansion joints. The analysis is done using ETABS 2016. The parameters such as shear force and bending moment at the critical column are considered and compared for with expansion joint and without expansion joint. It is concluded that the L shaped building shear force is being decreased from the bottom to top storey of the building when compared to without expansion joint. The effect of expansion joint is shown effectively on U-shaped building in terms of reduction of shear force and bending moment when compared to L-shaped and T-shaped, it is because of providing two expansion joints since there are two critical and weaker columns stretch. When it comes to economy of the structure, the cost of the construction of the structure with expansion joint is relatively high but it can resistant far better in case of seismic forces. The future scope of the study can be the type of filler material to be used such that the reduction of cost and to maintain structure integrity.

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Hall, R., and I. Cowan. "Modelling of Atmosphere Dispersion Near Buildings." NAFEMS International Journal of CFD Case Studies 1 (May 1998): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.59972/43kzgmdk.

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The problem of atmospheric dispersion of toxic and hazardous gas in the immediate vicinity of buildings is an important topic in the preparation of safety reports for chemical sites. The test case presented in this paper represents a 'simple' example of the type of scenarios of interest. It involves a single L-shaped building on flat terrain with a continuous release of neutrally-buoyant gas from an area source in the side of the building. The area source is intended to represent the doorway of a loading bay into which a road tanker might enter to offload its contents of chemicals...

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Zhao, Jing Yuan, and Qi Bo Liu. "A Simulation Study on Energy Consumption of Cluster Distribution of Residential Buildings in Cold Zones." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 5822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5822.

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The distribution of residential buildings is closely related to local climate conditions. This paper takes Xi’an region as its representative city to study the thermal conditions of various shapes of cluster distribution by utilizing energy consumption simulation. By sequentially changing the dimensions of each unit building in the cluster, it sets up models of mathematical examples which meet the requirements of different seasons. Based on the annual minimal energy consumption of buildings, the paper quantitatively expounds the influence of cluster distribution on buildings’ energy consumption. This study finally works out a recommendation for the cluster distribution in Xi’an region, i.e. the annual comprehensive energy consumption of buildings is at its minimum when buildings facing both south and north are “L”-shaped enclosures and when they have no westward extension and their length ratio between eastward extended exterior walls and southward level exterior walls is 0.5:1.

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29

Wsu, Cheng‐Tzu Thomas. "Biaxially Loaded L‐shaped Reinforced Concrete Columns." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 12 (December 1985): 2576–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:12(2576).

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30

FEDOROVA, N. V., S. YU SAVIN, V. I. KOLCHUNOV, V. S. MOSKOVTSEVA, and M. A. AMELINA. "BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM MADE OF INDUSTRIAL FRAME-PANEL ELEMENTS." Building and reconstruction 107, no. 3 (2023): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2023-107-3-70-81.

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The paper presents a new structural solution of the precast-monolithic frame for prefabricated residential and civil buildings of various storeys manufactured from prefabricated industrial reinforced concrete elements. The precast frame structures include L-shaped and inverted U-shaped precast elements, installed in the longitudinal and transverse directions and forming a frame, hollow-core slabs and bracing perforated beams of the outer contour, on which fencing non-bearing wall structures are supported within each storey. The computational model of the precast-monolithic building frame was developed using different degrees of discretization at different stages of the analysis. This allowed to obtain both a general picture of structural system deformation in the limiting and over limit states caused by special and emergency actions, and a detailed picture of the stressed state in concrete and reinforcement of structural elements before and after cracking. The paper provides the results of the comparative analysis of the effectiveness of application of the proposed structural system in the mass construction as compared with the applied constructions of large-panel buildings. It has been shown that the application of the proposed structures of panel-frame elements allows considerably reduce the material capacity, cost and transportation expenses of the reinforced concrete frame by up to 30 %, ensuring the mechanical safety of the building.

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31

MASUO, Kiyoshi, Hiroyuki TAGAWA, and Masato ADACHI. "DESIGN CRITERIA ON ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE T-SHAPED AND L-SHAPED BEAM-COLUMN JOINT USING MECHANICAL ANCHORAGES." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 74, no. 637 (2009): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.74.543.

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32

Oh, Seok-Won, Ju-Sung Lee, and Sung-Hoon Kim. "Experimental Study on Reinforced Concrete Beams Using L-Shaped Steel." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 34, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4334/jkci.2022.34.2.111.

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33

Rahmantyo, Aji, and Relly Andayani. "Analisis Story Drift dan Kondisi Sendi Plastis Berbasis Performa pada Gedung Bertingkat dengan Konfigurasi Struktur Persegi Panjang, U, L, H, dan T." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 25, no. 1 (August 10, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v25i1.17945.

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Strength based design is commonly used in the design of resisting earthquake building. It is analyzed by linear elastic method so that it can’t describe the seismic behaviour of the structures. For that reason, the design of structure needs to consider performance based design. Irregularity of structure play important role for the results of Structure Performance. This paper uses five models of 20 storey reinforced concrete building with same height(76 m) and areas(750m2) with different plan configurations: rectangular, T, L, U, and H-shaped. Non linear time history method is used to investigate the seismic behaviour of the structures, using finite model with ETABS2016. Dimension of structures are column (600 x1000 mm), shear wall (400mm), couple-beam (400x900 mm), slab (140mm). Recorded accelorogram used in this paper are Altadena, Array, Corralit, LACC, and Yermo because it has almost same earthquake mechanism, magnitude, and epicentrum distance, so that they are used as an artificial accelorogram that is synthesized using Wavelet Function according to SNI 1726-2012.Result shows that the story drift and plastic hinges for collapse prevention (CP) are: rectangular (story drift is 0.59% and amount of CP hinges are 8), H-shaped (1.58%/23), L-shaped (2.41%/30), U-shaped (4.59%/35), T-shaped (5.8%/58).

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34

Hassan, Tarek, Gregory Lucier, Sami Rizkalla, and Paul Zia. "Modeling of L-Shaped, Precast, Prestressed Concrete Spandrels." PCI Journal 52, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.03012007.78.92.

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35

Chen, Lihua, Shiye Wang, Yu Lou, and Dengrong Xia. "Seismic behavior of double-skin composite wall with L-shaped and C-shaped connectors." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 160 (September 2019): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.05.033.

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36

Hilo, Salam J., Mohammed J. Hamood, Alaa Hussein Al-Zuhairi, Ahmed W. Al Zand, A. B. M. A. Kaish, Mustafa M. Ali, Marwah M. Faris, and Wan Hamidon W. Badaruzzaman. "Structural Performance of Internally Stiffened Double-Skinned Profiled Composite Walls with Openings." Buildings 13, no. 6 (June 10, 2023): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061499.

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The double-skin profiled composite wall (DSPCW) system, filled with concrete material, is favorable in modern structures due to its high strength and ductility. Openings may be required within this composite wall (DSPCW) for various reasons, similar to a conventional bearing wall, which can lead to a reduction in bearing capacity. Therefore, to avoid changes in the geometry, materials, and thickness of this DSPCW wall, a new internally stiffening concept has been suggested by providing embedded cold-formed steel tube (CFST) columns. For this purpose, two full-scale DSPCW specimens were tested under static axial load, one of which was fabricated with a large opening size and stiffened with two octagonal CFST columns, while the other was designed without an opening and served as a control wall specimen. The results showed that the stiffened DSPCW with an opening achieved a slightly lower ultimate bearing strength (−9.4%) than the control wall specimen, with no reduction in the ductility behavior. Furthermore, several finite element models of DSPCW have been analyzed and designed to investigate additional parameters that were not experimentally tested, including the effects of the embedded CFST column’s shape and different types of internal stiffeners longitudinally provided inside these columns. The numerical investigation confirmed that the embedded CFST column with an octagonal cross-section was more efficient compared to the hexagonal and rectangular shapes by about 11% and 18.4%, respectively. Furthermore, using internal steel stiffeners for embedded tubes with a T-shape improved the axial bearing capacity of the DSPCW with an opening slightly higher than the corresponding stiffened walls with other investigated stiffener shapes (V-shaped, U-shaped, and L-shaped).

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37

Guan, Yuxi, Zheng Fang, Jianping Yuan, and Zhi Tang. "Influence of installation of S-shaped pipe offset on the water flow capacity of double stack drainage system in a high-rise building." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 5 (November 9, 2019): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419886096.

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In high-rise and ultra-high-rise residential buildings, the drainage systems usually adopt the S-shaped offset pipe joint to avoid collisions of pipelines with beams and columns. However, the flow direction changes at the offset point would significantly affect the drainage capacity of the systems. To better understand the influence of pipe offset joints on the drainage capacity, three different building drainage systems namely YZW 1, YZW 2, and YZW 3 systems, were built up and investigated. YZW 1 system is a standard double-stack drainage system with anti-reflux H-tube joints. YZW 2 and YZW 3 systems were developed from YZW 1 by adding S-shape offset pipe joints on the 4th floor. An extra anti-reflux H-tube joint added 1 m above the offset joint as a measure for improving the drainage capacity differentiates YZW 3 system from YZW 2 system. The pressure fluctuation and water seal losses were adopted as experimental parameters to determine the maximum discharge capacity according to Standard for Capacity Test of Vertical Pipe of the Domestic Residential Drainage System. The experimental results show that the discharge capacity limitation of the drainage system with the offset joint is 6.5 L/s, which is much smaller than 11.0 L/s of the system without the offset joint. In the experiments with the offset joint, the pressure fluctuated fiercely at the position where flow direction changed and caused severe water seal losses of the floor drain and P-shaped trap. An anti-reflux H-tube joint above the original offset joint was observed to relieve the pressure fluctuation as an improvement and the drainage capacity was improved to some extent. The relationships among the maximum discharge rate, pressure fluctuation transients, and water seal losses were discussed. Lastly, a nondimensional analysis was adopted to understand the relationship between water seal losses and pressure limit values under different discharge rates for current test facilities. Practical application: A method has been tested and approved to effectively improve the discharge ability of a building drainage system that includes offset. The application of S-shape-offsets in high-rise building drainage systems can relieve the discharge congestion typically caused by standard pipe offset arrangements.

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38

Karimi, Mustafa, Tomoyuki Chikamoto, and Myonghyang Lee. "Assessment of the impacts of window-to-wall ratio and overhangs on building energy performance – Kabul, Afghanistan." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339604016.

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Windows have the potential to save energy in a significant way. Therefore, the analysis and optimization of the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) play an important role in improving energy efficiency in buildings. Windows are always beneficial to utilize daylight and reduce lighting energy demand. However, solar heat gain is advantageous during cold days and disadvantageous on hot days. As the configuration of the window areas varies according to the geographical location, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of WWR on the energy performance of buildings in the cold semi-arid climate of Kabul, Afghanistan. In this study, various energy simulations were conducted for three types of building shapes (Square, Rectangle, and “L”-Shape) to determine the most energy-efficient proportion of windows and overhang sizes in different cardinal directions. Based on the simulation results, windows on south façades have notable energy-saving potential in Kabul's climatic conditions. However, increasing the window size on north, east, and west façade leads to an increase in the total heating and cooling energy consumption. The optimal WWR of the south façade window for square, rectangular, and “L”-Shaped is 0.7, 0.55, and 0.55, respectively. Additionally, the findings indicate that overhangs in all orientations slightly affect the total energy demand as they only reduce cooling load. The study concludes that optimizing the windows on the south façade reduces energy demand by up to 8.13% if no windows are provided in other directions, while the total energy consumption rises by up to 36% as the WWR on the north, east, and west façades increase from 0 to 0.8.

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39

Wang, Yi, Ziru Xiang, Zhenyuan Gu, Chenhui Zhu, and Wangping Qian. "Damage Detection in Different Types of 3D Asymmetric Buildings Using Vibration Characteristics." Shock and Vibration 2021 (September 24, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6004283.

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This paper treats the vibration characteristics of three different types of asymmetric buildings and investigates the feasibility of applying an innovative vibration-based multicriteria approach-based damage index (MCA-DI) technique to detect the damage. This technique combines a modified form of the traditional modal strain energy method (MSEM) developed by decomposing the mode shapes into lateral and vertical components together with a modified form of the modal flexibility method to define a new damage indicator. Lastly, the dynamic behavior of three asymmetric building instances, including a 10-storey L-shaped structure, a 10-storey setback structure, and a 6-storey reinforced concrete structure with an unsymmetrical distribution of columns, was studied under five different damage scenarios. The results showed that despite different vibration characteristics of these three asymmetric buildings, the proposed method was able to accurately and effectively locate all damages and eliminate the confusion when more than one index is simultaneously used by using only the first a few modes.

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40

Abbaas, Esraa Sh, Mazran Ismail, Ala’eddin A. Saif, and Muhamad Azhar Ghazali. "IMPACT OF WINDOW SHADING ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS OF DIFFERENT FORMS IN JORDAN." Architecture and Engineering 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-1-25-36.

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Introduction: Window shading is considered one of the most effective passive design approaches that improves indoor thermal performance, minimizing the usage of HVAC and reducing energy consumption. Purpose of the study: We aimed to investigate the impact of external window shading on thermal performance of three existing residential buildings having different forms (rectangular, L-shaped, and U-shaped) in hot-dry climate in Amman, Jordan. Methods: Three types of shading, namely: vertical, horizontal, and combined, of different lengths (0.75 m, 1.00 m, and 1.25 m) were introduced to the existing buildings. The effect of those types of shading was studied using the OpenStudio SketchUp 2020 plugin and EnergyPlus simulation program. Results: It was established that vertical shading slightly improves the indoor air temperature in all building forms, while horizontal shading and combined shading improve the thermal performance of buildings to a more significant extent. Combined shading of 1.25 m in length shows the optimum behavior in all buildings since it reduces the indoor air temperature in the range of 2.6–3.3°C. Besides, it improves thermal sensation, which seem to be closer to the comfort zone, by reducing the predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) values as compared with the baseline situation without shading. In addition, the rectangular building demonstrated the best response for shading by showing the largest reduction in the indoor air temperature.

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41

Xiao, Yifei, Xue-Meng Bie, Xin Song, Jicheng Zhang, and Guofeng Du. "Performance of composite L-shaped CFST columns with inner I-shaped steel under axial compression." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 170 (July 2020): 106138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106138.

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42

Lucier, Gregory, Sami Rizkalla, Paul Zia, and Gary Klein. "Precast Concrete, L-Shaped Spandrels Revisited: Full-Scale Tests." PCI Journal 52, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.03012007.62.76.

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43

Shen, Yanfei, Yongqing Tu, and Wei Huang. "Flexural Strength Evaluation of Multi-Cell Composite L-Shaped Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Beams." Buildings 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010039.

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Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) members have been widely used in industrial structures and high-rise residential buildings. The multi-cell composite L-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular (ML-CFST) cross-section, as an innovative, special-shaped structural arrangement, may solve the issue of normal CFST members protruding from walls and result in more usable interior space. Currently, no design rules are available for the application of ML-CFST members. One of the primary objectives of the present study is to develop recommendations in line with the unified theory to evaluate the bending moment resistance of ML-CFST beams. According to the unified theory, the bending moment resistance of an ML-CFST beam is related to the compressive strength (fsc) and the flexural strength index (γm) of a composite section, in which the accuracy of γm and fsc are affected by a confinement effect factor (ξ). Nevertheless, the original expression of ξ is not suitable for ML-CFST sections, since the appreciable effect of the irregular shape on confinement is neglected. Considering the cross-sectional geometry and boundary conditions of the cells, an equivalent shape factor to modify the confinement effect was proposed in this study through dividing the infill concrete into highly confined areas and less confined areas. An adequate formula to calculate the fsc and an approximate expression of γm for the ML-CFST sections was then developed. Furthermore, four-point bending tests on eight specimens were carried out to investigate the flexural performance of the ML-CFST beams. Lastly, the proposed formulas were assessed against experimental and numerical results. The comparisons show that the proposed unified theory-based approach produced accurate and generally conservative results for the ML-CFST beams studied.

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44

Prasanth, S., Goutam Ghosh, Praveen Kumar Gupta, Claudia Casapulla, and Linda Giresini. "Accounting for Resilience in the Selection of R Factors for a RC Unsymmetrical Building." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031316.

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Several design codes consider the non-linear response of a building by using one of the most important seismic parameters, called the response reduction factor (R). The lack of a detailed description of the R factor selection creates the need for a deeper study. This paper emphasises a methodology for the selection of a proper R factor based on resilience aspects. Unsymmetrical/irregular buildings have become the most common in recent times due to aesthetic purposes. However, because of the complexity due to the torsional effect, the selection of the R factor is even more difficult for this type of building. Therefore, a high-rise G+10-storey L-shaped building is herein considered. The building has re-entrant corners based on the structural/plan arrangement. Different R factors were used in the building design, considering buildings subjected to both unidirectional and bidirectional seismic loading scenarios. The building response with respect to various R factors (R equal to 3, 4, 5 and 6) in terms of its performance level, functionality, damage ratio and resilience was assessed at two design levels, i.e., design basic earthquake (DBE) and maximum considered earthquake (MCE). The study concludes that, considering the above criteria along with the resilience aspect, a maximum R factor up to 4 can be recommended for unidirectional loading, whereas for bidirectional loading, the maximum recommended R factor is 3.

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45

HASEGAWA, Sota, Yasushi SANADA, Rokhyun YOON, and Minori NAKAI. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF RC L-SHAPED BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS USING MECHANICAL ANCHORS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 88, no. 803 (January 1, 2023): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.88.123.

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46

Pacella, Filomena, Michael Plum, and Dagmar Rütters. "A computer-assisted existence proof for Emden's equation on an unbounded L-shaped domain." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 19, no. 02 (February 20, 2017): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199717500055.

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We prove existence, non-degeneracy, and exponential decay at infinity of a non-trivial solution to Emden's equation [Formula: see text] on an unbounded [Formula: see text]-shaped domain, subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. Besides the direct value of this result, we also regard this solution as a building block for solutions on expanding bounded domains with corners, to be established in future work. Our proof makes heavy use of computer assistance. Starting from a numerical approximate solution, we use a fixed-point argument to prove existence of a near-by exact solution. The eigenvalue bounds established in the course of this proof also imply non-degeneracy of the solution.

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47

Rabanillo-Herrero, Mario, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos, Jesús Feijó-Muñoz, Raquel Gil-Valverde, and Alberto Meiss. "Ventilation efficiency assessment according to the variation of opening position in L-shaped rooms." Building Simulation 13, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12273-019-0566-9.

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48

Li, Wei, and Qing-ning Li. "Seismic performance of l-shaped rc shear wall subjected to cyclic loading." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 21, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.645.

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49

李, 毅. "Study on Non-Gaussian Features of Fluctuating Wind Pressure on L-Shaped Tall Building with Monosymmetric Section." Hans Journal of Civil Engineering 06, no. 06 (2017): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjce.2017.66071.

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50

Wang, Hao, Shitang Ke, Yaojun Ge, and Yukio Tamura. "Extreme and spectrum characteristics of wind loads on super-large cooling tower under different four-tower combinations." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 5 (November 9, 2018): 1238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218810888.

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The wind loads distribution on the super-large cooling tower under the interference effect of tower group is very complicated. Particularly, energy distribution of fluctuation wind loads and extreme model is difficult to be predicted. However, accurate calculations of these two factors are the most direct ways for analysis of wind resistance dynamics of super-large cooling tower. The wind tunnel tests of the highest super-large cooling tower under five typical tower combinations (serial, rectangular, rhombus, L-shaped, and inclined L-shaped) with 320 working conditions were performed. On this basis, non-Gaussian and non-stationary properties of local wind pressure and overall force coefficient of super-large cooling tower were analyzed. Distribution laws of local wind pressure extremes and overall force coefficient extremes were discussed based on Hermite method and peak factor method. Key attention was paid to the mapping relationships of characteristic angles with local and overall aerodynamic force extremes. The effects of four-tower combination modes on fluctuation wind loads energy of super-large cooling tower were studied based on the power spectral density function, intrinsic mode function, and evolution power spectral density function. Besides, the estimation formulas of local wind pressure spectrum and overall pressure coefficient spectrum of super-large cooling tower under four-tower combination were proposed. It can be found that the extremes of local wind pressure and overall aerodynamic force could be predicted based on the linear relationship between characteristic angles and fluctuation wind loads. In addition, it is suggested to choose serial combination first, followed by inclined L-shaped, L-shaped, rhombus, and rectangular modes successively.

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