Дисертації з теми "KIT proto-oncogene"

C-Kit est généralement considéré comme un récepteur à tyrosine kinase et comme un proto-oncogène, dont la surexpression et la mutation conduisent à une progression tumorale médiée par son activité kinase. En clinique, les traitements ciblant l’activité kinase de c-Kit, comme l’Imatinib (Gleevec), ont été largement utilisés pour traiter les patients atteints de maladies liées à c-Kit. Alors que le rôle de c-Kit comme proto-oncogène ne fait aucun doute, certaines études et analyses de bases de données diffèrent avec l’idée d’un rôle pro-tumoral de c-Kit, laissant penser à un rôle différent de c-Kit dans le cancer. Ici, nous montrons que c-Kit appartient à la famille des récepteurs à dépendance, de la même façon que d’autres récepteurs de la famille des tyrosine kinases tel que MET, RET et TrkC. En absence de son ligand Stem Cell Factor (SCF), au lieu de rester inactif, c-Kit déclenche l’apoptose, qui peut être renforcée par l’invalidation de son activité kinase. En parallèle, nous montrons que c-Kit est capable de se lier à la caspase-9 et de l’activer. De plus, à la manière d’autres récepteurs à dépendance, c-Kit est aussi clivé par des protéases de type caspase sur son résidu acide aspartique D816, qui est nécessaire à son activité pro-apoptotique. La mutation du site D816 inhibe l’interaction entre c-kit et la caspase-9 et invalide l’activité pro-apoptotique de c-Kit. De façon intéressante, la mutation D816 est l’une des mutations les plus communes de ce récepteur dans la plupart des cancers liés à c-Kit, et cette mutation favorise la résistance au traitement Gleevec. Nous montrons aussi que la surexpression de c-Kit invalidé pour son activité kinase est capable d’inhiber la croissance tumorale dans des modèles animaux, alors que la mutation du site D816 empêche son effet suppresseur de tumeur. En outre, nous avons développé un outil permettant de bloquer l’interaction entre SCF et c-Kit, déclenchant l’activité pro-apoptotique de c-Kit dans les cancers positifs pour ce récepteur. En utilisant l’activité pro-apoptotique de c-Kit, en combinaison avec des inhibiteurs de kinases comme le Gleevec, nous proposons une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique. En conclusion, nous démontrons que c-Kit est un membre de la famille des récepteurs à dépendance, présentant une activité pro-apoptotique, et pouvant être utilisé comme un outil alternatif dans le cadre d’un traitement contre le cancer
C-Kit has been generally considered as a receptor tyrosine kinase and a proto-oncogene, whose upregulation and mutation lead to tumor progression through its kinase activity. Clinically, drugs targeting the kinase activity of c-Kit, such as Imatinib (Gleevec), have been wildly used to treat patients with c-Kit related diseases. While the role of c-Kit as a proto-oncogene is of no doubt, some research reports and database analysis do not fit well the tumor promoting role of c-Kit, indicating a possible different role of c-Kit in cancer. Here, we show that c-Kit belongs to the dependence receptor family, similarly to other receptor tyrosine kinases such as MET, RET and TrkC. In the absent of its ligand SCF (stem cell factor), instead of staying inactive, c-Kit triggers apoptosis, which can be enhanced by silencing its kinase activity. Besides, we have shown that c-Kit is able to bind and activate caspase-9. Moreover, similarly to other dependence receptors, c-Kit is also cleaved by caspases-like protease at aspartic acid residue D816, which is crucial for its pro-apoptotic activity. The mutation of D816 site inhibits the c-Kit/caspase-9 binding and silences the pro-apoptotic activity of c-Kit. Of interest, c-Kit D816 mutation is one of the most common mutation of this receptor in many c-Kit related cancers and it promotes resistance against Gleevec treatment. We also show that overexpression of kinase mutated c-Kit is able to inhibit tumor growth in animal models, while the mutation of D816 site impairs the tumor suppressing activity. Furthermore, we develop a tool to block the SCF/c-Kit interaction, which unleashes the pro-apoptotic activity of c-Kit in cancers expressing this receptor. By using the pro-apoptotic activity of c-Kit, in combination with kinase inhibitors like Gleevec, we propose a novel therapeutic strategy. In conclusion, we demonstrate that c-Kit is a member of dependence receptor family, harboring intrinsic pro-apoptotic activity, which can be used as an alternative tool in cancer treatment

A incidência do melanoma cutâneo em pacientes adultos jovens tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Há, contudo, carência de conhecimentos clinicopatológicos e moleculares sobre os melanomas que ocorrem nessa faixa etária. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar 132 casos de melanoma cutâneo primário em pacientes com idade entre 18 e 30 anos, com ênfase no estudo das características clínicas, histopatológicas e avaliação molecular das mutações nos genes BRAF, NRAS e KIT. Em relação aos achados clínicos e histopatológicos, houve predomínio de indivíduos do sexo feminino (61,4%), sendo o tronco o sítio anatômico mais comumente envolvido (44,3%) e o melanoma extensivo superficial o tipo histológico predominante (79,5%). A mutação V600E no gene BRAF (BRAFV600E) foi analisada em 93 casos, utilizando-se a técnica de RT-PCR. Essa mutação foi identificada em 38,7% (36/93) e, estatisticamente, associada à fase vertical de crescimento (p = 0,01), infiltrado inflamatório discreto (p = 0,02) e presença de mitose intradérmica (p = 0,004). Houve, ainda, forte indício de associação com a presença de ulceração (p = 0,05). Todas essas variáveis apresentaram associação com pior prognóstico do melanoma cutâneo. Observou-se predomínio da mutação BRAFV600E em regiões anatômicas relacionadas à exposição solar intermitente. Nenhum caso de melanoma com fenômeno de regressão apresentou mutação BRAFV600E (p < 0,05). Não houve associação significativa entre BRAFV600E e sexo, tipo histológico, nível de Clark, índice de Breslow, elastose solar, invasão angiolinfática e perineural, satelitose, nevo melanocítico coexistente e sobrevida. A pesquisa de mutações NRAS, pela técnica de RT-PCR, detectou frequência de 3,95% (3/76). As três mutações encontradas foram do tipo 61K e ocorreram em pacientes do sexo masculino e em região de cabeça e pescoço. As mutações BRAFV600E e NRAS, quando presentes, eram mutuamente exclusivas. A frequência de mutações KIT, analisadas por sequenciamento, foi de 11,1% (3/27). As três mutações identificadas estavam localizadas no éxon 9 (G510, G498S e 489I). Houve concomitância de casos com mutação KIT tanto com NRAS, como com BRAFV600E. Devido ao pequeno número de casos com mutação em KIT e NRAS, não foi possível estabelecer correlações clínicas e histopatológicas com esses genes. Este estudo é o primeiro a descrever as mutações G510D e G498S no gene KIT em melanomas cutâneos. No presente estudo, a mutação BRAFV600E, em melanomas cutâneos de adultos jovens, correlacionou-se com características anatomoclínicas de pior prognóstico em relação aos melanomas selvagens para BRAFV600E
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma in young adults has dramatically increased in recent years. However, there is scarce data about the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics on the melanomas occurring at this age group. The present study aimed to evaluate 132 patients aged between 18 and 30 years with primary cutaneous melanoma with emphasis on the study of clinical, histopathological characteristics and molecular evaluation of mutations in BRAF, NRAS and KIT genes. Regarding the clinical and histopathological findings, the following results were found: female predominance (61.4%), trunk was the most commonly anatomical site involved (44.3%) and superficial spreading melanoma, was the most common histological type (79.5 %). The V600E mutation in BRAF (BRAFV600E) gene was analyzed in 93 cases, using RT-PCR. It was present in 38.7% (36/93) and statistically related to the vertical growth phase (p = 0.01), mild inflammatory infiltration (p = 0.02) and the presence of intradermal mitosis (p = 0.004). There was, also, strongly evidence of an association with the presence of ulceration (p = 0.05). Worse prognosis was associated with these variables. There was a predominance of BRAFV600E mutation in anatomical regions related to intermittent sun exposure. No cases of melanoma with BRAFV600E mutation showed regression phenomenon (p < 0.05). There was no significant association between BRAFV600E and gender, histological type, Clark level, Breslow thickness, solar elastosis, angiolymphatic and perineural invasion, sattelitosis, coexisting melanocytic nevus and survival. The presence of a mutation in NRAS, by RT-PCR was seen in 3.95% (3/76) of the cases. All these three mutations were of type 61K, occurred in male patients and the head and neck region. BRAFV600E and NRAS mutations, when present, were mutually exclusive. The frequency of KIT mutations, analyzed by sequencing, was 11.1% (3/27). The three mutations identified in this gene were located in exon 9 (G510, G498S and 489I). Concomitant mutations were found between KIT and NRAS and BRAFV600E. Due to the small number of KIT and NRAS mutated cases, it was not possible to establish clinical and histopathological correlations and mutation status in these genes. This study was the first to describe the G510D and G498S mutations in KIT gene in cutaneous melanomas. In the present study, BRAFV600E mutation in cutaneous melanoma of young adults correlated with anatomic and clinical features of worse prognosis compared to wild type

Introdução: O melanoma mucoso de cabeça e pescoço (MMCP) é mais agressivo do que o melanoma cutâneo, marcadores prognósticos desta patologia não foram completamente esclarecidos devido a sua raridade. Em recentes estudos, algumas vias moleculares foram descritas na fisiopatologia destes tumores. Entre estas vias, existe a via da MAPK (Mitogen Activated Protein Quinase). Esta via de sinalização está envolvida no controle do crescimento celular, proliferação e migração, com um papel no desenvolvimento e progressão do melanoma. Além disso, a mutação do gene KIT foi identificada em melanomas, indicando a possibilidade de benefícios terapêuticos com o uso dos inibidores de tirosino-quinase. Objetivos: descrever a prevalência e características de mutações ativadoras do gene KIT em 28 pacientes com MMCP tratados no Instituto Nacional do Câncer-INCa; avaliar a relação entre a presença de mutação ativadora do gene KIT e evolução clínica dos pacientes tratados em relação ao estadiamento, sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de coorte, foram incluídos 28 pacientes com MMCP tratados no INCA, entre 1998 e 2009. Foram analisados: estadiamento, tratamento primário, sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) e sobrevida global (SG). As curvas de sobrevida foram analisados utilizando o método de Kaplan-Meier, com software SPS 11.0. Análise KIT: O DNA foi extraído a partir de tecido incluído e fixado em parafina. O procedimento consiste de múltiplas etapas de desparafinização com xilol. Os restos celulares são precipitados por centrifugação e o DNA, no sobrenadante é utilizado nas reações de PCR (direto ou diluído). A análise mutacional do gene foi realizada utilizando-se a amplificação por PCR seguida pelo sequenciamento genômico. As análises são iniciadas pelo éxon 11, seguidas do éxon 9, 17 e 13. Resultados: Os pacientes eram predominantemente do sexo feminino (57%). A idade de apresentação variou de 27 a 85 anos. A região nasossinusal foi o sítio primário mais frequente (75%). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ressecção cirúrgica. Dezessete pacientes receberam radioterapia adjuvante (37%). As recorrências ocorreram em 82% dos pacientes. Presença de mutação de KIT foi encontrada em 7 casos (25%), três no éxon 9, 3 no éxon 11 e 1 no éxon 13. Fatores preditivos de recorrência foram índice mitótico (p = 0,05), invasão vascular (p = 0,043), e a disseminação perineural (p = 0,034). Não houve diferenças significativas na SLD e SG de acordo com a mutação KIT. Conclusão: A presente série incluiu 28 casos tratados. Sete casos (25%) tinham mutações ativadoras KIT. Esta descoberta sugere que existe um grupo de pacientes que poderiam se beneficiar com a terapia-alvo adequado com inibidores de tirosino-quinase
Unlike their cutaneous counterparts, head and neck mucosal malignant melanomas (HNMM) behave much more aggressively and their prognostic markers have not been fully elucidated. In recent studies, some molecular pathways have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of melanomas. Among these, there is a proliferative MAPK pathway (\"Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase\"). This signaling pathway is involved in controlling cell growth, proliferation and migration, with a role in the development and progression of melanoma. In addition, KIT gene mutation has been identified in melanomas, indicating that there may be potential therapeutic benefits of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Objectives: Evaluation of KIT mutation prevalence in a subset of 28 patients with HNMM treated at a single institution, establishing the relationship between different mutations and outcome (DFS and OS). The primary end-point of the study was to define the incidence of KIT mutations in HNMM, including the relationship between KIT mutations with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in HNMM. Secondary end-points were correlation among therapeutic options, histopathological findings, demographic data and clinical response. Methods: This retrospective study comprised data of 28 patients with HNMM treated at Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) between 2000 and 2011. Clinical analysis included patients characteristics, staging, primary and palliative treatments, disease free survival and overall survival. Progression-free survival and overall survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with SPS 11.0 software. KIT analysis: paraffin blocks were selected following analyses of histologic preparations, enabling DNA extraction. Different DNA concentrations were employed in PCR amplifications, based on DNA integrity. PCR amplification of exon, 9, 11, 13 and 17 was performed. . Results: Patients were predominantly females (57%). The age of presentation ranged from 27 to 85 years. The sinonasal region was the most frequent primary site (75%). All patients underwent surgical resection. Seventeen patients received adjuvant radiotherapy (37%). Recurrences occurred in 82% patients. Oncologic mutations in KIT were found in 7 (25%) of seven tumors, 3 in exon 9, 3 in exon 11 and 1 in exon 13. Predictive factors for recurrence were mitotic rate (p=0.05), vascular invasion (p=0.043), and perineural spread (p=0.034). There were no significant differences in DFS and OS according to KIT mutation. Conclusion: HNMM remains a rare disease. The present single-institution series includes 28 cases treated in single institution. Seven cases (25%) had activating KIT mutations, which is an increased prevalence of activating KIT mutations in this specific subset of mucosal melanomas. This finding suggests that there is a group of patients who might benefit with appropriate targeted therapy with kinase inhibitors

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Proto-oncogene c-KIT has been implicated in the development and growth of several tumors, e.g. mast cell tumors (MCT) in dogs and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in humans. Several therapeutic approaches directed to the blocking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as c-KIT, have been created. However, after a short period of recovery, these drugs lose efficiency and the tumor relapses. A new approach, aiming to control c-KIT’s transcription, is being tested. This approach relies on the use of small molecule inhibitors (SMI) that specifically block DNA secondary structures, G-quadruplexes, located on the promoter regions of many proto-oncogenes, including c-KIT. The main goal of this work is the development of in vitro models through which the study of candidate SMIs for human c-KIT is possible. An in vitro model, composed by cytotoxicity tests aimed for the determination of the SMI’s inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) on two human cell lines and by real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the study of gene expression alterations, has been developed and validated. The cytotoxicity tests were also used to identify the IC50 of three candidate ligands for c-KIT.
RESUMO - Caracterização de modelos in vitro para o estudo de possíveis ligandos de G-quadruplex dirigidos à região promotora do proto-oncogene c-KIT no Homem - O proto-oncogene c-KIT tem sido relacionado com o desenvolvimento e crescimento de vários tumores, incluindo mastocitomas em cães e tumores do estroma gastrointestinal no Homem. Várias abordagens terapêuticas têm vindo a ser desenvolvidas tendo como objetivo bloquear os recetores de tirosina quinase, tais como c-KIT. No entanto, após um curto período de recuperação, estes fármacos perdem eficácia e o tumor reaparece. Está a ser testada uma nova abordagem, que visa controlar a transcrição de c-KIT. Esta abordagem recorre ao uso de pequenas moléculas inibidoras que bloqueiam, de forma específica, estruturas secundárias de ADN, G-quadruplex, localizadas na região promotora de vários proto-oncogenes, incluindo c- KIT. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de modelos in vitro que possam ser utilizados para estudar possíveis moléculas inibidoras para o c-KIT humano. Assim foi desenvolvido e validado um modelo in vitro, composto por testes de citotoxicidade, que visam determinar a concentração inibitória 50 dos ligandos, em duas linhas celulares humanas, e por métodos de PCR quantitativo em tempo real, para o estudo das alterações na expressão génica. Os testes de citotoxicidade foram também utilizados para identificar a concentração inibitória 50 de três possíveis ligandos para c-KIT.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T16:47:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertalçao - Vanessa de Sousa Cruz Pimenta - 2012.pdf: 3213134 bytes, checksum: b135b98e005a73bd0b991b974142808b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T16:47:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertalçao - Vanessa de Sousa Cruz Pimenta - 2012.pdf: 3213134 bytes, checksum: b135b98e005a73bd0b991b974142808b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-07T16:47:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertalçao - Vanessa de Sousa Cruz Pimenta - 2012.pdf: 3213134 bytes, checksum: b135b98e005a73bd0b991b974142808b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-25
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The objective of this study was to verify the pattern of staining by Bismarck Brown and evaluate the expression of p53 and c-KIT in neoplastic mast cells, quantifying the marking obtained by these antibodies using the Image J software and correlating the values found with histologic subtypes. Mast cell tumors are the most common skin neoplasms of dogs, is an excessive proliferation of neoplastic mast cells, of variable and unpredictable biological behavior, with great capacity of recurrences and metastasis. The lesions may be dermis or subcutaneous location and three grades are described. At the first, the tumor is well differentiated, moderately differentiated is the second and the third is little differentiated. Their cause is still unknown. One of the mechanisms proposed for the proliferation of mast cells is to change the nucleotide sequence of the c-KIT gene. The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is directly related to blockage of cell cycle and the protection is changed by mutations in the p53. Were reviewed 1242 protocols of histopathology exams obtained the archives of Laboratory of Animal Pathology/UFG, from January 2007 to April 2011, found 37 diagnosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumor. Regarding the epidemiologic aspects the prevalence of 55.26% was noted in dogs in the age group 6-10 years, 63.16% female and 39.48% of the Boxer breed. The most common anatomic site was the hind-limb with 31.58% of records. Histologic evaluation and histochemistry using Hematoxylin - Eosin and Toluidine Blue allowed to classify the majority of mast cell tumors studied, although only 24.32% of the samples were identified using the color Bismarck Brown. The prevalence of Grade II was 43.24% of all cases The lowest value expressed for p53 and c-KIT, was in Grade II, the highest value in the Grade III and the highest average in grade I. Was concluded that the coloration of Bismarck Brown proved efficient to aid in the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory routine and utilization of antibodies anti p53 and anti c-kit promoted good immunostaining with important role to determine the prognosis of canine mast cell tumors.
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o padrão de coloração pelo Pardo de Bismarck e avaliar a expressão de p53 e c-KIT nos mastócitos neoplásicos, quantificando a marcação obtida por estes anticorpos através do software Image J e correlacionando os valores encontrados com os subtipos histológicos. O mastocitoma é a neoplasia cutânea mais frequente do cão, sendo uma proliferação excessiva de mastócitos neoplásicos, de comportamento biológico variável e imprevisível, com grande capacidade de recidivas e metástases. As lesões podem ser de localização dérmica a subcutânea e três graus são descritos. No primeiro, o tumor é bem diferenciado, no segundo é moderadamente diferenciado e no terceiro é pouco diferenciado. Sua causa ainda é desconhecida. Um dos mecanismos propostos para a proliferação de mastócitos é a alteração da sequência de nucleotídeos do gene c-KIT. O gene supressor de tumor TP53 está diretamente relacionado ao bloqueio do ciclo celular e a proteção é alterada por mutações da p53. Foram revisados 1242 protocolos de exames histopatológicos obtidos dos arquivos do Laboratório de Patologia Animal/UFG, do período de janeiro de 2007 a abril de 2011, encontrando 37 diagnósticos de mastocitoma cutâneo canino. Quanto aos aspectos epidemiológicos a prevalência notada foi de 55,26% de cães na faixa etária de 6-10 anos, 63,16% do gênero feminino e 39,48% da raça Boxer. A localização anatômica mais frequente foi o membro pélvico com 31,58% de registros. A avaliação histológica e histoquímica utilizando a Hematoxilina - Eosina e o Azul de Toluidina permitiu classificar a maioria dos mastocitomas estudados, porém 24,32% das amostras só foram identificadas com a utilização da coloração Pardo de Bismarck. A prevalência do Grau II foi de 43,24% do total dos casos. O menor valor expresso, por p53 e c-KIT, foi no Grau II, o maior valor no Grau III e a maior média no grau I. Foi possível concluir que a coloração Pardo de Bismarck mostrou-se eficiente para auxiliar na precisão dos diagnósticos da rotina laboratorial e a utilização dos anticorpos anti p53 e anti c-KIT promoveu boa imunomarcação, com papel importante na determinação do prognóstico do mastocitoma canino.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T18:51:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação- Maria Helena Tavares Vilela-2013.pdf: 2276556 bytes, checksum: 772ad6ab585b17765e734a42bc50eb7e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T19:29:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação- Maria Helena Tavares Vilela-2013.pdf: 2276556 bytes, checksum: 772ad6ab585b17765e734a42bc50eb7e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T19:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação- Maria Helena Tavares Vilela-2013.pdf: 2276556 bytes, checksum: 772ad6ab585b17765e734a42bc50eb7e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-09
The proper management of breast phyllodes tumors (PTs) remains challenging, due to the difficulty of the correct preoperative diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Ki-67, CD10, CD34, p53, CD117 and the number of mast cells for the differential diagnosis between benign PTs and cellular fibroadenomas (CFs), and also at the grading of PTs. 51 primary PTs and 14 FCs were examined by immunohistochemistry (IH). Through the evaluation of the expression of CD117, greater epithelial expression was found at the FCs and an increased number of mast cells in benign TFs. The stromal expression of the Ki-67, CD10, CD34 and p53 showed relevance to the grading of PTs.
O manejo adequado dos tumores filóides (TFs) mamários continua desafiador, devido à dificuldade do diagnóstico pré-operatório correto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilidade do Ki-67, do CD34, do CD10, do CD117, da p53 e do número de mastócitos no diagnóstico diferencial entre os TFs benignos e fibroadenomas celulares (FCs), bem como na graduação dos TFs. Foram examinados 51 TFs primários e 14 FCs por imunohistoquímica (IH). Na marcação pelo CD117, houve maior expressão epitelial nos FCs e maior número de mastócitos nos TFs benignos. A expressão estromal do Ki-67, da p53, do CD10 e CD34 mostrou-se significante na graduação dosTFs.

As células intersticiais de Cajal (CIC) têm sido estudadas como participante do peristaltismo em vários sistemas. Sua presença no trato geniturinário pode sustentar a importância dessas células na fisiopatologia da estenose da junção ureteropielica (JUP). O Objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a densidade das CIC em pacientes adultos e no final da adolescência, portadores de estenose da JUP, submetidos à pieloplastia e verificar se há associação entre a densidade das CIC com os achados clínicos e de imagem pré e pós-operatórios, notadamente ultrassonografia e cintilografia renal. Foram estudados 23 pacientes com estenose da JUP, submetidos à pieloplastia desmembrada pela técnica videolaparoscópica na Divisão de Clínica Urológica do Departamento de Cirurgia do HCFMUSP, de forma consecutiva, pelo mesmo grupo de cirurgiões, no período entre fevereiro de 2011 a janeiro de 2012. Foi realizada análise imunohistoquímica para expressão do receptor de tirosina quinase (c-KIT) em todas as amostras das JUP e quantificada a densidade das CIC. Os pacientes foram acompanhados periodicamente para avaliação da resposta clínica e dos exames de imagem. Foi encontrado que a média de idade da amostra foi de 34,83 anos. Houve predomínio do gênero masculino (56,5%). O rim direito foi o mais acometido (56,5%). A hidronefrose grave foi identificada na maioria dos pacientes (52,2%). A média da função renal do rim acometido estimada pela cintilografia, pré e pós-operatória foi de respectivamente, 33,7 e 33,4%. Dos 23 pacientes, 20 apresentaram melhora do padrão cintilográfico de drenagem ureteral. Houve predomínio de pacientes que apresentavam alta densidade das CIC (52,2%). Houve significância estatística quando associado a densidade das CIC e a melhora do padrão ultrassonográfico (p= 0,032). Contudo, não houve associação entre a densidade das CIC e as outras variáveis clínicas ou de imagem. Pode-se concluir que a densidade das CIC pode ser um bom preditor da resposta ultrassonográfica pósoperatória em pacientes adultos com estenose da JUP submetidos à pieloplastia
The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been studied as peristalsis participating in various systems. Its presence in the genitourinary tract can sustain the importance of these cells in the pathophysiology of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the density of ICC in adults and in the late adolescence patients with UPJO, undergoing pyeloplasty and to check if there is association of changes in the ICC density with clinical findings, as well as pre and postoperative images, especially ultrasound and diuretic radioisotope renography. We selected 23 patients with UPJO, undergoing laparocopic dismembered pyeloplasty in the Urology Division of the HC-FMUSP Department of Surgery, consecutively, by the same group of surgeons in the period between February 2011 and January 2012. It was performed immunohistochemical analysis for tyrosine kinase receptor expression (c-KIT) in all samples of UPJO quantified the ICC density. The patients were followed up periodically to evaluate the clinical response and imaging. The average age of the sample was 34.83 years. There was a predominance of males (56.5%). The right kidney was the most affected (56.5%). Severe hydronephrosis was identified in most patients (52.2%). The average renal function affected estimated by diuretic radioisotope renography, pre and post-operative was respectively 33.7 and 33.4%. Of the 23 patients, 20 had an improvement on diuretic radioisotope renography pattern of ureteral drainage. There was a predominance of patients with high ICC density (52.2%). There was statistical significance when associated with ICC density and the improvement of ultrasonographic pattern (p = 0.032). However, there was no association between the ICC density and other clinical or imaging variables. It can be concluded that the density of the ICC maybe a good predictor of post-operative ultrasound response in adult patients with UPJO undergoing pyeloplasty

Os mastocitomas são formações cutâneas neoplásicas que mais acometem os cães, por isso inúmeras pesquisas estão sendo direcionadas no descobrimento de novas opções de tratamento, diagnóstico e prognóstico desta doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de um conjunto de proteínas que estão interligadas ou interligam vias de sinalização, na tentativa de identificar proteínas que se apresentem diferencialmente expressas nos mastocitomas caninos de diferentes graus. Realizamos um estudo da expressão deste conjunto de proteínas em 18 tumores oriundos dos arquivos do Serviço de patologia animal do Departamento de Patologia da FMVZ-USP. Realizamos coleta de material fresco de outras 18 amostras de mastocitomas cutâneos caninos, as quais foram submetidas ao cultivo celular, e então foram estabelecidas 10 linhagens de mastocitomas cutâneos caninos a fim de se avaliar este mesmo grupo de marcadores moleculares in vitro. As amostras do arquivo foram submetidas à imunomarcação das seguintes proteínas: PTEN, c-kit, E-caderina, β-catenina, α-catenina, p120-catenina, MMP-7. Nas linhagens tumorais estabelecidas analisamos o ciclo celular, ploidia de DNA, proliferação celular pelo CFSE, análise ultraestrutural pela microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, análise mutacional do gene c-Kit, e análise por imunocitoquímica e imunofluorescência dos seguintes marcadores moleculares: PTEN, c-kit, E-caderina, β-catenina, α-catenina, p120-catenina, MMP-7, CX32, CX43, vimentina, triptase. Os resultados demonstram a alteração da expressão das proteínas do complexo E-caderina/catenina, do c-Kit, da proteína PTEN e MMP-7 de acordo com o grau do mastocitoma canino. Observamos além da redução de expressão uma localização subcelular de todas estas proteínas nos tumores mais agressivos como nos mastocitomas de grau 3. O mesmo foi observado para as proteínas Cx 43 e 32. Realizamos levantamento do histórico clínico dos 18 casos de mastocitoma caninos oriundos do arquivo, e os parâmetros clínicos avaliados foram: idade, raça, gênero, localização, tempo de evolução, alteração linfonodo, metástases, tempo sobrevida, intervalo recidiva, óbito. Foram associados a um pior prognóstico os pacientes que apresentaram os seguintes parâmetros: animais idosos, presença de metástase, localização no tórax e graduação tumoral. Nas linhagens tumorais estabelecidas, a análise da ploidia revelou que todas as linhagens de mastocitomas são diploides e o CFSE mostrou que a proliferação máxima ocorre dentro de 24hs de cultivo. A análise ultraestrutural comprova que as células das linhagens são mastócitos tumorais. A análise pela imunocitoquimica dos marcadores em estudo revelaram padrões similares aos encontrados na imunoistoquimica. Pela expressão da vimentina e da triptase confirmamos mais uma vez se tratar de linhagens de mastócitos em cultivo. Na análise mutacional do gene c-kit encontramos mutações no éxon 8 e 11, mas não no éxon 17. Nossos resultados revelam a ocorrência simultânea de inúmeras alterações moleculares nos mastocitoma caninos. As proteínas avaliadas têm funções e vias distintas, mas, que se interligam podendo regular ou serem reguladas, dependendo do momento em que se encontra a célula. A desestabilização do complexo E-caderina-cateninas parece ser o programa efetor na progressão dos mastocitomas caninos. A finalidade maior de se realizar estudos morfológicos, funcionais e moleculares das neoplasias é contribuir, mais cedo ou mais tarde, para o controle destas doenças. Esperamos, com este trabalho, ter fornecido informações importantes que favorecerão a busca por melhores tratamentos dos mastocitomas caninos.
Mast cell tumors are malignant skin formations that most affect dogs, so many research projects are being directed at the discovery of new treatment options, diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of a set of proteins that are interlinked or interconnected signaling pathways, in an attempt to identify proteins that show differentially expressed in canine mast cell tumors of different grades. We performed a study of the expression of this set of 18 proteins in tumors originating from the files of the Service of Animal Pathology, Department of Pathology of the FMVZ - USP. We collected other 18 new samples of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors , which were subjected to cell culture , and 10 strains of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors were established in order to evaluate in vitro this same group of molecular markers. The samples were subjected to immunostainings the following proteins: PTEN, c-kit, E-cadherin, β-catenin, α-catenin, p120-catenin, MMP-7. In established tumor cell lines we analyzed the cell cycle, DNA ploidy, cell proliferation by CFSE, ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy , mutational analysis of c-kit gene, and analysis by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence of the following molecular markers: PTEN, c-kit, E-cadherin, β-catenin, α-catenin, p120-catenin, MMP-7, CX32, Cx43, vimentin, tryptase. The results demonstrate the altered expression of the proteins, c- Kit, MM7 and PTEN proteins according to the level of the canine mastocytoma E-caderina/catenina complex. It has been observed a reduced expression as well as alterations in subcellular localization of all these proteins in more aggressive tumors as in grade 3 mast cell tumors. The same was observed for Cx 43 and 32 proteins. It has been performed a survey of the medical records of 18 cases of canine mast cell tumors retrieved from the archives, and clinical parameters evaluated were age, race, gender, location, time of evolution, change lymph node metastasis, survival time, recurrence interval, death. Older animals, metastasis, and tumor location in the chest, and mast cell tumor grade: patients who had the following parameters were associated with a worse prognosis. In the established tumor cell lines, ploidy analysis revealed that all lines are diploid mastocytoma and CFSE proliferation showed that the maximum occurs within 24 hours of cultivation. The ultrastructural analysis showed that the tumor cells are mast cell lineages. Analysis by immunocytochemistry markers studied showed similar patterns to those found in immunohistochemistry. By expression of vimentin and tryptase confirmed once again the case of mast cell lines in culture. In mutational analysis of the c kit, mutations were found in exon 8 and 11, but not in exon 17. Our results show the simultaneous occurrence of numerous molecular alterations in canine mast cell tumors. Proteins have different functions and evaluated pathways, but that interlock may regulate or be regulated, depending on the moment of the cell. The destabilization of the complex E-cadherin-catenins seems to be the effector program in the progression of canine mast cell tumors. The main purpose of performing morphological, functional and molecular studies of tumors is to contribute, sooner or later, to the control of these diseases. Hopefully, with this work, we have provided important information which will facilitate the search for better treatment of canine mast cell tumors

As proteínas p53, MDM-2, c-Kit, ErbB-2, PCNA e p-glicoproteína foram estudadas em 42 amostras de osteossarcoma ao diagnóstico, através da técnica de imunohistoquímica, e foram correlacionados estes achados com o prognóstico destes pacientes. O p-53 foi positivo em 23,1% (9/39), PCNA em 71,4% (25/35), p-glicoproteína em 40,5% (15/37), MDM-2 em 34,8% (8/23), c-kit em 67,6% (25/37) e ErbB-2 em 17,9% (7/39). Na análise univariada, a presença de metástases ao diagnóstico, a positividade de p53 e ErbB-2 influenciaram o prognóstico individualmente, entretanto, na análise multivariada, a presença de metástase ao diagnóstico revelou-se o único fator de prognóstico estatisticamente significante
We study, by imunohistochemistry technique, the proteins p53, MDM-2, c-Kit, ErbB-2, PCNA and p-glycoprotein in samples of osteosarcoma tumors at diagnosis and its correlation with the prognosis of this patients. The p-53 was positive in 23,1% (9/39), PCNA in 71,4% (25/35), p-glycoprotein in 40,5% (15/37), MDM-2 in 34,8% (8/23), c-kit in 67,8%(25/37) and ErbB-2 in 17,9% (7/39) of the samples. In the univariate analysis, the presence of metastasis at diagnosis, the positivity of p-53 and ErbB-2 influenced the prognosis individually, otherwise, in the multivariate analysis, the presence of metastasis at diagnosis was the only prgnostic factor statistically significant

Le mélanome est un cancer de la peau agressif et au mauvais pronostic. Si de nouvelles solutions thérapeutiques efficaces ont été développées, les taux de réponses sont variables et transitoires. Découvrir de nouveaux mécanismes oncogéniques dans cette pathologie reste donc nécessaire. Durant mes travaux, j’ai pu démontrer que la protéine tyrosine-kinase FES est exprimée dans les mélanocytes normaux. Cette expression est largement perdue dans un panel de lignées cellulaires de mélanome, au niveau protéique et transcriptionnel ainsi que dans des cultures primaires d’échantillons de patients. La perte de FES est due à une hyper-méthylation de son promoteur et est réversible. En ré-exprimant FES de manière stable dans deux lignées cellulaires de mélanomes, j’ai montré que cette réexpression entraînait une diminution des capacités oncogéniques des cellules. De plus, en analysant les données d’une cohorte de mélanomes (TCGA), j’ai pu établir qu’une diminution importante ou une perte d’expression de FES se retrouve dans près de 40% des patients, et qu’elle est corrélée à une hyper-méthylation du gène FES. Les patients ayant une faible expression de FES présentent un moins bon pronostic soulignant l’importance de ce phénomène. Enfin, en croisant un modèle murin déficient pour le gène Fes avec un modèle de mélanome, nous observons que les tumeurs sous fond Fes KO sont plus prolifératives et plus volumineuses.Ainsi, par des analyses in vitro, sur des données de patients ou en croisant des modèles murins, j’ai pu démontrer que FES est exprimée au niveau des mélanocytes normaux et y exerce un rôle de suppresseur de tumeur
Among skin cancers, melanoma is the most aggressive and has the worst prognosis. In the last years, new therapeutic tools have been developed but responses differ between patients and are often transient due to resistance mechanisms. This highlights the need to improve understanding of molecular mechanisms of the disease. During my thesis, I have shown for the first time that FES tyrosine kinase is expressed in normal melanocytes, and that its expression is lost at the protein and RNA levels in most melanoma cell lines. The same result is observed in a panel of 12 patients’ short-term cultures. The lack of expression is due to FES promoter hyper-methylation and can be reverted using a hypomethylating agent. By restoring FES expression in two melanoma cell lines, I observe a decrease of oncogenic properties of the cells. Moreover, the analysis of the TCGA data on melanoma indicate that FES expression is strongly decreased or lost in about 40% of patients, and that this loss of expression is correlated with FES promoter methylation. Importantly, patients with low level of FES mRNA have poor prognosis compared to FES expressing patients. Finally, Fes knock-out mice crossed with an inducible melanoma mouse model indicate that tumors proliferation and size are more important under a Fes KO background.In conclusion, by using melanoma cells in vitro, data from melanoma patients and mouse models, I have demonstrated that FES is expressed in normal melanocytes and clearly plays a tumor suppressor role.in melanoma

Mast cell tumour (MCT) is the most common skin neoplasm in dogs. Accurately predicting MCT behaviour is essential for proper tumour management. Histological tumour grading is useful for canine prognosis and can be supplemented with the mutational evaluation of the CD117 Proto-Oncogene Receptor Tyrosine Kinase gene, KIT. Dogs with MCTs harbouring an internal tandem duplication (ITD) within exon 11 of the extracellular regulatory domain of KIT are more likely to respond to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Conversely, MCTs with mutation of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain are resistant to this class of drugs. KIT exon 11 ITDs are common in almost 50% of histologically high-grade cutaneous MCTs, whereas the prevalence of enzymatic pocket-type mutations was unknown. Therefore, the prevalence of canine MCT KIT gene mutations and their correlation with prognostic influencers were determined herein. An exon 11 ITD mutation prevalence of 10% was determined in a cohort of 239 Australian dogs with cutaneous MCTs. An exon 11 ITD was detected in only one of 41 subcutaneous MCT. KIT mutation profiles were established using AmpliSeq™ Ion Torrent™ next-generation sequencing technology for 95 MCTs from 93 dogs. Non-synonymous KIT mutations and non-coding variants with a predicted gain-of-function effect on Kit protein activity were identified in 51.9% (n = 40/77) of cutaneous MCTs and 44.4% (n = 8/18) of subcutaneous MCTs. Enzymatic pocket-type mutations, predictably conferring tumour tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, were detected in 20.8% (n = 16/77) of the cutaneous MCTs. A novel finding of this research is that mutation of the KIT enzymatic pocket domain statistically significantly predicts 12-month canine MCT-related death in multivariable analysis, independent of tumour histological grade. This finding may help identify potentially aggressive MCT cases which would have been otherwise overlooked by evaluation of histological grade alone. Conversely, exon 11 ITD status did not add any prognostically useful information in the multivariable analyses. However, the analyses revealed that Labrador dogs were at risk of developing high-grade MCTs at an old age (≥ 7 years). In addition to dogs, over 30 other species of mammals, birds and reptiles have been documented with mast cell neoplasia. In a cohort of 20 domestic cats with cutaneous MCT, KIT mutations were detected in 60% of cases. KIT-mutant MCTs were not correlated with tumour increased histological grade or mitotic index and hence, KIT mutation identification was not prognostically useful for cats with MCT. KIT mutations were discovered in the neoplastic DNA from two of four related cheetahs diagnosed with mast cell neoplasia. One of the cheetahs with abnormal KIT was euthanised as a result of visceral mastocytosis. The contribution of mutant-KIT to mast cell oncogenesis and disease malignancy is unclear in this case. The implication of KIT in mast cell neoplasia in dogs, cats and other species is apparent. However, the mechanism of mutation and the contribution to mast cell pathogenesis and malignancy remains relatively obscure. Still, the findings herein will improve the use of KIT and genetic testing in canine MCT prognostication.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2019

Androgens stimulate many hair follicles to alter hair colour and size via the hair growth cycle; in androgenetic alopecia tiny, pale hairs gradually replace large, pigmented ones. Since stem cell factor (SCF) is important in embryonic melanocyte migration and maintaining adult rodent pigmentation, we investigated SCF/c-Kit signalling in human hair follicles to determine whether this was altered in androgenetic alopecia. Quantitative immunohistochemistry detected three melanocyte-lineage markers and c-Kit in four focus areas: the epidermis, infundibulum, hair bulb (where pigment is formed) and mid-follicle outer root sheath (ORS). Colocalisation confirmed melanocyte c-Kit expression; cultured follicular melanocytes also exhibited c-Kit. Few ORS cells expressed differentiated melanocyte markers or c-Kit, but NKI/beteb antibody, which also recognises early melanocyte-lineage antigens, identified fourfold more cells, confirmed by colocalisation. Occasional similar bulbar cells were seen. Melanocyte distribution, concentration and c-Kit expression were unaltered in balding follicles. Androgenetic alopecia cultured dermal papilla cells secreted less SCF, measured by ELISA, than normal cells. This identifies three types of melanocyte-lineage cells in human follicles. The c-Kit expression by dendritic, pigmenting, bulbar melanocytes and rounded, differentiated, non-pigmenting ORS melanocytes implicate SCF in maintaining pigmentation and migration into regenerating hair bulbs. Less differentiated, c-Kit-independent cells in the mid-follicle ORS stem cell niche and occasionally in the bulb, presumably a local reserve for long scalp hair growth, implicate other factors in activating stem cells. Androgens appear to reduce alopecia hair colour by inhibiting dermal papilla SCF production, impeding bulbar melanocyte pigmentation. These results may facilitate new treatments for hair colour changes in hirsutism, alopecia or greying.