Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Kayaking – Florida – Kissimmee River Valley"

Following the disappearance of the seven Buckingham Member (Unit 10) Cypraeidae from the Myakka Lagoon System (Myakka), there was a hiatus represented by two strata at Sarasota (Pinecrest Members 9 & 8) in the early Piacenzian Pliocene, 3.6 million years ago (“mya”), from which no Cypraeidae have been recorded. This was followed by the warmest and most tropical conditions of the entire Pliocene. The sea grass beds and mud flats, which were the preferred habitats of the Pinecrest Cypraeidae, returned in force. The depositional strata which resulted, Pinecrest (Unit 7) and its Kissimmee River Valley Equivalent, were very thick and probably represent a long period of uninterrupted deposition. Eight new species in six genera emerged in Myakka. In the Kissimmee River Valley (Kissimmee), six new species in three genera (one new) emerged as the first and earliest known Cypraeidae species from that area. This represented geographically separate, but parallel, evolutionary tracks. Pinecrest Members 6 & 5 represented a repeat of the conditions experienced during Pinecrest Members 9 & 8, resulting in the disappearance of all Pinecrest (Unit 7) Cypraeidae from Myakka and Kissimmee.

Two new fossil Helmet Shells of the genus Cassis Scopoli, 1777 (Cassidae) and a new fossil Grinning Tun Shell of the genus Malea Valenciennes, 1832 (Tonnidae) are described from the Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil beds of southern Florida. The new Helmet Shells, Cassis rasae n. sp. and Cassis viliusi n. sp., were both collected in the rich fossil beds of the Holey Land Member of the Bermont Formation (Calabrian Stage, Early Pleistocene) and the new Grinning Tun, Malea hyaducki n. sp., was collected in the Fruitville Member (Kissimmee River Valley equivalent beds) of the Tamiami Formation (late Piacenzian Stage of the Pliocene). The discovery of two new large Helmet Shells in the Holey Land Member demonstrates that four species of Cassis are present in the Bermont Formation, making this the single largest fossil Cassis fauna found anywhere on Earth. The new Grinning Tun represents the oldest-known Malea found in Florida, and is the direct ancestor of the Gelasian Pleistocene Malea springi (Caloosahatchee Formation) and the Calabrian Pleistocene Malea petiti (Bermont Formation).

The disappearance of all Pinecrest and equivalent Cypraeidae species from most of their habitats was caused by the circa 200,000 year cooling period in the mid Piacenzian Pliocene, c. 3.2-3.0 mya, and the associated significantly lower sea levels and dry terrestrial conditions in southern Florida. The cooling period was followed by a warming period, which resulted in the Tamiami Subsea being flooded to its maximum size and produced wide-spread tropical conditions throughout southern Florida, roughly similar to today’s southwest Pacific. This resulted in the renewed radiation and speciation of the Cypraeidae populations. In the Myakka Lagoon System, the eight Pinecrest Member (Unit 7) Cypraeidae species in five genera were followed by ten new species in five genera which emerged in Fruitville (Unit 4) time. In the Kissimmee River Valley, the five Unit 7 equivalent species in three genera were followed by eight new species in three genera, which emerged in that area. The number of genera remains consistent at three with the only species previously assigned to Pseudadusta Petuch, 2004 placed into synonymy with Akleistotoma bairdi (Petuch, 2004). This represented a continuation of geographically separate, but parallel, evolutionary tracks.

Four species of the Pahayokea (Gardnericypraea) Petuch and Drolshagen, 2011 subgenus are reclassified as Akleistostoma (Gardnericypraea) subgenus species. This represents a continuation of geographically separate, but parallel, evolutionary tracks throughout the Piacenzian Pliocene Tamiami Formation

Unit 2 was the last member of the Tamiami Formation of the Late Piacenzian Pliocene. Its ending signaled the commencement of a two stage extinction event. The first stage wounding event resulted in the disappearance of the Akleistostoma (Gardner, 1948), Calusacypraea (Petuch, 1996) and Pseudadusta (Petuch, 2004) genera and the end of the Tamiami Formation.

The Leisey Shell Pit Local Fauna was collected from two adjacent commercial shell mines located 7 km southwest of Ruskin and less than 1 km inland from Tampa Bay in Hillsborough County, Florida Leisey Shell Pit is one of the most diverse Irvingtonian vertebrate faunas in North America, composed of at least 203 species: 14 sharks, 9 rays, 50 bony fish, 3 amphibians, 26 reptiles. 52 birds, and 49 mammals. Leisey 1A and Leisey 3A are the largest of the four principal sites that constitute the Leisey Shell Pit Local Fauna. Leisey 1A has extensive samples of large mammals, in particular: the camelids Palaeolama mirifica and Hemiauchenia macrocephala, two species of Equus, the primitive mammoth Mammuthus hayi, the ground sloths Paramylodon harlani and Nothrotheriops texanus, the giant tapir Tapirus haysii, the peccary Platygonus vetus, the gracile sabercat Smilodon gracilis, the short-faced bear Arctodus pristinus, and the canid Canis edwardii. The large mammal fauna from Leisey 3A is dominated by associated juvenile skeletons of Hemiauchenia macrocephala, while its diverse microvertebrate assemblage contains important samples of freshwater fish, sirens, aquatic snakes, birds, and small mammals. Sediments in the Leisey Shell Pit are referred to four formations, each of which has produced vertebrate fossils. At the base of the stratigraphic section is an indurated, tan to light gray dolostone referred to the Arcadia Formation. A horse tooth identified as "Merychippus" tertius derived from this unit is indicative of an early Barstovian age (early middle Miocene). Reworked sediments on top of the Arcadia Formation contain several land mammals, including the horses Nannippus aztecus, Neohipparion eurystyle, and Cormohipparion ingenuum, whose association is characteristic of Florida late early Hemphillian (late Miocene) faunas. Phosphatic gravel and spheroidal metaquartzite pebbles in this unit are typical of the upper Bone Valley Formation. The major concentrations of vertebrate fossils in the Leisey Shell Pit occur in thin, irregular layers of organic-rich sediment distributed throughout about 7 m of sandy marine shell beds referred to the Bermont Formation which unconformably overlies the Arcadia Formation. The large assemblage of land mammals from these organic units in the Bermont Formation is early Irvingtonian (early Pleistocene) in age. Shell beds of the Fort Thompson Formation occur in the Leisey section above an erosional unconformity at the top of the Bermont Formation. The Fort Thompson shell beds contain a distinctly younger mammalian fauna, including the bison Bison sp., the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus, and the tapir Tapirus veroensis, typical of the late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean). Geochronological data derived from paleomagnetic analysis, strontium isotope geochronology, sea levels, and molluscan and vertebrate biochronology have been incorporated in a multidisciplinary effort to determine the age of the Bermont Formation at the Leisey Shell Pit. Molluscan biochronology implies an early or middle Pleistocene age, whereas mammalian biochronology is considerably more precise strongly favoring an early Pleistocene age between 1.6 and 1.0 Ma. All paleomagnetic samples from the Bermont Formation at Leisey have reversed polarity and are referred to the Matuyama Chron, indicating an age greater than 0.78 Ma. The Leisey Bermont section does not correlate to the Jaramillo Subchron of normal polarity between 1.07 and 0.99 Ma. It is also unlikely the Leisey beds were deposited during the youngest portion of the Matuyama between 0.99 and 0.78 Ma. The combination of data from magnetic polarity, mammalian biochronology, and sea level strongly indicates that the Bermont Formation at Leisey is older than 1.07 Ma and younger than 1.55 Ma. Strontium isotope ratios from Chione cancellata (Mollusca) shells from Leisey indicate an age between 1 and 2 Ma. Leisey is younger than Florida's best known earliest Irvingtonian (latest Pliocene) faunas, Inglis 1A and De Solo Shell Pit, based on the presence of five genera unknown in North America before the Pleistocene: Nothrotheriops, Lutra, Castoroides, Palaeolama, and Mammuthus. Four rodents from Leisey, Geomys pinetis, Erethizon dorsatum, Sigmodon libitinus, and Ondatra annectens, differ at the species level from their congeners at Inglis and De Soto. Leisey also lacks various Blancan holdover species found in the two older faunas, including the dwarf Florida form of Megatonyx leptostomus, Chasmaporthetes ossifragus, Trigonictis macrodon, and Capromeryx arizonensis. The occurrence of numerous species at Leisey that are unknown after the early Irvingtonian, including Glyptotherium arizonae, Pachyarmatherium leiseyi, Holmesina floridanus, Nothrotheriops texanus, Sigmodon libitinus, and Canis edwardii, further constrains the age of this fauna, ruling out a middle Irvingtonian or younger age assignment The Leisey mammalian fauna correlates most closely with the late early Irvingtonian, between about 1.6 and 1.0 Ma. Other Florida faunas similar in age to Leisey are Haile 16A, Haile 21A, Crystal River Power Plant, Pool Branch, Payne Creek Mine, Rigby Shell Pit and Punta Gorda. Of these sites Haile 16A is probably somewhat older (between 1.6 and 1.3 Ma) based on the occurrence of several holdovers from Florida late Blancan and earliest Irvingtonian faunas, including Sylvilagus webbi, Geomys propinetis, and Trigonictis. Western early Irvingtonian faunas that are correlatives of Leisey include: Gilliland, Texas; Holloman, Oklahoma; Kentuck, Nash, and Wathena in Kansas; Sappa, Nebraska; and Java, South Dakota. Among these sites, Leisey has the largest number of diagnostic laxa in common with the Gilliland Local Fauna, including Glyptotherium arizonae, a medium-sized Holmesina floridanus, Nothrotheriops texanus, Canis edwardii, Tapirus haysii and primitive Mammuthus. Leisey and other late early Irvingtonian faunas are younger than earliest Irvingtonian faunas (2.0 to 1.6 Ma) such as Curtis Ranch Arizona and Inglis 1A and De Soto Shell Pit of Florida, and are older than middle Irvingtonian faunas (1.0-0.6 Ma), including: the type Irvington fauna from California; Cudahy, Kansas; Conard Fissure, Arkansas; Cumberland Cave, Maryland; Port Kennedy Cave, Pennsylvania; Hamilton Cave, West Virginia; and the Florida equivalent McLeod Limerock Mine. The occurrence of land mammals in estuarine, freshwater, and terrestrial units within the predominantly nearshore marine late Pliocene and Pleistocene shell bed sequence of southern peninsular Florida (Pinecrest Beds, Caloosahatchee Formation, Bermont Formation, and Fort Thompson Formation in ascending stratigraphic order) has allowed a precision in dating these deposits not previously possible. The Pinecrest Beds, the uppermost unit of the Tamiami Formation, contain land mammal faunas of late Blancan age (2.5-2.0 Ma) based on the association of Nannippus and a large suite of Neotropical immigrants, including Dasypus, Holmesina, Glyptotherium, Glossotherium, Eremotherium, and Neochoerus. Florida late Blancan faunas derived from the Pinecrest Beds, or found in association with Pinecrest molluscan faunas, include Macasphalt Shell Pit, Acline Shell Pit, St. Petersburg Times, Kissimmee River, Brighton Canal, and Lehigh Acres. Vertebrate faunas from the overlying Caloosahatchee Formation lack typical Blancan forms, including Borophagus, Nannippus, Equus (Dolichohippus), and Rhynchotherium, and contain taxa typical of earliest Irvingtonian (2.0-1.6 Ma) faunas, such as Inglis 1A. The two richest earliest Irvingtonian faunas from the Caloosahatchee Formation in southern Florida are the De Soto Shell Pit and Forsberg Shell Pit. Vertebrate faunas from the Bermont Formation are late early Irvingtonian (1.6-1.0 Ma) in age, and are typified by the Leisey Shell Pit, as well as Rigby Shell Pit, Crystal River Power Plant, and Punta Gorda. Vertebrate faunas associated with the Fort Thompson Formation typically contain Bison and other tan characteristic of the Rancholabrean Land Mammal Age.

Abstract Rostrhamus sociabilis (Snail Kite) have recently expanded their range in Florida, tracking the invasion of a Pomacea snail (P. maculata), and exhibiting considerable changes in bill size and feeding niche. This range expansion is not aligned with changes in climatic conditions or the distribution of their historic prey (P. paludosa). The Eltonian Noise Hypothesis (ENH), which posits that interactive (biotic) factors have stronger effects on species’ distributions at local scales, predicts that non-interactive (abiotic) factors are generally more relevant at geographic extents. However, in this study, we explore the R. sociabilis range shift as a potential counterexample of the ENH. Under the biotic-abiotic-mobility (BAM) framework, we explore the role of biotic and abiotic factors in the northward range expansion of this endangered species. Over the past 15 years, R. sociabilis have begun consuming the more-abundant invasive snails more often, while increasing in bill size, expanding ~175 km northward from previous range limits in the Kissimmee River Valley. We developed ecological niche models using 3 algorithms (Maxent, GLM, ellipsoids) and found stability in climatic suitability between past and present models. Moreover, although native snails occur in northern Florida, R. sociabilis have had a historically patchy northern distribution due in part to the availability of appropriate wetland conditions. We found a strong latitudinal cline, with bill length increasing with latitude at least through 2020, suggesting that this morphological change broadened the species’ biotic suitable area and distributional potential. The interplay between changes in phenotype and biotic interactions has been poorly documented in distributional ecology, given a lack of rich occurrence datasets. Here, we highlight a case in which a biological invasion and subsequent changes in morphology and diet have facilitated expansion of a specialized predator into areas that were unsuitable until recently.