Статті в журналах: "L-SHAPE"

1

Gao, Lin, GuoXin Zhang, and YuKun Lai. "L p shape deformation." Science China Information Sciences 55, no. 5 (March 16, 2012): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11432-012-4574-y.

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2

Priyanka, S., Diego Oliva, Kethepalli Mallikarjuna, and M. S. Sudhakar. "l-shaped geometry-based pattern descriptor serving shape retrieval." Expert Systems with Applications 213 (March 2023): 119260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.119260.

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3

Bender-Heine, Adam, Michelle Russell, Allen Rickards, J. Holmes, Mark Armeni, H. Lambert, and Matthew Zdilla. "Optimal Costal Cartilage Graft Selection According to Cartilage Shape: Anatomical Considerations for Rhinoplasty." Facial Plastic Surgery 33, no. 06 (December 2017): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1607972.

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AbstractCostal cartilage grafting is a commonly used reconstruction procedure, particularly in rhinoplasty. Although costal cartilage is broadly used in reconstructive surgery, there are differing opinions regarding which costal cartilage levels provide the most ideal grafts. Grafts are typically designed to match the shape of the recipient site. The shapes of costal cartilage grafts have been described as “boat-shaped,” “C-shaped,” “canoe-shaped,” “U-shaped,” “crescent-shaped,” “L-shaped,” “semilunar,” “straight,” and “Y-shaped.” The shapes of costal cartilages are thought to lend themselves to the shapes of certain grafts; however, there has been little study of the shapes of costal cartilages, and most reports have been anecdotal. Therefore, this study is aimed to detail the average shapes of the most commonly grafted cartilages (i.e., the fifth to seventh cartilages). A total of 96 cadaveric costal cartilages were analyzed through geometric morphometric analysis. The fifth costal cartilage was determined to have the straightest shape and would therefore be particularly suitable for nasal dorsum onlay grafting. The lateral portions of the sixth and, particularly, the seventh costal cartilages have the most acute curvature. Therefore, they would lend themselves to the construction of an en bloc “L”-shaped or hockey stick-shaped nasal dorsum-columellar strut graft.

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4

Meena, H.P, Meena, H. P. "Inheritance of Seed Shape in Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/august2014/10.

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5

Kumar B., Varun, G. Manikandan, P. Kanna, Dawid Taler, Jan Taler, Marzena Nowak-Ocłoń, Karol Mzyk, and Hoong Toh. "A Performance Evaluation of a Solar Air Heater Using Different Shaped Ribs Mounted on the Absorber Plate—A Review." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 3104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113104.

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In this paper, the effect of various shapes of ribs used in Solar Air Heaters (SAHs) was discussed. The review is concentrated on the geometry of the rib and its location on the SAH panel. Both numerical and experimental works were considered for discussion with dry air and Nano fluids as a working fluid. The influence of various shapes, such as an L shape, W shape, V shape, Multiple V shape, V shape with a gap, detachable & attachable ribs etc., was analyzed. The common fact observed from this analysis is that the implementation of artificial roughness in the absorber plate results in a considerable increase in the rate of heat transfer. Further, it is observed that ‘Multiple V-shaped with open between the ribs’ results in the maximum thermal enhancement when compared to the other shapes.

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6

Kim, Doo-Sup, Junseop Yeom, Jisu Park, and Jaehack Cha. "L-Shape Superior Capsular Augmentation Technique Using Biceps Tendon: The Biceps L-Shape Shifting Technique." Arthroscopy Techniques 9, no. 6 (June 2020): e703-e709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2020.01.027.

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7

Nanimina, Alexis Mouangue, Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani, Mohd Amri Lajis, Turnad Lenggo Ginta, and T. V. V. L. N. Rao. "Influence of Workpiece Shape on MRR and EWR in EDM of Steel." Advanced Materials Research 903 (February 2014): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.903.51.

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Shape of workpiece, electrode orientation and flushing system play important role in electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. Low material removal rate and relatively high electrode wear ratio are some of the disadvantages of EDM process. This can be due to the flushing modes. Workpiece shape has a significant effect in effectiveness of dielectric flushing flow and orientation during EDM process. This research work is conducted to analyze the influence of various workpiece shapes. Square cavity, L shape, flat shape and U shape were machined with same cross-section electrode material. Test parameters are material removal rate (MRR) and electrode wear ratio (EWR). Experiment results show slight difference in MRR and EWR values for different shapes. U shape presents the highest MRR and the lowest EWR occurs in flat shape compared to cavity and L shapes. It can be concluded that flat and U shapes result in good EDM machining quality due to good dielectric flow and flushing conditions in the area of EDM machining.

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8

Huska, Martin, Damiana Lazzaro, and Serena Morigi. "Shape Partitioning via $${L}_{p}$$ L p Compressed Modes." Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 60, no. 7 (February 24, 2018): 1111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10851-018-0799-8.

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9

Choi, Eunsoo, Dong Joo Kim, Tae-Hyun Nam, Dongkyun Kim, and Joo-Won Kang. "Bond Resistance of L-Shaped Shape Memory Alloy Fibers in Mortar." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 11500–11504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.13539.

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10

Zwick, D. "Characterizing Shape Preserving L 1 -Approximation." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 103, no. 4 (August 1988): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2047099.

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11

Covantev, Serghei, and Olga Belic. "Pancreatic surface morphology and its classification." Folia Medica 64, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.64.e60567.

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Introduction: Anomalies and variants of development of the pancreas are relatively frequent. These variations can often lead to misdiagnosis and unnecessary medical procedures. Although, pancreatic diseases are a constantly researched field, fundamental research is relatively understudied and re-evaluation of the pancreatic morphology is performed rarely. Aim: The goal of the current study was to analyse pancreatic surface morphology by means of macroscopic anatomical dissection of 78 organ complex. Material and methods: The anatomy of the pancreas was studied by means of macroscopic anatomical dissection. The study was performed on 78 organ complexes (the pancreas, spleen, and duodenum with surrounding abdominal fat) donated to the department of human anatomy from patients who died of causes not related to pancreatic diseases. The organs were fixed in a 10% formalin solution separately to accurately preserve their forms. The organs were measured by a caliper. Results: The lie of the pancreas was classified according to Kreel and co-workers into 6 types: oblique shape in 11.54% of cases, sigmoid – 30.77%, transverse – 25.64%, horseshoe – 11.54%, L-shaped – 14.1%, and inverted V shape in 5.13%. Moreover, there were two possible L-shapes, the classical (8.97%) and inverted L-shape (5.13%). In one case, the pancreas had an unusual M-shape (1.28%). One specimen was a case of short pancreas (1.28%). Surface clefts were encountered in 17.95% of cases and in 5.13% of these cases, there was a branch of the splenic artery. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates variations in the lie of the pancreas as well as several new possible variants. Moreover, we propose a modified classification based on these findings. Therefore, the pancreas can have an oblique, sigmoid, transverse, horseshoe, L shape, inverted L, inverted V, and M shaped lie. Pancreatic clefts are another frequently encountered variation that should be kept in mind. The size of the pancreas alone is variable and should be analyzed together with its structure to avoid possible misinterpretation.

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12

Shingaki, Ryuji, Yasuhiro Kasahara, Megumi Iwano, Masayoshi Kuwano, Tomomasa Takatsuka, Tetsuyoshi Inoue, Susumu Kokeguchi, and Kazuhiro Fukui. "Induction of L-form-like cell shape change of Bacillus subtilis under microculture conditions." Microbiology 149, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 2501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26259-0.

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A remarkable cell shape change was observed in Bacillus subtilis strain 168 under microculture conditions on CI agar medium (Spizizen's minimal medium supplemented with a trace amount of yeast extract and Casamino acids). Cells cultured under a cover glass changed in form from rod-shaped to spherical, large and irregular shapes that closely resembled L-form cells. The cell shape change was observed only with CI medium, not with Spizizen's minimum medium alone or other rich media. The whole-cell protein profile of cells grown under cover glass and cells grown on CI agar plates differed in several respects. Tandem mass analysis of nine gel bands which differed in protein expression between the two conditions showed that proteins related to nitrate respiration and fermentation were expressed in the shape-changed cells grown under cover glass. The cell shape change of CI cultures was repressed when excess KNO3 was added to the medium. Whole-cell protein analysis of the normal rod-shaped cells grown with 0·1 % KNO3 and the shape-changed cells grown without KNO3 revealed that the expression of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (coded by the bfmB gene locus) was elevated in the shape-changed cells. Inactivation of the bfmB locus resulted in the repression of cell shape change, and cells in which bfmB expression was induced by IPTG did show changes in shape. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections demonstrated that the shape-changed cells had thin walls, and plasmolysis of cells fixed with a solution including 0·1 M sucrose was observed. Clarifying the mechanism of thinning of the cell wall may lead to the development of a new type of cell wall biosynthetic inhibitor.

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13

Křepela, M., D. Zahradník, and J. Sequens. "Possible methods of Norway spruce (Picea abies[L.] Karst.) stem shape description." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 6 (January 10, 2012): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4560-jfs.

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The paper shows a possibility of using Bookstein coordinates for stem shape studies. Bookstein coordinates are simplified to stem shape diameters, for which tests of multidimensional normality, variance-covariance matrix homogeneity, equality of mean shape vectors and principal component calculation are carried out in sample plots Doubravčice 1 and &Scaron;tíhlice. Principal components are also calculated for Procrustes tangent coordinates, presented in graphs, and the plots are compared. Doubravčice 1 and &Scaron;tíhlice plots differ especially in age (70 and 30 years) while they do not differ in tree class representation.

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14

Ren, Yajun, Xinxiang Cui, Lei Wang, Yanhe Wang, Libin Han, Qifeng Zhou, and Xiaofeng Song. "A new x-shaped copolymer role in poly(L-lactide) shape memory." European Polymer Journal 119 (October 2019): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.018.

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15

HANCHANA, Kasan, Surapon SAENSOUK, and Piyaporn SAENSOUK. "Pollen morphology and anatomy of Rubus L. (Rosaceae) in Thailand." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 51, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 13070. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha51113070.

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Pollen morphology and anatomy were investigated in 19 species of the genus Rubus L. from Thailand by observation and analysis under a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The pollen grains are monads, with radial symmetry, circular shaped in polar view and isopolar. The sizes of the pollen grains are small and medium. Considering the species studied, the majority have medium sized pollen grains. There were different shapes detected viz., oblate, suboblate, prolate spheroidal, oblate spheroidal and prolate. The pollen grains have various apertures: tricolporate, tricolporate-tetracolporate, tricolpate and tricolpate-tetracolpate. There were five forms of exine sculpturing as follows: rugulate-perforate, striate-perforate, microverrucate-perforate, microverrucate and perforate. In the genus Rubus it is not possible to use the morphology of the pollen for the identification to species level. Eleven species had the morphology of the pollen studied for the first time. The anatomy of the leaf, petiole and stem were observed by transverse section. The anatomy can be used for the identification to species level. The results indicate that the anatomical characteristics used for the identification key are shape of leaf margin, shape of adaxial surface of midrib, pericyclic fibers, idioblast cell, shape of petiole, starch grain, number of vascular bundles, shape of stem and types of trichomes. In this study, the anatomy of 19 species was reported for the first time. The numerical analysis based on the pollen morphology and anatomy data did not support classification of the genus Rubus L.

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16

Shi, Peijian, Kexin Yu, Ülo Niinemets, and Johan Gielis. "Can Leaf Shape be Represented by the Ratio of Leaf Width to Length? Evidence from Nine Species of Magnolia and Michelia (Magnoliaceae)." Forests 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010041.

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Leaf shape is closely related to economics of leaf support and leaf functions, including light interception, water use, and CO2 uptake, so correct quantification of leaf shape is helpful for studies of leaf structure/function relationships. There are some extant indices for quantifying leaf shape, including the leaf width/length ratio (W/L), leaf shape fractal dimension (FD), leaf dissection index, leaf roundness index, standardized bilateral symmetrical index, etc. W/L ratio is the simplest to calculate, and recent studies have shown the importance of the W/L ratio in explaining the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. leaf surface area and that of leaf surface area vs. leaf length. Nevertheless, whether the W/L ratio could reflect sufficient geometrical information of leaf shape has been not tested. The FD might be the most accurate measure for the complexity of leaf shape because it can characterize the extent of the self-similarity and other planar geometrical features of leaf shape. However, it is unknown how strongly different indices of leaf shape complexity correlate with each other, especially whether W/L ratio and FD are highly correlated. In this study, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae species (>140 leaves for each species) were chosen for the study. We calculated the FD value for each leaf using the box-counting approach, and measured leaf fresh mass, surface area, perimeter, length, and width. We found that FD is significantly correlated to the W/L ratio and leaf length. However, the correlation between FD and the W/L ratio was far stronger than that between FD and leaf length for each of the nine species. There were no strong correlations between FD and other leaf characteristics, including leaf area, ratio of leaf perimeter to area, fresh mass, ratio of leaf fresh mass to area, and leaf roundness index. Given the strong correlation between FD and W/L, we suggest that the simpler index, W/L ratio, can provide sufficient information of leaf shape for similarly-shaped leaves. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationships among FD and W/L in leaves with strongly varying shape, e.g., in highly dissected leaves.

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17

Janicka, Anna, and Maria Grochowska. "Characteristics of galls formed by Lipara pullitarsis Doskočil & Chvála, 1971 (Diptera, Chloropidae) on common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud, 1841)." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio C – Biologia 70, no. 2 (October 20, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/c.2015.70.2.7.

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We studied galls formed by Lipara pullitarsis in the apical part of common reed stems, paying particular attention to the number and length of internodes that formed the basal part of each gall. L. similis galls were used only as a reference for the study of L. pullitarsis galls, as they were characterised by a uniform structural pattern and a shape similar to some galls produced by L. pullitarsis. L. pullitarsis galls vary in shape. The species is found in conspicuous galls that are narrow at the base and have a wider apical part. It can also be found inside rod-shaped galls similar to those formed by L. similis. The shape of an L. pullitarsis gall is determined by the number and length of internodes that form its basal part, with the length of internodes III, IV and V being of the greatest significance.

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18

Jain, Priyanka, Vikas Maheshwari, and VandanaVikas Thakre. "A NOVEL L SHAPE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 12 (December 31, 2016): 2721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2700.

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19

Zwick, D. "Characterizing shape preserving $L\sb 1$-approximation." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 103, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-1988-0954996-4.

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20

Mishra, C. S., Anand Nayyar, G. Suseendran, and G. Palai. "L-shape Si-waveguide for THz-communication." Optik 178 (February 2019): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.09.157.

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21

Larsen, Rasmus. "L 1 Generalized Procrustes 2D Shape Alignment." Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 31, no. 2-3 (April 5, 2008): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10851-008-0077-2.

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22

Xia, Fengfei, and Shanqing Li. "R-Function and variation method for bending problem of clamped thin plate with complex shape." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 7 (July 2021): 168781402110348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211034832.

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Solving ordinary thin plate bending problem in engineering, only a few analytical solutions with simple boundary shapes have been proposed. When using numerical methods (e.g. the variational method) to solve the problem, the trial functions can be found only it exhibits a simple boundary shape. The R-functions can be applied to solve the problem with complex boundary shapes. In the paper, the R-function theory is combined with the variational method to study the thin plate bending problem with the complex boundary shape. The paper employs the R-function theory to express the complex area as the implicit function, so it is easily to build the trial function of the complex shape thin plate, which satisfies with the complex boundary conditions. The variational principle and the R-function theory are introduced, and the variational equation of thin plate bending problem is derived. The feasibility and correctness of this method are verified by five numerical examples of rectangular, I-shaped, T-shaped, U-shaped, and L-shaped thin plates, and the results of this method are compared with that of other literatures and ANSYS finite element method (FEM). The results of the method show a good agreement with the calculation results of literatures and FEM.

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23

Conti, Stéphane G., David A. Demer, and Andrew S. Brierley. "Broad-bandwidth, sound scattering, and absorption from krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica), mysids (Praunus flexuosus and Neomysis integer), and shrimp (Crangon crangon)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 5 (January 1, 2005): 956–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.01.024.

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Abstract Sound scattering and absorption by Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) were measured over the acoustic bandwidth of 30–210 kHz and compared with similar scattering measurements for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The measurements of total target strength (TTS; energy scattered in all directions, averaged over all angles of incidence) match the SDWBA model (stochastic distorted-wave Born approximation) recently developed for Antarctic krill, indicating its validity for other euphausiid species with similar size and shape. However, the TTS of crustaceans with markedly different shapes are not well predicted by SDWBA derived with the generic krill shape and scaled to animal length (L). Therefore, crustacean target strength (TS) may not be estimated accurately by a linear function of log10(L), irrespective of shape, questioning the validity of the current TS relationship used for Antarctic krill derived from data measured from multiple crustaceans. TTS and TS are dependent upon both L and shape, and different crustaceans have significantly different shapes and width-to-length relationships. In contrast, modelled TTS and TS spectra for gravid and non-gravid krill appear to have differing amplitudes, but similar shapes. Additionally, measurements of absorption spectra from decapods indicate that the absorption cross-section increases with the volume of the animal.

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24

Křepela, M., J. Sequens, and D. Zahradník. "A contribution to the knowledge of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stem shape." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 5 (January 11, 2012): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4617-jfs.

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This is a study on the evaluation of stem shape in Scots pine. The experiments were carried out on 430 stems without bark, taken from 30 fully analysed sample trees that grew in 5 different locations in the Czech Republic. Generalized Procrustes analysis was used as the method of study. The stems were described by the use of landmarks. Full Procrustes coordinates were calculated for all stems, and the full Procrustes mean shape was set for individual sample trees, locations and all stems. For Procrustes tangent coordinates, variability was examined using the method of principal components. The two most important principal components were diagrammatized and described. Furthermore, statistical tests of mean shape vectors for individual locations were carried out.

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25

Bonnivard, Matthieu, Florian Omnès, and Yannick Privat. "Modeling and optimization of hourglass-shaped aquaporins." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 28, no. 08 (July 2018): 1529–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202518500422.

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This paper is concerned with aquaporins (AQPs), that are proteins playing the role of water-selective channels also called nanopores, involved in many biological systems. From a technological point of view, it is relevant to design systems enjoying as good filtration properties. Inspired by [S. Gravelle, L. Joly, C. Ybert and L. Bocquet, Large permeabilities of hourglass nanopores: From hydrodynamics to single file transport, J. Chem. Phys. 141 (2014) 18C526], we investigate in a quite general framework shape optimization issues related to the improvement of hourglass-shaped aquaporins performances, in terms of energy dissipated by the fluid through the channel. After modeling this problem mathematically, we show that it is well-posed in some sense, and compute the so-called shape derivative of the cost functional in view of numerical simulations. Noting that our framework requires regularity properties of the free boundary, we introduce a dedicated numerical method, using in particular a proper shape gradient extension-regularization to adapt the mesh at each iteration, in an adequate way. Optimal shapes of aquaporins are then provided for relevant values of parameters, and we finally discuss the observed performances with respect to the existing results/literature.

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26

Radvilaitė, Urtė, Álvaro Ramírez-Gómez, Arūnas Jaras, Rimantas Kačianauskas, and Dainius Rusakevičius. "LOW-RESOLUTION SPHERICAL HARMONICS MODELS IN APPLICATION TO QUASI-QUADRIC PARTICLE SHAPES." Engineering Structures and Technologies 8, no. 4 (December 16, 2016): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2016.1268073.

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In this paper a numerical analysis was performed developing low-resolution spherical harmonics (LRSH) models in order to describe particle shapes. The potential of LRSH, limited by the expansion degree L ≤ 3, to describe quasi-regular particle shapes was explored. The term “quasi” is used hereafter to indicate the monomeric, almost regular shaped, particle described by a single continuous function. This approach reflects the shape of a major part of soil minerals. It was shown, that even the simplest case of the suggested low-resolution harmonics technique with L = 1 showed sufficient accuracy. The main drawback of the suggested approach was that the low-resolution harmonics yield particle shapes with nearly sharp angles, there-fore, enhanced analysis of local surface curvatures becomes necessary. An application using quasi-ellipsoidal particles is enclosed.

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27

Peng, Yongli, Zhengyi Kong, Ba Huu Dinh, Huu-Hue Nguyen, Truong-Son Cao, George Papazafeiropoulos, and Quang-Viet Vu. "Web Bend-Buckling of Steel Plate Girders Reinforced by Two Longitudinal Stiffeners with Various Cross-Section Shapes." Metals 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020323.

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This work performs an investigation into the optimal position of two longitudinal stiffeners with different cross-section shapes such as open section (L-shaped and T-shaped) and closed section (rectangular and triangular shapes) shapes of stiffened plate girders under bending loading through an optimization procedure using a gradient-based interior point (IP) optimization algorithm. The stiffener optimum locations are found by maximizing the bend-buckling coefficient, kb, generated from eigenvalue buckling analyses in Abaqus. The optimization procedure efficiently combines the finite element method and the IP optimization algorithm and is implemented using the Abaqus2Matlab toolbox which allows for the transfer of data between Matlab and Abaqus and vice versa. It is found that the proposed methodology can lead to the optimum design of the steel plate girder for all stiffener cross-section types with an acceptable accuracy and a reduced computational effort. Based on the optimization results, the optimum positions of two longitudinal stiffeners with various cross-section shapes are presented for the first time. It is reported that the optimum locations of two longitudinal stiffeners with open cross-section shapes (T- and L-shaped) are similar to that of flat cross-section, while the optimum positions of two longitudinal stiffeners with closed cross-section types (rectangular and triangular sections) are slightly different. One of the main findings of this study is that the bend-buckling coefficient of the stiffened girder having stiffeners with triangular cross-section shape is highest while that with flat cross-section shape is lowest among all considered stiffener types and this latter case has minimum requirement regarding the web thickness.

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28

LEE, JU-SI, JAMES K. LAN, and CHIUYUAN CHEN. "ON DEGENERATE DOUBLE-LOOP L-SHAPES." Journal of Interconnection Networks 07, no. 02 (June 2006): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265906001673.

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Most of the results about the L-shapes of double-loop networks are given in terms of the four parameters ℓ, h, p, n. But these parameters are not well defined in the degenerate case. Recently, Cheng and Hwang proposed an efficient algorithm to compute the four parameters ℓ, h, p, n of an L-shape which works for both the regular and the degenerate cases. On the other hand, Chen and Hwang gave a set of rules to determine the four parameters ℓ, h, p, n of a degenerate L-shape. Unfortunately, the solutions given by the above two methods do not always coincide. In this paper, we investigate their respective meanings and their relations. We also prove that, in the degenerate case, the set of rules given by Chen and Hwang is the most reasonable one among all known methods.

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29

Bąk, Małgorzata, Adrian Kryk, Łukasz Peszek, John P. Kociolek, John Bemiasa, and Etienne Bemanaja. "New and interesting Luticola species (Bacillariophyta) from the mangroves of Nosy Be Island, NW Madagascar." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 48, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2019-0002.

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Abstract Madagascar is an isolated island characterized by a high degree of endemism at all taxonomic levels. Diatom assemblages of the region are still poorly known and sporadic sampling events in various habitats (e.g. lagoons, mangroves) have revealed a large number of taxa that could not be identified. This study presents detailed descriptions of two new species of Luticola: L. nosybeana and L. madagascarensis, collected from mangrove roots on Nosy Be Island. Comparisons with the described congeners showed that the density of striae in Luticola nosybeana is higher than that in L. belawanensis and proximal raphe endings terminate as irregular, shallow grooves. Luticola madagascarensis differs from L. similis in the shape of proximal raphe endings, which are short and expanded in the latter, while continue with irregular, shallow, elongated L-shaped grooves in L. madagascarensis. Luticola nosybeana and L. madagascarensis can be distinguished under a light microscope by the shape of the central area (bow-tie shaped in L. madagascarensis and deltoid in L. nosybeana) and isolated pores (robust and well visible in L. madagascarensis, poorly discernible in L. nosybeana). The two new species are unique in their habitat preferences: while all known congeners are freshwater, the new species inhabit estuarine mangroves.

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30

Choi, Myeung Hwan, Jeongwoo An, and Jaye Koo. "Breakup Mechanism of a Jet in the L-Shape Crossflow of a Gas Turbine Combustor." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 3360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093360.

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Experimental investigations are conducted to determine the mechanism and characteristics of a jet in an L-shape crossflow simulating the radial swirl injector of a lean premixed-prevaporized (LPP) combustor. To simplify the radial flow of the actual injector while ignoring the centrifugal effect, the L-shaped 2D-channel is used for the crossflow, and water is used as a fuel simulant. The jet breakup is captured using a high-speed camera, and the density gradient magnitude is post-processed to clarify the spray. The Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray is measured via a laser diffraction method with a helium–neon laser optical system (HELOS). The characteristics of the jet in the L-shape crossflow are compared with the characteristics of the jet in a typical crossflow through the flat channel. The results for different outlet heights of the L-shape channel (H/d0) and different injector positions (L/d0) are presented. A dimensionless number (τ) consisting of a time ratio is introduced to describe the jet characteristics. In a previous work, the spraying tendency was demonstrated for different injector positions. In addition, the effect of the recirculation area on H/d0 was empirically shown. H/d0 determines the size of the recirculation area, and the range of τ determines the jet breakup mechanism inside the L-shape channel. The results of this study present the breakup mechanism of the jet in the L-shape channel flow, which simulates a jet in a radial swirler injector for gas turbine engines. It is expected that these results can be used to assist in designing gas turbine engines with more combustion efficiency.

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31

Khunead, G., J. Nakasuwan, N. Songthanapitak, and Noppin Anantrasirichai. "Investigate Rectangular Slot Antenna with L-Shape Strip." PIERS Online 3, no. 7 (2007): 1076–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2529/piers061007105855.

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32

Sanz-Novo, Miguel, Iker León, Elena R. Alonso, and José L. Alonso. "Unleashing the shape of l-DOPA at last." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 24, no. 6 (2022): 3546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp05066d.

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Four different conformers have been revealed in the supersonic expansion for the amino acid and supramolecular synthone L-DOPA (see figure), rejecting its previously reported conformational restriction. The role of the N-H···π interactions have been thoroughly described.

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33

Sung, J. M., C. Y. Lu, L. B. Fritzinger, T. T. Sheng, and K. H. Lee. "Reverse L-shape sealed poly-buffer LOCOS technology." IEEE Electron Device Letters 11, no. 11 (November 1990): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/55.63029.

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34

Carolina, Miranda Ana, Portela Marcela, and Magalhães Pedro. "Stress Analysis on a “L” shape Truss Optimization." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 10 (2017): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.4.10.17.

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35

HWANG, F. K., and B. C. LIN. "k-DIAMETERS OF THE HYPER-L SHAPE TILE." Journal of Interconnection Networks 03, no. 03n04 (September 2002): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265902000653.

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The triple-loop network associated with the hyper-L shape has been shown to have the best diameter among all triple-loop networks so far. In this paper we study the k- diameters of this network. In particular, we construct three node-disjoint shortest paths no longer than the diameter plus 2 for any pair of nodes.

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36

Tomášik, B., and J. Cimerman. "Event-by-event Fluctuations of the Source Shape: Implications for the L\'evy Shape and Event Shape Sorting." Acta Physica Polonica B Proceedings Supplement 12, no. 2 (2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolbsupp.12.229.

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37

Auclair, Joelle, and François Gagné. "Shape-Dependent Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles on Freshwater Cnidarians." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 3107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183107.

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used in various consumer products, leading to their inadvertent release in aquatic ecosystems. The toxicity of AgNPs could be associated with the leaching of ionic Ag but also with the size, shape and surface properties. The purpose of this study was to test the null hypothesis that toxicity of AgNPs was independent of shape in the invertebrate Hydra vulgaris. The hydranths were exposed to increasing concentrations of ionic Ag and AgNPs of three different shapes (spherical, cubic and prismatic) with the same size and coating (polyvinylpyrrolidone). The data revealed that between 68% and 75% of total Ag remained in solution after the 96 h exposure period, while 85–90% of ionic Ag remained in solution. The 96 h lethal concentration (LC50) was lower with ionic (4 µg/L) and spherical AgNPs (56 µg/L), based on irreversible morphological changes such as loss of tentacles and body disintegration. Cubic and prismatic AgNPs were not toxic at a concentration of <100 µg/L. The sublethal toxicity was also determined at 96 h based on characteristic morphological changes (clubbed and/or shortened tentacles) and showed the following toxicity: ionic (2.6 µg/L), spherical (22 µg/L) and prismatic (32.5 µg/L) AgNPs. The nanocube was not toxic at this level. The data indicated that toxicity was shape-dependent where nanoparticles with a low aspect ratio in addition to high circularity and elongation properties were more toxic at both the lethal and sublethal levels. In conclusion, the shape of AgNPs could influence toxicity and warrants further research to better understand the mechanisms of action at play.

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38

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Morphological study of sex organs and pollen grain of chosen wild species from Solanaceae family in Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 4 (December 2, 2007): 512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.4.512-520.

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In this study four species from Solanaceae family was conducted. These four species belong to four different genera (Solanum L. ? Physalis L. ?Withania Pauq. ? Lycium L.) The study included morphological characters of sex organs and their pollen grains for these Iraqi wild plants.The results showed that the position of epipetalous stamens , the shape of anther, their dimensions ,and the length of filaments are important taxonomical characters .On the others hand the shape of their ovaries and stigmas are also important characters in distinguish between these four species .Pollen grains are similar in their general shapes and polarities, they have three germinal furrows and germinal apertures, so they are minor in distinguish between these four species.

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39

Velazquez-Martínez, Victor, Luz Yazmin Villagrán-Villegas, Miguel Patiño-Ortiz, Julián Patiño-Ortiz, Delia Valles-Rosales, and Alejandro Marquina-Chavez. "Solar Light Bulbs: Effect of the Volume and Shape of the Pet Bottles on the Luminous Flux." Defect and Diffusion Forum 412 (November 12, 2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.412.3.

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The solar light bulb is a one-liter bottle filled with water that uses the refraction of sunlight. In many places, it is not expected the consumption of 1-liter bottles but other capacities. This study shows the effect of the shape of the PET bottles and how the capacity influences the luminous flux resulting from the solar refraction. A total of nine solar bulb models were used with different shapes and capacities (600 mL, 1 L, and 1.5 L). The results showed no interaction between the two factors where the best luminous flux was obtained using the 1 L and 1.5 L bottles regardless of the shape, ranging from 116 to 143 lux. This outcome expands the variety of PET bottles that can be recycled to build solar light bulbs.

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40

Liu, Xiaoyan, Ruidan Liu, Kai Lyu, and Yue Gu. "A Quantitative Evaluation of Size and Shape Characteristics for Desert Sand Particles." Minerals 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050581.

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In this paper, the size and shape characteristics of desert sand particles were quantitatively investigated via a combination of X-CT scanning and spherical harmonics functions. The size characteristics of the desert sand particles were evaluated via the Length (L), Width (W), Thickness (T), and Volume equivalent spherical diameter (VESD). The average value of the VESD for the desert sand particle is 118.2 μm, which is much smaller than that of commonly used fine aggregate, and more than 90% particles are smaller than 150 μm. The overall shape of the desert sand particles was assessed with two aspect ratios: elongation (EI) and flatness (FI). Desert sand particles were classified into four categories: spheroid-shaped, oblate-shaped, prolate-shaped, and blade-shaped. The sphericity (S) values of the desert sand particles were distributed in a wider range, with an average sphericity of 0.85, much larger than that of commonly used fine aggregates. Through a combination of aspect ratios and sphericity analysis, it can be roughly concluded that the desert sand particles appear in more irregular shapes, but with relatively smooth surface morphology and less convex or concave parts.

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41

Kusmierczuk, Maciej, Ulrich Nöchel, Stefan Baudis, Marc Behl, Karl Kratz, and Andreas Lendlein. "Shape-Memory Polymer Networks Prepared from Star-Shaped Poly[(L-lactide)-co-glycolide] Precursors." Macromolecular Symposia 345, no. 1 (November 2014): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201400150.

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42

Coomans, August, Irma Tandingan De Ley, Lea Angsinco Jimenez, and Paul De Ley. "Morphological, molecular characterisation and phylogenetic position of Longidorus mindanaoensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from a Philippine Avicennia mangrove habitat." Nematology 14, no. 3 (2012): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854111x594974.

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Longidorus mindanaoensis n. sp. is described from samples associated with riverine mangroves in the Philippines and is the first Longidorus species collected from such a habitat. Its relationship within the genus is inferred from molecular and morphological data. Phylogenetic inferences were performed for D2-D3 and SSU rDNA using appropriate phylogenetic algorithms. The new species is characterised by a thickened basal layer of the body cuticle with prominent spiral fibres, a dome-shaped continuous lip region, an oval to elliptical fovea with pore-like opening, the guiding ring at 2.2-2.5 lip region diam. from the anterior end, very weakly developed odontophore, all three pharyngeal gland nuclei at about the mid-point of the basal bulb, vulva at 30-39%, tail convex-conoid to hemispherical, shorter than anal body diam., males with 19-24 ventromedian supplements, and four juvenile stages, all with the replacement odontostyle at a short distance from the functional one. On the basis of amphid shape and structure, shape of anterior body region and general body shape, L. mindanaoensis n. sp. comes close to L. caespiticola, L. eridanicus, L. helveticus, L. macrosoma, L. poessneckensis, L. orongorongensis, L. waikouaitii and L. belondiroides. D2-D3 analysis placed the new species as sister to L. pisi and the two combined are sister clade to a monophyletic group that includes (L. poessneckensis (L. caespiticola (L. helveticus, L. macrosoma))). However, on the basis of SSU phylogeny, L. mindanaoensis n. sp. is positioned within a clade that includes (Longidorus sp. (L. mindanaoensis n. sp. (L. poessneckensis (L. helveticus, L. macrosoma)))). The ‘close’ relationship of the new species with L. pisi in the D2-D3 tree is incongruent with the widely different morphology of the two species. The other species that are close to the new species in the cladogram are in agreement with the morphology.

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43

Mitsuhashi, Hiromi, Ryota Morikawa, Yoh Noguchi, and Masako Takasu. "Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations for Shape Change of Growing Lipid Bilayer Vesicles." Life 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13020306.

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The characteristic shape changes observed in the growth and division of L-form cells have been explained by several theoretical studies and simulations using a vesicle model in which the membrane area increases with time. In those theoretical studies, characteristic shapes such as tubulation and budding were reproduced in a non-equilibrium state, but it was not possible to incorporate deformations that would change the topology of the membrane. We constructed a vesicle model in which the area of the membrane increases using coarse-grained particles and analyzed the changes in the shape of growing membrane by the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method. In the simulation, lipid molecules were added to the lipid membrane at regular time intervals to increase the surface area of the lipid membrane. As a result, it was found that the vesicle deformed into a tubular shape or a budding shape depending on the conditions for adding lipid molecules. This suggests that the difference in the place where new lipid molecules are incorporated into the cell membrane during the growth of L-form cells causes the difference in the transformation pathway of L-form cells.

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44

Neustupa, Jiri. "Gynodioecy in the common spindle tree (Euonymus europaeus L.) involves differences in the asymmetry of corolla shapes between sexually differentiated flowers." PeerJ 8 (February 14, 2020): e8571. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8571.

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Gynodioecy is typically associated with a smaller perianth size in purely pistillate flowers than in hermaphrodite flowers. However, it is unclear whether this size differentiation is associated with any differences in flower shape between the two sexual groups. A geometric morphometric analysis of the symmetry of tetrameric corolla shapes was used in the study of Euonymus europaeus L., Darwin’s classical system of floral sexual differentiation. I investigated whether there are any shape differences between the female and bisexual flowers, with respect to both purely symmetric variation involving coordinated shape changes of the four petals and asymmetry among petals within flowers. The corolla shapes of the female and bisexual flowers and the variability among flowers within each sexual group were very similar in the purely symmetric components of shape variation. However, the female flowers were significantly more asymmetric with respect to both the lateral and transversal asymmetry of their corolla shapes. This is the first study to apply geometric morphometrics in the analysis of morphological patterns in a sexually differentiated gynodioecious plant system. The results showed that subtle shape differences in corolla asymmetry differ between the sexual groups and indicate diverging developmental or selection signals between the sexes.

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45

Curry, Justin, Sayan Mukherjee, and Katharine Turner. "How Many Directions Determine a Shape and other Sufficiency Results for Two Topological Transforms." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Series B 9, no. 32 (October 31, 2022): 1006–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/btran/122.

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In this paper we consider two topological transforms that are popular in applied topology: the Persistent Homology Transform and the Euler Characteristic Transform. Both of these transforms are of interest for their mathematical properties as well as their applications to science and engineering, because they provide a way of summarizing shapes in a topological, yet quantitative, way. Both transforms take a shape, viewed as a tame subset M M of R d \mathbb { R}^d , and associates to each direction v ∈ S d − 1 v\in S^{d-1} a shape summary obtained by scanning M M in the direction v v . These shape summaries are either persistence diagrams or piecewise constant integer-valued functions called Euler curves. By using an inversion theorem of Schapira, we show that both transforms are injective on the space of shapes, i.e. each shape has a unique transform. Moreover, we prove that these transforms determine continuous maps from the sphere to the space of persistence diagrams, equipped with any Wasserstein p p -distance, or the space of Euler curves, equipped with certain L p L^p norms. By making use of a stratified space structure on the sphere, induced by hyperplane divisions, we prove additional uniqueness results in terms of distributions on the space of Euler curves. Finally, our main result proves that any shape in a certain uncountable space of PL embedded shapes with plausible geometric bounds can be uniquely determined using only finitely many directions.

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46

Hermawan, A. Rudi, and Eka Sasmita Mulya. "The Analysis of Type L Joint Precast Beam Concretea." Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 22, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v22i2.97-102.

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Research precast beam type L shape has produced strength of flexure where it was jointed at middle of span with L shape. Problem was about strength and deflection with joint of Type L shape. Aim of this research was determined strength of flexure such deflection and maximal load would be apllicated. Precast beam type L shape consist of two beam P1 and P2 were tested at two point load was applicated. This research have produced of data of precast beam P1 and P2. Precast beam P1 has deflection 28,44 mm at maximum load 11,21 Ton. Precast beam P2 has deflection 26,71 at maximum load 11,76 Ton. Except that data, has produced also chart of load versus deflection where precast beam type L shape has behavior less for ductility approximately du/dy 1,17, where deformation inelasticity was not seem. That occur because overlapping at joint of precast concrete at middle of span.

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47

Křepela, M., and R. Petráš. "Comparison of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stem shape by means of geometrical methods." Journal of Forest Science 52, No. 8 (January 9, 2012): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4516-jfs.

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In this article the stem shape is compared in three coniferous tree species: Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch. Stem is investigated by means of geometrical methods. Simplified Bookstein coordinates (stem shape diameters) and Procrustes coordinates were used for variability investigation. The material, originating from the Czech and Slovak territories, involved in total 3,346 spruce stems, 3,082 pine stems and 1,403 larch stems. The accordance of mean stem vectors was assessed by means of Hotelling’s T<sup>2</sup> two-sample test. For stem shape diameters and Procrustes tangent coordinates, the variability was examined using the method of principal components analysis. The three most important principal components were diagrammatized and described. The relationship between the stem shape and its size was also investigated, and inflection points of morphological stem curve were described for all three tree species.

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48

Zhang, Gang, Hai Bo Huang, and Ting Zhang. "The Experimental Study on Modal Parameters Identification for Motorman-HP20 Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.561.

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The dynamic characteristics of light-weighted structure are more important due to its flexible property. In this paper, the experiment of modal analysis for Motorman-HP20 robot is carried out. The method of one location for response and multi-locations for excitation are applied in the experiment. The orthogonal polynomials curve fitting method is used for modal parameters identification. The first six order modal parameters are obtained. The results show that the structure of L-shape arm may be re-designed due to the modal shapes due to severe vibration of L-shape arm in modal frequencies of some prior orders and the poor base frequency.

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49

Arnaut, Aleksandra, Pavle Milanovic, Milica Vasiljevic, Nemanja Jovicic, Radisa Vojinovic, Dragica Selakovic, and Gvozden Rosic. "The Shape of Nasopalatine Canal as a Determining Factor in Therapeutic Approach for Orthodontic Teeth Movement—A CBCT Study." Diagnostics 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122345.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the nasopalatine canal (NPC) shape and its morphometric characteristics on expected teeth movement by assessing the distance to maxillary central incisors (MCIs) according to NPC type. The retrospective study was performed on 133 CBCT images. The following parameters were obtained: the antero-posterior diameter (A-P) of the nasal foramen (NF), canal length, A-P and mediolateral diameter (M-L) of the incisive foramen (IF), and the distance between NPC and MCIs. With the exception of being hourglass-shaped, each NPC shape showed specific impacts of NPC shape on the relationship between NPC diameters at different sections and distances to MCIs. In banana-shaped NPC, a significant correlation was observed for A-P NF diameter, while in cylindrical-shaped NPC, a significant correlation was observed for NPC length. The increase in M-L IF, A-P IF, A-P NF, and NPC length in funnel-shaped NPC may be a risk factor for interventions that could result in teeth movement. According to the results, it seems that the proposed methodological approach for analysis of CBCT slices in the anterior maxilla may offer detailed information that could be an additional tool in planning the procedures that result in expected teeth movement.

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50

Li, Yi, Ru-Biao Duan, Qiu-Sheng Li, Yong-Gui Li, and Chao Li. "Research on the characteristics of wind pressures on L-shaped tall buildings." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 10 (February 20, 2020): 2070–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220906934.

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Eight L-shaped rigid models with different geometric dimensions were tested at four typical terrain categories in a boundary wind tunnel to investigate the characteristics of wind pressures on L-shaped tall buildings. The effects including wind direction, turbulence intensity, and geometric dimension on the characteristics of wind pressures on L-shaped tall buildings were studied. Shape factors of each face under the unfavorable wind direction were summarized. Moreover, the power spectral densities, correlation coefficients, and coherence functions were analyzed in frequency domain. Based on the testing results, it is shown that the proposed exponential functions fit the measurements well. The objective of this study is to provide useful information for the wind-resistant design ofL-shaped tall buildings.

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