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Книги з теми "Knowledge and causality"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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1

Bertossi, Leopoldo, and Guohui Xiao, eds. Reasoning Web. Causality, Explanations and Declarative Knowledge. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31414-8.

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2

Laudisa, Federico. La causalità. 2nd ed. Roma: Carocci, 2010.

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3

Laudisa, Federico. Causalità: Storia di un modello di conoscenza. Roma: Carocci, 1999.

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4

Gorshkova, Natal'ya, Tat'yana Zezyulina, Sergey Pichugin, Il'ya Tarakanov, Aleksey Mihaylov, Ivan Pikin, and Gennadiy Gorshenkov. Criminology: General and Special parts. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1899602.

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Анотація:

In the textbook, within the framework of the General part of Criminology, the main modern scientific views on crime, the identity of the criminal, the determinants of crime in Russia, the crime prevention system are revealed. Within the framework of a Special part of criminology, the fundamental knowledge about crime, its causality and counteraction measures are differentiated and specified in priority areas corresponding to a particular type of crime. The organizational foundations of the prevention of certain types of crime are outlined, the features, forms, methods and means of preventive action are revealed. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students, postgraduates, teachers of law schools, practitioners of law enforcement agencies, as well as anyone interested in crime prevention issues.

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5

service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Epistemology and Probability: Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and the Nature of Quantum-Theoretical Thinking. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag New York, 2010.

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6

Critical realism, post-positivism, and the possibility of knowledge. London: Routledge, 2004.

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7

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of pure reason. London: Dent, 1991.

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8

Kant, Immanuel. Critique de la raison pure. Paris: Bordas, 1988.

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9

Kant, Immanuel. Kritika sposobnosti suzhdenii︠a︡. Moskva: Iskusstvo, 1994.

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10

Causation and universals. London: Routledge, 1990.

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11

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of pure reason. Mineola, N.Y: Barnes & Noble, 2004.

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12

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of pure reason. London: Everyman, 1993.

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13

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of pure reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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14

Kant, Immanuel. Kant's Critique of pure reason: An abridged translation for college students. Lewiston [NY]: E. Mellen, 1992.

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15

Kant, Immanuel. Critik der reinen Vernunft. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1994.

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16

Kant, Immanuel. Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Hamburg: F. Meiner Verlag, 1998.

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17

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of pure reason. Indianapolis, Ind: Hackett Pub. Co., 1996.

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18

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of pure reason. London: J.M. Dent, 1991.

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19

Kant, Immanuel. Kritik der reinen Vernunft: Nach der ersten und zweiten Original-Ausgabe. 3rd ed. Hamburg: F. Meiner, 1990.

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20

Kant, Immanuel. Contro Eberhard: La polemica sulla Critica della ragion pura. Pisa: Giardini, 1994.

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21

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of pure reason. 2nd ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

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22

Carneiro, Aline dos Santos, José Maria da Silva, Lídio Peretti, Marilac Loraine Oleniki, and Maria da Conceição B. de Sousa, eds. Crítica da razão pura. 2nd ed. Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil: Vozes, 2013.

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23

Kant, Immanuel. Critik der reinen Vernunft. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1994.

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24

Jean, Piaget. The child's conception of the world. Savage,Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998.

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25

The child's conception of the world. London: Routledge, 1997.

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26

Jean, Piaget. The child's conception of the world. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.

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27

Jean, Piaget. The child's conception of the world: By Jean Piaget ; translated by Joan and Andrew Tomlinson. Totowa, N.J: Rowman & Littlefield, 1989.

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28

The child's conception of the world: By Jean Piaget ; translated by Joan and Andrew Tomlinson. Savage, Md: Littlefield Adams Quality Paperbacks, 1989.

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29

Cartwright, Nancy. Causality, Invariance, and Policy. Edited by Don Ross and Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0015.

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Анотація:

This article explains the puzzling methodology of an important econometric study of health and status. It notes the widespread use of invariance in both economic and philosophical studies of causality to guarantee that causal knowledge can be used to predict the effects of manipulations. It argues that the kind of invariance seen widely in economic methodology succeeds at this job whereas a standard kind of invariance now popular in philosophy cannot. It questions the special role of causal knowledge with respect to predictions about the effects of manipulations once the importance of adding on invariance is recognized. It also draws the despairing conclusion that both causation and invariance are poor tools for predicting the outcomes of policy and technology and to pose the challenge.

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30

Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. Philosophy of Psychology : Causality and Psychological Subject: New Reflections on James Woodward's Contribution. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2018.

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31

Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. Philosophy of Psychology : Causality and Psychological Subject: New Reflections on James Woodward's Contribution. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2018.

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32

Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. Philosophy of Psychology : Causality and Psychological Subject: New Reflections on James Woodward's Contribution. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2018.

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33

Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. Philosophy of Psychology : Causality and Psychological Subject: New Reflections on James Woodward's Contribution. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2020.

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34

Hagmayer, York, and Philip Fernbach. Causality in Decision-Making. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.27.

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Анотація:

Although causality is rarely discussed in texts on decision-making, decisions often depend on causal knowledge and causal reasoning. This chapter reviews what is known about how people integrate causal considerations into their choice processes. It first introduces causal decision theory, a normative theory of choice based on the idea that rational decision-making requires considering the causal structure underlying a decision problem. It then provides an overview of empirical studies that explore how causal assumptions influence choice and test predictions derived from causal decision theory. Next it reviews three descriptive theories that integrate causal thinking into decision-making, each in a different way: the causal model theory of choice, the story model of decision-making, and attribution theory. It discusses commonalities and differences between the theories and the role of causality in other decision-making theories. It concludes by noting challenges that lie ahead for research on the role of causal reasoning in decision-making.

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35

Causality in crisis?: Statistical methods and the search for causal knowledge in the social sciences. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997.

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36

Pisaturo, Ronald, and Glenn Marcus. A Validation of Knowledge: A New, Objective Theory of Axioms, Causality, Meaning, Propositions, Mathematics, and Induction. Prime Mover Press, 2020.

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37

Reed, Isaac Ariail. Cultural Sociology as Research Program: Post-Positivism, Meaning, and Causality. Edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs, and Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.2.

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Анотація:

This article examines cultural sociology as a research program from an epistemological standpoint within the larger context of “post-positivist” social science. It first outlines an understanding of what sociological knowledge is and does before discussing the problematic status of cultural interpretations, with particular emphasis on the distinction between minimal and maximal interpretations. A minimal interpretation is a report upon some social actions that happened, whereas a maximal interpretation is a synthesis of abstract theoretical terms with one or more minimal interpretations. The article proceeds with an analysis of post-positivism and the debate over maximal interpretations and concludes by exploring three presuppositions that describe how the cultural sociologist is able to make explanatory knowledge claims about social life: reasons are causes; cultural theory is nominalist; and the sociohistorical world is metaphysically pluralist.

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38

Bhopal, Raj S. Cause and effect: The epidemiological approach. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0005.

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Анотація:

Cause and effect understanding is the highest form of scientific knowledge. In epidemiology, demonstrating causality is difficult because of the long and complex natural history of many human diseases and because of ethical restraints. Epidemiologists should: hold the attitude that all judgements of cause and effect are tentative; understand that causal thinking demands a judgement; be alert for the play of chance, error, and bias; always consider reverse causality and confounding, utilize the power of causal models that broaden causal perspectives; apply guidelines for causality as an aid to thinking and not as a checklist; and look for corroboration of causality from other scientific frameworks for assessment of cause and effect. The ultimate aim of epidemiology is to use knowledge of cause and effect to break links between disease and its causes and to improve health. The application of erroneous knowledge has serious repercussions.

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39

Johnson, Samuel G. B., and Woo-kyoung Ahn. Causal Mechanisms. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.12.

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Анотація:

This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical results concerning knowledge of causal mechanisms—beliefs about how and why events are causally linked. First, it reviews the effects of mechanism knowledge, showing that mechanism knowledge can override other cues to causality (including covariation evidence and temporal cues) and structural constraints (the Markov condition), and that mechanisms play a key role in various forms of inductive inference. Second, it examines several theories of how mechanisms are mentally represented—as associations, forces or powers, icons, abstract placeholders, networks, or schemas—and the empirical evidence bearing on each theory. Finally, it describes ways that people acquire mechanism knowledge, discussing the contributions from statistical induction, testimony, reasoning, and perception. For each of these topics, it highlights key open questions for future research.

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40

Aalberg, Toril, and Stephen Cushion. Public Service Broadcasting, Hard News, and Citizens’ Knowledge of Current Affairs. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.38.

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Анотація:

Public service broadcasters are a central part of national news media environments in most advanced democracies. Although their market positions can vary considerably between countries, they are generally seen to enhance democratic culture, pursuing a more serious and harder news agenda compared to commercial media . . . But to what extent is this perspective supported by empirical evidence? How far can we generalize that all public service news media equally pursue a harder news agenda than commercial broadcasters? And what impact does public service broadcasting have on public knowledge? Does exposure to public service broadcasting increase citizens’ knowledge of current affairs, or are they only regularly viewed by citizens with an above average interest in politics and hard news?The overview of the evidence provided by empirical research suggests that citizens are more likely to be exposed to hard news, and be more knowledgeable about current affairs, when they watch public service news—or rather news in media systems where public service is well funded and widely watched. The research evidence also suggests there are considerable variations between public broadcasters, just as there are between more market-driven and commercial media. An important limitation of previous research is related to the question of causality. Therefore, a main challenge for future research is to determine not only if public service broadcasting is the preferred news provider of most knowledgeable citizens, but also whether it more widely improves and increases citizens’ knowledge about public affairs.

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41

(Editor), Ulrich Majer, Tilman Sauer (Editor), and Heinz-Jürgen Schmidt (Editor), eds. David Hilbert's Lectures on the Foundations of Physics, 1915-1927: Relativity, Quantum Theory and Epistemology. Springer, 2008.

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42

Brinkmann, Svend. British Philosophies of Qualitative Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190247249.003.0003.

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Анотація:

In this chapter, the British traditions of positivism and realism, which have been important for different strands of qualitative research, are discussed. Positivism is often misunderstood by qualitative researchers and presented as a form of realism, but it is actually an anti-realism that reduces knowledge claims to what we may positively verify in experience. Causality consequently becomes constant conjunction in experience. In contrast to this, realist positions argue that science should go beyond immediate experience to study working mechanisms that generate the phenomena that we in fact experience. Philosophers today disagree about the existence of such mechanisms when it comes to human psychological and social life. Some constructionists argue that there are no causally effective mechanisms in our social life, whereas others, especially critical realists, argue that social science should be all about identifying such mechanisms.

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43

(Editor), Vaughn R. McKim, and Stephen P. Turner (Editor), eds. Causality in Crisis?: Statistical Methods and the Search for Causal Knowledge in the Social Sciences (Studies in Science and the Humanities from the Reilly ... for Science, Technology, and Values, Vol 4). Univ of Notre Dame Pr, 1997.

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44

Turner, Stephen. Causality in Crisis: Statistical Methods and the Search for Causal Knowledge in the Social Sciences (Studies in Science and the Humanities from the Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values, Volume IV). Univ of Notre Dame Pr, 1997.

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45

Henry, Stuart. Interdisciplinarity in the Fields of Law, Justice, and Criminology. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.32.

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Анотація:

Several models of interdisciplinarity exist in law, justice, and criminology. In law, knowledge integration is by hybridization with other disciplines (e.g., law and sociology); each contextualizes the framework of rules and procedures. Interdisciplinarity challenges law’s effective practice and complicates its penchant for logical simplicity. Criminology’s engagement with interdisciplinarity is grounded in multidisciplinary explanations of crime, integrative attempts to produce comprehensive analytical explanatory frameworks, and attempts to transcend the limits of organized disciplinary knowledge production. Criminology’s thirty-year dalliance with interdisciplinarity raises questions of whether disciplines embody interdisciplinarity, and what precisely should be integrated: concepts, propositions, or theories that address different levels of analysis (e.g., micro-meso-macro). Questions are raised about how integration should occur, in what sequence, and with what effects on causality. Many of these issues are illustrated in Robert Agnew’s Toward a Unified Criminology. Transdisciplinary approaches question what counts as knowledge and focus on multiple “knowledge formations.”

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46

Strawson, Peter. Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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47

Strawson, Peter. Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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48

Strawson, Peter. Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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49

Strawson, Peter. Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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50

Strawson, Peter. Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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