Статті в журналах з теми "Kondratiev approach"

In 2022, academia will celebrate 130th anniversary of the outstanding Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev. Despite the great scholarly interest in Kondratiev’s mature work, his early studies are much less known. This paper analyzes Kondratiev’s economic and political views in 1913-1915, at the time of writing and publishing his first book “The Development of the Economy of Kineshma Zemstvo in Kostroma Province: Socio-Economic and Financial Study”. The article discusses Kondratiev’s views on society and economy in the prerevolutionary period. Kondratiev was a proponent of the positivist approach. The researcher, from Kondratiev’s point of view, should see patterns and trends of development behind facts and figures and not individual features of a specific zemstvo. Kondratiev adopted the Marxist approach to the structure of the social order, but denied the inevitable antagonism of classes. Kondratiev considered zemstvos as an example of effective cooperation of different classes as zemstvo leaders belonging to the noble class took care of the needs of the entire population. Thus, it can be argued that in 1913-1915, Kondratiev adhered to moderate socialist views and argued for gradual social reforms over the revolutionary path. Kondratiev’s approach was not dogmatic and he was open to all kinds of ideas and perspectives, regardless of which side their proponents were on. Nevertheless, he denied the role of individuals in history and saw people’s actions as nothing but a reflection of certain circumstances and class interests. The study of Kondratiev’s mature works will make it possible to better understand the evolution of the views of the outstanding economist, can become the basis for a deeper analysis of his classical works, will give an opportunity to take a new look at the development of domestic economic thought in the first third of the XX century.

This article addresses Kondratiev’s approach to the problems of economic dynamics, cycle and conjuncture in the context of a new methodological agenda which was formulated in the 1920’s in Europe and the USA by representatives of the “brilliant generation of economists,” mostly members of the econometric movement and its adherents among Russian economists. A distinguishing feature of this generation was that its representatives were striving to make economics an objective science penetrated by rigorous ways of thinking and based on a unification between the theoretical quantitative and the empirical quantitative approaches to the study of economic phenomena. This paper discusses Kondratiev’s project on the general theory of economic dynamics as an embodiment of that methodological agenda. It also highlights a free exchange of ideas between Kondratiev and economists from different countries as a breeding ground for the emergence of the project and a necessary condition for its implementation.

Using a general approach that covers the cases of Gaussian, Poissonian, Gamma, Pascal and Meixner measures, we consider an extended stochastic integral and construct elements of a Wick calculus on parametrized Kondratiev-type spaces of generalized functions; consider the interconnection between the extended stochastic integration and the Wick calculus; and give an example of a stochastic equation with a Wick-type nonlinearity. The main results consist of studying the properties of the extended (Skorohod) stichastic integral subject to the particular spaces under consideration; and of studying the properties of a Wick product and Wick versions of holomorphic functions on the parametrized Kondratiev-type spaces. These results are necessary, in particular, in order to describe properties of solutions of normally ordered white noise equations in the "Meixner analysis".

In this paper we study the Cauchy problem for the wave equation with spacetime Lévy noise initial data in the Kondratiev space of stochastic distributions. We prove that this problem has a strong and unique C2-solution, which takes an explicit form. Our approach is based on the use of the Hermite transform.

A linear bounded operator on a test space of white noise functionals can be characterized in terms of growth conditions imposed on the operator's symbol. This paper extends such characterization to operators on the Kondratiev's test space [Formula: see text] of random variables over a general non-Gaussian probability space. We follow the biorthogonal approach of Yu. Daletsky and his colleagues. In particular, the test space under consideration is generated by the system of multivariate Appell polynomials defined on the underlying infinite dimensional co-nuclear probability space. We further extend this biorthogonal approach to operators by providing a biorthogonal chaos decomposition for operators and by giving a biorthogonal construction for an operator's symbol.

AbstractThis paper, relying on a still relatively unexplored long-term dataset on U.S. patenting activity, provides empirical evidence on the history of labor-saving innovations back to early nineteenth century. The identification of mechanization/automation heuristics, retrieved via textual content analysis on current robotic technologies by Montobbio et al. (Robots and the origin of their labour-saving impact, LEM Working Paper Series 2020/03), allows to focus on a limited set of CPC codes where mechanization and automation technologies are more prevalent. We track their time evolution, clustering, eventual emergence of wavy behavior, and their comovements with long-term GDP growth. Our results challenge both the general-purpose technology approach and the strict 50-year Kondratiev cycle, while they provide evidence of the emergence of erratic constellations of heterogeneous technological artefacts, in line with the development-block approach enabled by autocatalytic systems.

In this paper we introduce a new approach to the study of filtering theory by allowing the system's parameters to have a random character. We use Hida's white noise space theory to give an alternative characterization and a proper generalization to the Wiener filter over a suitable space of stochastic distributions introduced by Kondratiev. The main idea throughout this paper is to use the nuclearity of this space in order to view the random variables as bounded multiplication operators (with respect to the Wick product) between Hilbert spaces of stochastic distributions. This allows us to use operator theory tools and properties of Wiener algebras over Banach spaces to proceed and characterize the Wiener filter equations under the underlying randomness assumptions.

Proposals to strengthen the role of regional and territorial development strategy at the national level, at the regional and community level in the context of globalization and European integration are substantiated. The management system of the new state regional policy is analyzed. It was found that the process of strategizing is multidimensional and multidimensional, and also requires the formation of appropriate vertical and horizontal levels as an independent branch of government. It is proposed to form scientific and expert platforms of strategy as a network structure with the participation of government, business structures and the expert community from the national to local levels. Scientific and expert platforms of strategy in the system of strategic planning of socio-economic development of the country, macro-region, region, city, district and united territorial communities are considered. In order to form effective development institutions and monitor their functioning, it is proposed to form corporations of advanced development of macroregions (economic districts), corporations of advanced development of regions, corporations of advanced development of the city and united territorial communities. It is revealed that for the long-term horizon of forecasting and planning it is expedient to rely on the cyclic theory of “long waves” M.D. Kondratiev (25-30 years, this is 1/2 of the long wave of Kondratiev). The 25-30-year long-term planning directive requires the addition of medium-term (5-7 years) and short-term (2-3 years) planning tools. At all levels, it is advisable to develop short-term 2-3-year programs with specific sources of funding for program activities to address the most complex problems of regional development. The basis of short-term (2-3-year) programs should be projects based on international-public-private partnership. It is noted that the implementation of specific measures should be carried out on the basis of program-project approach.

A new approach to the study of the processes of emergence and completion of economic cycles has been proposed in the article. The genesis of the main chronological cycles, such as the cycles of Kondratiev (45–60 years), Kuznets (15–25 years), Juglar (7–11 years), Kitchin (3–4 years) has been associated in work with the action of economic forces of inertia, attraction, repulsion, friction. The intensity of these forces, in turn, depends on the scale and proportions of the development of economic systems of object, process, environment and project types. This approach has indicated the possibilities and factors for regulating the duration of cycles and, accordingly, the frequency of occurrence of intercycle crises. Along with the study of chronological cycles the conditions and features of the formation of spatial cycles that arise as recurring phenomena in certain closed spatial contours have been considered. The analogies and differences between chronological and spatial economic cycles have been investigated. The considerations given in the article can form the basis of a future general theory of space-time cycles.

We are interested in the classical ill-posed Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation. One method to approximate the solution associated with compatible data consists in considering a family of regularized well-posed problems depending on a small parameter ε > 0. In this context, in order to prove convergence of finite elements methods, it is necessary to get regularity results of the solutions to these regularized problems which hold uniformly in ε. In the present work, we obtain these results in smooth domains and in 2D polygonal geometries. In presence of corners, due to the particular structure of the regularized problems, classical techniques à la Grisvard do not work and instead, we apply the Kondratiev approach. We describe the procedure in detail to keep track of the dependence in ε in all the estimates. The main originality of this study lies in the fact that the limit problem is ill-posed in any framework.

The article is aimed at formulating the scientific-practical aspects of assessing the adaptive potential of industrial enterprises, taking into account the constant changes in the society’s needs. The publication defines that throughout the history of mankind industry advanced the development of civilization. Improvement of mechanisms, technologies, inventions that transformed the interaction and communication of people, irrevocably changed the development of civilization. Global industrial revolution significantly affected the lives and views of all nations. The modern era of risk and instability, globalization and new technologies all together transform the functioning conditions of the business environment and cause deep concern of many managers. On the basis of the carried out study, time ranges of the duration of crisis cycles are explored, an analysis of the cycles of crises (rise and depression) according to M. Kondratiev is carried out. The approach to overcoming the consequences of crises by industrial enterprises has been developed. Taking into account the impact of the crisis on the process of formation of an adaptively oriented management system of industrial enterprises on the basis of innovating, an algorithm for assessing their adaptive potential has been formed, which will be the grounds for producing effective managerial decisions on their development. The proposed algorithm of the scientific-practical approach to assessing the adaptive potential of industrial enterprises consists of the following stages: preparatory (research, projecting, adjustment); analytical (assessment of the dynamics of adaptive potential of industrial enterprises); pragmatic (defining development prospects).

The article is aimed at formulating the scientific-practical aspects of assessing the adaptive potential of industrial enterprises, taking into account the constant changes in the society’s needs. The publication defines that throughout the history of mankind industry advanced the development of civilization. Improvement of mechanisms, technologies, inventions that transformed the interaction and communication of people, irrevocably changed the development of civilization. Global industrial revolution significantly affected the lives and views of all nations. The modern era of risk and instability, globalization and new technologies all together transform the functioning conditions of the business environment and cause deep concern of many managers. On the basis of the carried out study, time ranges of the duration of crisis cycles are explored, an analysis of the cycles of crises (rise and depression) according to M. Kondratiev is carried out. The approach to overcoming the consequences of crises by industrial enterprises has been developed. Taking into account the impact of the crisis on the process of formation of an adaptively oriented management system of industrial enterprises on the basis of innovating, an algorithm for assessing their adaptive potential has been formed, which will be the grounds for producing effective managerial decisions on their development. The proposed algorithm of the scientific-practical approach to assessing the adaptive potential of industrial enterprises consists of the following stages: preparatory (research, projecting, adjustment); analytical (assessment of the dynamics of adaptive potential of industrial enterprises); pragmatic (defining development prospects).

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to discuss and conceptually support the statement that a critical and holistic approach to branding requires interplay of the methods and methodologies of different disciplines and the so-called decompositional approach. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on the thorough secondary research based on content analysis of the studied literature dealing with the methodological approach to brand management and branding, especially the comparison of brand management categorization and development of approaches from the customer centrality and strategic priority to the adaptive and relational paradigms. Findings – The major outcome of this research is the confirmation of the fact that changes of paradigmatic approaches to research are rooted in economic and social changes. The predominance of relational, community, cultural approaches stem from the growth of customers' value and a new role of customers in the economic and social sphere. Research limitations/implications – The topic of branding in management in tourism destinations is still emerging, especially understanding of transition of paradigms and approaches to the research of branding in tourism. Practical implications – Important is the explanation of differences between the approaches to branding and especially the fact that some of the approaches (relational, community and cultural approach) are based on systems-thinking and contribute to the competitive advantage creation. Originality/value – The paper aims to highlight the fact how global social and economic forces and changing cycles (Kondratiev) have influenced the empirical research and the implementation of ideas on economic interventions and social problems topics. This fact embraced major themes in a society and has influenced research on innovation and branding. It might be compelling to discuss the changes in paradigms and explain why social responsibility and other core themes resonate and influence the managerial practices in tourism and the paradigms in research of tourism dealing with brand management.

Modern ideas of the theory of long-term technical and economic development and evolutionary economics are systematically criticized, since the models created on their basis do not provide predictive capabilities even in predicting deep economic cri-ses. Based on the general approach to systems theory formulated by N. Wiener, the pe-riodization of Kondratiev cycles, the provisions of the history of the economy, the histo-ry and theory of automated control systems, the ideas of technological structures are deepened. The first, second, third and fourth technological modes ensured the growth of labor productivity due to an increase in material intensity, energy intensity and capital intensity of production based on an increase in the scale of obtaining and using scientific and technical information. The improvement of production was carried out through its mechanization, the replacement of human labor by the work of machines, including the simplest control systems, which were later replaced by automatic lines. The fifth and sixth technological modes ensured the growth of labor productivity with a simultaneous reduction in material intensity, energy intensity and capital intensity of production on the basis of an increase in the scale of obtaining and using scientific and technical in-formation. The improvement of production was carried out by replacing automatic lines with flexible automated production, then by creating automated intelligently controlled automated systems.

Family entrepreneurship as a social phenomenon, as a type of employment and economic activity of the Russian family remains a poorly studied issue of sociological analysis and sociology of entrepreneurship. The author of this article guided by the principle of historical continuity analyzes the phenomenon of family entrepreneurship as a type of economic activity from the viewpoint of theoretical positions of J. Schumpeter, N. Kondratiev, F. Knight, F. Haiker and I. Kirzer. At the same time, the author synthesizes an economic approach with a sociological one on four theoretical and methodological grounds: family entrepreneurship as a social phenomenon of economic development; as a type of labor activity; as a form of group economic behavior of a small group and as a type of labor education of children, their integration into the economic activity of the family as a whole. From the conceptual standpoint of gender sociology and the new world order, family entrepreneurship is presented as a type of gender-neutral entrepreneurship in which all family members can participate, regardless of gender, but with varying degrees of involvement into the family business. The empirical data for the analysis is based on the results of applied sociological research of the Scientific School “Gender Economic Sociology” of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, on the one hand, and the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, on the other.

The article examines the influence of natural history and socio-cultural processes on the formation of industrial areas within the borders of modern Russia and partially the Russian Empire and the USSR. Basically, the evolutionary approach is used in the version of cyclic genetic dynamics. To assess the long-term effects of the “path dependence”, we analyze the 150-year cycle of industrialization within the borders of Historical Russia. To do this, we use the mechanisms of spatial localization of Kondratiev cycles and associated technological structures of the first (first-second), second (third-fourth)) and the third (fifth) industrial revolution. As an information base, data on the number of people employed and the volume of industrial production (in comparable prices) are used, and for the XX century, data on the dynamics of fixed assets of industry are also used. The relationship between modernization schemes on the old basis (within the boundaries of old industrial areas) and in the areas of pioneer development is revealed. The stability of industry specializations within the grid of industrial areas is considered separately. Based on the results obtained, the conclusion is made about the stability of old industrial cores of localization of industrial potential, the continuity of the spectrum of their specializations (not the replacement of old industries with new ones, but the addition). There is also a repetition in the regions of the new development of the General scheme of the chosen path and the inherited track.

Modern reform processes АТУ with the accompanying processes of fiscal decentralization have consequences for a number of unresolved but urgent issues: the complication of macroeconomic policy, especially fiscal coordination, the aggravation of inherited territorial disparities, problems of institutional perfection of decentralized units that receive delegated powers. At the same time, analyzing the experience of countries with similar potential helps to determine their prospects without repeating other people’s mistakes. Thus, the experience of European countries, in particular, Poland, proves that the three-level structure of the territorial organization of power in the continental system of local self-government bodies is effective, and the correlation identity with the Polish territorial system gives Ukraine the opportunity to take into account the positive consequences and minimize risks. The article contains reasonable evidence of the need to take into account in Ukraine the European approach to territorial division and the nomenclature of territorial units for the purposes of NUTS statistics. Based on the ratio between the categories of income of administrative divisions in Poland, we propose our own vision of building a national system of budget and tax distribution with the introduction of fundamentally new institutions and mechanisms. A conceptual vision of the system strategy of economic development of spatial formations is presented. Taking into account the frequency of Kondratiev cycles, it is noted that for the period of 25-30 years of the half-cycle of the descending wave at the community level, the territorial community should develop for its own strategic development such scenarios of advanced development that could be implemented in the next half-cycle (25-30 years of the next ascending wave). The advantages and threats of budget decentralization, its main determinants in European countries are presented. Taking into account some experience of the relevant fiscal processes in our country since 2019, an analytical study of budget decentralization in its political, regulatory, organizational and institutional planes was conducted. The institutional problem of the new spatial division is considered at the level of a new enlarged district – as a new player in the administrative-territorial division of the state. An urgent problem was stated-an extreme lack of funds even for the exercise of their own powers. To achieve a positive effect of organizing the work of state authorities at all levels of the territorial organization of power, it is proposed to use the possibility of applying the positive effect of external externalities. When the effective work of a public authority is achieved from the synergy of the work of two subjects, with characteristic functions and a range of rights and powers. A number of recommendations are made to streamline the regulatory framework for normalizing the further process of budget decentralization and improving the efficiency of the work of subregional authorities. It was noted that the process of decentralization should be closely linked to the new regional policy and the transformation of the entire regional structure, as well as ensure social legitimacy and Justice. Keywords budget decentralization, spatial division, administrative-territorial structure, Regional Development, extra-budgetary funds.

Purpose – The aim of the project on which this paper is based is to clarify – using Kondratieff theory of long-term socio-economic cycles – how the next (sixth) wave will look like. The focus lies in the socio-political aspect of change. Design/methodology/approach – The article is a short and partial summary of a major project called “The Sixth Wave”. Workshops and surveys have been run in Finland and in Silicon Valley, California. Findings – The project coordinators have been testing the theory of Kondratieff waves with various methods and have found it to be a convincing way to identify the patterns of change. It really brings in anticipatory power to its users. Research limitations/implications – There are lots of interesting implications of using K-Wave as a framework to understand next decades. More research regarding the future technologies in the K-Wave context should be undertaken. Practical implications – The author believes that the K-Wave framework can be also regarded as anticipatory tool for business. The heavy emphasis in the author’s K-wave theory on resource productivity as a technology driver for the next wave makes it obvious that all technologies and businesses that aim at performing with greater output with less material or energy input are regarded as winners of their respective schemes in the emerging wave as the demand for these services will rise dramatically. Social implications – The author hopes the article will help people understand how fundamental the change K-Wave engenders in terms of democracy and trust, and that the article will also provide a more comprehensive view towards the transformation we are experiencing. The author anticipates that the idea of corporate social responsibility will become much more compelling in the sixth wave framework. Originality/value – The project coordinators have given a whole new interpretation to the Kondratieff theory. They approach the theory with social science framework rather than customary economic framework, and have also tested their model with the project’s industrial partners.

The content of the concept of a systems approach to management and technology of its development is described on the basis of the theory of operations research. The dynamics of the development of applied management directions emerged based on the concept of a system approach to management, such as: organization management, production management, innovative management, logistics, strategic management, quality management, personnel management, financial management, project management. The regularities of cyclic repetition of the features of the concept of the system approach within the framework of the repetitive phases of the cycle of economic activity are demonstrated. Kondratieff. The repetition of the features of the concept of the system approach to management in the management concept of the 2050s is predicted.

The author suggests a non-customary approach to the study and forecasting of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the Global Value Chains (GVC) — within the modern framework of Kondratieff long waves hypothesis. Taking into account long waves (about 40 years), in 2009 the author warned about the possible economic crises in Russia in 2014–2015,2020 and such crises actually happened. There were three economic crises in Russia — 40 years after the world economic crises of 1969, 1974–1975 and 1980. The question is raised about the large-scale spread of COVID-19. Also the author concludes that it is necessary to continue studying long waves approach with the aim of its use in forecasting.

Relevance of the research topic. Social innovations are an effective tool for the introduction of social values that provide a new format of social interaction of social actors of sustainable development. Innovations are studied in various spheres of social practice and are understood as socio-cultural phenomena that come from the economic and technological plane. Problem statement. Despite some developments in the study of social innovation, there is a need to move to a new theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of "social innovation", which arises in response to understanding the role of innovation in the model of interaction of self-government and self-organization, as a tool for prompt resolution and smoothing of the consequences of modern socio-economic problems. Analysis of recent research and publications. The relationship of the phenomenon of innovation with the economic development of society, identified by N. D. Kondratiev and J. A. Schumpeter, encouraged the study of innovation as a complex process structured from the stage of basic research to practical application. Further understanding of the concept of "innovation" was proposed by S. Kuznets, who showed that innovation in addition to the technological aspect, have a social - new technologies cause social change (institutional, ideological, etc.). Modern forms of social innovation in the context of sustainable development strategy was studied by D. Antonyuk, who cites the results of their application in the leading countries of the world in order to ensure qualitative change in society. V. Geets, exploring the role of socialization and social innovation in the interaction of business and the state, focused on ensuring social interaction at the macro level by ensuring cooperation in uniting people in a variety of groups, communities to perform actions conditioned by life. T. Kuz emphasizes the establishment of partnerships through social innovations, constructive dialogue between government, business, self-government and self-organization of the population in order to increase the effectiveness of their cooperation. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. To date, there is no single approach in the scientific community to the definition of the term "social innovation", which covers a significant part of society. The role of social innovations in the model of effective interaction of self-government bodies and self-organization of the population, as well as the forms of their manifestation are insufficiently covered. Problem statement, research goals. The above circumstances determine the feasibility of determining the role and effective forms of social innovation in the interaction and cooperation of stakeholders for the development of communities and territories. Method and methodology of research. The set of methods of empirical and theoretical research (analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical, generalization and system analysis) in the process of research was used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). A retrospective analysis of the formation of the phenomenon of social innovation, the author's definition of the term "social innovation", the main tools for the development of social innovation and current areas of their use. It is noted that social innovations as new ways of human interaction in the form of supporting positive initiatives, personal projects, training and skills development of volunteers intensify the development of local communities by establishing a wide network of horizontal and vertical relationships between social attractors. Field of application of results. The obtained results can be used in the self-government bodies of territorial communities in order to increase the effectiveness of stakeholder interaction in the process of achieving sustainable development goals. Conclusions. Today in Ukraine the introduction of social innovations in management processes is in its infancy, there is virtually no experience of self-organized structures and their interaction with self-government bodies, which requires improvement of volunteer management, dissemination and development of fundraising and crowdfunding, creation of social clusters for human innovation, which is focused on sustainable development.

In this paper, US and Japanese trade policies are examined from an institutional perspective: an approach taken with renewed interest by researchers in political science and economics. An attempt is made, by taking this approach, to bridge international and domestic politics by positioning state institutions at the center of analysis. The institutional framework is situated within a cyclical context of Kondratieff cycles in the global economy. The findings demonstrate that the US and Japanese governments have altered their trade policies according to broader cyclical developments in the global economy. US and Japanese trade policies can be seen as the reverse of each other: the US pursued a policy of liberalization up to the 1970s, whereas Japan entertained protectionism, and recently the two have switched roles.

UDC 911.3 JEL L083, О31,О33 Chernysh, D.Sc. (Economics), Associate Professor. A. Hliebova, PhD (Economics). Makhovka, PhD (Economics), Senior Lecturer. Poltava National Technical Yurii Kondratiuk University. Innovational Technologies for the Travel Industry: Security and Sustainable Development. The article explores theoretical and practical aspects of the development of innovative technologies in tourism at the present stage. Systematization of the basic directions of innovative technologies is carried out, at the present stage they allow to receive a synergetic effect in tourism due to introduction in related industries. The authors’ approach to the systematization of innovative technologies is proposed. Keywords: tourism, innovative technologies, sustainable development, innovation, competitive advantage.

This article examines some current problems of EU and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Also this article generalize and illustrate in new way long waves hypothesis. The author suggests a non-customary approach to the study and forecasting of the economic life within the framework of Kondratieff approaches. Cyclical patterns were successfully used by the author in the business and in the banking sphere. Taking into account long waves, in 2009 the author warned about the possible economic crises in Russia in 2014-2015, 2020 and such crises actually happened. The aim of this article is the systematization and the adaptation of long waves approaches to the study of many acute economic problems. The hypothesis of long waves was used by the author but only as a general empirical reference point. It touches on many actual problems of world development, including the decrease of global FDI and the growth of centrifugal forces in the EU. The question is raised about the large-scale spread of coronavirus. The rapid spread of COVID-19 could have been connected with high global instability in addition to other well-known factors. Taking into account Kondratieff’s waves and many years of the author’s experience in the Russian business and in the Russian banking sphere, the author touches on a long unfavorable period of economic instability in Russian economy. Some economic advices to regulators and business in Russia are provided. Also the author concludes that it is necessary to continue studying the Kondratieff long wave hypothesis with the aim of its further successful use in forecasting.

UDC 658.012 Yurii Pohorelov, D. Sc. (Economics), assistant professor. Hanna Kozachenko, D.Sc. (Economics), professor. Anastasiia Bilousova, PhD (Economics), assistant professor. Poltava National Technical Yurii Kondratiuk University. Representation Problems of Transactional Costs in Enterprise Accounting. There is notion of “transactional costs” considered basing on the positions of epistemological contextualism. There is built in the article classification of transactional costs. There is managerial collision found about fact that not all kinds of transactional costs that are considered in cost management can be shown in accounting according to existing methodology of accounting. Taking into account regulatory framework of accounting there are three approaches suggested about accumulation of information about enterprise transactional costs. The authors analyzed advantages and limitations of suggested approaches about accounting transactional costs. Keywords: enterprise, costs management, transactional costs, classification, accounting, representation criteria, approach for information accumulation.

Due to the increasing emphasis on the circular economy, research in recent years has focused on the feasibility of using biomass as an alternative energy source. Plant biomass is a potential substitute for countering the dependence on depleting fossil-derived energy sources and chemicals. However, in particular, lignocellulosic waste materials are complex and recalcitrant structures that require effective pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification to release the desired saccharides, which can be further fermented into a plethora of value-added products. In this context, pigment production from waste hydrolysates is a viable ecological approach to producing safe and natural colorings, which are otherwise produced via chemical synthesis and raise health concerns. The present study aims to evaluate two such abundant lignocellulosic wastes, i.e., wheat straw and pinewood sawdust as low-cost feedstocks for carotenoid production with Paracoccus strains. An alkali pretreatment approach, followed by enzymatic saccharification using an indigenous lab-isolated fungal hydrolase, was found to be effective for the release of fermentable sugars from both substrates. The fermentation of the pretreated sawdust hydrolysate by Paracoccus aminophilus CRT1 and Paracoccus kondratievae CRT2 resulted in the highest carotenoid production, 631.33 and 758.82 μg/g dry mass, respectively. Thus, the preliminary but informative research findings of the present work exhibit the potential for sustainable and economically feasible pigment production from lignocellulosic feedstocks after optimal process development on the pilot scale.

The article analyzes modern approaches to studying the social stratification of Soviet society in the 1917–1930’s in the humanities. Modern science is characterized by an interest in social stratification within the framework of sociology. Among the scholars of that science there is a rejection of the classical representation for the stratification of society whereas a new theoretical approach is created, associated with an idea of the existence of more than three classes in Soviet society (works by Zinaida T. Golenkova, Vladimir I. Ilyin and Ovsei I. Shkaratan). In the 21st century, social stratification becomes the object for studying by some culture researchers exemplarily Irina V. Glushchenko considers classes through the prism of the formation of the food culture by the Soviet government. The today history formed several approaches to the study of the concept: works within the framework of the new social history (Sh. Fitzpatrick), among which the study of social stratification in its connection with public catering (E.V. Barysheva, A.A. Ilyukhov, T.S. Kondrat’eva); research conducted using methods of the everyday history (for example, Sh. Fitzpatrick, Natalia B. Lebina, E.A. Osokina, etc.).

UDC 657 Valentyna Dubovaya, PhD (Economics), Associate Professor. Iryna Davydova, student. Poltava National Technical Yurii Kondratiuk University. Information Disclosure about Investment Property in the Financial Statements According to International Standards. The purpose of the research is elaboration of a structured form for information disclosure of investment property in the financial statements in accordance with international standards. According to the results of research it was elucidated, that as opposed to global trends of excessive information disclosure, the financial statements of Ukrainian enterprises in accordance with IFRS has insufficient, and sometimes non-significant, financial information disclosure, at least concerning investment property. For the structured information disclosure about the investment property in the Notes to the financial statements in accordance with IFRS it was proposed an ordered presentation of descriptive and financial information with using the tabular forms of reconciliation of the carrying value of investment property at the beginning and end of the reporting period according to the alternative models of evaluation. It was defined the prospects of subsequent research of application of international accounting approach to the investment property evaluation at fair value with taking into account her best and more profitable using. Keywords: IFRS, information disclosure, investment property, notes to the financial statements.

The popularity of Kondratieff long waves fluctuates according to the economic climate. Periods of slow growth help make long wave explanations more attractive. While their popularity may oscillate, the evidence associated with the existence of long waves continues to be disputed. A review of the pertinent theoretical literature suggests that one reason for the disagreements about the existence of long waves is that much of the available evidence does not correspond as closely as it might to the theoretical foci. A new data series, one based on leading sector production growth rates from 1760 to 1985, is developed to remedy this lack of correspondence. The appropriate analysis of this series requires that particular attention be paid to the rise and relative decline of the world economy's lead state. The empirical outcome provides a close match to the long wave chronology developed by Joseph Schumpeter, Simon Kuznets, and J. J. Van Duijn. While this approach falls short of bringing closure to many of the theoretical and empirical questions concerning long waves, it does establish a solid empirical foundation for further analyses. The article concludes with some observations on the long wave implications for the relative economic decline of Britain in the nineteenth century and the United States in the twentieth century.

One strain of French structuralism has argued for the existence of long-run economic cycles driven by Marxist class and economic dynamics. Vincent Carpentier employs this approach in his study of the relationship between economic and educational change in the United Kingdom over the past two centuries. The basic framework was developed by Carpentier's mentor, Louis Fontvielle of the University of Montpellier, who has used it to examine the same relationship for France. According to this framework, leading modern economies such as those of France and the United Kingdom over the past two centuries have experienced four Kondratieff cycles of 50 years duration each. During the first three cycles, the level of resources devoted to education tended to move counter-cyclically; in the fourth cycle, the relationship reversed to move pro-cyclically. Fontvielle's explanation of this pattern is that during the first three cycles, during expansionary phases, high returns to physical capital implied pressures to cut back on public educational investments while during downturns, social stresses and contradictions in the system led to expanding educational investments. However in the fourth cycle, since 1945, both the rise of the welfare state and the increasing contribution of an educated labor force to productivity due to the increasing importance of science-based technical change resulted in the level of educational investments moving pro-cyclically.

Purpose The paper aims to present an integrated foresight framework and method to support decision-makers who are confronted with today’s complex and rapidly changing world. The method aims at reducing the degree of uncertainty by addressing the inertia or duration of unfolding trends and by placing individual trends in a broader context. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a three-layered framework and method for assessing megatrends based on their inertia or duration. It suggests that if long-term trends and key future uncertainties are studied in conjunction at a meta-level and placed in a broader multi-layered framework of trends, it can result in new insights. Findings The application of the proposed foresight method helps to systematically place a wide range of unrelated trends and key uncertainties in the context of a broader framework of trends, thereby improving the ability to understand the inertia, direction and mutual interaction of these trends. Research limitations/implications The elaboration of identified trends and key uncertainties is partly case-specific and subject to interpretation. It is aimed at illustrating the potential use of the framework. Practical implications The paper presents a new approach that may, by itself or in combination with existing foresight methods, offer new means for anticipating future developments. Social implications The use of the proposed framework has potential to provide better insight in the complexity of today’s rapid-changing world and the major transitions taking place. It aims to result in sharper foresight by reducing epistemic uncertainty for decision-makers. Originality/value The paper demonstrates how megatrends, Kondratieff waves and century-long trends can be placed in an integrated framework and analysed in conjunction.

One of the problems of studying economic cycles, namely long-term ones, is the choice of an adequate method that allows identifying and explaining the nature of the economic cycle according to available statistical data, which subsequently becomes the basis for predicting future economic dynamics. In addition, questions remain open not only concerning the establishment of the duration of Kondratieff cycles, but also the very fact of their existence. For this purpose, the study investigated time series of annual GDP per capita growth rates for such countries as England, France, and the Netherlands for 1820-2015. In this paper, the cross-spectral analysis approach was developed as a modelling tool for identifying long waves, the use of which, in contrast to classical Fourier spectral analysis, allows investigating the periodicity of two interrelated time series simultaneously in the frequency and time domains. As a result of the analysis, coherence and phase shift graphs were constructed for the investigated time series, which became the basis for identifying and determining the duration of economic cycles of different periods. According to the obtained results, it was found that all selected time series have a high coherence value (within the range of 0.8-0.9) in the frequency domain corresponding to K-waves with the period of 38-55 years (in the frequency range 0.025-0.015). At the same time, a slight phase shift was obtained for the frequency range corresponding to long cycles, which is an empirical confirmation of the synchronisation of the investigated time series. These facts are an additional argument for empirical confirmation of the existence of long waves. The practical significance of this study is that the identification of multi-period cycles using the proposed approach allows developing and implementing adequate counter-cyclical measures to timely regulate economic development at both the macro- and meso-levels

The relevance of the problem under study is connected with the identification of the relationship between the transformation processes of agrarian structures and issues of sustainable food security; with the definition of contradictions and uncertainties of the harmonious interaction of different forms of management formed in the process of transformation; revealing their functional differences; typology and scenario forecasts of development. The dualistic nature of the results of the transformation of the main forms of management in the system of the national economy is substantiated. Purpose. Identification of key aspects of the specifics of the results of transformational processes of economic structures in the agrarian economy of the Russian Federation and substantiation of the importance of a harmonious relationship with each other in accordance with the tasks of food security in the face of modern challenges. Materials and methods. The methodology of an integrated approach was used based on the systematic approach of Western and Russian researchers, as well as on the methodology of small economic structures Chayanova A.V., Kondratieva N.D. Methods of comparative economic analysis using the data of official statistics of the Russian Federation and FAO, as well as methods of visualizing the results of the study are involved. The case method was used to study the specifics of various economic structures, and the scenario modeling method was used to determine the trends for further development. Results. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of the market transformation of economic structures and the economic effects of their activities, it was revealed that: firstly, the dynamics and rates of food inflation in the system of the Russian economy are lower than the global ones; secondly, large economic structures prevail in the structure of production and rates of output of food products; thirdly, the predominance of market power on the part of large economic structures leads to the deformation of market relations and the need to find a solution to the problem of creating equal opportunities for large and small economic structures. Conclusion. The importance of creating a model of harmonious relations between different forms of management is substantiated. Scenario forecasts of possible trends in the further development of small and large economic structures have been made.

Nowadays, intensive technological development and transition to a new (VI) technological paradigm are seen as determinants of the quality of economic and welfare growth. Thus, analysis of interregional differentiation of Russian constituent entities and assessment of the relationship between their socio-economic indicators and technological development became relevant. However, insufficient attention is paid to the influence of the regional technological development on the welfare of residents. In this regard, the present study aims to assess this influence in Russia, as well as to link the population welfare growth with the phases of Kondratieff waves and the stages of the technological paradigm. The research methodology includes: cluster analysis used to group regions according to a set of parameters characterising the welfare of their inhabitants; calculation of composite indicators that were applied to create a ranking of regions; estimation of correlation coefficients. An approach was developed to analyse the regional technological development based on a composite indicator that includes three indices: internal costs for research and development; the share of enterprises implementing technological innovations in the total number of surveyed organisations; the share of innovative goods, works, services in the total volume of shipped goods, works, services. The constituent entities of Russia were ranked according to the obtained composite indicator of technological development. Then, 20 leading and 20 lagging regions were identified, for which the correlation coefficients were calculated. The study concluded that an increase in the welfare is achieved at the growth stage of a new technological paradigm, while an increase in poverty and a decrease in incomes of the population can be observed at the maturity stage of the previous technological paradigms.

The purpose of the study is to study the level of labor productivity as the most important conditions for sustainable economic growth and improving the competitiveness of the national economy Materials and methods. The study used the methods of analysis of composition and structure, the calculation of absolute and relative indicators of dynamics, average values, comparative analysis, graphical method of analysis, as well as the general theoretical method of analysis of Russian and foreign literary sources. The main research methods are cluster, stochastic and dynamic analysis. The study found application methods for collecting primary economic information, including analysis of legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, official statistical data, public reporting data of domestic enterprises, analysis of other open sources of information, a systematic approach, statistical and comparative analysis methods. The study examined the works of N.A. Alekseeva, G.A. Barysheva, V.Ivanter, A.Idrisova, S.V. Kaymanakova, N.I. Komkova, E.V. Kondratieva, I.T. Korodina, Kositsina, F.P., Kuvalin D., Kulkova V.M., Mamontova V.D., Nekipolova A., Nikulina OV, Oder D.E., Sapir J., Yuhacheva S.P. , Yantovsky A.A. and others. Results. Adhering to the opinion of well-known economists, we will consider economic growth as a system of interaction and reproduction of the elements and factors of economic growth of the national economy. Economic growth is determined by the factors that determine the pace and scale of the long-term increase in gross domestic product, the possibility of increasing the efficiency and quality of growth. The study made it possible to determine that the main factors affecting economic growth are labor productivity, the size of the average wage, and the amount of investment. In turn, labor productivity is also associated with the cost of technological innovation and the index of ingenuity. One of the qualitative characteristics of economic growth is labor productivity, which contributes not only to an increase in production, but also to an increase in the income level of the population due to an increase in the total consumption of goods and services. Conclusion. The implementation of the principle of faster growth of labor productivity over wage growth should take into account the need to ensure equity in income differentiation, which will stimulate the development of the creative potential of labor resources. To increase labor productivity in enterprises, it is necessary to introduce modern methods of process management, the principles of the organization of lean manufacturing. A systematic approach to solving these problems will make it possible in the coming years to improve the competitiveness of enterprises, and in the long term, it will contribute to a systematic increase in labor productivity and ensure decent economic growth.

Singulation of components determining the innovative activity of enterprises is a complex issue as it depends on both microeconomic and macroeconomic factors. The purpose of this article is to present the results of research on the impact of the mutual interactions between ownership and the size of companies on the achievement of the objectives of innovative activity by Polish industrial processing enterprises in changing cyclical conditions. The importance of innovation barriers was also assessed. Empirical data came from three periods that covered different phases of the business cycle: prosperity 2004–2006, global financial crisis 2008–2010, and recovery 2012–2014. The research used a cybernetic approach based on feedback loops presenting interactions between variables. In addition, two statistical methods were used: the Pearson’s χ2 independence test and correspondence analysis. The following discoveries were made during the research: (1) consideration of the combined impact of ownership and the size of companies on their innovation activities makes it possible to study phenomena that may be overlooked if the impact of these factors is considered separately; (2) public enterprises achieve significantly worse results in terms of innovation than companies from other ownership sectors; (3) the Red Queen effect, which assumes that the best innovative enterprises exert selection pressure on all other companies, applies to industrial processing companies, and in particular public enterprises; (4) the industrial processing section is more sensitive to secular trends than to cyclical fluctuations; (5) confirmation of occurrence of the Polish Green Island effect, which assumes that companies achieve good results in terms of innovation, irrespective of the phases of the business cycle; and (6) statistical evidence is provided that the global financial crisis may be associated with the turn of the Fifth and Sixth Kondratieff waves. Most likely, the role of the communication channel between the world economy and the Polish manufacturing section is fulfilled by foreign ownership, whose percentage of share capital of this section is estimated at 50%.

The economy has seen an increase in the rate of structural changes over the past century. Therefore, the economists extensively apply their efforts to study various structural phenomena, and one of the integral results of such work can be considered the establishment and development of structural dynamics theory. The purpose of this study is to highlight and analyze the fundamental contribution of the modern Russian school of structural research, to reveal the content of the main provisions of structural dynamics theory, and to evaluate the prospects for studying and managing structural changes. The methodology consists of taxonomy and generalization methods, comparative and morphological analysis, comparison of alternatives, including an overview of scientific works on structural changes. The study results in identifying the contribution of the modern Russian school of structural research to the description, explanation, modeling, and evaluation of the structural dynamics of the economy, clarification of the advantages and disadvantages of the developed approaches, models, methods for evaluating structural changes. The paper describes application options for structural analysis in the context of various economic systems, general drawbacks of index and other methods aimed to evaluate shifts. The article outlines three groups of research areas covering the main stratum of scientific works devoted to 1) the study of structural changes on the basis of macro aggregates and macrostructural models arising from the approach of N.D. Kondratyev, J. Schumpeter, L.V. Kantorovich, and V.V. Leontyev; 2) measuring structural breaks; 3) theoretical and terminological clarifications and substantiation of the industry application of individual models and methods. Intra-group insurmountable restrictions naturally lead to the need for establishing and developing structural dynamics theory, which proves to be fruitful for this kind of studies, especially in terms of the stability of structural changes. The article proves that the management of structural changes must be examined at different levels of an economic organization, taking into account the recursiveness of not only the systems, but also the management itself with regard to the initial state of the economy, goals for changing the structure, dynamics of the system, control parameters, and coordination. In the context of stagnation, an emphasis on development priorities and stimulation of expanding areas can worsen the structural configuration of the economy, which will result in a decrease rather than an increase in the growth rate. The prospect boils down to differentiating management methods, evaluating the power of the tools used in terms of structure and macro goals, which structural dynamics theory can provide.

The concept of ‘peasant wars’ in 17th- and 18th-century Russia was borrowed by Soviet historians from Friedrich Engels’ work on the Peasant War in Germany. The four peasant wars of the early modern period were identified as the uprisings led by Ivan Bolotnikov (1606-1607), Sten’ka Razin (1667-1671), Kondratiy Bulavin (1707-1708) and Emel’ian Pugachev (1773-1775). Following a debate in the journal Voprosy istorii in 1958-1961, the ‘first peasant war’ was generally considered to encompass the period c.1603-1614 rather than simply 1606- 1607. This approach recognised the continuities in the events of the early 17th century, and it meant that the chronological span of the ‘first peasant war’ was virtually identical to that of the older concept of the ‘Time of Troubles’. By the 1970s the term, ‘civil wars of the feudal period’ (based on a quotation from Lenin) was sometimes used to define ‘peasant wars’. It was recognised by Soviet historians that these civil wars were very complex in their social composition, and that the insurgents did not exclusively (or even primarily) comprise peasants, with Cossacks playing a particularly significant role. Nevertheless the general character of the uprisings was seen as ‘anti-feudal’. From the 1980s, however, R.G. Skrynnikov and A.L. Stanislavskiy discarded the view that the events of the ‘Time of Troubles’ constituted an anti-feudal peasant war. They preferred the term ‘civil war’, and stressed vertical rather than horizontal divisions between the two armed camps. Western historians, with the notable exception of the American historian Paul Avrich, generally rejected the application of the term ‘peasant wars’ to the Russian uprisings of the early modern period, regarding them as primarily Cossack-led revolts. From the 1960s, however, Western scholars such as Teodor Shanin (following the American anthropologist Eric Wolf) began to use the term ‘peasant wars’ in relation to the role played by peasants in 20th-century revolutionary events such as those in Russia and China. Some of these Western historians, including Avrich and Wolf, used the term not only for peasant actions in the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917, but also for peasant rebellions against the new Bolshevik regime (such as the Makhnovshchina and the Antonovshchina) that Soviet scholars considered to be counter-revolutionary banditry. The author argues that, in relation to the ‘Time of Troubles’ in early 20th-century Russia, the term ‘peasant war’ is not entirely suitable to describe peasant actions against the agrarian relations of the old regime in 1905 and 1917, since these were generally orderly and non-violent. The term is more appropriate for the anti-Bolshevik uprisings of armed peasant bands in 1918-1921, as suggested by the British historian Orlando Figes.

Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). 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Abstract This paper is dedicated to an acoustic scattering problem in a two-dimensional partially open waveguide, in the sense that the left part of the waveguide is closed, that is with a bounded cross-section, while the right part is bounded in the transverse direction by some Perfectly Matched Layers that mimic the situation of an open waveguide, that is with an unbounded cross-section. We prove well-posedness of such scattering problem in the Fredholm sense (uniqueness implies existence) and exhibit the asymptotic behaviour of the solution in the longitudinal direction with the help of the Kondratiev approach. Having in mind the numerical computation of the solution, we also propose some transparent boundary conditions in such longitudinal direction, based on Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators. After proving that such artificial conditions actually enable us to approximate the exact solution, some numerical experiments illustrate the quality of such approximation.

The article is devoted to the problem of technical and technological development, which in the modern globalized world is subject to the laws of cyclicity. The realities of today are evidence that in every country of the world coexist and interact elements of different levels of technological structures, which requires a balanced policy to manage their development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the main theoretical and methodological approaches to the periodization of technical and technological development of the world economy and the formation of generalized criteria for structuring periods of its cyclical dynamics. In the course of the research the tasks were solved, which consisted in the selection of those theoretical and methodological approaches that most fully cover the causal links between changes in technology and technology, on the one hand, and development – on the other; identifying in each approach the criteria of periodization and determining the possibilities of these approaches to describe the current situation. The methodological basis was such general scientific research methods as dialectics, analysis and synthesis, the unity of historical and logical, as well as methods of generalizations, comparisons and classifications. The result of their application was to clarify the essence and establish the specifics of the conceptual approaches of M. Kondratiev, С. Perez and S. Glazyev, which today are considered to be leading in explaining technical and technological development. Based on the comparison of these theoretical and methodological approaches, a generalized idea of the criteria for periodization of the latter is formed. The general conclusion of the study is the formation of scientific ideas about the stages through which society passes in its technical and technological development. This allows you to properly assess the current state of a particular economic system and choose more effective instruments of economic policy to guide its development through progress.

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to build a family of tutorial Goodwinian (essentially Marxist) models of capital accumulation through industrial cycles that are less complicated than the author’s models of the extended capitalist reproduction in the USA already published. The subordinate purpose is to advance refinement of these models from the standard “neoclassical” assumptions that distort the generic structures determining perpetual disequilibrium in the reproduction of the aggregate social capital. The ascending from abstract to concrete applies the notion of twofold nature of capitalist production as creation of use value and labour value (prioritizing surplus value). This approach reveals substantial facets of endogenous increasing returns and technological progress induced by capitalist production relations. A three-dimensional Goodwinian model L-1, containing the greed feedback loops, reflects destabilizing cooperation and stabilizing competition of investors. Monopoly capital implements proportional and derivative control over the capital accumulation rate. The growth rate of output per worker directly depends on the growth rates of capital intensity and employment ratio in a technical progress function, whereas the capital-output ratio is constant. Oscillations imitating growth cycles are endogenous. A recession (mild crisis) is a manifestation of relative and absolute over-accumulation of capital. A knife-edge limit cycle maintains a growth cycle with the Kondratiev duration; a more solid limit cycle with a period of about 7.5 years upholds a business cycle with a recession without reduced net output. These limit cycles result from the subsequent supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcations. The transformation of the growth cycle into industrial cycle gives credit to raising status of capital-output ratio from auxiliary in L-1 to the level (phase) variable in four-dimensional L-2. A mechanization (automation) function mirrors induced technical progress. L-2 embraces new 11 intensive feedback loops involving capital-output ratio. Proportional and derivative control over this ratio by monopoly capital is taken into account. Pair of supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcations gives birth to two limit cycles. The second is a remote analogue for Kuznets cycle with the period of about 18 years; the first upholds the industrial cycle with period of about 7 years and declining net output in the outright crisis. Besides relative and absolute over-accumulation of capital, the specific positive and negative feedback loops containing capital-output ratio are required for crises in industrial cycles. Long-term enhancement of monopoly profit through lowering a targeted domestic capital accumulation rate and diminishing a targeted output-capital ratio is substantiated analytically and validated by computer simulations. The gained insights highlight caveats for hastily policy recommendations.

The article is devoted to the origins of contemporary economic crises (2008–2020). The author suggests a relatively novel approach to the study and forecasting of the economic life of the BRICS countries and other regions within the framework of the modern Kondratieff long waves hypothesis. The author recalls that in the mid-twenties, after analyzing the results of a sufficiently deep crisis in 1920–1921, Kondratieff drew a conclusion that even more destructive perturbations in the world economy were approaching (having thus predicted the Great Depression of 1930s). In particular, Kondratieff wrote about the downswing phase of a long wave – a long turbulent period of economic instability (a period of deep economic crises). According to some Russian economists, today’s preservation of the downswing phase was correctly predicted in the framework of modern modifications of Kondratieff’s theory. Based on the hypothesis of long waves, the author predicted the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 in2006, and in the summer of 2014, he predicted many turbulent years for Russia (in particular, economic crises). The author warned of a possible aggravation of the global situation in early 2019, and such aggravation happened in 2020. Taking into account Kondratieff long waves, some new risks for the BRICS countries are analyzed in this article. In particular, the author argues that by the end of 2020, Russia’s real GDP may considerably shrink. In 2020, Russia seems to be able to take into account and use the previous experience of other BRICS countries which largely succeeded in mitigating external shocks in 2009 (for example, the experience of China and India).

The article describes the author’s approach to the creation of a macroeconomic discrete dynamic model. We derive recurrence relations that connect the main macroeconomic indicators (GDP, capital, investment, employment, unemployment, the amount of money in circulation, inflation, and others). Equilibrium equations are obtained. Calculations for the Russian economy since the crisis of 2009 were carried out. It is shown that in the rising wave of Kondratieff in the Russian economy, there were significant reserves of real GDP growth in terms of industrial capital, a decrease in the material consumption and an increase in the number of people employed in production. Capital is undervalued by 2.5 times, so money in circulation is serviced to a large extent only by market turnover, not ensuring the full reproduction of capital. It is concluded that state accounting and a steady increase in capital can allow a significant mitigation of the negative phenomena of the downward wave of Kondratieff. Fluctuations in the growth of real GDP with the cycles of Juglar and Kitchin under the state regulation of consumer demand on the basis of the current market conditions and the conjuncture of risks and incentives are also possible without economic downturns.

Scoring in Multi-Event Tournaments How much is a first place worth? Is the athlete who came first once and third twice better than the athlete who came second three times? Different sports value these positions differently: (60, 54, 48) in IBU biathlon, (25, 18, 15) in F1 racing, (8, 7, 6) in Diamond League athletics. Are these choices based on anything? Is there even a rational way to choose a scoring vector of arbitrary length to rank any number of athletes? In “How should we score athletes and candidates: Geometric scoring rules,” authors A.Y. Kondratev, E. Ianovski, and A.S. Nesterov investigate two approaches to how the problem of choosing a scoring vector for a tournament can be reduced to the choice of a single parameter: an axiomatic approach based on eliminating spoilers and an optimization approach based on maximizing the expected quality of the winner. Intriguingly, the vectors generated by the second approach are uncannily similar to those used in real sporting events.