Статті в журналах: "Kinnow"

1

Badar, Hammad. "Similarities and differences in consumer value preferences for kinnows (Mandarin) in major cities of Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58, no. 06 (November 1, 2021): 1937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.77.

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This study identified similarities and differences in value preferences of consumers for Kinnows (mandarin) in Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The study sample comprised 540 consumers of Kinnows who were approached for data collection at various retail outlets in the selected cities. Using a questionnaire, consumers were interviewed face-to-face and data were gathered on consumption and purchase preferences and importance consumers attached to various search, experience, safety and marketing-related quality attributes in their purchase considerations. Descriptive statistics were employed to explore basic patterns in the preferences across the four cities. Mean ANOVA and Post-hoc Bonferroni tests helped reveal similarities and dissimilarities in consumption and purchase preferences of consumers. Results indicated statistically significant differences as well as similarities in consumption and purchase preferences for Kinnows in the selected cities. Consumers in Islamabad attached importance to all Kinnow quality attributes and appeared to be value seekers. Except few marketing, search and experience attributes, their preferences were found similar to those living in Rawalpindi. While consumers in Lahore and Faisalabad mostly resembled in their preferences and considered comparatively fewer quality attributes important. The study urged the Kinnow value chain actors to consider these similarities and differences in preparing and delivering their supplies in these cities. They also need to upgrade their practices for improving search, experience, safety and marketing-related quality attributes of Kinnows. Collaborative relationship and information sharing among them is also needed for improvements in quality attributes. Related public-sector institutions can facilitate them by providing support services needed to upgrade their value chain practices

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2

THAKRE, MADHUBALA, M. K. VERMA, KANHAIYA SINGH, O. P. AWASTHI, R. R. SHARMA, and MRINMOY RAY. "Proposal and validation of colour index for Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 8 (August 21, 2018): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i8.82521.

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Kinnow (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora) acceptability by consumer and processors depends on their bright orange colour, size and other quality traits like TSS and acidity. More bright orange coloured Kinnow fruits are preferred. The objective of this study is to propose an index for growers and researchers to know the harvesting date and better quality of fruits respectively. Kinnow fruits of varying colour gradient were harvested from ten treatments. These ten treatments were different doses of N: P: K. They acted as a source to produce variability in Kinnow peel colour, which was utilized for index formulation and validation. They were compared with a standard. Standard comprised of most uniform bright orange coloured fruits of Kinnow orange. The observations for L, a and b were recorded by Hunterlab. There were total eleven colour indexes studied. Out of eleven indexes, seven were previously validated by other workers for different fruit crops. Four indexes were formulated in this study to validate them for Kinnow along with remaining seven indexes. Index a/b showed highest positive correlation with total carotenoid content of peel (0.548 and 0.519 respectively). It recorded minimum value for standard (0.52±0.02) indicates that lower values for these indices will represent brighter colour of kinnow.

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3

Rajat Bhola and Ramesh Joshi. "Evaluation of Antioxidant activity and Phenolic contents of Kinnow mandarin leaf extracts." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (August 7, 2020): 4665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2753.

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Kinnow mandarin is a major citrus fruit crop in India. This study was designed to evaluate Total Phenol content (TPC), Total Flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of vegetative and fruit associated leaves extracts of Kinnow at three different times of the year. The results revealed variation in all three parameters chosen: total phenol, flavonoid content as well as antioxidant capacity between vegetative and fruit associated leaves and during different time periods of the study.The TPC and TFC were highest for fruit associated leaf phase II (9.49 ± 0.075 GAE /g dw and 7.74 ± 0.125 QE mg /g dw respectively) whereas antioxidant activity 31.49 ± 0.025 mg AA/g dw was highest for fruit associated leaves phase I extracts. The TPC,TFC and DPPH free radical scavenging activity among the leaf extracts of Kinnow indicated that some non- phenolic components also contributed to the total antioxidant activity in Kinnow leaves extracts examined in the present investigation. To the best of our information, this is the first experiment presenting comprehensive data on TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity for Kinnow leaf extracts. The study further envisaged that the Kinnow leaves may be important sources of antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical industries.

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4

Suri, Shweta, Anupama Singh, Prabhat K. Nema, and Neetu Kumra Taneja. "A Comparative Study on the Debittering of Kinnow (Citrus reticulate L.) Peels: Microbial, Chemical, and Ultrasound-Assisted Microbial Treatment." Fermentation 8, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080389.

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Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulate L.) peels are a storehouse of well-known bioactive compounds, viz., polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, limonoids, and tocopherol, which exhibit an effective antioxidant capacity. However, naringin is the most predominant bitter flavanone compound found in Kinnow peels that causes their bitterness. It prohibits the effective utilization of peels in food-based products. In the present study, a novel approach for the debittering of Kinnow peels has been established to tackle this problem. A comparative evaluation of the different debittering methods (chemical, microbial, and ultrasound-assisted microbial treatments) used on Kinnow peel naringin and bioactive compounds was conducted. Among the chemical and microbial method; solid-state fermentation with A. niger led to greater extraction of naringin content (7.08 mg/g) from kinnow peels. Moreover, the numerical process optimization of ultrasound-assisted microbial debittering was performed by the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of a response surface methodology to maximize naringin hydrolysis. Among all three debittering methods, ultrasound-assisted microbial debittering led to a greater hydrolysis of naringin content and reduced processing time. The optimum conditions were ultrasound temperature (40 °C), time (30 min), and A. niger koji extract (1.45%) for the maximum extraction rate of naringin (11.91 mg/g). These debittered Kinnow peels can be utilized as raw material to develop therapeutic food products having a high phytochemical composition without any off-flavors or bitterness.

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5

Kumar, Lalit, Vivak Kumar, and Sanjay Kumar Singh. "Development and Quality Evaluation of Mixed Fruit (Carrot and Kinnow) based RTS." Madras Agricultural Journal 101, June (2014): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.001177.

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Experimental studies were conducted for the production of kinnow and carrot based RTS beverage and its quality evaluation. The quality attributes comprised of acidity, pH, optical density, TSS, ascorbic acid, total plate count and sensory quality parameters on 9- point hedonic scale. Evaluation of quality parameters were done for fresh as well as stored RTS samples at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days of storage under different storage conditions. RTS beverage kinnow and carrot samples were packed in glass bottles. The TSS and acidity of kinnow and carrot RTS beverage increased with increase in the level of kinnow juice ratio at different storage condition and the optical density increased with increase in the level of carrot juice ratio. The pH decreased with increase in the level of carrot juice and pH values of the samples composition 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 after 90 days of storage were observed as 1.88, 1.95 and 2.00, respectively at refrigerated condition. The total plate count (TPC) of the RTS samples of different kinnow and carrot juice ratio of 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 were observed as 1.041×10 5cfu/ml, 1.043×105cfu/ml and 1.044×105cfu/ml at refrigerated temperature. The microbial growth increased during storage period irrespective of carrot juice ratio at different storage conditions. The minimum ascorbic acid level of the sample of juice ratio (kinnow: carrot) 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 after 90 days of storage were observed as 1.90, 1.67 and 1.50, respectively at refrigerated condition. The higher score of overall acceptability was 7.92 for the fresh samples and the minimum score awarded for overall acceptability was 6.22 for the RTS sample, kinnow and carrot juice ratio 80:20 at refrigerated condition. However, the overall acceptability of beverage decreased with increase in storage period. It was concluded that refrigerated storage method was found to be superior over other methods of storage of kinnow and carrot based RTS beverage followed by BOD incubator and room temperature conditions.

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6

Kumar, Dinesh, BL Kumawat, and BD Sharma. "Nutritional survey of kinnow orchards soil series at Rawatsar and Fatehgarh of Hanumangarh district of arid Rajasthan." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 14 (October 10, 2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.58628/jae-2214-29.

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The present study was conducted to evaluate the fertility status of kinnow orchards at Rawatsar and Fatehgarh soil series of Hanumangarh district in irrigated area of arid Rajasthan. All kinnow orchards soils were found saline in nature, EC2 of all the orchard soil samples was normal. The calcium carbonate content in soils showed increasing trend with depth, low in organic carbon and available N, low to medium in available P2 O5, medium to high in available K2O content, majority of samples were found high in available Fe, available Mn and low to sufficient in available Cu and low in available Zn content. Leaf N content were found low in kinnow orchards, majority of leaf samples found medium to optimum in leaf P, Fe, and Mn content, whereas leaf K content and Zn content were found low to medium in kinnow orchards. The leaves Cu content were found optimum range in kinnow orchards. Fruit juice N, Fe and Mn content were found low to optimum, whereas fruit juice P, K and Cu content were found optimum and Zn content low at Rawatsar and Fatehgarh soil series of Hanumangarh district.

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7

PANT, R. P., RAKESH KUMAR, ANITA ARORA, and V. K. BARANWAL. "Detection of Mandarivirus and greening bacterium using electron microscopy, PCR and RT-PCR in Kinnow mandarin nurseries in Punjab." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 1 (March 23, 2023): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i1.79603.

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Kinnow mandarin is one of the most important fruit crops in northern India particularly in Punjab. Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV), Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) and citrus greening bacterium (CGB) are very important graft transmissible pathogens causing reduced productivity in Kinnow mandarin. A survey was undertaken in 11 kinnow mandarin nurseries, 2 to 4 star rated by National Horticultural Board in Punjab. Samples collected from these nurseries were indexed by electron microscopy, immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), PCR and RT-PCR. In RT-PCR test, out of 33 samples of kinnow mandarin mother plants, 3 samples were found positive for CYVCV and 6 samples for ICRSV. In two nurseries, both the viruses were detected in the same plant indicating mixed infection in the mother plants. In ISEM test, 4 samples out of 12 samples were positive for ICRSV and 2 samples were positive for CYVCV. CGB was detected in two plants out of nine plant leaf samples collected from four nurseries. In view of these studies it is evident that molecular diagnostics as indexing tool need to be applied for the production of clean planting material of kinnow mandarin.

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8

Kaur, Nirmaljit, P. K. Monga, P. K. Arora, and Krishan Kumar. "Effect of micronutrients on leaf composition, fruit quality and yield of Kinnow mandarin." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.658.

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Effect of micronutrients on leaf composition, quality parameters and fruit yield of Kinnow mandarin was studied at Regional Research Station, Abohar. Foliar application of 1000 ppm Zn + 1000 ppm Mn on Kinnow mandarin during the end of April and mid of August gave maximum fruit yield (862 fruits / tree) and good quality fruits (Higher TSS/Acid: 14.23) by correcting these micronutrient deficiencies. Therefore, application of this dose of micronutrient combination will improve yield and fruit quality in Kinnow mandarin by correcting the deficiencies of these micronutrients as a result of which the orchardist will be economically benefited.

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9

Juhaimi, Fahad A. L., Bertrand Matthäus, Mehmet Musa Özcan, and Kashif Ghafoor. "The physico-chemical properties of some citrus seeds and seed oils." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 71, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2016-0004.

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Abstract The chemical properties, mineral contents, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of seed and seed oils of some citrus genus provided from several locations in Turkey and Saudi Arabia were determined. While Ca contents of seeds were between 5018 mg/kg (Kütdiken lemon) and 7619 mg/kg (kinnow mandarin), K contents of seeds varied between 7007 mg/kg (Orlando orange) and 10334 mg/kg (kinnow mandarin). Glucose and fructose contents of citrus seed samples varied between 3.75 g/kg and 5.75 g/kg, and 4.09 g/kg and 6.03 g/kg. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were established as dominant fatty acids. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid contents of citrus seed oils varied between 19.6% (Kütdiken lemon) and 26.2% (pineapple orange), 21.3% (kinnow mandarin) and 31.4% (Kütdiken lemon) and 32.3% (Kütdiken lemon) and 43.7% (kinnow mandarin), respectively. The total amount of tocopherols of Turkish citrus oil varied between 0.5 mg/100 g (Fremont mandarin) and 18.8 mg/100 g (bitter orange).

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10

THAKRE, MADHUBALA, M. K. VERMA, K. SINGH, O. P. AWASTHI, ELDHO VERGHESE, and V. K. SHARMA. "Effect of nutrition, harvesting date and fruit canopy position on yield and quality of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 11 (November 17, 2015): 1455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i11.53700.

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Attractive peel colour and quality development in Kinnow (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenara) is a prime requisite for its fair market price. The objective of study was to find out the impact of canopy position, date of harvesting and nutrition on yield and quality of Kinnow mandarin. A field experiment was conducted in a four year old Kinnow orchard using factorial randomized block design with three replications. There were nine treatments comprised of various N, P, K levels and one control; two canopy positions (external and internal) and three harvesting dates (06.12.13, 26.12.13 and 16.01.14). Statistical analysis using SAS 9.3 software and Tukey's HSD test revealed the significance of various treatments, canopy positions and harvesting dates (P<0.01).The treatment comprising 400g+600g+240g (N+P2O5+K2O/plant) was found the best among other treatments with respect to yield (20.06 kg/tree) and other quality parameters (TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid and total carotenoids). Fruits which are present on external canopy of tree were superior in terms of quality (TSS, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids) as compared to fruits present on internal canopy of the tree.The Kinnow fruits harvested during the last week of December were found superior in terms of total carotenoids in juice and peel and ascorbic acid content. While the fruits harvested in second week of January were found superior in terms of TSS and acidity. Application of 400g, 600g and 240g of NPK respectively was found beneficial for quality fruit production of Kinnow. Quality of Kinnow fruits vary as per canopy position and date of harvesting, hence they should harvest at different times and also from different canopy positions according to purpose.

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11

Maske, G. V., G. K. Londhe, and P. L. Zine. "Study on the Effects Addition of Kinnow Juice on Sensory Properties of Kalakand." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 8 (June 7, 2023): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82029.

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Kalakand was prepared from buffalo milk (standardized with 6 per cent fat and 9 per cent SNF) with constant level of sugar (6 per cent by volume of milk) and different levels of kinnow juice (10, 15, 20 and 25 part by vol. of milk). It was observed that the overall acceptability score for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 8.31, 8.37, 8.54, 8.19 and 7.83 respectively. As the level of kinnow juice in kalakand increases the overall acceptability score also increases upto treatment T3, thereafter it was decreased. The treatment (T3) comprises kinnow juice @ 15 per cent secured maximum score with 8.54 and lowest score was found to be 7.83 in treatment T5.

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12

Taqi, Raza, Hasnain Kazmi Zurriat, Arshad Ullah Muhammad, Kanwal Iqra, Imran Shakeel, Ahmad Rizwan, and Ishtiaq Hyder Syed. "Comparative Effectiveness of Different Growth Media on Growth, Biomass and Morphology Features of Kinnow Mandarin Seedling." Food Processing & Nutritional Science 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46619/fpns.2020.1-1001.

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An experiment was conducted at the University of Agriculture, Sub-campus Burewala Vehari during spring 2018 to investigate the most effective growth media for the growth of kinnow Mandarin seedlings along with highest potential of root, shoots, branches and leaves growth. The growing media is crucial for better plant growth and development. Seeds of Kinnow Mandarin were sown in twelve (12) different composite media (made from different proportions of peat moss, coco coir, compost, baggase, and soil) in CRD with three repeats. Data regarding germination of kinnow seeds and seedling quality parameters (Fresh weight, dry weight, seedling length, root shoot ratio, dry matter contents) were recorded during the experiment. The results proved that the peat moss was the most efficient among all the other growing media for producing the maximum number of leaves, shoot length, root length and seedling length while, compost was found to be a most effective medium for maximum seed germination. The composition in 1:1 of baggase + peat moss was most prominent to produce leaves with larger surface areas. Therefore, peat moss is an effective growth media among other growing media for Kinnow production.

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13

Naz, Sania, Anila Sajjad, Joham Ali, and MUHAMMAD ZIA. "Antioxidative, phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis of juices of eight citrus cultivars grown in Pakistan." Natural Resources for Human Health 2, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.53365/nrfhh/145221.

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Comparative nutritional analysis of citrus varieties cultivated in Pakistan has not been reported. Citrus is consumed all over the world due to its taste and also has pharmacological components. The present investigation evaluated the antioxidant, reducing power, total flavonoids and phenolics, DPPH free radical scavenging, protein kinase inhibition, and the antimicrobial activities of eight Pakistani citrus varieties. Grapefruit showed maximum total antioxidant potential (77 µg AAE/100 mg), followed by Kinnow and Shakri. Khatai showed maximum reducing power potential (69.6 µg AAE/100 mg) while Shakri and Grapefruit trailed it. All the varieties showed significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Maximum total phenolics in citrus juice were found in Shakri and Kinnow; 26.2 and 25.9 µg GAE/100mg, respectively. Variation in total flavonoids content was observed as Kinnow>Grapefruit>Shakri>Khatai. All the citrus juices showed mild to moderate antibacterial activity, while Mosambi and Malta contained potent antifungal components. HPLC analysis of citrus juices revealed that catechin was present in all citrus genotypes except Kinnow. The study concludes that citrus juices contain strong antioxidative potential, bear protein kinase inhibitors and can be used as cancer chemoprevention and supportive nutrition.

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14

KUMAR, Ramesh, Madhu SHARMA, and Shailesh Kumar SINGH. "Integrated Approach to Control of Fruit Drop and Improvement of Yield in Kinnow (Citrus nobilis X Citrus deliciosa)." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 15, no. 12 (November 17, 2017): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2018.2763.

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Fruit drop is a major problem with Kinnow mandarin in all fruit growing regions of the world. Kinnow growers suffer a greater economic loss when natural fruit drop (98.0 to 99.5 %) is accelerated by pathogenic infection, insect-pest infestation, and physiological or hormonal imbalance due to poor orchard management. The application of fungicides to minimize pathogenic attack; 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) to maintain hormonal balance; and KNO3 (Potassium nitrate) to maintain electrolytic balance and efficient utilization of nutrients for developing resistance against insect infestation has greater potential to reduce fruit drop in Kinnow. The fungicides, namely; Zeneb 75WP (0.25 %), Carzim-50 (0.1 %), Curzate M8 (0.25 %), COPRUS 50WP (0.3 %), and Cyproconazole 25EC (0.1 %), in combination with 2,4-D @ 20 ppm and KNO3 @ 1 %, were applied twice, in September and October, and the number of fruits fallen on the ground were counted to determine fruit drop. It was observed that application of T3 [Curzate M8 (0.25 %) + 2,4-D (20 ppm) + KNO3 (1 %)] was an excellent treatment for the integrated management of fruit drop in Kinnow as it had ensured the lowest (1.90-entomological, 3.53-pathological, and 4.75-physiological) fruit drop percentage with the highest fruit yield (432 fruits per plant).

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15

KAUR, KIRANDEEP, KRISHAN KUMAR, KAMALJIT KAUR, PARSHOTAM KUMAR ARORA, and KULDEEP SINGH. "Microsatellites assisted rapid identification of mandarin hybrids and assessment of their phenotypic variability." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 12 (February 10, 2021): 2307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i12.110313.

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Kinnow (Citrus nobilis × C. deliciosa) is a commercially important mandarin but contains large number of seeds. Mukaku Kishu (C. kinokuni), a seedless mandarin can be used to transfer seedlessness in Kinnow through hybridization. But, the polyembryony in Kinnow and absence of any heritable morphological trait in Mukaku Kishu are limiting factors in early identification of hybrids. SSR markers due to their high polymorphism and co-dominant nature are useful for hybrid identification. We performed hybridization between Kinnow (♀) and Mukaku Kishu (♂) and differentiated hybrids using SSR markers. A total of 134 SSR markers were tested for polymorphism between the parents; 20 were found polymorphic while four (CMS04, Ci06A05b, CiBE1500 and TAA15) were suitable for hybrid detection. The hybrid detection ability varied among the markers. The marker CMS04 identified 67 hybrids while the remaining three markers independently identified 104 hybrids from the total analysed 697 seedlings. The hybrid seedlings differed for height and number of spines per plant. The two traits also showed moderate positive association (Pearson correlation = 0.69). The study demonstrated the practical utility of SSR markers in enhancing the efficiency of breeding programmes in absence of distinct morphological distinguishers for hybrid detection. The identified hybrids progeny will serve as a foundation for identification of potentially seedless candidates.

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Gill, Mandeep Singh, Savreet Khehra, and Navjot Gupta. "Impact of intercropping on yield, fruit quality and economics of young Kinnow mandarin plants." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1814.

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Intercropping practices in orchard not only generate an extra income but the practice also helps to check the soil erosion through ground coverage and improves the physico-chemical properties of the soil.. The effect of intercrops on vegetative performance and quality of 5 years old Kinnow mandarins raised on Rough Lemon rootstocks at 6x6m spacing was studied at RRS, Bathinda during the year 2011-12 and 2012-13. An intercropping experiment comprising of seven treatments such as T1: guara (Summer) + wheat (winter), T2: guara (summer) + barley (winter), T3: guara (summer) + fenugreek (winter), T4: moong (summer) + wheat (winter), T5: moong (summer) + barley (winter), T6: moong (summer) + fenugreek (winter) and T7: control (fallow: no intercrop) was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications to assess the effect of various intercrops on the performance of Kinnow in arid irrigated region of Bathinda, Punjab. The results of the study revealed that guar + wheat intercropping system exhibited better performance which has been reflected in the form of plant height (3.31 cm), gross income (Rs. 41180/-), fruit number (175) and Total Soluble Solids(TSS) per cent (10.8) of Kinnow fruit. The work concludes that intercropping in Kinnow mandarin helps to improve yield, fruit quality and economic aspect.

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Hayat, Akbar, Ehsan Ul-Haque, Muhammad Asim, Naveeda Anjum, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Nawaz, and Raza Salik. "RESPONSE OF KINNOW CROP WITH RESPECT TO GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PRUNING." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.004.01.0178.

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Pruning is a technique that is employed in orchards to control growth, remove dead or diseased wood, to stimulate formation of flower and fruit buds. It has in common the objectives of manipulating the vegetative or reproductive growth. some of the benefit traditionally attributed pruning had been called into question by field research in past few decades. A proper training and pruning program is essential for maintenance of a healthy and productive orchard. To quantify the pruning intensity and level on the quality and yield in Kinnow fruit crop was studied in the department of Citrus Research institute, Sargodha from 2013 to 2015 . The research trial was conducted according to the RCBD with five replications. Mature and fruit bearing trees of Kinnow mandarin were pruned as No-pruning (T1), light-pruning 10 % (T2) , medium-pruning 25% (T3) and heavy-pruning 35 % (T4). Fruit yield per tree in terms of number of fruits was highest in third year in all contestant treatments i.e. 979 in medium-pruning, 957 in light-pruning, 929 in no-pruning and 853 in heavy-pruning. Medium pruning in respect of quality parameters like average fruit weight and juice percentage excelled among all treatments with results 223g and 54.6% respectively. Conclusively Maximum yield and quality of Kinnow fruit crop was obtained in medium-pruning which appeared to be the best pruning methodology in Kinnow crop

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Singh, Harjindra, Roop Singh Meena, and Pradeep Kumar. "A study on solomon 300 OD (Betacyfluthrin 90 + Imidacloprid 210 OD) against leaf minors (Phyllocnistis citrella stainton) on kinnow plants." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.2/815-820.

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The study trial was conducted on kinnow 2 trees per treatment/ replicationat Agricultural Research Station, Sriganganagar during 2016-2017. Eight treatments including control were evaluated and each treatment was replicated three times and using RBD. Observations were also taken on number of leaves and infested leaves per twigs from 5 randomly selected twigs. The first application of each treatment was made at according to need based using a water volume of 10 liters per treatment and second application was imposed on a need basis at an interval. The population of leaf infested with leaf minors per 20 leaves were made from a tree before as well as 3, 7, 10 and 15 days after each spray and one day before spray to work out leafs infestation using formula and observed the combination of both @ 7.0 ml / 10 lit was best for the control of leaf minor of kinnow and on at par in comparision to other treatments. The yield of fruit was recorded after harvesting the kinnow.

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Miri, Seied Mehdi, Meysam Salari, and Ahmad Ahmadpour. "Physicochemical Responses of ‘Kinnow’ Mandarins to Wax and Polyethylene Covering During Cold Storage." Open Agriculture 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0071.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of wax, polyethylene film (19 μm thickness) and storage time on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and shelf life of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. ‘Kinnow’) stored at 5°C for 90 days. The mandarins were analyzed for physicochemical characters such as weight loss, weight of fruit, flesh, pulp, juice and peel, as well as total soluble solids (TSS) content, titratable acidity (TA), and pH. Polyethylene film wrapping reduced fresh weight loss and resulted in the highest fruit weight at the end of the 90-day cold storage period. No significant differences were found among coating treatments in pH, TSS, TA content and TSS/TA. The results revealed an increasing trend in TSS and TSS/TA during storage. It is recommended to use polyethylene coating on ‘Kinnow’ mandarins to prevent weight loss and preserve quality during storage at low temperature (5°C) up to 90 days.

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Singh, Harjindra, Roop Singh Meena, and Pradeep Kumar. "A study on solomon 300 OD (Betacyfluthrin 90 + Imidacloprid 210 OD) against leaf minors (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) on kinnow plants." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/17.2/157-162.

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The study trial was conducted on kinnow 2 trees per treatment/ replicationat Agricultural Research Station, Sriganganagar during 2016-2017. Eight treatments including control were evaluated and each treatment was replicated three times and using RBD. Observations were also taken on number of leaves and infested leaves per twigs from 5 randomly selected twigs. The first application of each treatment was made at according to need based using a water volume of 10 liters per treatment and second application was imposed on a need basis at an interval. The population of leaf infested with leaf minors per 20 leaves were made from a tree before as well as 3, 7, 10 and 15 days after each spray and one day before spray to work out leaf infestation using formula and observed the combination of both @ 7.0 ml / 10 lit was best for the control of leaf minor of kinnow and on at par in comparision to other treatments. The yield of fruit was recorded after harvesting the kinnow.

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21

Vamshi, Thammali, Rajni Rajan, Gundu Boina Gopichand Reddy, Tanya Singh, Keerthana Chundurwar, Akshay Kumar, and Rahul Rodge Ramprasad. "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators for Improvement of the Quality and Shelf Life of Kinnow (Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa): A Review." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 8 (June 9, 2023): 1111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82050.

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Plant growth regulator’s plays a very important role in Kinnow production. There are different type of PGR’s that includes GA3, NAA, CPPU and Ethyl which when applied on kinnow performs well and give good results such as high quality, yield and long shelf life of the fruit. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are well known for having a significant impact on fruit retention. Plant growth regulators are hormones that are involved in physiological functions, developmental aspect and have an impact on cell development and growth. They are cellular communication tools known as chemical messengers Also known by the name "plant hormones”. Plant growth regulators enhance fruit set, minimize fruit drop, and correct a variety of physiological functions to improve quality and productivity by improving the physiology of fruits. Gibberellins and auxin are frequently used to reduce fruit drop and enhance fruit quality. The primary role of plant growth regulators in the creation of Kinnow mandarins is the main subject of this review.

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22

Juyal, Dhruv. "Sensory evaluation of kinnow powder." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 11, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijae/11.1/90-94.

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23

Brar, S. S., P. P. S. Minhas, and G. S. Kaundal. "CHEMICAL THINNING OF KINNOW MANDARIN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 321 (October 1992): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.321.47.

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24

Kumar, Amit, and Pankaj Kumar. "Factors affecting knowledge level of kinnow growers about cultivation practices of kinnow in Punjab." Agricultural Research Journal 58, no. 2 (2021): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2021.00048.x.

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25

Singh, Sidakmeet, Monika Gupta, H. S. Rattanpal, Gurteg Singh, and Nirmaljit Kaur. "Studies on fruit pedicel concerning fruitlet abscission in kinnow mandarin." Indian Journal of Horticulture 80, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.58993/ijh/2023.80.1.12.

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Fruit drop is a major constraint for the production of kinnow mandarin. The present investigation comparedthe physical, biochemical and anatomical dynamics taking place in abscised and non-abscised fruit pedicelsof Kinnow mandarin at physiological and pathological fruit drop stages. The pedicel parameters (length, girthand weight) were higher in non-abscised than the abscised fruits. The activities of polygalacturonase (4.01μg D-glucose released g-1 FW min-1) and cellulase (4.34 μg D-glucose released g-1 FW min-1) enzymes weresignificantly low in non-abscised as compared to abscised fruit pedicels. The transverse sections of nonabscisedhealthy fruit pedicels revealed intact phloem and long xylem vessels in the vascular tissue. However,pedicels of abscised fruits showed degradation of cells and formation of the abscission zone. Fruit pedicelparameters had positive correlation with mineral nutrients, total soluble sugars and total soluble proteins,however, non-abscised fruit pedicels were negatively correlated with cell wall degrading enzymes. The fruitpedicel health has been found important and positively associated with the diminution in physiological andpathological fruit abscission in kinnow mandarin.

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26

Usman, M., T. Saeed, M. M Khan, and B. Fatima. "Occurrence of spontaneous polyploids in Citrus." Horticultural Science 33, No. 3 (November 23, 2011): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3751-hortsci.

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Seedlings recovered from underdeveloped seeds of different commercial cultivars of Citrus were studied for their ploidy level. Cytological examination revealed that maximum triploid plants were found in lime Kaghzi (15.5%) followed by grapefruit Foster, mandarin Kinnow, sweet orange Musambi and mandarin Feutrell’s Early (7.3%). Lime also produced the highest percentage of tetraploids (9.1%) followed by mandarin Kinnow and grapefruit Foster, while the minimum was found in mandarin Feutrell’s Early. The polyploids were transplanted in pots and after hardening they were grown in the greenhouse for further morphological and genetic assays.  

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Kumar, Gaurav, Vijay Bahadur, Samir E. Topno, Saket Mishra, and Annjoe V. Joseph. "Impact of Different Packaging Materials on the Quality and Shelf Life of Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 18 (July 15, 2023): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i183284.

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The experiment carried out on the “Impact of Different Packaging Materials on The Quality and Shelf Life of Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)".Under the study the packaging treatments include T1 (Control or no packaging), T2 (Fruits packed in Newspaper), T3 (Fruits wrapped in Brown paper bags), T4 (Fruits packed in Aluminium Foil), T5 (Fruits wrapped in LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene), T6 (Fruits packed in Rice stubble), T7 (fruits packed in Perforated boxes), T8 (Fruits packed in Gunny bags), T9 (Fruits packed in Nylon net bags). The main objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of various packaging materials on physico-chemical characteristics of Kinnow fruit during storage. The physico-chemical evaluation of the fruits of each treatment was done upto 24 days and all the observations were recorded at every 6 days interval. The Fruit Weight, Polar Diameter, Radial Diameter, Peel weight having the decreasing trend, the highest mean was found in T5 during storage which were (151.70), (57.58), (59.11), (36.08) respectively. The TSS(0Brix) and pH were recorded lowest in the fruits packed in T5 during storage which were (10.45) and (4.02) respectively. Specific gravity of fruits had decreasing trend during storage period and found highest (0.86) in T5 at 24 days while ascorbic acid and titrable acidity had decreasing trend and mean values was found highest (17.89) and (0.89) in T5 respectively during storage. On basis of study results shown by physico-chemical characteristics of kinnow, it was concluded that kinnow fruits packed in T5 LDPE packing has highest overall acceptability at 24 days of storage. These practices may be passed on for obtaining higher returns with B:C ratio of 2.39.

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Ghosh, M., A. Ganguli, and M. Kumar. "Handling Practices During Distribution of Kinnow-Mandarins (Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa) Used for Preparation of Fresh-Squeezed Juices and their Effects on Microbiological Safety." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol10iss1pp27-31.

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The objective of this study was to assess the microbiological safety of Kinnow-mandarins (Citrus nobilis X Citrus deliciosa) used for preparation of fresh squeezed juices by street vendors. One hundred and fifty Kinnow mandarin samples were collected from different points in the distribution chain from the same lot, washed and aliquots of the wash samples were analyzed for total aerobes, Staphylococcus, total and fecal coliforms, Salmonella and Shigella. Although, there was no notable increase in the total aerobic, total or fecal coliform counts, total staphylococcal counts increased significantly (P<0.05) during distribution to street vendors; seventy-two samples from the street vendors showed the presence of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, twenty-three of these produced enterotoxins B and C. Salmonella and Shigella were not detected in any of the samples. Sources of high numbers of enterotoxigenic S. aureus were traced to unhygienic manual handling by middle level buyers and by street vendors. The results of our study demonstrate the poor microbiological quality of Kinnow-mandarins, the possible entry points of contaminants in the distribution chain of these fruits and unhygienic vending practices. Appropriate intervention measures are needed to ensure safe fresh squeezed juices for consumers.

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29

SRIVASTAVA, A. K. "Development of DRIS based soil fertility and leaf nutrient standards for improving the efficiency of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in semi-arid region of Rajasthan." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10120.

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The study was carried out during 2015-16 at district Sriganganagar under semi arid region of Rajasthan India with the aim to diagnose the soil fertility indicator by using DRIS norms to improve the kinnow orchards efficiency. A total 105 kinnow mandarin orchards were selected through the preliminary survey, all the selected orchards were divided equally 35 each in low, medium and high efficiency based on the yield. The soil and plant sample were collected from the orchards and subjected to analyze by using standard analysis protocols. Five tier DRIS norms were used for determining the soil properties limiting factor. The high efficient orchards had low pH (8.1) and CaCO3, (23.4 g kg-1) whereas, comparatively more organic carbon (2.7 g kg-1) , phosphorus (38.2 kg ha-1) and potassium (296.2 kg ha-1) than medium and low efficient orchards. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were also high in high yield orchards and ultimately responsible for the better quality parameters viz. fruit weight (170.35 g), Juice (49.51 %), total soluble sugar (12.88 %) and low acidity (0.81 %) in high efficient orchards. The five tier DRIS norms suggested that < 8.8 pH, < 89.0 g kg-1 CaCO3, < 2.5 g kg-1 organic carbon and 14.2 kg ha-1 phosphorus were limiting soil fertility indicators in relation to fruit yield less than 14.5 t ha-1 for kinnow mandarin orchards of semi arid region of Rajasthan. It is evident from the DRIS norms in relation to soil properties and plant tissue concentration yield should be considered as low when it is less than 14.5 to 20.2 t ha-1. It is therefore imperative to manage these parameters for the better quality production and sustainability of kinnow orchards

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30

Ikram, Muhammad, Naveed Iqbal Raja, Zia-Ur-Rehman Mashwani, Ahmad Alsayed Omar, Azza H. Mohamed, Seema Hassan Satti, and Efat Zohra. "Phytogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Elicited the Physiological, Biochemical, and Antioxidant Defense System Amelioration of Huanglongbing-Infected ‘Kinnow’ Mandarin Plants." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030356.

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Citrus greening or huanglongbing (HLB) is commonly known as yellow dragon disease and affects citrus production worldwide. Therefore, it has a significant impact on and deleterious effects in the agro-industrial sector. Significant efforts have been made to combat this disease and mitigate its destructive impact on citrus production, but still, there is no effective biocompatible treatment available to control HLB disorder. This study is considered the first biocompatible approach to evaluate the potential of phytogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to improve the health of HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) with specific primers were used to detect HLB disease in ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants, and PCR products were sequenced to identify Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), and accession numbers for CLas1 and CLas2, MZ851933 and MZ851934, respectively, were obtained. SeNPs were synthesized by using Allium sativum L. clove extract as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent and various techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry, energy dispersive X-rays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to confirm the biogenesis of SeNPs. Different concentrations of SeNPs (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L−1) were exogenously applied to HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants and obtained spectacular results. The obtained results from the current study proved that 75 mg L−1 of SeNPs was most effective to improve the chlorophyll, carotenoids, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), total soluble sugar (TSS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) and significant decrease was observed in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline (PRO) contents of HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants as compared to untreated diseased citrus plants. In conclusion, these results allow us to synthesize the SeNPs formulation as a promising management strategy to treat the HLB disease in citrus plants.

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31

SRIVASTAVA, A. K. "Development of DRIS based soil fertility and leaf nutrient standards for improving the efficiency of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in semi-arid region of Rajasthan." ANNALS OF PLANT AND SOIL RESEARCH 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2022.10120.

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Анотація:

The study was carried out during 2015-16 at district Sriganganagar under semi arid region of Rajasthan India with the aim to diagnose the soil fertility indicator by using DRIS norms to improve the kinnow orchards efficiency. A total 105 kinnow mandarin orchards were selected through the preliminary survey, all the selected orchards were divided equally 35 each in low, medium and high efficiency based on the yield. The soil and plant sample were collected from the orchards and subjected to analyze by using standard analysis protocols. Five tier DRIS norms were used for determining the soil properties limiting factor. The high efficient orchards had low pH (8.1) and CaCO3, (23.4 g kg-1) whereas, comparatively more organic carbon (2.7 g kg-1) , phosphorus (38.2 kg ha-1) and potassium (296.2 kg ha-1) than medium and low efficient orchards. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were also high in high yield orchards and ultimately responsible for the better quality parameters viz. fruit weight (170.35 g), Juice (49.51 %), total soluble sugar (12.88 %) and low acidity (0.81 %) in high efficient orchards. The five tier DRIS norms suggested that < 8.8 pH, < 89.0 g kg-1 CaCO3, < 2.5 g kg-1 organic carbon and 14.2 kg ha-1 phosphorus were limiting soil fertility indicators in relation to fruit yield less than 14.5 t ha-1 for kinnow mandarin orchards of semi arid region of Rajasthan. It is evident from the DRIS norms in relation to soil properties and plant tissue concentration yield should be considered as low when it is less than 14.5 to 20.2 t ha-1. It is therefore imperative to manage these parameters for the better quality production and sustainability of kinnow orchards.

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32

Nazir, Qasim, Shahla Rashif, Muhammad Ahsan Qureshi, Mukarram Ali Tahir, and Erum Rashid. "Yield and Fruit Quality of Kinnow Mandarin Influenced by Foliar Spray of Different Nutrients." Journal of Applied Research in Plant Sciences 4, no. 02 (May 26, 2023): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2023.04.02.184.

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Citrus (Citrus sinensis L.) is one of the world's most significant fruit crops, 3rd among subtropical fruits. Kinnow is considered as the trademark of Pakistan’s citriculture industry, dominates the major citrus growing areas of the country. Macro and micronutrients have the capacity to regulate and manipulate the growth and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin. The present study was initiated to evaluate the influence of foliar sprays of nutrients on yield and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin. For this purpose, foliar sprays of nitrogen (1 and 1.5 %), iron (0.25 and 0.5 %) and zinc (0.25 and 0.5 %) were applied at pre flowering stage. The trial was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The parameters such as reducing sugars (%), acidity (pH), TSS (brix)0, total sugars (%), total fruits per plant, fruit set (%), yield per tree (Kg), length of fruit (cm), fruit width (mm), total number of seeds per fruit and peel thickness (mm) were studied. The collected data was analyzed statistically by Using STATISTIX 8.1 According to results, T6 (Nitrogen @1.5%) gave best results in terms of reducing sugars, TSS/Brix (0), total sugars (%), fruit set (%), yield per tree (Kg), fruit length (cm), fruit width (mm), number of seeds per fruit and peel thickness (mm). The minimum acidity (pH) was recorded in T5 (Nitrogen @1%) and T4 (FeSO4 @0.5%). While the maximum number of fruits per plant were recorded in T4 (FeSO4 @0.5%) then in T2 (ZnSO4 @0.5%). All the treatments gave good result as compare to T0 (control / no treatment) while T6 (Nitrogen @1.5%) gave best results in maximum parameters observation. From the results it was concluded that foliar spray Nitrogen @1.5% can be used for enhancing the yield and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin.

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Sharma, R. R., and S. K. Saxena. "Rootstocks influence granulation in Kinnow mandarin ()." Scientia Horticulturae 101, no. 3 (September 2004): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2003.10.010.

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34

Shamshiri, M. H., K. Usha, and Bhupinder Singh. "Growth and Nutrient Uptake Responses of Kinnow to Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae." ISRN Agronomy 2012 (November 30, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/535846.

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In a field experiment, three-year-old Kinnow trees budded on Jatti Katti (C. jambhiri) rootstock were inoculated by three different arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), Glomus manihotis (T1), Glomus mosseae (T2), and Gigaspora gigantia (T3), separately or in combination (T4). Microscopic assessment of AM colonization on Kinnow roots showed a relatively lower level of infection by different species when inoculated separately than when inoculaed together. Application of AM improved growth parameters like plant height, canopy volume, mean leaf area, and number of new shoots per plant but had no effect on trunk diameter, number of leaf per new shoot and new shoot diameter. Flowering phenology was also altered by AM infection. The infected plants produced more flowers which despite abscission caused an increase in the initial number of fruits. AM inoculation increased plant phosphorous in T3, potassium in T1, T2, T3, calcium in T2, T3, T4, and the AM-nutrient relationship did not reveal any generalized pattern. Inoculated plants, however, had higher concentration of different elements by the second year of the experiment indicating towards the continuous and cumulative effect of AM infection on plant nutrient accumulation. Further, the beneficial effects of AM on Kinnow were not related to the difference in the species of mycorrhiza.

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35

GURTEG SINGH, HARINDER SINGH RATTANPAL, MONIKA GUPTA, and GURUPKAR SINGH SIDHU. "Standardization of stage wise water requirement in drip irrigated Kinnow mandarin orchards under sub-tropical conditions." Journal of Agrometeorology 22, no. 3 (November 10, 2021): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v22i3.193.

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An experiment on drip irrigation scheduling based on pan evaporation replenishment was conducted in Kinnow orchard at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2010-2018. Year was divided into six stages (stage 1 to stage VI) including two months in each stage. First treatment included irrigation scheduling with 30 and 40% ER, treatment two with 40 and 60% ER, treatment three with 60 and 80% ER, alternatively during stages I to VI. However, fourth and fifth treatments had irrigation with 80% ER and 30% ER, respectively, in all the stages. Maximum daily open pan evaporation (9.15 mm) was recorded in May and minimum (1.19 mm) was recorded in January. The water requirement varied from 2.8 liters day-1 tree-1 in stage-I to 58.3 liters day-1 tree-1 in stage-III. Linear increase in vegetative and reproductive growth was observed with increase in irrigation water. Polynomial relationship studies indicated the increase in water quantity applied to Kinnow with increase in temperature subject to the prevailing relative humidity. Similarly, volumes of water applied increased with increased mean evaporation. The study concluded that drip irrigation scheduling with 60 to 80% ER alternatively, starting from January to December save significant amount of water, without affecting yield and quality of Kinnow under subtropical conditions.

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36

Usha, K., A. Saxena, and B. Singh. "Rhizosphere dynamics influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus deserticola) and related changes in leaf nutrient status and yield of Kinnow mandarin {King (Citrus nobilis) × Willow Leaf (Citrus deliciosa)}." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 5 (2004): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03036.

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Rhizosphere modification through root exudation is an important attribute that regulates not only the availability of nutrients in the soil but also their acquisition by plants. To test the above, 10-year-old Kinnow mandarin plants budded on Troyer citrange were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus deserticola) and Azotobacter chroococcum in different combinations with organic-farm-yard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilisers in February when the root system was active. Plants with FYM alone were treated as a control. In the present investigation, a higher release of organic acids such as malic, citric, shikimic, and fumaric acids was evident from symbiotic roots of Kinnow inoculated with AMF (G. deserticola). Soil pH decreased significantly from 8.5 before the start of the experiment to 6.4 at the end of the experiment in the treatment where G. deserticola was applied with FYM. A decrease in soil EC and organic carbon, and an increase in soil availability of N, P, and K, leaf nutrient status, and fruit yield and quality were observed when the plants were inoculated with G. deserticola compared with all other treatments. This study indicates that G. deserticola, when compared with A. chroococcum, modifies the rhizosphere favourably to improve soil nutrient availability and consequent uptake by plants and thus result in better growth, fruit yield, and quality of Kinnow.

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Singla, Gisha, Umesh Singh, Rajender S. Sangwan, Parmjit S. Panesar, and Meena Krishania. "Comparative study of various processes used for removal of bitterness from kinnow pomace and kinnow pulp residue." Food Chemistry 335 (January 2021): 127643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127643.

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38

Vikram, Balaji, V. M. Prasad, and Surya Narayan. "Studies on Kinnow-aonlaready-to-serve beverages." Indian Journal of Horticulture 73, no. 2 (2016): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2016.00068.2.

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39

Sandhu, S. S. "POSTHARVEST HANDLING TECHNIQUES FOR CV. KINNOW MANDARIN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 321 (October 1992): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.321.94.

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40

Mohsin Iqb, M., N. Altaf, E. K. Murwat, I. A. Hafiz, and I. A. Bhatti. "A Marker For Seedlessness In Kinnow Mandarin." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 15, 2000): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.69.69.

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41

Saini, Anuradha, Parmjit Singh Panesar, and Manab Bandhu Bera. "Comparative Study on the Extraction and Quantification of Polyphenols from Citrus Peels Using Maceration and Ultrasonic Technique." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 7, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.7.3.08.

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Citrus processing industry generates the large amount of byproducts, which are rich in polyphenols that have high antioxidant properties. These polyphenols can be extracted and utilized in different applications. In present investigation, comparative study was undertaken using maceration (M) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) for the efficient extraction of polyphenols from citrus peels of different cultivars such as ‘kinnow mandarin’ (Citrus reticulata) and ‘mousambi’ (Citrus limetta). The total phenols (28.30 mg/GAE g dw), flavonoids (4.40 mg/CE g dw) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (48.23%) were attained from kinnow mandarin peels whereas total phenols (21.99 mg/GAE g dw), flavonoids (2.07 mg/CE g dw) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (39.73%) were obtained from mousambi peels using UAE method. Therefore, the results indicated the efficiency of UAE method as compared to maceration technique for the extraction of polyphenols in terms of high yield and their antioxidant properties.

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Naveen, Kamatala, Vijay Bahadur, Annjoe V. Joseph, and Manoj Achanta. "Effect of Different Concentrations of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), Seaweed Extract and Phloroglucinol on Air Layering in Kinnow." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 12 (May 11, 2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i122970.

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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the best treatment combination among IBA, Seaweed Extract and Phloroglucinol concentration for assesing the success rate, survival percentage of Kinnow. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Design having 12 treatments and replicated 3 times. The T7 IBA@2000ppm+Phloroglucinol@5000ppm recorded highest values in terms of success in rooting percentage (73.67), number of days taken for initial root formation (28.44), root length of layers (7.30cm), number of roots per layering (20.44), root thickness (3.70mm), number of new sprouts per layer (6.56-1MAP, 8.89-2MAP, 8.56-3MAP & 8.00-4MAP), number of new leaves per layer (6.67-1MAP, 10.56-2MAP, 7.09-3MAP & 12.78-4MAP), length of new shoots (4.26cm-1MAP, 5.23cm-2MAP, 7.09cm-3MAP & 9.94cm-4MAP) and survival percentage of rooted polybag transplanted air layers (68.66%) respectively in Kinnow, whereas minimum values were recorded in T6 (IBA@3000ppm + SWE@5000ppm).

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Meena, Roop Singh, Harjindra Singh, Pradeep Kumar, and Bhupender Singh. "A study of efficacy of solomon 300 OD (betacyfluthrin 90 + imidacloprid 210 OD) on psylla (Diaphorina citri Kuwayana) in kinnow." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.2/793-798.

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The study trial was conducted on kinnow 2 trees per treatment/ replicationat Agricultural Research Station, Sriganganagar during 2016-2017. Eight treatments including control were evaluated and each treatment was replicated three times and using RBD. Observations were also taken on number of leaves and infested leaves per twigs from 5 randomly selected twigs. The first application of each treatment was made at Economic threshold level using a water volume of 10 liters per treatment and second application was imposed on a need basis at an interval.The population of pysllaper 20 leaves were made from a tree before as well as 3, 7, 10 and 15 days after each spray and one day before spray to work out leaf and twig infestation using formula and observed the combination of both @ 7.0 ml / 10 lit was best for the control of pyslla and on at par in comparision to other treatments. The yield of fruit was recorded after harvesting the kinnow.

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44

Bishnoi, Vikas, Anshul Goyal, and HN Verma. "Elimination of Indian Citrus Ringspot Virus in Kinnow by Using Phytoproteins with Shoot‐tip Grafting." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 27, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v27i1.35006.

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The combined beneficial effect of shoot‐tip grafting with phytotherapy of different phytoproteins obtained from roots of Boerhaavia diffusa and leaves of Clerodendrum aculeatum to eliminate Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV) from Kinnow is reported. The study also reports the effect of these phytoproteins on the growth and proliferation of Kinnow explants when nodal segments from infected mother plants (confirmed by RT‐PCR) cultured in MS containing different concentrations of aqueous extracts of these individual phytoproteins. Shoot‐tips from these nodal sprouts were grafted on Citrus jambhiri under in vitro condition. Phytoproteins from C. aculeatum were found utmost effective in respect of elimination of 50% virus followed by B. diffusa (40%). In respect of promotion of growth and proliferation of nodal explants, B. diffusa was found most effective followed by C. aculeatum. The plants were considered virus‐free when they showed absence of ICRSV in both DAC‐ELISA and RT‐PCR tests.Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 27(1): 1-11, 2017 (June)

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45

Verma, Geeta, P. K. Mahajan, and Anju Sharma. "Correlation and path analysis between yield and different morphological characters in Kinnow Mandarin (C. Noballis × C. Deliciosa)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1774.

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A study of interrelationship and cause-effect analysis of yield of Kinnow Mandarin (C. Noballis × C. deliciosa) and its component traits for 104 and 96 trees from Indora (Location L-1) and Indpur (Location L-2) blocks of Kangra district respectively had been done in 2014-15. F-test suggested that there was significant (1.47) variation among yield characteristics between these two locations except for fruit weight (gm) and LD ratio. Results obtained from path coefficient analysis, showed that for location L-1, number of fruits per branch (0.229), plant height (0.215) and tree girth (0.212) had highest and direct effect on yield per tree whereas for location L-2, fruit weight (0.38), number of flowers per branch (0.176) and plant girth (0.161) had highest direct effect on yield per plant. Thus, number of fruits per branch, number of flowers per branch and tree girth were the most important yield components of kinnow crop which should be exploited through a breeding programme for improving its yield potential.

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46

BAJAJ, KAVITA, and SANDEEP SINGH. "Preference of Bactrocera spp. to methyl eugenol based different coloured traps." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i1.98692.

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Fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) are highly destructive pests of peach, pear, guava and Kinnow mandarin causing up to 80, 70, 100 and 60-80% fruit infestation, respectively. These fruit flies are very difficult to manage due to the fact that they are polyphagous, multivoltine adults have high mobility and fecundity and all the development stages are unexposed. Males of Bactocera spp. are highly attracted toward parapheromone methyl eugenol. Studies on the response of fruit flies to methyl eugenol based different coloured PAU fruit fly traps (red, green, yellow and standard transparent trap) were carried out in peach, pear, guava and Kinnow orchards during 2016-17. The result showed that yellow trap was consistently the most attractive as compared to other trap colours in all the four crops. The use of yellow coloured fruit fly traps can help in attracting more fruit flies, thereby reducing their population in the respective orchards.

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47

Singh, Harjindra, and Roop Singh Meena. "Assessment of solomon 300 OD (Betacyfluthrin 90 + Imidacloprid 210 OD) as phtotoxixity and effects on natural enimies of sucking insect pests in kinnow plants." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/17.2/146-150.

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The trial for study was on orchard of Agricultural Research Station Srigangangar of kinnow 2 trees per treatment/ replication during 2016-2017. Eight treatments including control were evaluated and each treatment was replicated three times and using RBD to work bio-effeciacy of natural enemies of sucking insect pests of kinnow. Observations in each plot separately on natural enemies’ population were also recorded one days before of spray and 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after spray and evaluated from pooled data the natural enemies population has reduced some extend 3rd after spray and again increased also no ill effect of the natural enemies’ population. Out of these treatments two treatments one using 7 ml/ha and 14 ml/hawas taken as phyto-toxicity observation. No phyto toxicity symptoms was observed on number of leaves and infested leaves per twigs from 5 randomly selected twigs by viewing symptoms like leaf injury, yellowing, stunting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty in the leafs.

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48

Kaur, Manmeet, Parampal Sahota, Neha Sharma, Kirandip Kaur, and Bhavish Sood. "Enzymatic Production of Debittered Kinnow Juice and Beverage." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 1180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.143.

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49

Singh, Gurdeep, and B. S. Chahil. "Effect NAA of crop Regulation on Kinnow Decline." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.019.

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50

Rattanpal, H. S., and G. S. Sidhu. "Development of low seeded kinnow through mutation breeding." Agricultural Research Journal 52, no. 2 (2015): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2015.00018.6.

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