Дисертації з теми "L’Argenis"
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Åkemark, Elisabet. "Deux pères, leurs filles et l’argent. : L’importance de l’argent dans deux romans de Balzac." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för moderna språk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-81010.
Повний текст джерелаRoullet, de la Bouillerie Côme. "Le roman du prince : Genèse, poétique et réception en France de l'Argenis de Barclay." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAC026.
Повний текст джерелаThe resounding success of Argenis upon its publication in Paris in 1621 established this Latin novel by Jean Barclay as a reference for novelists of his time. The author, a learned poet, presented this heroic fable of a new kind as a tribute to the French monarchy, rewriting its recent and troubled history under the veil of fiction. A “roman à clefs”, both heroic and satirical, filled with political speeches and poetry, Argenis was primarily conceived as a “novel of the prince”, exposing an absolutist conception of monarchy in order to defend it and exalting through its hero the king portrayed as a new Amadis. Our hypothesis is that, as such, it offered an unprecedented model to many of the novelists of his time, especially the early authors of heroic novels in France. By analyzing the genesis, poetics, and reception of this often overlooked work, we aim to shed light on its influence on French novelists of the first half of the 17th century
Lanceleur, Laurent. "L’argent : sources, transfert et bioaccumulation : cas du système fluvio-estuarien girondin." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14270/document.
Повний текст джерелаSilver (Ag) emissions into the environment from former mining activities and various industrial applications (e.g. jewellery, medicine, photography, electronic products and more recently nanotechnology) make Ag both a historic and an emergent pollutant for which information on its transfer and toxicity in aquatic system are scarce. This work provides a first assessment of Ag sources, transfer and bioaccumulation in the Gironde fluvial-estuarine system. The Lot-Garonne-Gironde River continuum, known for its polymetallic pollution (e.g. Cd, Zn) derived from the Decazeville basin, is a model system for studies on metal transfer from watersheds to the ocean. The relationship between historical records (~50 years) of Ag concentrations in sediment cores from the Lot River, upstream (Ag: 0.3 mg/kg) and downstream (Ag: up to 7 mg/kg) of the Decazeville basin and those of Cd constitutes evidence of a common source and transport/settlement processes due to industrial activities until 1986. High particulate Ag (AgP: 260 mg/kg) and dissolved Ag (AgD: 1,260 ng/l) concentrations in the Riou-Mort River were attributed to current leaching and erosion of slag heaps by rainwater. Those concentrations were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than typical values in the Gironde watershed. However, the Riou-Mort River contribution to the Garonne River Ag fluxes (AgD: 0.008-0.041 t/a; AgP: 0.306-2.44 t/an; 1999-2009) remained low (AgP: <11%; AgD: <6%). The Garonne River provided the quasi totality (63-83%) of Ag inputs to the estuary, mainly in its particulate form (96±2%). The regional geochemical background (AgP/ThP=0.026) was useful to estimate (i) the natural contribution (20-65%) to total AgP fluxes and (ii) the anthropogenic specific fluxes of AgP (15±10 g/km²/a and 0.24±0.16 g/hab/a) in the Garonne watershed (La Réole). In the estuarine salinity, chloro-complexation desorbed ~60% of AgP, causing maximalum AgD concentrations (6-8 ng/l) at salinity 15-25 (addition to the dissolved phase). This quantity was similar to the potentially bioavailable or reactive fraction (i.e. extracted by HCl 1 M). The first estimations of net fluxes suggested that 50-80% of the Ag annual export to the coast occurred in the dissolved phase (0.64-0.89 t/a in 2008 and 0.56-0.77 t/a in 2009). Even if the ionic form Ag+ (the main form in freshwater) is considered as the most bioavailable form, Ag accumulation in estuarine organisms (oysters, shrimps and eels) reflected the higher exposition pressure in brackish water. In-situ caging of European Eels (recommended species for the biosurvey of aquatic systems; European Water Framework Directive) in key sites of the Gironde Estuary during 3 months, highlighted the direct and trophic pathways of Ag contamination at the environmental level. The historical record of Ag contamination of the Gironde Estuary oysters (1979-2007, French Mussel Watch, RNO) indicated that the Decazeville basin was a major Ag source until ~1988. However, the maximum Ag accumulation in oysters after 1993 (from ~40 to more than 100 mg/kg, dry weight) suggested an increasing contribution of additional and contemporary Ag sources like photography, cloud seeding (30-63 kg/a) or Toulouse and Bordeaux wastewater effluents (42-57 kg/a). This work is a basis for future work on Ag (including nanoparticles) cycles and related risks in aquatic systems (quantification, transfer and toxicity)
Deliere, Ludovic. "Adsorption et séparation des gaz rares sur des adsorbants dopés à l’argent." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10212/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) implements means for detecting nuclear tests in an International Monitoring System (IMS). The Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) has developed in the mid-90s, the SPALAX system (Système de Prélèvement d’Air en Ligne avec l’Analyse des radioXénons). Xenon analysis, including radioactive isotopes from the fission reaction during the explosion, requires the development of highly efficient process for xenon concentration. In this work, the adsorption and diffusion phenomena of noble gases are studied in silver exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite. The "experience / Monte Carlo simulation" coupling is used to determine the essential thermodynamic data on the adsorption of noble gases and to characterize the adsorption sites. The presence of a strong adsorption site, identified as silver nanoparticles and intervening at low concentration of noble gases (including xenon and radon) in some silver exchanged zeolites, achieves adsorption and selectivity performance to date unrivaled. These results allow considering their use in many critical applications in the field of capture and separation of rare gases: rare gas industrial production, reprocessing of spent fuel from gas, radon in air pollution control
Chadeau, Élise. "Caractérisation des propriétés antibactériennes de textiles fonctionnalisés avec de l’argent ou du PolyHexaMéthylène Biguanide (PHMB)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10030/document.
Повний текст джерелаAdhesion of pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms on the surfaces present in food industry can lead to contaminations of foods. Besides the economical impact for this industrial sector, these contaminations might alleviate food quality and hygiene and affect public health. Professional clothes constitute one of the vectors of contamination by the staff of food-processing industry. This work is a part of a collaborative project (Actiprotex) and concerns the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial textiles developed for the hospital sector and the food-processing industry. Three methodologies were employed to obtain deposits of antimicrobial agents on textiles surfaces: plasma (PVD / PECVD) or sol-gel methodologies for the silver deposit and spin coating with a solution containing laurylsulfate and PolyHexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB). The antimicrobial activities of functionalized textiles were estimated after 24 hours of contact (according to the standard ISO 20743- 2005). The quantities of antimicrobial agent at the extreme surface of the textiles were estimated by two techniques of analyses of surface: the photoelectronic spectroscopy by X-rays (XPS) and the mass spectrometry of secondary ions (ToF-SIMS). Textiles functionalized by plasma methodology with silver were effective against Listeria innocua LRGIA 01. For the textiles functionalized by sol-gel methodology, the tested textiles were also very active towards L. innocua LRGIA 01 and Escherichia coli XL1 blue. However, E. coli XL1 blue seemed to be more sensitive to the silver on textiles than the L. innocua LRGIA 01 strain. Textiles treated with the PHMB also turned out to be very active towards L. innocua LRGIA 01 and Staphylococcus aureus methi-R nosoco 3011, however viable but not cultivable cell (VNC) were also revealed after contact of these 2 strains with the PHMB treated textile. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15742 was more resistant to PHMB than these 2 strains. The washing resistance of silver- or PHMB-deposits was also estimated. Most of the silver deposit following plasma treatment was washed out while the PHMB deposit turned out to resist to 10 industrial washes. To understand the mechanism of action of the PHMB against L. innocua LRGIA 01, three approaches were considered: the epifluorescence microscopy in the presence of fluorescent dyes to estimate the state of the membrane cells, spectrofluorimetry in the presence of fluorescent probes (DPH and TMA-DPH) to estimate the membrane fluidity of cells and finally the infrared transformed Fourier spectroscopy (IRTF) to estimate the changes of conformation of the membrane
Bauer, Michel. "L’Eglise et l’argent dans les lettres de François de Sales et de Jeanne Frémyot de Chantal." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20106/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the the survey of 4960 surviving letters (after voluntary or involuntary destructions), I only deal with materialia avoiding spiritualia. First, I find the fund raising necessary for the (re)conquest and the management of a part of a diocese, and then, the quest for money and real estate in order to launch and then develop a monastic order, Visitation.Political and social restrictions frame the fund raising and the optimization of the investments, taking in account the circumstances (wars, plagues, famines). Consequently we study their implementation of the financial virtues (poverty, charity, labour). Their financial aims can only be obtained with the help of non-ecclesiastical and ecclesiastical networks, mainly in the upper society. The competition is harsh inside the roman church (prelates, monastic orders, Rome) as well as in the world (princes, nobility, local councils); thus they engage in many lawsuits, in contradiction with their other own writings. The complexity of their enterprises prompts them to build a resources management (finance, real estate, human resources), foreshadowing the one of contemporary organizations.The follow-up of details, as well in the fields of investment rate, as for producing pieces of furniture or books, as for selecting buildings or managers, all this detailed behaviour fits with the one of a modern top-manager, who shall finance his many activities. Finally, the Roman Catholic Church could be considered as a root of modern capitalism, in an other dimension than the one developed by Max Weber for Protestantism.On the other hand, those ceaseless limitations could lead them to forget their ultimate goals
Olivier, Mathilde. "L' engagement dans la relation de couple chez les 25-35 ans : Une analyse par l’argent." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN1006.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis’ goal is to understand the making of couples aged between 25 and 35 in the beginning of this 21st century. While marriage used to indicate the outset in the relationship and to guarantee its durability, nowadays we notice multiple ways to "make a couple". The subject of this research is commitment to the relationship, which definition is the following one : "Process emanating from two people's shared wish to create a connection between them and to make it endure in a joint future. The commitment is all the more strong that its reversible nature is low". The supported theory is that new forms of conjugal commitment exist : it is gradual and safe. Pecunary interpretation brings a double perspective. First, it enables to understand several commiting actions such as living together, signing the PACS agreement, getting married and having a child. Mostly, money management within the couple highlights the fact that contemporary unions both reconcile a desire of a passionate couple (marked by a common management) and a wish to preserve a share of independence and autonomy. This work leans on three different survey techniques : an online questionnaire (623 answers), half-guiding interviews (48) and a secondary data analysis (module "Decisions within the couples" in the survey "Schedule" 2009-2010 by INSEE)
Kankaanpää, Sandra. "”J’ai en tête de faire gagner de l’argent à ma banque” : - The paradox of measuring performance among bank employees -." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1762.
Повний текст джерелаFast changes and external demands have made companies to continuously needing to improve their performance. Banks in particular have come to make a complete changeover to keep up with the competition. They have gone from bureaucratic structures to become more sales oriented.
This has come to affect the management model banks use, meaning that the tools to control and navigate the company had to be modernized and adapted to measure new activities. Before the structure change, it was usually enough for a bank to use financial measurements only focusing on indicators such as ROI, when measuring performance. Today, banks have realized the value of the company’s employees, they are a crucial factor for reaching success. Therefore the banks have realized that they need to measure the employees performance. By measuring the employees the bank will be able to know how to improve their performance in order to reach greater success. However, measuring the employees performance has backsides, in some cases it has created unwanted behavior.
My problem definitions goes: How are the Swedish banks motives to reach sales goals, creating a conflict between employees actions towards customer relations and banks results? My purpose is to increase my and banks understanding in how sales goals affect the employees and their actions in a bank. I will increase my and banks understanding by finding what factors with the sales goals foster a certain behavior. I am also interested in finding a way to prevent certain behavior that occurs with sales goals.
In order to answer my purpose I have conducted seven qualitative un-structured interviews with bank employees. I believe that I can take part of their reality by interpreting their answers. Therefore I argue for a hermeneutic view. The theoretical framework includes theories which I believe are relevant in order to increase my understand about the situation. The theoretical framework will be brought together with the seven interviews and together they will act as a platform for my analysis.
I have conducted unstructured interviews, consisting of one sales manager and six bank employees. The interviews were conducted in one company, the purpose was to understand the actions in one context. During these interviews I used an interview guide as an aid. I found that employees are affected by the sales goals due to the fact that they have not participated in deciding them. Meaning that the goals are not of much value for them. Furthermore I found that the employees perceive that the bank is neglecting them, which I found was a result of how the manager values the management model. The behavior of the employees is affected by what parts of the management model the manager chooses to communicate.
Rios, Vera Rafael Manuel. "Étude des propriétés physicochimiques de mélanges de liquide ionique et d’extractants et leurs applications pour la récupération de l’argent." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066570/document.
Повний текст джерелаSynthesis and characterization of two new cholinium-based ionic liquids, named N-(2-hidroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-octylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C8linCol]+[NTf2]- and N-(2-hidroxyethyl)-N-(2-ethylhexyl)-N,N-dimethyl-ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C8ramCol]+[NTf2]- has been developed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ATR-FTIR y ESI-MS. Properties as the viscous flux activation energy, the volume or the molar entropy have been calculated from the experimental data on density and viscosity. Calculations showed that the ramified ionic liquid possess a higher degree of structural order when compared with the linear ionic liquid. Also, their capacity for the recovery of Ag (I) was determined and an extraction level of 98.6% for the linear and 40.5% for the ramified ionic liquid was found. Maximum extraction was found at pH 5.0 with an important selectivity on the extraction of Ag (I) and Cu (II) towards Fe (III). Ag (I) extraction with a phosphonium-based ionic liquid (2,4,4 dimethyl(penthyl) phosphinate de trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium) was also tested. Extraction tests were developed at different concentration values when dissolved in kerosene or kerosene plus decan-1-ol. An extraction level of 80 to 85% was determined with the different mixtures at a maximum recovery pH of 3.0. Spectroscopic characterization (ATR-IR) showed the protonation of the anion in the ionic liquid forming the acid specie. This specie is probably the responsible for the extraction of silver. The formation of a dimeric specie was found in the 31P NMR and the value of the formation constant was calculated
Mikolaczyk, Mathilde. "Accumulation de l’argent et du cuivre chez l’huître japonaise Crassostrea gigas : outils géochimiques pour une optimisation du message environnemental." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0203/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe data-base analyses of the French biomonitoring program (RNO/ROCCH, IFREMER, 2003-2014) in terms of silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) concentrations accumulation in oysters from 13 sites along the French Atlantic Coast showed spatial and time-dependent variations reflecting local pressures. The high Ag and Cu relations seems to be partly due to physiological processes involved in their bioaccumulation by oysters. The Cu/Ag elementary ratios showed an interesting potential for Ag and Cu sources detection, which were invisible through the use of only absolute concentrations characterized by a high individual variability. Chemical measurements and histological observations performed in wild oysters from Gironde Estuary showed a preferential Ag and Cu accumulation in the digestive gland with important cellular damages. The innovative isotope spiking method is highly sensitive and precise to observe rapid in vivo Ag and Cu accumulation kinetics through direct pathway using close-to-real exposure concentrations. The isotopic signals allowed to quantify the rapid MTE accumulation in the different organs and to observe the Ag and Cu co-regulation. Furthermore, it represents a real step forward in ecotoxicological experiments allowing to obtain the initial and final contamination state inside the same organism. The study of the trophic pathway suggested a higher Ag accumulation in algae than for Cu. The Ag and Cu potentially bioavailable fraction in estuarine particles was estimated respectively at 60% and 82%. The results showed that this estimation depends on the exposure time and sediment concentration, which can lead to important under-estimations
Flament, Julien. "Les métallurgies associées de la fin du XIIIe siècle au XVe siècle : L’argent, les cuivres et le plomb à Castel-Minier (Ariège, France)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE1175.
Повний текст джерелаFor several decades, the central Pyrenees have been the subject of multidisciplinary researches, which deal with medieval mining and metallurgical activities. In the ancient viscounty of Couserans, archaeological excavations unearthed the site of Castel-Minier, which played a major role in mining and metals production between the late 13th and 15th centuries. The artefacts uncovered have highlighted the polymetallic activities of the workshop, which is characterized by the practice of several metallurgies concerning silver, copper and its alloys and lead. Our work aims, on the one hand, to identify the nature and origin of the mineral resources that supply the site and, on the other hand, to understand the functional organisation of the different workspaces through the restitution of the chaînes opératoires.Our research is carried out in a multidisciplinary perspective, combining the study of textual and iconographic sources, the results of archaeological excavations and data from the archaeometric studies of the metallurgical artefacts. The results show, besides the transformation of argentiferous galena to extract silver, the production of desilvered lead, unalloyed copper and antimony-lead bronze, or caldarium. Each chaîne opératoire is subject to a detailed study in which technical practices are discussed, as well as the forms and qualities of production. The association of several metallurgical activities in Castel-Minier workshops is an opportunity to address the issue of workers' multi-skilling and expertise, and also to discuss their adaptability according to the mining opportunities and the expectations of the metals market
Faguer, Julien. "La terre et l’argent : marché de la terre et marché du crédit à Athènes et dans les îles de l’Égée, ca. 400-100 av. J.-C." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100100.
Повний текст джерелаThis study examines the evolution of land tenure systems at Athens and in the islands characterized by Attic legal culture from the 4th to the 2nd century BC. Usually limited to citizens, the possession of land and houses is an essential part of families' matrimonial and inheritance strategies and one of the foundations of the credit market: “buying” or “selling” frequently means, in the documents that have come down to us, lending or borrowing through mortgage security. Although they make it difficult to establish price series, the sources studied – court speeches, honorary decrees, hypothecation makers, deeds of sale, lists of farmers or debtors – invite us to trace the evolution of this market through that of its legal and institutional framework. The rich Athenian documentation thus makes it possible to reconstruct in a first part the different aspects of a land tenure system through the examination of family, legal and political practices that determine and reflect the modes of land use and appropriation. A second part, based on the epigraphic documentation of the Cyclades, gives the opportunity to compare the particularities of this non-standard city with data collected from a wider geographical area: while belonging to the same legal culture, these sources contribute, by their nature and their chronological distribution, to highlight the growing role of the State in the recording of transactions and the circulation of information, and the conditions under which foreigners can, or not, access the land market
Courtois, Pauline. "Evaluation écotoxicologique des nanoparticules d’argent et leurs dérivés : leurs effets sur la faune, la flore et les microorganismes du sol." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR053.
Повний текст джерелаMore and more manufactured products contain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which, among other things, are incorporated for their excellent biocidal property. The life cycle of these nanofunctionalized products generates considerable releases into the environment, particularly in wastewater. The efficiency of wastewater treatment plants makes it possible to trap most species of silver (Ag) in the sludge. However, sewage sludge is often recycled by land application on agricultural land. Soil is the main place of deposition of contaminants in sewage sludge. Due to the amount of sewage sludge produced and spread each year, it has become important to accurately assess the impact of Ag species as they are introduced into the environment.This thesis work consisted of a global evaluation of the effect, on the terrestrial ecosystem, of the forms of Ag brought by the sewage sludge in the soil. For this, an analysis of speciation of Ag brought in soils via digested sewage sludge was carried out. Various animal, plant and microbial organisms have been exposed to this form of Ag, more or less reastically depending on the needs of the study, in order to assess its various harmful effects.The results indicate that AgNPs become completely sulfided following anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. In this chemical form, Ag is less toxic than AgNPs, to all animals, plants and microbial organisms studied. Ag sulfide is also less bioavailable to these organisms, although it may be slightly bioaccumulated by animals and plants and thus enters food chains. Likewise, an effect may persist on microbial communities. This effect differs depending on the type of soil receiving the sewage sludge, and seems to disrupt the nitrogen nutrient cycle
N'Djambara, Mahamondou. "Que veut dire Richesse ? Du Travail, de l’Argent, du Don et du Vivre Ensemble à Bokokopé (Togo) : une analyse des politiques et pratiques de développement à partir des institutions." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12006/document.
Повний текст джерела"Eyu", the Human, is born rich, the society impoverishes him by means of the institutions which establish the categories of thought and rules on which the individuals learn to think and act. In Bokokopé in Togo, migrants of the so-called kabyè ethnic group benefit from development projects. The purpose of these projects is to increase the income of these peasants, guaranteeing an improvement of living conditions and well-being. But the different stakeholders of this process do not share this style of thought which links well-being to income. Therefore, many difficulties to adopt indicators appear during different evaluations. The main tool of the technicians of development is the Logical Framework. Any unmeasurable and non-logical action is almost excluded. That's how, when Hazou decides, for instance, to sell his goat 'at a loss ' but giving proof that he ' won in friendship ', it provokes questioning. Why does it resist the counting of profitability, the inevitable means to ameliorate its income? This reticence to calculate everything, to quantify everything and to the marketization of all can be understood by referring to the perception of the world that the participants have in Bokokopé as well as of the relationship which they maintain with work (job) and money while living a Community lifestyle. Their actions are determined by several ways of thinking which fluctuate between the logic of the trade world carried principally by certain developmental organizations, and alternately nonprofit principles, in most cases, myths or rituals to which the members of the community adhere
Salem, Youbba Ould. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation Monte Carlo des grandeurs opérationnelles en métrologie des rayonnements ionisants : application à la dosimétrie neutrons par radiophotoluminescence." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE016/document.
Повний текст джерелаWe characterize a passive dosimeter capable of measuring both fast and thermal neutrons for ambiant and persona! dosimetry. These neutrons can be detected in a mixed neutron-gamma field with appropriate converters (polyethylene for fast neutrons, cadmium for thermal neutrons). Monte Carlo simulations with MCNPX helped with the geometrical conception of the dosimeter and the choice of materials. The responses of the RPL dosimeter to these neutrons are linear in H*(1 O) and Hp(10) with detection limits of 2 mSv for fast neutrons and 0.19 mSv for thermal neutrons. The angular dependencies are satisfactory according to the ISO 21909 norm. A calibration factor of (9.5 +- 0.5)x10 exponent -2 mSv.cm2/RPL signal is obtained to the fast neutrons of the IPHC's 241 Am-Be calibrator. This factor is (9.7 +- 0.3)x10 exponent -3 mSv.cm2/RPL signal for the thermalized neutrons
SI-TAI, FU, and 傅思台. "L’argent Dans Les « Contes et Nouvelles » de Maupassant." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96004598157840683006.
Повний текст джерела輔仁大學
法國語文學系碩士班
103
1. La société française contemporaine de Maupassant (1870-1890) : le vent des libertés. Ici, nous parlons du contexte historique 1.1 D’abord, c’est La guerre franco-prussienne et la création de la IIIe République 1.2 Ensuite, nous parlerons de La révolution industrielle et l’économie libérale triomphante parce que cela lie avec l’argent. 1.3 Enfin, La culture au service de la République, avec l’exemple de l’engagement des écrivains. parce que tous les écrivains illustres contemporains tels que Balzac, Victor Hugo, Flaubert, Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Zola, Maupassant… se jettent dans leur combat pour l’égalité, la liberté, la démocratie, l’économie, la morale, etc. 2. La représentation de l’argent dans la société française à la fin du XIXe siècle 2.1 Au XIX siècle, La France est un pays chrétien , Pour elle l’argent est tabou. C’est pourquoi nous sommes étonnés de voir à quelle fréquence et dans quel style extraordinaire Maupassant traite de l’argent dans ses récits et chroniques. Ici, nous parlons aussi de la difference entre l’éthique catholique et l’éthique protestante. 2.2 Le libéralisme et la philosophie des Lumières, parce que l’argent est symbole de progrès 2.3 Les métiers de l’argent avec par exemple les notaires. quand l'argent s'est accumulé, le service des métiers de l’argent devient inévitable, entre autre, le banquier et le notaire. Nous choisissons le notaire comme exemple parce que d'un côté ce rôle est omniprésent dans les oeuvres de Maupassant, de l'autre, ce métier est inconnu pour les lecteurs taïwanais et chinois. Chapitre II L’argent comme fondement des classes sociales : étude des personnages des Contes et Nouvelles. Ici nous faisons l'analyse des trois classes sociales: la noblesse, la bourgeoisie, les ouvriers. Les trois classes sociales dans les Contes et Nouvelles sont différenctes à tout les niveaux : le style de vie, les revenus,l’éducation, et surtout les valeurs morales. Notamment, les moyens de gagner l’argent sont différents. 1. D’abord, nous parlons des nobles: leur fortune est héritée- 1.1 Premièrement, Les nobles sont apparus souvent dans l’ensemble des œuvres de Maupassant surtout dans les Contes et Nouvelles. la noblesse est une classe sociale jadis puissante. Mais depuis 1870, avec l'avènement de la IIIe République, elle est en déclin. 1.2 Deuxièmement, Nous discutons pourquoi l’ insertion sociale dans la France industrielle est impossible. (C’est parce que de siècle en siècle, la noblesse suit un style de vie confortable sans ressentir ni le besoin ni le désir d'exercer une activité commerciale ou industrielle. Par conséquent, la psychologie collective de la société aristocratique se confond inconsciemment avec la psychologie individuelle. Ses avantages jadis, tels que le titre, sa position d'élite, deviennent désormais l’obstacle psychologique, contraignant et invisible. 2. Ensuite, nous parlons des bourgeois, c’est un triomphe d’une classe sociale : l’argent gagné 2.1 D’un côté, c’est l'apparition d’une nouvelle classe dominante. (Au début du XIXe siècle, la bourgeoisie remplace la noblesse, et domine en terme de puissance économique. En fait,. À partir de la Révolution industrielle, la bourgeoisie joue un rôle majeur sur la scène de la société française parce que la prospérité industrielle consolide le socle de la bourgeoisie 2.2 D’un autre côté, l’exploitation du peuple est le revers de la médaille de l'enrichissement de la bourgeoisie et au centre de la critique de Maupassant. Le critère le plus simple et le plus précis, c’est le salaire trop bas. 3. Enfin, nous parlons des ouvriers, les nouveaux esclaves : l’argent recherché 3.1 Premièrement, C’est l’apparition de la classe ouvrière à la fin de XVIIIe siècle car le développement du chemin de fer accélère le processuSS d’industrialisation. Il faut donc de la main d’œuvre. 3.2 Deuxièmement, quant à la Misère et humiliation des ouvriers: les luttes vaines contre la pauvreté. La pauvreté est évidemment le problème majeur de l’époque de Maupassant. Les salaries des ouvriers sont si infimes qu’ils deviennent immediatement des vagabonds quand ils sont confrontés au chômage. Maupassant critique le gouvernement qui ne fait face ni au problème social ni au cri des pauvres. Chapitre III , nous parlerons de l'engagement social de la littérature, parce que les nouvelles de Maupassant, reflettEnt son époque, 1. D’abord, nous utilisons Le structuralisme français pour comprendre la structure de la société de Contes et Nouvelles de Maupassant. 1.1 En reversant la notion classique de l’anthropologie qui analyse la société à travers seulement la famille. Lévi-Strauss insiste pour analyser la relation basée sur le mariage et les liens de parenté. Enfin, il trouve que le mariage est la structure élémentaire de la société tribale. Ce changement d’objet nous permet d’analyser la société des Contes et Nouvelles. Nous constatons que l’argent devient la structure élémentaire qui construit les relations entre les hommes, les morts et les vivants, le mariage et le divorce. L'argent est un élément déterminant dans la pratique du mariage au XIXe siècle. Les riches veulent maintenir leur fortune en arrangeant des mariages. Nous constatons aussi que La relation entre les hommes est fragile quand l'argent fait défaut,. D’ailleurs, l’héritage est l’unique solution pour sortir de la pauvreté ou l’unique façon de faire fortune, et le notaire est un pont qui relie les morts et les vivants. Sans l’argent, la relation entre mari et femme, père et enfants, frères et les amis perd de sa force. Dans le monde des contes et nouvelles, nous ne trouvons pas d’histoire d’amour de style “ Roméo et Juliette” par Shakespeare. Au lieu de cela, c’est l’amour de l’argent qui remplace le sentiment d’amour et qui deviant le lien entre les gens. En bref, C’est une société( tordue ) distorsionnée 1.2 Ensuite, Le débat entre la morale chrétienne et la morale républicaine dans une société dominée par l’argent : Le rejet du moralisme de Maupassant. Pourquoi l’argent devient-il soudain une structure élémentaire de la relation sociale ? Pour trouver la réponse, nous ne pouvons pas négliger le facteur de la morale, car la France du XIXe siècle est en plein dans le conflit de la morale chrétienne et de la morale républicaine. Sous le nom de liberté et d’égalité, la morale républicaine, est justifiée. Dans Yvette, sa mère lui dit : « je suis une courtisane. Si je n’étais pas une courtisane, Nous ne pourrions pas faire fortune, À cette époque, l’argent devient la règle unique pour évaluer autrui. C’est pourquoi Maupassant nous montre l’aspect plutôt morbide de la société française du XIXe siècle. 1.3 Enfin, Le débat sur l’humanisme contemporain : Primauté de l’argent. Malgré le fait que Maupassant défend (de toutes ses forces) la morale chrétienne dans ses œuvres et ses chroniques, la chute de la morale chrétienne est inévitable après l’effondrement du régime royaliste. Au fur et à mesure que la morale républicaine gagne du terrain, il faut faire face, à une société sans Dieu. En tant qu’écrivain réaliste, il adopte, donc, une valeur universelle héritée de la philosophie des Lumières : l’humanisme. C’est la raison pour laquelle en plus des débats de la morale chrétienne, nous trouvons aussi des débats humanistes tels que les droits de l’homme, l’égalité, la dignité et la valeur de tous les individus ainsi que les conditions d’existence dans les Contes et Nouvelles. 錄音 2. Dans la deuxième partie de Chapitre 3, nous parlons du structuralisme appliqué au champ littéraire : 2.1 D’abord, nous utilisons le structuralisme français pour comprendre les textes littéraires. L’argent est sans doute la racine de la décadence. Mais, comment Maupassant crée un monde où l’argent est roi dans les contes et nouvelles. Comment l’argent coexiste t-il avec luxe et le Mythe ? Ici, nous choisissons la théorie de la semiologie de Roland Barthes pour analyser les textes littéraires de Maupassant. Selon Barthes, « le signe sémiologique est composé d'un signifiant et d'un signifié (Par exemple, la rose est un signifiant d’un objet matériel. Mais son signifié c'est la passion). Dans le monde des Contes et Nouvelles de Maupassant, nous prenons conscience que la parure de bijou, le carrosse, les maîtresses, sont les signes de la mode, et de l'enrichissement car ils sont répétés consciemment ou inconsciemment par Maupassant quand il évoque la vie des nobles et celle des bourgeois.Nous utillisons le conte La Parure comme exemple, la parure de bijou est un signifiant tout comme la rose. Que les bijoux soient vrais ou faux leur signifié c'est le luxe. Une fois qu’un objet obtient un concept donné et que ce concept est reconnu par la société, luxe ou richesse, il est séparé de son signifiant, que ce soit la parure de quarante mille francs ou celle de cinq cents francs. 2.2. Ensuite, L’égalité et la justice sociale, l’engagement des écrivains français de Maupassant à nos jours. Héritant de la notion d’égalité et de liberté créée par Rousseau, Maupassant s’engage dans la lutte contre la perversité, la pauvreté, la discrimination causée par l’inégalité. Par exemple, le phénomène de l’inégalité est partout dans les récits. La discrimination envers le métier et la femme, le viol de la femme, l’inégalité sociale envers les handicapés, l’inégalité sociale des bas-fonds, l’inégalité entre des employeurs et des ouvriers. Cependant, nous constatons que Maupassant n’est pas le premier ni le dernier écrivain qui lutte contre l’inégalité sociale parce qu’elle existe toujours. Ici, nous prenons Le Clézio, comme exemple, c’est un écrivain franco-mauricien qui a l’esprit critique quant aux problèmes sociaux et aux désordres du monde. Il remporte le prix Nobel de littérature en 2008. Dans son œuvre, Ritournelle De La Faim, il écrit : « Je connais la faim, je l’ai ressentie, mais, C’est d’une autre faim qu’il sera question dans l’histoire qui va suivre. » C’est la faim de justice ! Avec 90 ans de différence avec Maupassant, Le Clézio apporte le même esprit de critique sociale dans son roman. 2.3. Enfin, c’est l’interrogation sur la lutte des classes aux XIXe et XXe siècles. La littérature et la diffusion des caricatures sociales : de Maupassant à nos jours. Dans ce sous-chapitre et la fin de notre recherche, nous discuterons de deux problématiques : la bourgeoisie n’est-elle qu’une classe d’exploiteurs décadents? La lutte des classes existe-t-elle encore aujourd’hui ? En gros, Maupassant fait une caricature de la bourgeoisie dans un mélange d’avarice, d’égoïsme, d’arrogance, et de vanité. Mais, cette caricature correspond-elle à la vérité ? En effet, comme ce que Maupassant critique, la bourgeoisie est la source d’inégalité, de misère et d’injustice avec une caricature de l’égoïsme, du luxe, de la décadence et de l’exploitation. Mais, C’est la bourgeoisie qui apporte la liberté et la démocratie en France. Nous devons reconnaître que la bourgeoisie est le moteur du progrès économique et industriel de la société française du XIXe et XXe siècles. C’est-à-dire que l’image de la bourgeoisie sous la plume de Maupassant est plutôt negative. Cependant, du point de vue de la littérature réaliste, nous souhaiterions soutenir Maupassant pour son esprit critique dans les Contes et Nouvelles car une des caractéristiques du réalisme, c’est de critiquer la société. L’écrivain réaliste doit observer et souligner les problèmes et les contradictions de la société pour que le régime puisse résoudre les problèmes. Exposer les contradictions est la responsabilité des écrivains Conclusion Aujourd’hui en France, l’inégalité, la misère décrites sous la plume de Maupassant ont presque disparu. Il y a des vagabonds, mais ce n’est pas un vagabondage causé par l’institution. Il y a des misérables, mais, ils ne crèvent pas de faim. Il y a du chômage, mais il y a aussi des subventions de chômage. Tout le monde est plus ou moins à l’abri grâce au gouvernement. Économiquement et politiquement, c’est une société plutôt égale et juste. Cependant, il existe encore des coins sombres. Cela reste toujours une des responsabilités des écrivains. Par rapport au XIXe siècle, l’écart entre les riches et les pauvres dans la société contemporaine n’a pas beaucoup diminué. Les misérables ont manifestement réduits en nombre. Néanmoins, l’argent demeure plus ou moins l’objectif que beaucoup de gens poursuivent infatigablement et il continue d'être le souci dont les hommes se préoccupent quel que soit l’époque et la société. Merci, C’est la fin de ma presentation.
O'Neill, Stéphanie. "L’argent ne fait pas le bonheur : les discours sur la société de consommation et les modes de vie à Montréal, 1945-1975." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18465.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation examines discourses on consumer society in Montreal between 1945 and 1975, during a period known as the “golden age of capitalism.” Relying on a variety of sources that reflect a diversity of perspectives — namely mainstream periodicals, “feminine” magazines, social work theses, commissions of inquiry, and publications produced by financial institutions, parent associations, unions, Catholic organizations, and community associations — this dissertation reveals how a wide array of commentators perceived the beginnings of mass consumerism in Montreal and its repercussions on lifestyles. It also explores, to an extent, how so-called ordinary people experienced these beginnings and repercussions in their everyday lives. Although economic indicators display a relative prosperity, this dissertation first offers a quantitative analysis that shows that consumer society did not truly begin in Montreal (or Quebec more generally) before the 1960s. This study then proceeds to a qualitative analysis of discourses concerning Quebec’s and Canada’s economic situation. Apprehensions surrounding the economy persisted throughout this period — most notably around inflation, despite its being under control — and several experts continued to view prosperity as fragile. This dissertation then looks at the positive, ambivalent, but more frequently negative reactions to the beginnings of mass consumerism and the changes in values it entailed. It then finally examines discourses that addressed the repercussions of consumer society on household financial practices, on familial relationships and identity construction within the home, and on poverty. This dissertation suggests that French-Québécois experts resisted mass consumerism to a greater extent than their anglophone colleagues and that the arrival of consumer society reinforced patriarchy (at least discursively). It also highlights a rupture within discourses on consumerism sometime around 1965 as the conservatism of the previous two decades gave way to ideas linked to the social unrest of the mid-to-late 1960s and early 1970s. From the mid 1960s onward, most commentators began to understand phenomena like debt and poverty as fundamentally connected to consumerism as they developed an oftentimes militant socializing rhetoric that increasingly viewed consumption itself as a structural and collective problem.