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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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1

Chhetry, D. Thapa, and J. Pal. "Diversity of Mammals in and around of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve." Our Nature 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2011): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v8i1.4336.

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Анотація:

Though the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve was established for the protection of wild water buffalo, there are other mammals in and around of it due to the presence of different type of habitats like rivers, oxbow lakes, seepage stream, marshlands, floodplains, ponds, swamp forest etc. This paper deals with the study of mammals in and around of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. Altogether 21 species of mammals belonging to 19 genera and 13 families were found during the study period. Among these 3 occurred commonly, 11 rarely and 7 occasionally at local level.DOI: 10.3126/on.v8i1.4336

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2

Rai, S. K., and P. K. Misra. "On Some Desmids from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 15 (June 3, 2009): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v15i0.1942.

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The present work enumerates a total 26 desmids (Chlorophyta) from ponds and reservoirs in and around Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. They belong to 8 genera i.e. Closterium (4), Euastrum (4), Micrasterias (3), Cosmarium (7), Staurastrum (3), Onychonema (2), Hyalotheca (1), and Desmidium (2). Of these, 11 taxa are new records for Nepal. Genus Onychonema is described here for the first time from Nepal. Key words: Algae, chlorophyta, Desmids, Koshi Tappu, Nepal. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1942 ECOPRINT 15: 47-58, 2008

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3

Subba, Bharat Raj, Kul Prasad Limbu, and Ranjana Surana. "Conservation of the breeding population of Lesser Adjutant Stork." Our Nature 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v6i1.1661.

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In and around Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Nepal Grantee: Bharat Raj Subba The Lesser Adjutant Stork (Leptoptilos javanicus), one of the eight species of storks found in Nepal, is globally threatened. The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the populations of Lesser Adjutant Stork found in the human-dominated landscape of eastern Nepal are conserved and the threats to their survival reduced. The study will determine the breeding success of the species in and around the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, document current threats and develop an awareness campaign for its survival. The project is funded by CEPF and WWF.

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4

Shrestha, Ashmita, Ramesh Prasad Sapkota, and Kumar Paudel. "Record of Indian Roofed Turtle Pangshura tecta (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae) from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 18663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7065.13.6.18663-18666.

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5

Khatri, Top B., Deep Narayan Shah, Ram Devi Tachamo Shah, and Nilamber Mishra. "Biodiversity of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve: a post flood assessment." Journal of Wetlands Ecology 4 (January 7, 2011): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jowe.v4i0.3734.

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Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and its associated wetlands including Saptakoshi River are important wetland habitats for the critically endangered Wild Water Buffalos (Bubalus bubalis arnee), Migratory Birds and River Dolphins (Platanista gangetica). Rapid and complete inundation of the Reserve during monsoon and frequent changes in river courses almost every year has been the biggest threat to the existence of wild buffalo (locally known as 'Arna') and other wildlife. The breach of eastern embankment of the Koshi barrage at Kusaha of Sunsari district on 18th August 2008, created havoc for wildlife and their habitats, people’s livelihood and welfare. A study was therefore conducted to ascertain the status of biodiversity within Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and its Buffer Zone from March to November 2009 to come up with the status of Arna, dolphins, marsh mugger crocodile, Swamp francolin (Simtitra), and vulture population and assess the ecological status of wetlands. Direct count method, transect method, point counts, qualitative samplings, field observation and social survey were carried out to study the biodiversity status. A total of 219 wild water buffalo, 11 dolphins, 5 marsh mugger crocodiles, 52 to 74 Swamp francolin and 517 vultures. The studied wetlands were moderately polluted. Altogether 42 taxa of benthic macro invertebrates were recorded. The results were further compared with a few years of data before the flood occurrence. The current result showed an encouraging population of key species at the Reserve but the threats for conservation still remain challenging. Key words: biodiversity; critically endangered; human pressure; Koshi breach; stewardship; wetlands DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v4i0.3734Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2010) Vol. 4, pp 69-82

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6

Chhetry, Damodar Thapa. "Diversity of Herpetofauna in and around the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve." BIBECHANA 6 (November 15, 2010): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v6i0.3933.

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The paper deals with the herpetofauna of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and its surroundings. A total of 23 species of herpetofauna belonging to 19 genera and 13 families were recorded. Of these 8 species belonging to 6 genera and 3 families were amphibians, and 15 species belonging to 13 genera and 10 families were reptiles. Keywords: herpetofauna; Gavialis gangeticus; Koshi TappuDOI: 10.3126/bibechana.v6i0.3933BIBECHANA Vol. 6, March 2010 pp.15-17

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7

Limbu, Kul Prasad, and Bhara Raj Subba. "Status of key faunal species in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve after Koshi flood disaster 2008." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 1 (January 23, 2013): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v1i0.7469.

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Present survey was carried out from April 16th to December 15th of 2009 with a view to assess the key faunal species of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve such as Birds, Gangetic Dolphin, Wild water buffalo, different species of fish and their habitats after Koshi flood disaster 2008. Several trips were made within the KTWR using boat for surveying dolphin census, to make checklist of birds and fishes and to study wild water buffalo status. Among 120 species of birds belonging to 44 families and 103 genera were sighted, 27 species were found as winter visitor, 4 species as summer visitor and 89 species as resident birds. The census of Gangetic Dolphin was conducted in the Koshi river course starting from Rajabas to Koshi Barrage (36 km) in November-December 2009. The census concluded with a sighting of 6 dolphins in the river section north of Koshi Barrage upto Rajabas and 5 dolphins in the downstream of Koshi Barrage. The status of wild water buffalo was also studied in different areas of KTWR. Regular collection of fish enlisted 64 species belonging to 15 families and 40 genera. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v1i0.7469 Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 1: 41-54 (2011)

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8

Aryal, Chandramani, and Kishor Kumar Maharjan. "Assessment of Ecotourism Potential of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Nepal." Journal of Tourism & Adventure 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jota.v1i1.22750.

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Tourism is forefront of many economy but come with negative externalities resulting in diminished environmental quality. In place of these mass tourism practices, different alternative forms of tourism are practiced with aim of enhancing positive externalities while keeping check and balance to negative externalities. Ecotourism is one such approach which is often highlighted as one of the most effective tool to reconcile the conservation and development aspiration. Ecotourism in its different localized version and their impacts on environment are studied in Nepal. Despite this, ecotourism potential of protected areas is less explored dimension in ecotourism studies. This holds true for the eastern region of the lowland Nepal. Location of destination, features of that destination along with the facilities and uniqueness offered by the place is different which are vital in defining the ecotourism potential of different locations. The study forms the basis for promotion of ecotourism in an area. This paper aims to explore the ecotourism potential of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. There are different tools and approach used to assess the ecotourism potential. This paper contains information collected from field observation, scheduled interview and key informant interview. Wild Water Buffalo, migratory birds along with the presence of other wildlife species make a place attractive destination for ecotourism. Satisfaction shown by the respondents for food, accommodation and hospitality offered adds value to the ecotourism potential. Areas with high scenic and cultural attraction in the vicinity of the park can be considered as positive additionally to attract tourist with diverse interest. As it is considered mandatory to include the component of education and interpretation to qualify as ecotourism, development and execution of the curriculum are essential. Beside this, exploration and marketing of other potential destination and enabling the local communities are equally vital.

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9

Baral, Hem Sagar, Tek Raj Bhatt, Sailendra Raj Giri, Ashok Kumar Ram, Shyam Kumar Shah, Laxman Prasad Poudyal, Dhiraj Chaudhary, Gitanjali Bhattacharya, and Rajan Amin. "Status of the Critically Endangered Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis (Gmelin, 1789) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 16006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4832.12.9.16006-16012.

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The Bengal Florican is one of the rarest bustard species and is listed ‘Critically Endangered’ by the IUCN. The species is restricted to the lowland grasslands of India, Nepal, and Cambodia with fewer than 1,000 mature individuals. To assess the species status in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal, we repeated our first comprehensive survey conducted during the 2012 breeding season. In spite of a larger area coverage we recorded only 41 adult Bengal Floricans in 2017 compared to 47 individuals in 2012. Detectability of this rare species is low in its Imperata-Saccharum grasslands. We, therefore, used a long pole with black and white clothing to mimic Bengal Florican’s display flight to stimulate male Bengal Florican. The number of adult males recorded was the same as in the 2012 survey and the adult male density remains one of the highest in the Indian subcontinent. Management recommendations for the long-term conservation of the species in Koshi Tappu include maintenance of Imperata-Saccharum grasslands in the reserve favoured by the Bengal Florican and working with farmers and communities adjacent to the reserve where the birds breed in order to maintain some agricultural lands with vegetation height suitable for the species especially during the species’ breeding season.

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10

Yadav, Ila, and Ramesh Prasad Sapkota. "Threats to wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis arnee): A case of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v4i1.41712.

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Bubalus bubalis arnee is an endangered species and is among one of the protected animals in Nepal. The present study was undertaken to identify the threats to wild buffaloes, to study their habitat and people perception towards them. To know the perception of the local people towards wild buffalo questionnaire survey was carried out in 5 adjoining eastern VDCs of Sunsari district of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. The major reason for conflict between local people and reserve were crop damage, human causalities and no proper compensation for their losses. Major conservation threats of wild water buffaloes were, in-breeding and cross-breeding, illegal collection of natural resources from the reserve, competition with domestic buffaloes for resource inside the reserve, park people conflict and flooding.

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11

Neupane, Shristi, Ramesh Raj Pant, Lal B. Thapa, Deep Narayan Shah, Birendra Gautam, Barsha Adhikari, Barsha Khanal, Anueva Acharya, Kiran Bishwakarma, and Saroj Adhikari. "Hydrochemical characterization of the Ramsar-listed Koshi Tappu Wetland, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 43, no. 2 (April 25, 2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53354.

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Nepal abounds a vast array of freshwater bodies, from sub-tropical lowlands to glacier-fed highlands with varying water quality. This study evaluated the spatial variations in water quality at the Koshi Tappu Wetland, the first Ramsar site of Nepal, located in the eastern Tarai region within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. Nineteen water quality parameters were chosen and analyzed from twenty-one different sampling points within the wetland. Parameters including pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, and DO were analyzed on-site, whereas HCO3-, Cl-, NH4+, NO3-, SO42- PO43-, K+, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, CaH, MgH, Na+, and Fe3+ were analyzed in the laboratory. Multivariate methods such as hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and geochemical indices such as piper and mixing diagrams were applied to assess the spatial variation in water quality. Findings indicated Ca2+ as the principal cation and HCO3- as the principal anion regulating the hydrochemistry of the wetland. Based on CA, three spatial clusters were observed, which depicted variations in chemical composition with the PCA results highlighting the primary contamination sources and controlling factors of the sampling locations with 84.13% of the total variance. Findings from the PCA and ionic relationship analyses elucidated that the hydrochemistry of the Koshi Tappu wetland is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering processes with a minor contribution of silicate weathering and anthropogenic activities.

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12

Baral, Hem Sagar. "An assessment of the impact of Koshi floods to birds and mammals." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 2 (January 24, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v2i0.7482.

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Flood impact assessment with a focus on wetland dependent birds and mammals was carried out in 2009. Data compared to 2008, showed decline in the total number of birds. The results showed that while some bird benefitted from replenished fish stock, many others suffered. South Asian River Dolphin Platanista gangetica increased in number within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve after the flooding. Poverty and illiteracy contributing to lack of awareness amongst local people were hampering conservation works in the Reserve.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v2i0.7482 Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 2 : 1-4 (2012)

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13

Goit, Rajesh Kumar, and Khadga Basnet. "Status and conservation of crocodiles in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, eastern Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 3, no. 8 (August 26, 2011): 2001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o2735.2001-10.

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14

Taylor, Iain Rothie, Hem Sagar Baral, Prava Pandey, and Prativa Kaspal. "The conservation status of the Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833 (Carnivora: Felidae) In Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 8323. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2034.8.1.8323-8332.

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<p>The status of the Fishing Cat <em>Prionailurus viverrinus</em> in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal was assessed by camera trapping and pugmark searches from 2011 to 2014. The reserve is a highly dynamic and unstable snow-fed braided river system with many anabranches and islands. Evidence of Fishing Cats was found throughout most of the reserve. They were probably more abundant on the eastern side, among the islands of the main river channel, and in the adjacent buffer zone where there was a chain of fishponds and marsh areas fed by seepage from the main river channel. Evidence of Fishing Cats was found up to 6km north of the reserve on the Koshi River but not beyond this. The population is probably small and may be isolated but given the endangered status of the species, is significant. The main likely threats identified are wetland and riparian habitat deterioration caused by over exploitation and illegal grazing by villagers, overfishing of wetlands and rivers within the reserve, and direct persecution arising from perceived conflicts with fish farming and poultry husbandry. Required conservation actions are discussed.</p><div> </div>

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15

Siwakoti, Mohan, and Jhamak B. Karki. "Conservation status of Ramsar sites of Nepal Tarai: an overview." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (March 15, 2010): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2914.

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Nepal houses only inland freshwater wetlands, ranging from floodplains of snow-melt-fed cold Himalayan rivers, warm rivers originating in the mid hills, high altitudinal glacial lakes to hot springs, ponds, ox-bow lakes, marshes and swamps. These wetlands support several endemic and globally threatened species of flora and fauna. Besides, wetland sites have significant recreational, religio-cultural and spiritual values. There are over 240 wetland sites in Nepal, of which 163 are in the Terai (plain lowland). Wetlands found in Tarai are comparatively more inventoried than the wetlands of mountains and the Himalayan regions of the country. The Terai region (below 300 m) covers about 14% of the country's total area, where half of Nepal's total populations exist. About 11% population of the country is wetland dependent; majority of them are living in the Terai region. The country has nine Ramsar sites, of which, four are in the Tarai region. Among them, two sites (Koshi Tappu wetland, and Beeshazar and associated lakes) lie inside the protected areas and two sites (Ghodaghodi Lake area and Jagadishpur Reservoir) are distributed outside the protected areas. The Koshi Tappu wetland lies along the floodplains of the Sapta Koshi River in the eastern Tarai within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. It is the first Ramsar site in Nepal. Beeshazar and associated lakes lies in the buffer zone of the Chitwan National Park along the inner Tarai of Central Nepal. The Ghodaghodi Lake Area (2500 ha) lies in the far western Nepal, and comprises about 14 large and small ox-bow lakes/ponds with associated marshes, swamps, river/streams, springs, seasonal marshy grasslands and human made wetlands, out of them, Ghodaghodi Lake (138 ha) is the largest natural lake in the Nepal's Tarai. The lake system falls between the Bardia National Park and the Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve of the country and the surrounding forest functions as an important corridor for the movement of wildlife between these as well as the Tarai and the northern Siwalik hills. Similarly, the Jagadishpur Reservoir (225 ha) which lies in Central Nepal's Tarai is the largest man-made wetland in Nepal for irrigation purpose. It is an important site for migratory and resident birds. In this paper we highlight the status, threats, conservation issues and management practices of these Ramsar sites lying in Nepal Tarai. Key-words: Ghodaghodi Lake; Jagdishpur Reservoir; Nepal Tarai; outside protected area; wetlands.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2914 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 76-84

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16

Heinen, Joel T., and Ramchandra Kandel. "Threats to a small population: a census and conservation recommendations for wild buffalo Bubalus arnee in Nepal." Oryx 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306000755.

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We censused wild buffalo Bubalus arnee in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal, in March 2004 using methods employed in earlier surveys, and estimated a population of 159 animals. Since the last census in 2000 the management situation has deteriorated. Guard posts have been evacuated due to the Maoist insurgency. The entire Army Battalion usually posted in the Reserve was at Headquarters at the time of this study and therefore there were no patrols over most of the Reserve, and much human encroachment. Mortality from flooding and road deaths, and possibly poaching for meat, were evident, and males suffered more mortality overall than females. Despite these threats the population had increased since 2000, albeit at a lower rate than previously. Active management, including interventions within the Reserve and a translocation of some individuals to Chitwan National Park, are recommended.

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17

DAHAL, BHAGAWAN RAJ, PHILIP J. K. McGOWAN, and STEPHEN J. BROWNE. "An assessment of census techniques, habitat use and threats to Swamp Francolin Francolinus gularis in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Bird Conservation International 19, no. 2 (June 2009): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908008083.

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SummarySwamp Francolin Francolinus gularis is endemic to the Indian sub-continent, being found in India, Nepal and Bangladesh. It is threatened with extinction and is listed as ‘Vulnerable’, mainly as a result of habitat degradation and loss. This study investigated the distribution, habitat use, threats and most appropriate method for surveying the species at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in southeastern Nepal from February to July 2004. The most appropriate method, which recorded the highest number of birds (without double-counting), was identified as point counts undertaken early in the morning during the breeding season. The abundance estimate for the species was 15.5 ± 2.50 birds km−2. Habitat use, as compared with availability, differed significantly between seasons, with Woodland-Grassland and Wet Grassland preferred in the breeding season and summer. Dry Grassland and Woodland were preferred during the monsoon months. On average, 40.4 (± 15.6) people were recorded in the study area each day and there was a general trend for the number of birds to decrease with increasing numbers of people. Each day an average of 31.6 (± 16.7) livestock was recorded in the study area and more than 120 were regularly present throughout the eastern section, although there was no significant relationship between number of cattle and Swamp Francolin. We conclude that as long as the degree and distribution of anthropogenic pressures does not increase, the Swamp Francolin should survive at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. However, as the species is reliant on different habitats in different seasons, deterioration in the quality or extent of either of these could have a serious impact on the species.

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18

Sharma, Bikash, Golam Rasul, and Nakul Chettri. "The economic value of wetland ecosystem services: Evidence from the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Ecosystem Services 12 (April 2015): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.02.007.

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19

SHRESTHA, RAM K., JANAKI R. R. ALAVALAPATI, ANDREW F. SEIDL, KARL E. WEBER, and TRI B. SUSELO. "ESTIMATING THE LOCAL COST OF PROTECTING KOSHI TAPPU WILDLIFE RESERVE, NEPAL: A CONTINGENT VALUATION APPROACH." Environment, Development and Sustainability 9, no. 4 (June 3, 2006): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-006-9029-4.

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20

Gosai, Kiran, Kamal Raj Gosai, Anju Kumari Dhakal, and Suman Man Shrestha. "First record of ashy minivet Pericrocotus divaricatus in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 7, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v7i2.60812.

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The status and distribution of birds in Nepal is being updated as the number of bird species and records increase. We present a distributional update of ashy minivet Pericrocotus divaricatus, a rare winter visitor to Nepal. We made an opportunistic sighting of the species on 25 February 2022 during a bird survey along the Hanumante River, Bhaktapur, Nepal. AM had been previously recorded in Nepal at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and at Sauraha, Chitwan District, but not in the Kathmandu Valley. Thus, our record of this species in Bhaktapur (Kathmandu Valley) is a new distributional record of the species in Nepal. Rapid change in land use is posing threats to bird habitats; therefore, we recommend maintaining a continuous green corridor along the Hanumante River.

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21

Kherwar, Pramod Kumar, and Ajaya Bhattarai. "Conservation Efforts of Asian Wild Water Buffalo." Journal of Buffalo Science 10 (July 9, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2021.10.08.

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Анотація:

Asian Wild Water Buffalo with the scientific name Bubalus bubalis arnee is recorded as an imperiled species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN's) Red List of Threatened Species wetland-subordinate. More number Wild Water Buffalo in Nepal are found at the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), situated on the floodplain of the Koshi River in Province 1. This species is in danger because of a high anthropogenic pressing factor going from natural surroundings weakening to hybridization with homegrown Buffalo. Various preservation and work mediations have been attempted to shield the biodiversity, especially the wild buffalo populace in the KTWR. The people group-based supportable administration approach profiting both protection and work of neighborhood individuals is important to guarantee the drawn-out preservation of the species. But it is not happening, so the Government of Nepal translocated 18 Wild Water Buffaloes to Chitwan National Park, and the environment is not suitable for them. There is the possibility to translocate Wild Water Buffaloes in the Babai flood plain of Bardia National Park for conservation.

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22

Chettri, Nakul, Kabir Uddin, Sunita Chaudhary, and Eklabya Sharma. "Linking Spatio-Temporal Land Cover Change to Biodiversity Conservation in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Diversity 5, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d5020335.

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23

Khatri, Top Bahadur, Deep Narayan Shah, and Nilamber Mishra. "Wild Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: status, population and conservation importance." Journal of Threatened Taxa 04, no. 14 (November 26, 2012): 3294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o2990.3294-301.

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24

Shrestha, Ram K., and Janaki R. R. Alavalapati. "Linking Conservation and Development: An Analysis of Local People’s Attitude Towards Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Environment, Development and Sustainability 8, no. 1 (February 2006): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-005-0188-5.

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25

Mishra, Rama, Birendra Gautam, Shyam Kumar Shah, Naresh Subedi, Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral, and Babu Ram Lamichhane. "Opportunistic records of jungle cat (Felis chaus) and their activity pattern in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, no. 1 (August 16, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i1.30673.

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Jungle cat (Felis chaus) is one of the widely distributed but less studied species in Nepal. We studied jungle cat distribution and their activity pattern in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Nepal. Photographs of the jungle cats obtained during camera trapping survey targeted to fishing cats in the winter season of two consecutive years (2016 and 2017) were used for this study. With an effort of 525 trap days from 69 stations, we obtained a total of 234 images/videos of jungle cats on 37 occasions from 15 stations. We recorded jungle cats distributed in the eastern buffer zone of the KTWR. All the jungle cat photographs were obtained in the night with peak activity within a couple of hours following the sunset. We suggest to carry out focused study specific to jungle cats to understand their distribution, status and diet.

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Mishra, Rama, Birendra Gautam, Prativa Kaspal, and Shyam Kumar Shah. "Population status and threats to fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 5, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v5i1.38284.

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Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) in eastern Terai of Nepal is believed to hold a relatively healthy population of vulnerable fishing cats but has remained unexplored. We conducted camera trapping and questionnaire survey in KTWR and its buffer zone in the winter of 2016 and 2017 to estimate the population status and threats to fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus. Camera trapping was conducted in 2016 on fish farms in the eastern buffer zone where we found a minimum of nine fishing cat individuals visiting the surveyed fish ponds. The frequency of their visits to fish ponds varied 0–5 (average 2) nights during seven active camera trap nights. A survey in the second year (2017) covered the entire reserve. Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture models estimated a population of 20 fishing cats with density of 8.4/100 km2 in KTWR and the eastern buffer zone. We interviewed 50 fish farmers to understand the people’s perceptions towards fishing cats. More than 40% of the respondents reported fishing cats consuming fish from their farm. Retaliation and road kills were documented as major threats of fishing cats in the study area. The population of the fishing cat is found dependent partially on fish ponds, indicating the possibility of conflict with fish farmers. We recommend the detailed study on the movement of fishing cats between the reserve and fish farming area in the buffer zone.

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Shrestha, Tej Kumar, Lee J. Hecker, Achyut Aryal, and Sean C. P. Coogan. "Feeding preferences and nutritional niche of wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 14 (June 23, 2020): 6897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6183.

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Merriman, Jennifer C., Hum Gurung, Shalu Adhikari, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Top B. Khatri, Ravi S. Pandit, Ashok K. Ram, David H. L. Thomas, and Ishana Thapa. "Rapid ecosystem service assessment of the impact of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve on wetland benefits to local communities." Wetlands Ecology and Management 26, no. 4 (December 5, 2017): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-017-9587-2.

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Heinen, Joel T. "Park–People Relations in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: A Socio-economic Analysis." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 1 (1993): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290003719x.

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Анотація:

Park-people interactions in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, located in the lowlands of Southeastern Nepal, were studied intensively over a two-years' period from 1986 to 1988, through a variety of economic and attitu-dinal surveys. The Reserve had been established for the conservation of wild Water Buffalo and migratory waterfowl, and protects some of the most important wetland habitat in Nepal; it is therefore vital for the conservation of biodiversity on a national and regional level. The results showed that people in the area are dependent on the Reserve for the collection of grasses etc. which they use as building materials, while the Reserve provides fish which are sold cheaply in local markets. Other products, such as fuel-wood, edible and medicinal plants, and seeds, are occasionally collected legally in the Reserve.Despite the measurable benefits, attitudes about the Reserve are generally poor in the region, at least among local inhabitants who do not understand its main raisons d'être. The best predictors of attitudes were the caste or ethnic group and the literacy rate of the family of the respondent, and not the socio-economic standing of, or the direct cost to, the respondent due to crop damage by wildlife. These results suggest that religious inculcation, societal discrimination, and education, may all play a role in shaping attitudes and therefore influencing park-people relations. Short-term solutions to park-people conflicts should include more education and extension programmes on the part of the Reserve's management, and legal efforts to return at least some control to local villages.

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Tuladhar, Ritu, Ramesh Prasad Sapkota, Ashok Parajuli, and Birendra Gautam. "Impacts of Livestock Grazing on Vegetation and Soil in Lowland Grassland Ecosystem of Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v27i2.43568.

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Livestock grazing is one of the largest sectors for land use globally, and contrasting impacts (negative, neutral, and positive) of livestock grazing on vegetation and soil have been observed. In Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), livestock grazing is one of the major problems but has been feebly addressed in previous research. This study, therefore, aims to determine the impacts of livestock grazing on vegetation and soil quality in grasslands of core and buffer zones of KTWR. Less grazing intensity was observed at the core zone compared to the buffer zone. Livestock grazing was observed with negative impacts on the richness and diversity of the plant species causing changes in the community assemblages. Invasive plant species richness, however, was found higher in the low grazed areas. Differences in soil pH, phosphorus, and potassium content between high and low grazed areas were not observed. In contrast, soil electrical conductivity, bulk density, and nitrogen content were significantly higher in the high grazed areas. Controlled grazing is recommended at buffer zone grasslands of KTWR to enhance plant diversity and nutrient availability. The core areas of the reserve should be managed for reducing the abundance and distribution of invasive alien plant species.

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Khulal, Reeta, Bijaya Neupane, Bijaya Dhami, Siddhartha Regmi, Ganesh Prasad Tiwari, and Manita Parajuli. "Habitat use and conservation threats to Wild Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 12 (October 26, 2021): 19714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7584.13.12.19714-19724.

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Wild Water Buffalo (WWB) Bubalus arnee is an endangered species and a protected animal in Nepal. The remaining WWB population is located in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), and it appears to have low viability under prevailing conditions. We assessed the habitat use and conservation threats to wild water buffalo in KTWR. For habitat analysis the quadrant method was used. Eighty-four quadrants of 25 m2 for trees, 168 quadrants of 10m2 for shrubs and 336 quadrants of 1 m2 for herbs were laid out in the study area. Ivlev’s electivity index (IV) was calculated to assess the use of different habitat components. The important Value Index (IVI) was used for vegetation assessment. A relative threat ranking method was used to assess conservation threats for wild buffalo and their habitats. Wild buffalo mostly preferred habitats with distance to water resources less than 500 m (IV= 0.4), less than 25 % crown coverage (IV= 0.39) and more than 75 % ground coverage (IV= 0.42). The trees species Phyllanthus emblica, Acacia catechu, shrub species Mimosa pudica and the herb species Brachiaria distachya, Vetiveria zizanioides, Imperata cylindrica, and Saccharum spontaneum were preferred by WWB in the study area. Among the different plant categories, we found that Acacia catechu was the most preferred tree species (IVI= 156.95), Mimosa pudica the most preferred shrub species (IVI= 58.68), and Imperata cylindrica the most preferred herb species (IVI= 64.73). Major conservation threats perceived by local stakeholders for wild buffaloes were overgrazing by cattle and genetic swamping through crossbreeding with domestic buffalo. Therefore, conservation of grass species through control of grazing, and prevention of cross breeding are measures supported by this study. Additionally, site-specific conservation strategies should be adopted, based on identified threats in the study area.

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Bhattarai, Ram Krishna, Rajeev Joshi, Jeetendra Gautam, Birendra Kandel, and Bikram Singh. "Reproductive Behavior of Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792) (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and Chitwan National Park, Nepal." International Journal of Zoology 2023 (October 6, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6305614.

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The Asiatic wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee Kerr), an endangered species featured on the IUCN Red List, is distributed across Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Bhutan, Cambodia, and Thailand. This investigation delves into the reproductive and certain social behaviors exhibited by Bubalus arnee across distinct habitats and herd types within Nepal’s Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) and Chitwan National Park (CNP) during the premonsoon and postmonsoon spans of 2018. The data were amassed through direct observations employing focal animal sampling, continuous sampling, and scan sampling methodologies. Eight primary behavioral activities were noted: chasing, courtship, grazing, mating, mowing, sniffing, urination, and wallowing. We carefully structured the gathered data and input it into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to facilitate analysis. For a more comprehensive visualization of reproductive behavior, we utilized the ggplot2 package within R-studio, enabling the creation of informative graphical depictions. During the premonsoon phase, Bull A exhibited six reproductive behaviors in KTWR. Notably, sniffing was the most frequently observed behavior, recorded six times (37.5%) daily, succeeded by fighting and urination with four (25%) and three (18.35%) daily observations, respectively. Chasing, mating, and courtship were each observed once (6.25%) daily. In contrast, during both seasons, Bulls B, M, and J were not observed partaking in mating activities. When analyzing the postmonsoon reproductive behavior of the observed B. arnee in KTWR and CNP, a notable distinction emerged. In KTWR, there were four more instances of sniffing behavior compared to CNP. In addition, courtship behavior was slightly more frequent in KTWR, occurring three times, whereas it was observed only twice in CNP. Similarly, urination activity was recorded twice as often in KTWR as compared to CNP. As a suggestion for future research, exploring the specific factors influencing the observed variations in reproductive behaviors and habitat preferences of Bubalus arnee could provide valuable insights into the conservation and management of these endangered species.

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Baral, Hem Sagar, Ashok Kumar Ram, Badri Chaudhary, Dheeraj Chaudhary, Anish Timsina, Sanjib Acharya, Krishna Bidari, et al. "Survey of Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis bengalensis (Gmelin, 1789) (Gruiformes: Otididae) in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and adjoining areas, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 5, no. 7 (April 26, 2013): 4076–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o3240.4076-83.

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Chaudhary, Sunita, Nakul Chettri, Kabir Uddin, Top B. Khatri, Maheshwar Dhakal, Birendra Bajracharya, and Wu Ning. "Implications of land cover change on ecosystems services and people’s dependency: A case study from the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Ecological Complexity 28 (December 2016): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2016.04.002.

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35

Baral, Hem Sagar, Jan Wattel, Philip A. Brewin, and Steve J. Ormerod. "Status and distribution of the globally threatened Bristled Grassbird Chaetornis striata (Jerdon, 1841) (Fam. Sylviidae) in Nepal." Initiation 5 (April 18, 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10244.

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Lowland grasslands in Nepal were thoroughly surveyed in 1996-1999 to assess the status and distribution of the globally threatened Bristled Grassbird Chaetornis striata. Birds were located on foot, from elephants and from jeeps by sight and sound backed up by mistnets and tape playback. The status information was updated again by visiting these areas in 2010-2012. Bristled Grassbirds were recorded in Sukla Phanta and Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserves, and Chitwan National Park where most of the Nepal population is confined. From the research, it was found that they were most associated with newly formed Saccharum and Imperata dominated grasslands during summer. The low numbers present during winter suggested that this species was primarily a summer migrant to Nepal. A total population for Nepal is presented based on a reliable density estimate. Loss and degradation of grassland habitat and invasion of Mikania micrantha were identified as the major threats. Further research on migratory status, better control of cattle grazing inside reserves, expansion of Protected Areas to include more grassland, and listing of Bristled Grassbird as protected under the wildlife law of Nepal for its conservation are highly recommended. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10244 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 1-15

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Baral, Hem Sagar, Ashok Kumar Ram, Badri Chaudhary, Suchit Basnet, Hathan Chaudhary, Tika Ram Giri, and Dheeraj Chaudhary. "Conservation status of Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis bengalensis (Gmelin, 1789) (Gruiformes: Otididae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and adjoining areas, eastern Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 4, no. 3 (March 26, 2012): 2464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o2948.2464-9.

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Kandel, Ram C., Ram C. Poudel, Amir Sadaula, Prakriti Kandel, Kamal P. Gairhe, Chiranjibi P. Pokheral, Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, Mukesh K. Chalise, and Ghan Shyam Solanki. "Revisiting genetic structure of Wild Buffaloes Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: an assessment for translocation programs." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 15 (December 26, 2019): 14942–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4940.11.15.14942-14954.

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Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) has the last remaining Nepalese population of the Endangered Asiatic Wild Buffalo (Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792). Individual animals protected inside KTWR may be of purely wild, domestic or hybrid origin, and the wild population is under potential threat due to habitat loss and genetic introgression from feral backcrosses. Identification of genetically pure wild individuals is important for identifying animals for translocation to other areas within their former range. In this study we have sequenced a highly variable 422bp region of the Cytochrome b gene of 36 animals, and added 61 published sequences of both River and Swamp Buffalo from Italy and some southern Asian countries including India. The haplotype diversities ranged from 0.286-0.589 with slightly higher diversities in domesticated individuals. The AMOVA analysis revealed that 97.217% of the genetic variation was contained within groups and 2.782% occurred among groups. An overall fixation index (FST) was found to be 0.02782 (p>0.05). Phylogenetic relationships derived through a reduced median network and maximum parsimony analyses reconfirmed the ancestral nature of the Wild Water Buffalo. Moreover, this study has reviewed recent achievements of molecular research in wild buffalo, assessed the technical capacities of research institutes in Nepal to conduct molecular research required for identifying pure wild individual in KTWR and more importantly initiated DNA bank and DNA sequence library of buffalos, which will enable an international collaboration for advanced molecular research in the future.

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38

Heinen, Joel T. "Population viability and management recommendations for wild water buffalo Bubalus bubalis in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Biological Conservation 65, no. 1 (1993): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90193-5.

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39

Rai, Rajesh Kumar, and Roshani Rai. "Assessing the Temporal Variation in the Perceived Eects of Invasive Plant Species on Rural Livelihoods: A Case of Mikania micrantha Invasion in Nepal." Conservation Science 1, no. 1 (September 8, 2013): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v1i1.8579.

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Aim This study aims to assess effects of invasion of Mikania micrantha on the livelihoods of rural communities and evaluates how perceived effects vary with the presence duration of invasive plants in a particular landscape. Location The study was conducted in the buffer zone communities of two protected areas in Nepal—Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and Chitwan National Park. Materials and Methods Questionnaire interviews were performed among a total of 473 households from the target communities. The questionnaire mainly focused on a five-year gap evaluation of the current situation. The households were stratified into three strata based on their proximity to the forest and a systematic random sampling was used to select the households. Household heads of either gender were interviewed based on their availability during the visit. Key findings The results show that time decay effects exist in the interface between invasive plants and rural livelihoods, as people gradually start to consider that these plants have self-grown in their landscape. However, the number of affected households increases with duration of the stay of invasive plants in the landscape. Conservation implications The study shows that the perceived effects of invasive plants on rural households vary over time, and hence the response of rural households to the invasion. On the contrary, the perceived ecological effects of invasive plants remain the same. The results indicate the complication in managing the invaded area particularly in rural areas, which has forced the local people to use invasive plants such as Mikania in their daily lives in the absence of any strategy to control its spread. However, it can be concluded that Mikania cannot win the support of local communities in the invaded areas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v1i1.8579 Conservation Science 2013 1(1), 13-18

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Karki, Deepa, Nabin Poudel, Sweta Dixit, Sijar Bhatta, Bharat Gotame, Man Kumar Dhamala, and Dipak Khadka. "Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Sunsari District, Nepal." Journal of Resources and Ecology 13, no. 6 (October 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.06.007.

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41

"Bubalus arnee Forage under Threat: an Assessment of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology 4, no. 3 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-941x.0403004.

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Joshi, Deependra. "An Integrated Assessment of Livelihood Opportunities of Wetland Dependent Communities of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3166717.

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Bhattarai, Divya, Saurav Lamichhane, Pratik Pandeya, Santosh Bhattarai, Jeetendra Gautam, Ram Chandra Kandel, and Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral. "Status, distribution and habitat use by Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) in and around Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." Heliyon, August 2022, e10235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10235.

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Joshi, Deependra. "An assessment of ethno-medicinal plants used by Sardar and Malaha communities of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Province No. 1, Nepal." International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources 15, no. 5 (December 14, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.19080/ijesnr.2018.15.555924.

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45

Adhikari, Ram Chandra, and Birendra Bahadur Bist. "Investigation on Situation of Habitat and Allocation of Time Budget of Wild Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal." International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 49, no. 4 (August 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2023.2746.

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