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1
Eppler, Eva, and Josef Benedikt. "A perceptual dialectological approach to linguistic variation and spatial analysis of Kurdish varieties." Journal of Linguistic Geography 5, no. 2 (October 2017): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2017.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the results of the first investigation into Kurdish linguistic varieties and their spatial distribution. Kurdish dialects are used across five nation states in the Middle East and only one dialect, Sorani, has official status in one of these nation states. The study employs the “draw-a-map” task established in Perceptual Dialectology; the analysis is supported by Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The results show that, despite the geolinguistic and geopolitical situation, Kurdish respondents have good knowledge of the main varieties of their language (Kurmanji, Sorani, and the related variety Zazaki) and where to localize them. Awareness of the more diverse Southern Kurdish varieties is less definitive. This indicates that the Kurdish language plays a role in identity formation, but also that smaller isolated varieties are not only endangered in terms of speakers, but also in terms of their representations in Kurds’ mental maps of the linguistic landscape they live in.
2
Rashid, Salam Rahim, Nawzad Anwar Omer, and Jalal Sadullah Hassan. "Moral in relation to culture and Social Status." Halabja University Journal 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10484.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is on sociolinguistic field, in which deals with moral language phenomenon and using moral expressions in social communications and Kurdish discourse. It tries to find the answer to the following questions such as (What is moral? What is the relation between morality and culture? Does morality have universal-based or culturally based? Generally, morality covers a wide area in social research studies. Concerning Kurdish, as it is known, there is no independent work about morality. So as researchers, we intend to fill this gap in Kurdish language and our aim is to find precise answers to this problem in Kurdish. In conclusion one point is focused in which really morality is an important field covers all institutions of individual and community life, to value the morality human beings depends on language. The study is done according to analytical method. It consists of an introduction, conclusions, references list and three chapters.
3
Sleman, Azad Aziz. "Identity and Language of Education in the Kurdistan Region." Journal of University of Raparin 9, no. 5 (December 29, 2022): 498–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(9).no(5).paper23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research is intended to shed light on the problems of the Kurdish language in the Kurdistan Region, especially in the field of education and higher education. This is because we assume that in modern life, there is a great risk which threatens our cultural identity in the light of globalization that tries to weaken our natural identity and impose a unipolar cultural dominance of the English language. If in the past the responsibility lies with the enemies of the Kurdish people in crackling down on the kurdish language in the stages of the occupation, the responsibility now lies with the officials of the Kurdistan regional Government (from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education). Because they do not have a policy and plan related to the language, and do not put an end to the disregard of the Kurdish language and the violation of the state law and constitution. In this regard, we have tried to present different views on the language of education in the centers of education and its effects on the linguistic identity of the individual and Kurdish society. In addition, schools and education centers were classified according to languages. Finally, the importance and status of language in the process of education were analyzed in order to reach conclusions on the formulation of a current plan of the Kurdish language in the education process.
4
Faraj, Ismael Rafaat, and Twana Saadi Hamid. "The Role of Internal and External Individual Difference Factors in Bilingual Development: Exploring Highly Proficient Kurdish-English Bilinguals’ Perceptions." Journal of University of Human Development 9, no. 3 (July 30, 2023): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v9n3y2023.pp124-130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Drawing on qualitative research, the present study examines the characteristics of seven highly proficient Kurdish-English bilingual adolescents and their perceptions of the role of individual difference factors in bilingual development. Adopting a deductive thematic analysis approach, the collected data from semi-structured interviews were analyzed. The findings indicate that special attention should be paid to both internal and external factors in order for Kurdish-English bilinguals to reach high level of proficiency in both languages. External factors of richness of input, input quantity, language output, and socioeconomic status are crucial for fostering morphosyntactic and lexical skills in Kurdish and English. Moreover, the bilingual learners stated that conducting mathematical and logical problem-solving activities frequently and having high level of language learning aptitude are important predictors of rapid development of bilingual language abilities. In terms of age effects, the bilingual adolescents conveyed that having younger age and earlier start to Kurdish and English learning always lead to better morphosyntactic and lexical outcomes in both languages. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first to explore the role of individual difference factors in bilingual development among highly proficient Kurdish-English bilinguals. The paper highlights implications and directions for further research.
5
Haji, Daban Mohammed, and Fenik Muhammad Ghafur. "Exploring Lexical Lacunae in the Scientific Translation of Theoretical Physics Books." Journal of University of Human Development 5, no. 4 (September 30, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n4y2019.pp18-24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
this research paper explores lexical lacunae at the word level at the context of English-Kurdish scientific translation. First, the paper briefly describes the development of scientific translation through space and time, and then it demonstrates the status of English and Kurdish as the language of natural sciences. Despite its significance, scientific translation has received little attention in the realm of Translation Studies, and none of the mainstream theories of translation is associated with scientific translation. Thus, this paper assumes that different translation procedures were opted for in overcoming the lexical lacunae in the context of English-Kurdish scientific translation. This paper scrutinises the English-Kurdish translation in the field of theoretical physics, an area which has hitherto left untouched. It explores a set of five theoretical physics books and their translated Kurdish versions, which altogether constitutes a corpus of circa 520,000 words. The study discloses that triplets, borrowing, expansion and omission procedures are employed to deal with lexical lacuna in the context of English-Kurdish scientific translation. It further reveals that LSP specialists were moderately prosperous in transmitting the full lexical contents of the ST.
6
Palta, Zehra Melike. "Exploring Language Learning Experiences of Kurdish and Turkish Asylum Claimants in Canada Through Arts-Informed Research." Journal of the Canadian Association for Curriculum Studies 18, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1916-4467.40550.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the highest level of displacement on record was reached in 2019 with 79.5 million people being forced to migrate (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2020). Although there is a significant influx of asylum seekers arriving in Canada from Turkey, there have been no studies completed in Canada that focus on the experiences of Kurdish and Turkish refugee claimants. Asylum seekers’ lived experiences need to be further investigated because their precarious legal status together with changing governmental policies may limit their access to language education and resettlement programs. Grounded in the arts, this paper analyzes the role of languages and language-learning experiences on Turkish and Kurdish asylum seekers and their integration into Canadian life. Participants were given the opportunity to document their challenges, needs, concerns and successes related to their integration and language-learning experiences by creating different art forms. Analysis of the data is made through the lens of Cooper’s (2011) Bridging Multiple Worlds Theory and Freire’s (1972) concept of critical consciousness. This research will be informative for educators and policy makers involved in the education of young adults from refugee backgrounds.
7
Mohammed, Sara Jamal. "A socio-pragmatic study of address terms in Kurdish." Halabja University Journal 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10478.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to investigate the address terms in Kurdish language within the theory of politeness. It deals with the six major groups of terms of address. The most vital forms are identified through this study concerning each category, their social sense, and the factors that govern their usage. The number of participants were 100 Kurdish adults who were randomly selected form various public places. The main used methods for collecting data are questionnaire and interviewing participants. The reflection of the Kurdish terms of address on complex social relationship is highlighted through the results of the study between interlocutors. Various social factors have a great role in selecting a given term’s determination, for instance, gender, intimacy, formality, age, social status and familiarity between the interlocutor and the addressee. Each category of address terms are utilized by a specific group of users in various social domains.
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Moheddin (koyi), Kurdistan Rafiq, and Mohammed Fars Hamadamin. "Politeness and Daily Use of Language in Formal Context Among EFL Kurdish Learners: Soran University as an Example." Journal of AlMaarif University College 33, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 266–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51345/.v33i2.499.g276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Language is regarded as a method that people use to exchange ideas with each other, and it is considered the primary source of communication among human beings because it holds a profound role in comprehending the world around and beyond them. To speaks graciously and avoid face-threatening acts, language users are required to use politeness strategies. This study aims to find out the politeness strategies which are employed by Kurdish English language learners, at Soran University, as well as the differences in using these strategies in terms of gender and social status. Data is collected through a structured questionnaire which consists of five questions. The sample of the study is 40 EFL learners, non-randomly selected, at the Faculty of Arts/ English Department during the academic year 2020-2021. Further, this paper adopted a descriptive quantitative method for data collection and explanation. It used Brown and Levinson's politeness theory (1987) as a model, as well as the SPSS program version (25) for analyzing and depicting the percentage and frequency of occurrences of the politeness strategies used by male and female students with their classmates and teachers in different situations. The findings show that Kurdish English language learners at Soran University employed politeness strategies, in the formal context, but they are treated differently in terms of gender and social status.
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Fattah, Bikhtiyar O. "Giving and Interpreting Compliments in English and Kurdish." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 17, 2020): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v3n1y2020.pp21-30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Compliment as one of the language strategies is used to soften the process of interactions. The way that compliments are given or interpreted as well as the frequency of using them vary from a language to another, from a community to another, and from a person to another. This study tries to track down compliments to illustrate their differences and the similarities in both concerned communities. Complimenting as a lubricant strategy does not always fulfill the purpose, and cannot always be easily employed due to the interactants' differences in terms of cultural backgrounds, social status, gender, and many other social and personal issues. Therefore, giving compliments is regarded as one of the problematic issues, and may cause a kind of misunderstanding among the interactants particularly in a cross-cultural environment. This study draws on both quantitative and qualitative approaches in the process of data collection. It aims at examining the giving and interpretation of compliment from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It comprehensively considers the concept of compliment, diversity of compliments across cultures, the differences in giving compliments in English and Kurdish as well as showing the relationship between compliment and flattery in these two different communities.
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Qadir, Kamaran Mohammed, and Bahroz Bakr Othman. "Women and Place in the View of Kurdish Studies (An Analytical Study)." Halabja University Journal 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10398.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
the Status of women is one of the most important cases in Kurdish society and it has been enormously considered by Kurdologists. Nevertheless, this issue is grossly neglected by most of the Kurdish historians. the significance of the research has come from the point at the beginning of the work of the kurdologists it has shown an ignored matter of history writing as a research subject on one side which is women history. The content of this study includes the introduction and three major subjects such as, (human beings and places, Kurds and places, women and place). The approach adopted in this study is an analytical approach, in the sense that the researchers contemplated the determinants of the different influences of the place on women and analyzed that. Some significant and basic sources have played important roles here, so the first one is associated with( related to) the research, which means that The information has been derived directly from the research itself. The sources such as ( Vaseline, the east of Kurdistan, from the 17th Century till 19th century), (Mecharson : a visit to Mesopotamia and Kurdish unknown date ) as so on...Lack of enough time may be the main obstacle for the research as the researcher sticked to finish the research in a certain time. As a result, they have reached the conclusion that place has a fundamental component primary sources making history, and it has left a direct impact on creating the movement of human history. Therefore, the effect of place on woman’s name, language, body, art, work, war, ornament, self-decoration, place of living… etc. has been shown.
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Herkenrath, Annette. "A multilingual corpus approach to postpredicativity in spoken Turkish, Kurmanji Kurdish and German." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 6, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 5068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v6i1.5068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates phenomena of postpredicativity in a Turkish- Kurmanji Kurdish-German trilingual corpus of spoken language. Starting from the assumption that postpredicativity when viewed in this trilingual perspective is an epiphenomenal effect of argument type in Kurmanji, finite verb movement in German and discourse activation status (next to illocutionarily motivated verb fronting) in Turkish, it sets out to explore overlaps and double motivations. Based on a collection of 1,211 findings, differentiations within the categories as well as overlaps at several levels are identified. Central results are discourse-level motivations in Kurmanji, their dependence on syntactic size, and overlaps between illocutional verb fronting and discourse activation status in Turkish.
12
ABDULKAREEM SHERWANI, KAWA. "The discourse of Kurdish traditional textiles." Industria Textila 72, no. 06 (December 21, 2021): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.06.1825.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Verbal communication is not the only way by which people can interact; people communicate with each other through different signs, colours, cultural symbols and costumes. One of the ways that people can communicate through is clothes or textiles. The language of textiles and its covert discourse have not been studied profoundly. Each bit of textile has its specific meaning. Through the discourse of their clothes, people try to show their nationality, age, gender, social status, geographical belonging etc. Kurdish traditional clothes are believed to be culturally rich, since they are dressed by a large number of people in the past and present. This study is an attempt to examine the relationship between discourse and clothes. It tries to study the hidden discourse of Kurdish traditional textiles. The study seeks to answer several questions, including: What do the clothes say about the people who wear them? How different types of clothes show different forms of people’s identity? How do clothes reveal the people’s nationality, age, gender, geographical territory and social class? The principles of discourse analysis, more specifically Foucault’s approach of material discourses, are used to investigate the collected data. The study uses a mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative methods. The data are collected in three ways: by analysing the photo albums, a survey and a site visit to Kurdish Textile Museum in Erbil. The study concludes that the pieces of textiles can be seen as linguistic elements in communications and Kurdish traditional clothes embraces specific cultural codes and symbols that can be used to reveal the discourses they embrace.
13
Celik, Suleyman. "Association between Influential Factors and Teaching Profession as Career Choice among Undergraduate Student Teachers: A Structural Equation Study." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 31 (August 7, 2020): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.31.07.15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigated the fitness of the Factors Influencing Teaching (FIT) Choice scale in a Kurdish educational setting among undergraduate teacher-training students (N=1335) encompassing nursery, primary and secondary education. The factors motivating this population to become teachers were examined in the Iraqi-Kurdish educational context. The-FIT-Choice scale was translated into the Kurdish language and its reliability and validity were measured. Intrinsic/altruistic and social utility values were found to be the most important factors behind the choice of the teaching profession as a career. Intrinsic career value, social contribution, the experience of prior learning and teaching were also influential motivational factors in this choice, as were social influences and social status factors compared to similar research conducted in Australian and Turkish educational settings, however, fall back career, job security, time for family, job transferability, the opportunity to shape the future of children and enhance social equity did not demonstrate meaningful value as motivational factors in this survey. One of the most important results differentiating this from other studies was that the addition of moral value factors to the original scale revealed that these values played an important role in students’ perceptions towards the teaching profession as a career.
14
M.Shareef, Dilgash, Marina Isteefan Qyrio, and Chiman Nadheer Ali. "An Investigation of Refusal Strategies as Used by Bahdini Kurdish and Syriac Aramaic Speakers." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.1p.89.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For the purpose of achieving a successful communication, issues such as the appropriateness of speech acts and face saving become essential. Therefore, it is very important to achieve a high level of pragmatic competence in speech acts. Bearing this in mind, this study was conducted to investigate the preferred refusal strategies Kurdish and Syriac native speakers use when faced with offers and requests from equal status interlocutors. The current study has used a modified Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) consisting of six situations (three of which elicit refusals to offerings and the other three to requests). Forty subjects participated in this study: 20 native speakers of the Kurdish language (10 male and 10 female students) and 20 native speakers of Syriac language (10 male and 10 female students). All participants are currently pre-graduate students attending Zakho University. The participants were asked to provide written data that express their refusals to these situations. The data collected have then been analyzed descriptively according to frequency and number of occurrences of semantic formulas used by Beebe et al (1990). The results showed that a) the Syriac Native Participants (SNP)s frequently preferred indirect and adjunct strategies for refusals rather than direct ones, b) the Kurdish Native Participants (KNP)s often preferred direct and indirect strategies more than adjunct ones, c) the results also revealed that gender has a great influence on the use of refusal strategies in various ways. Finally, this study concludes that both KNPs and SNPs tended to use more strategies when refusing requests than offers whereas gender has shown to play a significant role in the choice and number of the refusal strategies used by both groups of participants.
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Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. "Brahmi’s children." Written Language and Literacy 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 303–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00057.gna.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A survey of modern descendants of Brahmi shows that the letter forms and various other features of the scripts vary, but the use of an inherent vowel and of dependent, satellite signs for other vowels is remarkably stable. Comparison is made to other scripts invented in the same geographic region, Thaana and Sorang Sompeng, and to the Arabic script as used in Arabic, Persian, Sorani Kurdish, Uyghur, and Kashmiri. Arabic scripts maintain uniform letter forms but vary considerably in their treatment of vowels. Cultural factors may explain the visual diversity of Brahmic scripts as compared to Arabic scripts. The stable combination of inherent vowel and satellite vowels derives from the decodability of simple aksharas into pronounceable syllabic units in the acquisition of reading. This akshara advantage is related to the psychological grain size theory of reading, with the additional claim that the syllable has special status because it is pronounceable.
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Serdar, Ayşe. "Strategies of making and unmaking ethnic boundaries: Evidence on the Laz of Turkey." Ethnicities 19, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 335–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796817739933.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main aim of this article is to explore different strategies of boundary making and unmaking by a minority ethnic group. I apply the theories of “boundary work” and constructivist understanding of ethnicity and nationhood to the case of the Laz, one of the autochthons of the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. I analyze two main strategies—boundary crossing and contraction—in the context of three sets of encounters and interactions, with Turks/Turkishness, people of Black Sea—Karadenizli—and Kurds/Kurdishness. First, I argue that assimilating into the official Turkish identity is one of the strategies adopted by the ethnic Laz. The Laz are incorporated into Turkishness both by their search for economic mobility, status, and by assimilationist policies of the state especially aimed at the spread of Turkish. To become a full-fledged true member of the nation and access to potential benefits, Turkishness through language shift has been realized that allowed boundary crossing of the Laz. Second, I state that despite the efforts of the top-down assimilationist policies, noncontentious ethnic identities can be reproduced by means of symbolic boundaries. The Laz contextually activate symbolic boundaries in informal settings by contracting from other people of Black Sea—Karadenizli—or ethnic Turkishness. The ethnic language is substituted by nonthreatening ethnic performances and rhetoric, less marked and more subjective traits of self-asserted differences. Such symbolic boundaries correspond to unofficial forms of hierarchies and competition over local belongings. Third, the analysis of the Laz–Kurd relationship unveils that ethnic boundaries can be redefined according to changing conditions. The impact of the Kurds on the Laz identity, either by means of personal acquaintances or the relationship between the state and the Kurdish national movement, is imperative. It triggers contradictions in the Laz identity by revealing new potential redefinitions and recasting of boundaries.
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Elfadl, Wiam, Eero Lilja, Natalia Skogberg, Katarina Selling, and Anu Castaneda. "The Association between Pre- and Post-Migration Wellbeing Factors with Integration among Russian, Somali, and Kurdish Origin Women in Finland." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 55 (January 11, 2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.95509.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pre- and post-migration related factors are likely to influence integration outcomes of migrants. This study aimed to investigate which pre-migration factors (basic education and potentially traumatic experiences) and post-migration wellbeing factors (quality of life and loneliness) are associated with integration outcomes (employment status, language skills, voting, media use, having host country’s native friends, participation inleisure activities) of migrant background men and women. The Finnish Migrant Health and Wellbeing Study (Maamu) was used, including working-aged adults of Russian, Somali, and Kurdish origin. Each integration outcome was analysed by each predictive factor with logistic regression, separately for the three groups and separately for men and women. The integration outcomes were somewhat differently associated with pre- and post-migration factors in the different groups. All these aspects are important to be taken into account in integration discourse to promote both integration and social wellbeing.
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Błaszczyk, Cezary. "Jineology: Kurdish “feminism” in the doctrine of democratic confederalism and the political system of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (Rojava)." Studia Iuridica, no. 90 (June 27, 2022): 74–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-90.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There can be no doubt that among many problems of the Middle East inadequate status of women is of paramount importance. It might come as a surprise, then, that the most radical doctrine of feminine emancipation was formulated by the Kurdish socialist freedom movement from Turkey and is being implemented in war-torn Syria in the de facto autonomy called the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, better known as “Rojava”. The doctrine is named jineology (in Kurdish jineolojî) and constitutes one of three pillars of democratic confederalism (together with libertarian democratic socialism and ecologism), the ideology of Abdullah Öcalan. Apo, as he is called, proposed a socialist revolution that would include women’s liberation and would take place in human hearts and minds rather than on the battlefields. First, the system of education needs to accept progressive methods and contents. Second, women ought to become active participants in the political, social, and economic life, especially in order to marginalize the state through creation of a multi-level self-government. Third, they need to be able to defend themselves (also physically) against men, nations-states waging wars, industrialists, and capitalists. The theoretical foundation of these changes is referred to as jineology, understood as a discipline belonging to social sciences, similar to gender studies. These are the ideals that are being implemented in Rojava and manifested in the Social Contract, the constitution of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria.
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EMİNOĞLU, Nevzat. "Contribution of middle and new age kurdish state and principalities madrasahs to kurdish language and literature." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2023.11.2.1290.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the emergence of the religion of Islam in the seventh century AD, the Kurds and their geography were stuck between the Persian and Byzantine Empires and were an area of contention. Starting from the middle of the 7th century, the Kurds began to experience a radical social change and dynamism with their acceptance of Islam. Thanks to the energy and social mobility and change stemming from this new belief and religion, the Kurds became active and active in general against their Christian neighbors, Greeks, Assyrians and Armenians, to whom they had been mostly passive, stagnant and passive. The new spirit and activity brought about by this change are political, economic, administrative, scientific, literary, etc. in Kurdish society. breakthrough in many ways. Thus, the Kurdish population and influence increased in their geography. The Kurds began to be influential outside the geography they were in. The Kurds came to power in the form of kingdoms and principalities in places outside their own lands. So much so that shortly after the Kurds became Muslims, they established three separate states in the same century. With this political domination they established under the names Shaddadi, Hasanveyhi and Hamdani, the Kurds began to be influential from Western Iran to the Caucasus. The lands of Western Iran and the geography of Mesopotamia, which was later called the fertile crescent, thus became the domain of several independent Kurdish dynasties. The period between the 10th and 12th centuries in the political history of the central lands of Islam deserves to be called the Kurdish centuries of Islam. For it was the Kurds who defended the central lands of Islam against the Byzantines, the Russians, and finally the Crusaders. A large and extensive reconstruction and construction activity was initiated by these Kurdish administrations. Developments and experiences were gained in many fields such as administration, bureaucracy, urbanism, trade, military service, science and literature among the Kurds. During this period, Kurdish governments built many mosques, fountains, bridges, castles, observatories, inns, Turkish baths, madrasas and hospitals in the geography of Kurdistan. The madrasahs, which were established in the period of the first Kurdish authorities, which started with the adoption of the Islamic religion by the Kurds and became widespread in the Kurdish society, played an important role as the production sites of the new religion and the theoretical teaching of the Islamic civilization that developed and became widespread depending on this religion. In addition, these educational institutions played an important role in the formation of a standard written language in Kurdish and in the development of Kurdish literature. These madrasahs, which were established by the Kurdish authorities, referred to as Kurdish madrasahs and functioned as basic educational institutions, have been one of the main pillars of political, scientific and literary development and breakthrough in the Kurds. Madrasahs, which served as the basic educational institution for the Kurdish society during the Middle Ages, are at the forefront of the dynamics that ensure political power and religious, cultural and linguistic unity in Kurds. The doctrine on which these educational institutions are based played a unifying role in the denominator of Ash'ari and Shafi'i sects within the understanding of Sunni Islam as a common religious identity among the Kurds. Our aim in this study is to investigate the contribution of the madrasahs, which were built and spread in the Kurdish states and principalities established in the middle and new ages, to the Kurdish language and literature. In this context, in our study, the adventure of the emergence of Kurdish madrasahs, the stages and periods of madrasas, the influence and contribution of madrasahs to the Kurdish language and literature will be discussed in detail. Although this issue is very important in terms of Kurdish history, identity and language, it has not been adequately and deservedly researched. This makes our study even more important.
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Rajabi, Elham, Hamidreza Khankeh, Maryam Ranjbar, Mirtaher Mousavi, Mehdi Norouzi, and Mehrdad Farokhi. "Evaluation of Women's Reproductive Health Status after Kermanshah Earthquake." Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly 7, no. 4 (August 14, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/hdq.7.4.271.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: Women are more at risk of dying during disasters than men due to physical, biological, psychological, and cultural differences. In the aftermath of a disaster, women experience more than usual miscarriages, premature births, inadequate fetal growth, low birth weight, sexual violence, and unwanted pregnancies. This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive health status of women affected by the Kermanshah earthquake. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in the fall of 2018. The study population was girls and women aged 15-49 years who lived in one of the areas of Sarpol-e Zahab, Javanrood, and Thalas Babajani during the Kermanshah earthquake. The questionnaire used was the standard questionnaire for assessing the status of reproductive health in disasters, which has already been localized in Iran and its reliability and validity have been confirmed. Native Kurdish language questionnaires have been completed the questionnaires by asking 396 people. Central and dispersion indices were used to describe the frequency of variables. Results: The mean age of participants was 31.7 years. 42.4% complained of unprecedented menstrual irregularities and 34.09% of limited menstrual hygiene items. Sixty married women were pregnant at the time of the earthquake, all of whom gave birth in hospital and had two miscarriages, two premature births, and one stillbirth. Urinary tract infection was the most common problem (21%) in pregnancy. 48% of married women used the contraceptive method after the earthquake, the most commonly used method being the pill (23%). Access to post-earthquake contraception was difficult for 14.4% of them. Regarding the experience of sexual violence after the earthquake, 25% answered positively that 30 people reported physical violence, 86 people verbally and 13 people forced to have sex without desire. Conclusion: Although despite the extensive primary care system, control of pregnancy and safe delivery in disaster-affected areas is relatively acceptable, services in the field of reproductive health and sexual health after disasters seem to face challenges. It is recommended to pay attention to menstrual hygiene, regular distribution of contraceptives as soon as possible after disasters (despite the current population policy of the country), address sexual violence, and develop a protocol to follow up its victims.
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Sargi, Islam. "Convince me you exist. An analysis of The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) court files." Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 6, no. 27 (March 18, 2021): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v6i27.772.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The end of empires and the rise of nation-states have transformed the way politics and societies operate and the modern sense of these changes, transformations, events, and situations. Language, culture, and memory are essential pillars of the nation-states’ projects of creating a new society. The modern form of government, the nation-state, use history not only as a means of transmission but also as a means of building identity and memory. This study examines the case files of three critical names in the Kurdish movement and the history-based debates in their trials. By applying discourse analysis, we have shown how the Turkish state and The Kurdish Workers’ Party used history as a tool to “prove” and “disprove” the existence of Kurds, the Kurdish language, and Kurdistan. While the judges imposed an evidence-based approach to history and denied the existence of Kurds, Kurdish and Kurdistan, the PKK members opposed the official thesis of the state and built their arguments more on the day-to-day realities of life. The study’s main argument is that the official ideology uses history to prove and convey a message to the rest of society, whereas the defendants used it as a means of protest depending on the historical reality rather than history as a science. This study discusses that by using science to make examples of these members, the judges used history to prove the Kurds’ non-existence, whereas the defendants implied history as a way of protesting the ruling authority.
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Vertyaev, Kirill V. "THE ROLE OF ENGLAND IN THE FORMATION OF THE PROTO-STATEHOOD OF THE IRAQI KURDS AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1918–1920) IN THE MANDATE TERRITORIES FORM." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-179-191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article develops the stadial formation thesis of the proto-statehood among the Iraqi Kurds. The concept of national identity of the Iraqi Kurds remains the subject of a complex and long-lasting discussion. The main obstacle for the emergence of the Kurdish integral nationalism is still the fact that the Kurds speak different dialects of Kurdish language, and still maintain political and inter-clan conflicts over the distribution of power (not to mention the futility of any attempts to define political boundaries of Iraqi Kurdistan). Ironically, Great Britain faced practically the same contradictions during its occupation of Mesopotamia at the end of the WWI (following the Mudros armistice in October 1918), when British attempts to create an independent Kurdish state failed for a number of reasons, which are discussed in the article. In our opinion, this period was responsible for the formation of proto-statehood in Kurdish area (Kingdom of Kurdistan, for example, obtained classic characteristics of a chiefdom, but at the same time had a vivid anti-colonial, anti-imperialist orientation). The phenomenology of the British government’s political relations with such ‘quasi-states’ presents the subject for this article’s analysis.
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Ivanov, S. "Rise of the Kurdistan Factor in Regional Geopolitics." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2015): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-10-84-93.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article explores a general situation in the Middle East as well as the role and value of Kurds in regional geopolitics. The author concludes that in the context of a growing threat of the radical Islamists take-over in a number of the Middle East states, the ISIS strengthening, the incitement of a widespread armed conflict between Sunni and Shia communities, and a tendency towards Syria and Iraq territories turning into the area for an open confrontation between regional centers of power, the Kurds intrinsically become a "Third Force" and play an increasingly important role in stabilizing the military-political situation both in each country of their compact settlements and in the region as a whole. The 40-million strong Kurdish nation, divided by borders of four states, preserves its language, rich spiritual and cultural heritage, manners and customs (and hangs on to its age-old dream to create an independent state). The main attention is paid to the Iraqi Kurdistan as to an advance party of the Kurdish national movement. Today, the Kurdish region of Iraq has all attributes of the state, successfully carries out foreign policy and economic activity. The author notes an important role of Erbil as an intermediary in resolving inter-Arab contradictions in Iraq, for the unity of Kurds in Syria, for a peaceful solution of the Kurdish problem in Turkey. A very important statement is the potential of Iraqi Kurdistan to turn into a national and cultural center of all Kurdish people, and to proclaim an independent state on the North of Iraq, if necessary.
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Yüksel, Metin. "Tackling the Divide in the Kurdish Language." Kurdish Studies Journal 1, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2023): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29502292-00101005.
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Abstract This article is an autoethnographic account that traces the widening divide between Kurdish dialects in the age of nation-states. It aspires to problematize and go beyond the widespread gap characterizing the Kurdish language along two dialects and alphabets. From its emergence as a non-state language in the 1920s onward, Kurdish actors sought to revive Kurmanji Kurdish in Damascus, Beirut and Yerevan; and Sorani Kurdish in Sulaimaniya and Baghdad. While the Kurmanji side of the story and its actors have been studied to a certain degree, how Kurdish developed in Sulaimaniya and Baghdad has received little scholarly attention. Through its author’s autoethnographic account of acquiring literacy in both dialects which recently came to fruition at the Zheen Center for Documentation and Research in Sulaimaniya, this article provides some reflections on the story of the Kurdish language in the age of nation-states.
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Gunter, Michael. "Delisting the PKK as a Terrorist Organization." Commentaries 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/tc.v2i1.2122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Delisting the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) as a terrorist organization would be a bold, imaginative move by Turkey, the European Union (EU), and the United States (US), among others, that might contribute to the peace process and benefit all concerned parties. However, Turkey presently does not want to acknowledge collective rights for its ethnic Kurds, and is willing to grant merely limited and begrudgingly individual rights such as mother-tongue language in the schools and a Kurdish TV channel, among a few others. Thus, there remains a very long way still to go, but delisting the PKK is surely one important start along this necessary journey.
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Furu, Adél. "Maintaining linguistic diversity through multilingual education." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 6, no. 1 (August 15, 2014): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v6i1_5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper focuses on the educational system of two states with different cultural backgrounds. On the one hand, this paper examines the current situation of Sami teaching in Finland and on the other hand, it describes the development of Kurdish education in Turkey. Through this paper I point out how education in minority languages can contribute to the maintenance of linguistic diversity in the above mentioned multilingual societies. In the multilingual Sápmi area the existing linguistic relationships are constantly changing, while the concept of linguistic diversity is redefined. In the last half decade, Turkey began taking into account the reality of multilingualism of the linguistically heterogeneous state. Today there are several possibilities to study the Kurdish language as a mother tongue.
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Faltis, Christian. "Toward a Race Radical Vision of Bilingual Education for Kurdish Users in Turkey: A Commentary." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This commentary presents a Race Radical Vision (RRV) for Kurdish-Turkish bilingual education in Turkey. A RRV reinforces the need to consciously include issues of racism, imperialism, identity, and local practices in the development of bilingual education teacher education programs that advocate for minoritized language use in all aspects of education. It is argued that without a RRV for bilingual education, the State will represent bilingual education to benefit of own interests, ultimately destroying bilingual education as a strong anti-racist educational practice. Turkey needs a strong RRV of Kurdish-Turkish bilingual education to ensure that racism and colonialism remain in the national educational discourse. This commentary draws on experiences of bilingual education in the United States as well as other countries to show the importance of a RRV for developing bilingual education from a local language rights perspective. It also points out some of the challenges bilingual educators and scholars face when State becomes involved in funding and shaping the anti-racist perspective in bilingual the State takes over the anti-racism practices, especially when the State is tied to neoliberalism and neoliberal ideals of individualism and colorblindness.Keywords: Bilingual education, RRV, Kurdish, Turkey
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Ahmed, Salih Ibrahim. "On Wh-elements in Central Kurdish: A Minimalist Approach." English Linguistics Research 9, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v9n2p12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper sheds light on the status of wh-elements in Central Kurdish (CK) with respect to the framework of the Minimalist Program (MP). From across the globe, there exist various types of languages whose wh-elements behave according to wh-parameter. There are languages whose wh-elements move, some others have in-situ wh-elements, and there are others in which the movement is optional. This paper aims to observe CK wh-elements in an empirical way to indicate their parametric features and their conformance to the universal principles. The notion of movement in MP is included within merge, which falls into two types: Internal merge (I-merge) and External merge (E-merge). Another important term in connection with overt movement is the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) according to which the subject position should be occupied by a phonologically expressed constituent. A fact to be known is that not all languages, among them CK, conform to this principle. The violation of certain CK wh-elements to this principle varies because they do not function in the same way. The paper consists of four sections: introduction, literature review, two basic concepts concerning wh-movement, and an empirical section observing CK wh-elements. It ends with the conclusion and references. One of the conclusions is that CK wh-elements are not considered as one inseparable set since they behave differently.
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Hamid, Twana S. "Kurdish Adaptation of Arabic Loan Consonants." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v4n1y2021.pp129-136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper addresses the status of the Arabic loan consonants in Central Kurdish (CK). Based on the Arabic loanwords, it assesses different scenarios on how the foreign consonants are adapted. The paper finds out that Arabic loan consonants in CK can be classified into three groups: Consonants that are part of the phonemic inventory of both languages; consonants that are borrowed faithfully, i.e. without adaptation and finally consonants that are not allowed in the phonemic inventory of CK, i.e. require feature adaptation. The paper also makes contribution to the theories of loan adaptation. It shows that neither Phonological Stance Model nor Phonetic Stance Model can account for the way Arabic consonants are (un)adapted in CK. The faithful borrowing of guttural consonants and the adaptation of dental fricatives and emphatics to match the phonemic inventory of CK shows that there are active marking statements that (dis)allow a combination of features that form a segment. Some other factors also play roles in the faithful borrowing of the loan consonants such as frequency of the loanwords with loan phonemes, orthographic input and the sensitivity of the faithful pronunciation of the loanwords such as the loanwords that are proper names. Common proper names with guttural phonemes are borrowed faithfully.
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Rumbaugh, Jack R. "Operation Pacific Haven: Humanitarian Medical Support for Kurdish Evacuees." Military Medicine 163, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.5.269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article reviews the medical aspects of the humanitarian assistance mission Joint Task Force Operation Pacific Haven from September 1996 to April 1997. It reviews the effectiveness of the deployable medical units used to support the medical screening, treatment, and processing of more than 6,600 Kurdish evacuees applying for political asylum in the United States. The distinct cultural mores and language barriers of the Kurdish population made the provision of even basic medical care a challenge. Designed for combat service support, these deployable medical units were successful in the performance of the comprehensive public health and humanitarian assistance medical support mission because of the support of two on-island military treatment facilities. In short, for military medicine to successfully conduct humanitarian assistance and/or disaster relief missions, deployable medical units need to be designed, equipped, staffed, and trained to perform these operations.
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Gardi, Sardar Ahmed, and Mahdi Mohammed Bashuri. "The poetry of language deviation in Muhsin Awara's Karezamarjan." Twejer 4, no. 2 (December 2021): 199–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2142.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In modern literary criticism, the concept of poetic has occupied an enormous scope, it has been paid a great attention and concentrated in the literature of the people, and some concerned research papers and studies have been written in relation to it in the Kurdish literature. This research (Poetic Language Deviation in Muhsin Awara’s Kareza Marjan) is an attempt to pay much more consideration to the poetic concept and to familiarize to the readers and critics. This research consists of an entrance and two sections; in the entrance, we have tried to identify the poetic as a term and concept. For this purpose, we have stated a brief description of the beliefs of the experts and a brief history of its emergence. In the first section, (Poetic Deviation in Morphological Principle) has been focused on and accomplished with example of poems. In the second section, it states (The Poetic Deviation in Syntactic Principle) in the field of theory and accomplishes with example of poems.
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Asghar Talib, Pawan. "The Responses and Attitudes of the University of Nottingham Students toward Learning Styles." Arab World English Journal 13, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol13no1.26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research was carried out to add to the current literature on learning styles by explaining various understandings of the topic and the previous research on it. Studies and information on learning styles and strategies are abundant, and the need for more research stems from the recent move towards student-centered classes. This paper is an attempt to do more specific research on the subject and answer the question of what the correlations are between learning styles and different factors such as gender and learner’s cultural background. This study was conducted at the University of Nottingham. Seventy students have participated in the survey, 34 males and 36 females. The participants’ nationalities were mixed, which was essential for the study; Kurdish (20%), British (40%), European States (10%) and Asian (17.1%). The questionnaire results were analysed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software. Frequency tests, Correlation analysis, T-Tests, and One-way ANOVA test of the available data were studied. The findings show that Kurdish learners are auditory learners compared to other nationalities. Also, the study showed that language learners are more visually inclined learners than learners from the other majors. Finally, future researchers may expand on the findings of this paper by getting a larger sample.
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Sanders, Mija A. "Yezidis in ancient India, or Indians in ancient Mesopotamia?: Re-imagining Ancient Yezidi Origins." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/255.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Members and leaders of the Kurdish speaking Yezidi diaspora in Phoenix, Arizona—and transnationally—are in dialogue with members of the Indian diaspora about their common historical connections. “Are Yezidis from ancient India, or are Indians from ancient Mesopotamia?” Both of these claims and hypotheses situate Yezidis on the outside of a historical Muslim world, and have material effects. They add validity to non-Muslim traditions, by imagining a historical cultural root structure between India and Mesopotamia. They also help both Hindu nationalists and Yezidis to displace historical Muslim culture and dominance to somewhere else while reinforcing tropes of Islam synonymous with the “war on terror.” By de-historicising Islam and its presence in the Middle East and in India, Hindu and Yezidi community leaders co-imagine a pan-polytheism with roots in ancient Persian (Kurdish) Yezidi culture and language. The symbols that can be recognized today that span both traditions— the peacock, the peacock statue (sanjak), and the use of fire in places of worship—give testament to that imagined past. The contradictions of that historical narrative point to the limits of this historical work in the two communities, and find limits in modern identity articulations of Yezidi identity and Hindu identity alike. Material effects of the historical narrative include Indian imagery on the wall of Lalish, online circulating images and articles equating Yezidis to Hindus, and common activism, fundraising, and humanitarianism between Yezidi and Hindu communities in Phoenix, India, and in the Middle East.
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Mutagirov, Dzhamal Z. "What and who prevent the Kurdish people from exercising their right to self-determination?" Political Expertise: POLITEX 16, no. 2 (2020): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2020.207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It will soon be 75 years since the United Nations Charter proclaimed the equal rights of peoples including their right to self-determination, as well as the obligations of countries — members to protect these rights collectively. In 1966, the International Covenants on Human Rights were signed and entered into force in 1976. So began with the confirmation of the right of peoples to self-determination and clarification of the content of this right. In subsequent decades, the UN and continental organizations have adopted hundreds of international agreements on certain as- pects of people’s rights (to choose a social system, study in native languages, to development and progress, etc.). However, many ethnic groups still cannot use their lawfully granted rights due to reasons which are beyond their control. The author of the article provides an explanation of the reasons preventing people from realizing the selfdetermination right recognized by the world community on the example of the Kurdish people. The theoretical and methodological aspects of the problem may be equally applicable to other peoples who, against their will, find themselves in multinational states.
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Mucic, Davor. "Transcultural telepsychiatry and its impact on patient satisfaction." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 16, no. 5 (April 27, 2010): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jtt.2009.090811.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A telepsychiatry project was conducted to improve access to culturally appropriate care providers (i.e. culturally competent, bilingual clinicians) by the use of videoconferencing. A self-completed retrospective questionnaire survey was conducted with asylum seekers, refugees and migrants. The purpose of the referral was either for diagnostic assessment with a subsequent treatment recommendation, or for treatment via telepsychiatry. The service was free of charge for the patients involved. Over a period of 34 months (starting in January 2005), 61 patients participated in the pilot project. The patients' residency status was: refugees ( n = 45), asylum seekers ( n = 12), migrants ( n = 3) and domestic ( n = 1). A total of 318 telepsychiatry sessions (lasting 35–45 min) was conducted, with an average of 5.2 sessions per patient. Nine languages were spoken during the study period (Danish, Arabic, Farsi, Somali, Kurdish, Polish, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian). A total of 52 patients completed the questionnaire. Patients reported a high level of satisfaction and willingness to use telepsychiatry again and recommend it to others. They preferred telepsychiatry via their mother tongue, rather than interpreter-assisted care.
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Baldi, Elio Attilio. "(Meta)Physical Homelessness In Behrouz Boochani’s No Friend But The Mountains." Forum for Modern Language Studies 57, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqab049.
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Abstract Behrouz Boochani is a Kurdish-Iranian writer who was detained on Manus Island, in northern Papua New Guinea, for more than four years. During these years of detention, he wrote a book in WhatsApp messages on his phone: No Friend but the Mountains (2018). Although understandably sold as non-fiction and therefore marketed mostly as a testimony, Boochani’s interweaving of different genres renders the book resistant to classification, just as its author is difficult to define and ‘categorize’ in our world of nation states and borders. This article explores an important nucleus of Boochani’s book, a motif that runs through his narrative, both explicitly and figuratively: home and homelessness. I argue that the loss of home is normatively and performatively repeated in Manus Prison, presenting the prisoners with a form of discipline and violence both physical and metaphysical. After losing the right to their place, the detainees gradually lose their ability to conceive of a different world that includes the homeless.
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Mohammed, Aram, and Khatam Hattab. "Assessment of Mothers Knowledge and Practices with Hemophilic Children type A at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk City." Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties 26, no. 2 (September 30, 2013): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.58897/injns.v26i2.169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: The study aims to assess the knowledge and practices of mothers with hemophilia children type - A - ,socio-economic status and association between mother demographic information with their knowledge and practicestoward their children in Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk.Methodology: Descriptive study no probability (purposive) sample. Selected Fifty-five of mothers having hemophiliachildren, started from November 2012 to May 2013. Study was carried out in the Azadi teaching hospital inKirkuk. By using questionnaire which consists from five parts include demographic characteristics for mother andchildren, socio-economic, Knowledge and practices data gathered, by direct interview with the mothers in thehospital. Reliability and content validity of questioner were identified form of the pilot study. Descriptive and inferentialstatistical used to analysis of data.Results: The results of the study (30.9%) of the mothers were aged (40 - 44) and (43.6%) were graduates from primaryschool. And their hemophilia children in all sample sex male, (41.8%) of hemophilia children were aged between(5-9) years though (30.9 %) are not in school and that (69.1%) of the families have one child hemophilia infectedand (27.6%) were diagnosis bleeding in joint , level of severity of the disease (65.5%) was moderate,(98.2%) of family depended on hospital to provide factor eight and other treatment to hemophilia child whenbleeding. socio – economic status of family show ( 61.8%) low status. (83.6%) of mothers uncertain of their informationabout hemophilia, mother practices were (72.7%) sometimes and (23.6%) never done good practice totheir hemophilia children.Recommendations: Develop special booklet for mothers local languages (Kurdish , Turkish ) develop programs andawareness courses (theoretical and practical) for mothers and support family financial improve and provide factoreighth for hospitals and health center where patients found.
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Aktürk, Şener. "Regimes of Ethnicity: Comparative Analysis of Germany, the Soviet Union/Post-Soviet Russia, and Turkey." World Politics 63, no. 1 (January 2011): 115–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887110000304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How do state policies that regulate the relationship between ethnicity and nationality change? This article examines the dynamics of persistence and change in state policies toward ethnicity. In order to better comprehend the nature of political contestation over these state policies, the author first develops a new typology, “regimes of ethnicity,” and categorizes states as having monoethnic, multiethnic, and antiethnic regimes. These regimes are defined along dimensions of membership and expression. Second, he develops a theory of ethnic regime change. He explains the persistence and change in policies related to ethnicity and nationality in Germany, the Soviet Union/post-Soviet Russia, and Turkey since the 1950s by reference to the presence or absence of three independent variables: counterelites, new discourses, and hegemonic majority. He argues that if counterelites representing constituencies with ethnically specific grievances come to power equipped with a new discourse on ethnicity and nationality and garner a hegemonic majority, they can change state policies on ethnicity. These three factors are separately necessary and jointly sufficient for change. Reform in the German citizenship law, removal of ethnicity from Russian internal passports, and the beginning of public broadcasting in Kurdish and other minority languages on state television in Turkey are examined as major changes in state policies.
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Putkaradze, Kakha, Ioseb Japaridze, and Tamaz Putkaradze. "National Security Problems Related To Ethno-religious Groups In The South Caucasus (Georgian Case)." თავდაცვა და მეცნიერება 1 (April 25, 2022): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.61446/ds.1.2022.6460.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Georgia is a polyethnic country. Armenians, Azeris, Russians, Greeks, Kurds, Kists, Dagestanis and other ethnic-confessional groups live next to Georgians. Thus, the traditions of inter-ethnic relations have a long history in Georgia.
Multiethnicity is one of the most important factors in the democratic development of a society, but in certain geopolitical conditions it can also be dangerous. For centuries, the invaders pursued anti-Georgian demographicpolicies in Georgia, compactly displacing members of other ethnic groups to the border areas of states inhabited by the same ethnic group, and deliberately creating micro-islands of ethnic minorities. It is in these two micro-islands that conflict has already erupted, while the other two regions carry the risk of the conflict.
Identifying the risks facing the state, justifying the need for preventive measures, and integrating ethno-religious minorities into the common state is the main task of our research.
The methodological basis of the research is the universal scientific principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematics, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods.
The factual materials presented in the article make clear the factors hindering the general state integration, the problems related to the functioning of the state language, the different foreign policy orientations of the ethnic groups.
The article highlights the qualitative issues of integration of ethnic minorities in Georgia, strengthening the teaching of the state language, protection of cultural values of ethno-religious minorities, raising the degree of their involvement in public, political and cultural life.
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Anwer, Kaiwan A., and Ali A. Khdir. "Dostiki Nervousnss and Steps Access Authority in Ibn Khaldun Perspective." Journal of University of Human Development 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v4n2y2018.pp1-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In General, a philosophy of history attepts to provide a philosophical interpretation for human history by applying of philosophical discourses on historical events. We find the theory of the periodic succession of civilizations which also have a great importance in the interpretation of the phenomena of civilization and determining the factors of its rise and causes of fall. (Ibn Khaldun), the inventor of this theory in the history of human thought in terms of its social and philosophical dimension, The idea of succession in civilization, and that the state was the main axis that revolves around (Ibn Khaldun) and his theories, and the main issue that was occupied (Ibn Khaldun) is how to establish countries? What are the factors of prosperity and causes of fall?About the emirate of (Dostiki-Marwani), which emerged from the years (372-478 AH / 982-1085), is one of the medieval Kurdish states in which this theory can be applied, because its theory is appropriate for those emirates and small countries that during the Islamic historical period , For this whole study the (Dostikian - Romanian) in the light of the cultural interpretation of history, is the title of this study, and is only a modest attempt to apply this theory to that political experiment led by the Kurdsh.This research consists of five parts. The first part is the search for the definition of the Emirate (Dostki- Marwani).The Emirate of (Abu Shujaa Dustak) is known as the first name of the Emirate.It is named after (Abu Ali Marwan), who remained in the emirate after his uncle. The second and third sections were devoted to the concept of neuralism and its definition of language and terminology and the point of view of thinkers, types and characteristics and stages of its arrival to power and the establishment of the state according to the theory Khaldunya.And the fourth parts we devoted to the roots of the Dostikian family.The fifth parts, we have identified the study of the Dostikian neuralism and its ratios and the search for its arrival to power and the establishment of the state according to the theory of Khaldunism of nervousness and the human meeting from the point of view of Ibn Khaldun, bIn conclusion, we have reached several conclusions that we have reached, and then write the sources and references that I have benefited from in this research and from God reconcile.
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Njadat, Abdelsalam, and Ahmad Aref Al Kafarneh. "American Policy torwards Minorities in the Arab World: A Case Study." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 6, no. 2 (April 24, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v6i2.9371.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Minorities subject is one of the ignored subjects in the Arab world and is surrounded with a great deal of conservation accompanied with clear efforts to minimize or spell any existing type of this problem where states in the Arab world are still based on tribal and regional basis, which resulted in the interest and care in minorities subject and the foreign intervention and the immersion of most minorities in resistance movements against margination and annulation with the aim of being recognized as partners in the country.Minorities in the Arab world can be divided into the following types([1]).(1) Non Arabic linguistics Minorities: Groups that don't use Arabic language as mother language in their daily transactions such as leurds, Armans, Arams, Serian, Turkmans, Shakas, Jews, Nigro, Nobions and Baraberian Tribes.(2) Non Muslim religion Minorities: Consisting of Christians Jews and other religion groups such as yazeedis, paganism, to taling for (20) million persons.(3) Non sounnitti Islamic groups; imami shiat (lthnay A shriah), Zaydis, ismailis, Durs, Alawyeen, and Abathyah khawarej.(4) Non Arabic and Non Muslim Minorities: those minorities that differ from Arab world habitants in terms of language, religion, and descent such as Migros and paganism minorities in the south of Sudan.Minorities represent one of the most important problems threatening state's national and regional unit, which opens the door for foreign intervention in the state national affairs, politically, economically, or military which will result in threatening internal stability.Given that united nations in it, current shape represent power relations distribution in the modern global order (system), these powers might Kurds those declaration issued by UN calling for the respect of human and minority rights to intervene in those countries internal affairs under various names such as humanistic intervention given the political and international usage towards human rights issues to control resistant or outlaw countries and the titles of human rights.The united states as a unipolar, started recently, adopting minorities and human rights issues as part of political requirements, that determine its foreign policy towards this countries or that, according to the way it deals with its minorities. But the proven thing is that the American intervention in minorities affairs has political objectives including its countries policies to be in accordance with American political requirements, and this intervention takes many various linds including military intervention in those countries in which USA has supreme interests and once these interests are secured, withdraw and left those minorities alone([2]).[1] sa'edeldin, Ibrahim, Reflections on minorities Question, Cairo, Ibn – khaldon center, (1992), pp. 73 – 132.[2] sa'edeldin, Ibrahim, AL-milal walnahal walarag minorities concerns in the Arab world, Cairo, Ibn khaldun centre, 1994, pp, 740 – 749.
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"Language Use and Attitudes among the Kurds of Baghdad." Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literatures 14, no. 4 (December 2022): 931–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47012/jjmll.14.4.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several studies have dealt with the Kurdish minorities in different regions far and wide, but few studies have focused on the Kurds of Baghdad, Iraq, especially after the 2005 Constitution which supported the Kurdish language. This study aims at investigating the contexts wherein the Kurdish language is used by the Kurds of Baghdad and their attitudes towards their ethnic language (Kurdish) to see if the official status that has been accorded to it is mirrored in society. To do so, a sample of 100 respondents selected from the Kurdish community living in Baghdad took part in a questionnaire and pilot interviews. The study shows that home and family are the most common contexts within which the Kurds use the Kurdish language. Results also show that Arabic and Kurdish are used side by side within the neighborhood, workplace, and education institutions contexts. As for attitudes towards Kurdish, the participants have displayed positive attitudes towards their ethnic language and felt proud of it as a unifying symbol of the Kurdish nation. This study concludes that the new official status that has been given to Kurdish for over fifteen years has not been in force yet and suggests directions for future research on language policy in Iraq. Keywords: Language Use, Language Attitudes, Kurds, Kurdish, Iraq.
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Сатцаев, Э. Б. "SOCIOLINGUISTIC STATUS OF THE MODERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES." Известия СОИГСИ, no. 34(73) (December 13, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.23671/vnc.2019.73.43109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
На иранских языках говорили многочисленные племена и народности, сыгравшие важную роль в мировой истории. К основным иранским языкам относятся персидский, таджикский, дари, афганский (пушту), осетинский, курдский, белуджский и др. Наиболее распространенным и статусным иранским языком в настоящее время является персидский. Предок современного персидского языка древнеперсидский сформировался еще в середине I тыс. до н.э. на территории западной части Иранского нагорья в области Фарс. После подчинения Александром Македонским царства Ахеменидов в нем официальным языком стал греческий, функционировавший долгие столетия, и лишь в III в. н.э. с установлением гегемонии Сасанидов официальным языком в государстве стал персидский. В результате завоевания Ирана арабами в 637-652 гг. н.э. официальное функционирование среднеперсидского языка надолго прекратилось. Официальным языком арабского Халифата стал арабский. Это продолжалось до IX в. С начала X в. началось бурное развитие новоперсидского языка и персидской литературы. В настоящее время персидский является государственным языком большого и многонационального государства Иран. Персы доминирующий этнос в государстве. На персидском происходит обучение и в школах, начиная с 1-го класса. Делопроизводство также осуществляется исключительно на персидском. Другие языки в официальной сфере не используются. Исторически персидский язык оказал огромное влияние не только на иранские, но и на многие тюркские и индийские языки. На базе классического персидского языка сформировались современный персидский, таджикский и дари. Высоким является и статус таджикского языка. Он полностью используется во всех сферах деятельности. Объем научных исследований таджикского языка не уступает персидскому. Дариязычное население проживает в Афганистане. Оно составляет около 40 жителей страны. Афганцы (пуштуны) являются одним из крупнейших ираноязычных этносов. Они живут в Афганистане и Пакистане. В Афганистане язык пушту является официальным наряду с дари. Другой иранский народ осетины живет в центральной части Кавказа по обеим сторонам Главного Кавказского хребта. В результате ассимиляционных процессов численность осетиноговорящего населения имеет тенденцию к сокращению. Крупными иранскими языками являются также курдский и белуджский. Несмотря на многочисленность курдоговорящего населения, этот язык не имеет высокого официального статуса. Лишь в Ираке в курдских районах курдский был объявлен официальным наряду с арабским. Другой крупный иранский язык белуджский ни в одном государстве не имеет официального статуса. Однако белуджи хорошо чувствуют и охраняют языковую норму. The Iranian languages were spoken by numerous tribes and nationalities, which played an important role in world history. The main Iranian languages include Persian, Tajik, Dari, Afghan (Pashto), Ossetian, Kurdish, Balochi, etc. The most common and status Iranian language is currently Persian. The ancestor of the modern Persian language ancient Persian was formed in the middle of the first millennium BC in the western part of the Iranian highlands in the region of Fars. After Alexander the Great had subjugated the Achaemenid kingdom, Greek became an official language there, functioning for centuries, and only in the 3rd c. AD with the establishment of hegemony of the Sassanids, Persian became the official language in the state. As a result of the conquest of Iran by the Arabs in 637-652 AD the official functioning of the Middle Persian language ceased for a long time. The official language of the Arabic Caliphate is Arabic. This continued until the 9th century. The rapid development of the New Persian language and Persian literature began in the early 10th century. It is currently the state language of the large and multinational state of Iran. Persians are the dominant nation in the state. It takes place in schools, starting from the 1st grade. Office work is also carried out exclusively in Persian. Other languages are not used in the official sphere. Historically, the Persian language has had a huge impact not only on Iranian, but also on many Turkic and Indian. On the basis of the classical Persian language, modern Persian, Tajik and Dari were formed. The status of the Tajik language is also high. It is fully used in all fields of activity. The volume of scientific studies of the Tajik language is not inferior to the Persian. Daria-speaking population lives in Afghanistan. It makes up about 40 of the countrys population. Afghans (Pashtuns) are one of the largest Iranian-speaking ethnic groups. They live in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In Afghanistan, the Pashto language is an official language alongside with Dari. Another Iranian people, the Ossetians, live in the central part of the Caucasus, on both sides of the Main Caucasian Range. As a result of assimilation processes, the Ossetian-speaking population tends to decline. The major Iranian languages are also Kurdish and Balochi. Despite the large Kurdish-speaking population, this language does not have a high official status. Only in Iraq in Kurdish areas Kurdish was declared official alongside with Arabic. The other major Iranian language, Balochi, has no official status in any state. However, the Baluchis feel and properly preserve the linguistic norm.
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Сатцаев, Э. Б. "IRANIAN PEOPLES: LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION AND LANGUAGE SITUATION." Известия СОИГСИ, no. 32(71) (June 13, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.23671/vnc.2019.71.31172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Иранские языки входят в группу индоевропейских языков. Они являются близкородственными индоарийским языкам. Предки индоарийских и иранских народов в глубокой древности жили в тесном общении, занимали одну общую территорию и говорили на близкородственных арийских диалектах. Обособление иранских диалектов от индийских произошло не позднее начала II тысячелетия до н.э. На иранских языках говорили многочисленные древние племена и народности, сыгравшие важную роль в мировой истории. Все иранские языки ведут свое происхождение к одному языку, который явился материальной основой их исторической общности. По своему статусу современные иранские языки значительно отличаются друг от друга. Наиболее значимыми иранскими языками, имеющими широкое применение в официальной сфере, являются персидский, дари, таджикский, афганский (пушту), курдский, осетинский и белуджский. Современный персидский язык распространен в основном в Иране. Из современных иранских языков к нему ближе всего таджикский и дари, которые имеют общее происхождение. Персидский язык является наиболее крупным, развитым и распространенным иранским языком, который охватывает все жизненно важные сферы. Одним из крупнейших по численности иранских народов являются афганцы (пуштуны). В Афганистане официальными языками признаны афганский (пушту) и дари (фарси-кабули). Дари занимал и занимает более сильные позиции. Другим крупным ираноязычным народом являются белуджи. Белуджский язык распадается на две основные группы. Другой иранский народ – курды – испокон веков населяет территорию Западной Азии. Численность курдов в мире составляет около 40 млн. человек. Курдский язык представлен в многочисленных диалектных разновидностях. Выделяются две группы диалектов – северная и южная. Курдский язык имеет многовековую литературную традицию, но его официальный статус невысок. Осетинский язык – остаток северо-восточной скифо-сарматской ветви иранских языков. Он на протяжении почти двух тысяч лет развивался вне каких-либо прямых контактов с иранскими языками. Официальный статус осетинского языка сравнительно высок, однако, численность говорящих на нем уменьшается. The Iranian languages are part of the Indo-European language family. They are closely related Indo-Aryan languages. The ancestors of the Indo-Aryan and Iranian peoples in ancient times lived in close communication, occupied common territory and spoke closely related Aryan dialects. The divergence of the Iranian and the Indian dialects took place prior to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Numerous ancient tribes and nationalities who played important role in the world history spoke Iranian languages. All Iranian languages trace back their origin to one language, which was the material basis of their historical community. The status of each of the modern Iranian languages is different. The most significant Iranian languages widely used in the official sphere are Persian, Dari, Tajik, Afghan (Pashto), Kurdish, Ossetian, and Baluchi. Modern Persian is widely spoken in Iran. Of all modern Iranian languages, the closest to it are Tajik and Dari, which share common origin. Persian is the largest, most developed and widespread Iranian language, which covers all vital areas. One of the largest in number of Iranian peoples are Afghans (Pashtuns). In Afghanistan the official languages are recognized as Afghan (Pashto) and Dari (Farsi-Kabuli). Dari held and holds a stronger position. A large Iranian-speaking people are the Balochi. Baluchi is divided into two main groups. Another Iranian people are the Kurds, who for centuries have inhabited the territory of Western Asia. The number of Kurds in the world is about 40 million people. The Kurdish language is represented in numerous dialectal varieties. There are two groups of dialects – north and south. Although Kurdish has a centuries-old literary tradition, its official status is low. The Ossetian language is a remnant of the north-eastern Scythian-Sarmatian branch of the Iranian languages. For almost two thousand years, it has been developing without any direct contacts with Iranian languages. The official status of the Ossetian language is relatively high, but the number of speakers is decreasing.
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Husain ahmad, Mohammed, and Shakhawan Jalal hachi faraj. "Strong and weak language styles from a cosmological point of view." Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies, no. 7 (July 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi7.291.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study entitled “Powerful and Powerless Language from a Sociolinguistics Perspective” aims to identify linguistic and non-linguistic criteria of powerful and powerless speech styles and to find methods of a suitable theoretical and practical framework for sociolinguistics research in Kurdish. The importance of the study is that: (a) it explains how to distinguish between strong and weak styles, which are related to both the concepts of “power language” (element, age, social status) and “language of power” (It covers all abilities of an individual in drafting and organizing expressions effectively and attractively), (b) According to the researcher’s knowledge, this method has not been implemented in Kurdish to distinguish between powerful and powerless styles of language. The research consists of two parts. The first part is devoted to introducing the concept of individual power in language, also the source of this power and its impact on persuading recipients is intensively discussed. The second part examines the linguistic strategies that are the main tools of contemporary research, on the one hand, these strategies appear as criteria for distinguishing and identifying strong and weak styles of language (all Kurdish language researchers rely on them). The study has also proved that these strategies alone cannot succeed criteria, unless the dimensions of environment, element, age and social status of speaker and recipient are taken into account.
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Bormanaki, Hamidreza Babaee, and Parviz Ajideh. "Item performance across native language groups on the Iranian National University Entrance English Exam: a nationwide study." Language Testing in Asia 12, no. 1 (December 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40468-022-00185-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper reports on an investigation of differential item functioning (DIF) in the Iranian Undergraduate University Entrance Special English Exam (IUUESEE) across four native language groups including the Azeri, the Persian, the Kurdish, and the Luri test takers via Rasch analysis. A total sample of 14,172 participants was selected for the study. After establishing the unidimensionality and local independence of the data, the authors employed two methods to test for the DIF: (a) a t-test uniform DIF analysis, which showed that the Luri test-takers were more favored than other native language groups, and (b) nonuniform DIF analysis, which revealed that majority of nonuniform DIF instances functioned in favor of the low-ability Azeri, the low-ability Persian, the high-ability Kurdish, and the high-ability Luri test-takers. A possible explanation for native language-ability DIF was that the Luri and low-ability test-takers were more likely to venture lucky guesses. We also referred to socioeconomic status (e.g., test-wiseness), guessing, overconfidence, thoughtless errors, stem length, time, L1, and unappealing distractors as possible sources of DIF in IUUESEE.
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Hasan, Aveen Mohammed, and Fakhir Omar Mohammed. "The realisation and phonetic features of the glottal stop in Bahdini Kurdish." Estudios de Fonética Experimental 32 (July 13, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/efe-2023-32-7-20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Bahdini Kurdish (henceforth, BK), the realisation and the phonetic features of the glottal stop (GS) has not been extensively investigated and there is a debate about its phonemic status. In one hand, it is considered a phoneme that occurs only in a word-initial position. On the other hand, it is not con- sidered a phoneme but optionally produced at the beginning of vowel-initial words and does not affect meaning. The study aims at identifying the realisation of this sound experimentally, analyses its acous- tic features and whether it is affected by parameters such as vowel type, vowel position in the word and stress. The study is based on read speech produced by 10 BK native speakers. Then it is analysed phonetically using Praat to identify the presence/absence of the GS. Then the number of occurrences of the GSs are compared across vowel types, vowel position and stress. The results show that the GS is an epenthetic sound in BK that is inserted by the speakers to avoid onsetless syllables and to avoid vowel clusters. Different phonetic variations of the sound are realized in BK: A clear closure of the glottal stop, intermittent vocal folds vibrations during the GS closure, vocal folds vibrations start sim- ultaneously with the GS release. It appears not to be affected by stress but by position, as it is found more medially in V+V contexts than initially, and vowel quality as it is produced more before low vowels than non-low vowels.
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Sheyholislami, Jaffer, and Amir Sharifi. "“It is the hardest to keep”: Kurdish as a heritage language in the United States." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2016, no. 237 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2015-0036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis article situates the Kurdish language within the diasporic context of the United States, and explores the roles that the language plays for the community. This is investigated through a mixed method encompassing literature and media reviews, interviews with community members and leaders, and a survey conducted among the Kurds in Southern California. The findings show that both first and second generation Kurds see their language not only as a symbol of their cultural identity and survival but a means of building and maintaining relations with each other, with other Kurds in the US, with relatives in the homeland, and also with their heritage. Nevertheless, members of the second generation think that language constitutes one of the most challenging cultural heritage elements to keep for many linguistic, socio-economic, cultural, and political reasons. The article concludes that there are no easy ways of maintaining minority languages like Kurdish much less transmitting them to future generations. The prospect for a promising future seems highly unlikely as long as heritage languages in the US are perceived as personal choices only, and the state does not assume responsibility for their maintenance let alone their transmission to future generations of newer immigrants.
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Keles, Janroj Yilmaz, Eugenia Markova, and Rebwar Fatah. "Migrants with insecure legal status and access to work: the role of ethnic solidarity networks." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (August 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-10-2018-0203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose Building upon previous studies on the factors shaping undocumented migrants’ experiences on the host labour markets, the purpose of this paper is to expand the theoretical understanding of labour market participation and ethnic solidarity networks, accounting for the sending context of war and political persecution, and the trajectory to irregularity. Design/methodology/approach This paper extends the understanding of the role of ethnic solidarity networks on the labour market participation of migrants with insecure legal status. It draws on data from a questionnaire survey of 178 Iraqi-Kurdish migrants with insecure legal status, four focus groups and ten expert interviews. Working conditions and sectors of employment are explored alongside strategies for accessing work and the role of ethnic solidarity networks. Findings The analysis of the data provides strong support for the theoretical expectations outlined above, assuming that the conflict-generated diaspora communities display a very distinct solidarity among its members, embedded in a shared history of conflict, persecution and identity struggles. Ethnic solidarity is put to the ultimate test in times of intensified enforcement of employment and immigration law. It stretches to accommodate the risks that employers take to provide work to their insecure co-ethnics, facing the tangible threat of raids, business closure, defamation and colossal fines, to mention but a few. In this context, the authors have defined “stretched solidarity” as a form of support and resource sharing among certain conflict-generated ethnic groups, embedded not only within a shared history of displacement, collective memory and trauma, and shared culture, language, loyalties, obligations and experiences but also in the “reception context”, which may limit ethnic solidarity through restrictive immigration controls. Research limitations/implications The authors recognise the limits of the paper, which are that analysis is mainly based on experiences of the majority of whom were young and male migrants with insecure migration legal status, rather than employers. Social implications This paper has identified the social phenomenon of “stretched solidarity” and has set out a model for understanding its embeddedness within conflict-generated diasporic networks. By drawing together research insights and data on Iraqi-Kurdish migrants with insecure legal status, it addressed the central research question how “unauthorised” migrants get access to the segmented labour market at a time of increased in-border controls in the UK. Originality/value The paper contributes towards an enhanced understanding of the complex phenomenon of “stretched solidarity” and its role in migrants’ gaining access to and maintaining employment in the host labour market. The notion of “stretched solidarity” developed here provides a platform for identifying a number of emerging areas for further empirical study and policy thinking. This requires advanced research not only into the processes of migrants’ access to the host labour market but also into the role of ethnic networks, resources and structures that enable migrants in precarious situations to survive.
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Seidi, Pegah AM, Nazdar Qudrat Abas, Dilshad Jaff, Raven Dunstan, Lein Soltan, Amanda Brumwell, Michael Wilson, Thomas Nicholson, and Aunchalee E. L. Palmquist. "Assessment of Perinatal Depression Risk among internally displaced Yazidi Women in Iraq: a descriptive cross-sectional study." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22, no. 1 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04658-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background Yazidi survivors of a 2014 genocidal attack by the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) have complex medical and mental health needs in the perinatal and postpartum period. Few studies have assessed perinatal mental health needs for this population of women who are living in camps for Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Methods The specific aim of this formative cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of perinatal depressive symptoms, specifically the risk of perinatal depression symptoms, among a purposive sample of Yazidi women living in camps for internally displaced persons in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. One hundred twenty-two pregnant and recently postpartum (<1 year) Yazidi women completed a Kurdish-language version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire. Pregnant and postpartum participants’ responses were analyzed together, in order to assess an overall combined risk of perinatal mental health issues for the study population. Logistic regression analyses were used to measure the association of participant characteristics with an elevated risk of perinatal depressive symptoms. Results Participants were 17-45 years of age (mean 32 years, SD 7.63) Among the 122 women, 67.2% (n=82) were pregnant and 32.8% (n=40) were <1 year postpartum. Overall, 78% (n=95) of participants were at an elevated risk of depression (EPDS >10), and 53% (n=65) of all participants were at risk of moderate to severe depression (EPDS >12). Thoughts of self-harm (EPDS item 10) were reported among 97% (n=118) of participants. Logistic regression analysis indicated that increased risk of perinatal depressive symptoms was significantly associated with reports of health problems during pregnancy (OR=3.22, 95% [CI]:1.08-9.61) and marital status (OR=16.00; 95% [CI]: 0.42-0.50). Age (OR= 0.84; 95% [CI]: 0.75–0.94) and level of education (OR=0.15; 95% [CI]: 0.42-0.50) had protective effects. Conclusions Rates of perinatal depressive symptoms risk among internally displaced Yazid pregnant and postpartum women are higher than the general Kurdish-speaking population in Iraq (28.4%). Culturally responsive trauma informed perinatal and postpartum care services, which include both community-based and clinical strategies for perinatal depressive symptoms and suicide prevention for this population, are critically needed.