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1
Croft, David Benjamin, and Ingrid Witte. "The Perils of Being Populous: Control and Conservation of Abundant Kangaroo Species." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061753.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australia’s first people managed landscapes for kangaroo species as important elements of their diet, accoutrements and ceremony. This developed and persisted for about 65,000 years. The second wave of colonists from the United Kingdom, Ireland and many subsequent countries introduced familiar domesticated livestock and they have imposed their agricultural practices on the same landscapes since 1788. This heralded an ongoing era of management of kangaroos that are perceived as competitors to livestock and unwanted consumers of crops. Even so, a kangaroo image remains the iconic identifier of Australia. Kangaroo management is shrouded in dogma and propaganda and creates a tension along a loose rural–city divide. This divide is further dissected by the promotion of the consumption of kangaroo products as an ecological good marred by valid concerns about hygiene and animal welfare. In the last decade, the fervour to suppress and micro-manage populations of some kangaroo species has mounted. This includes suppression within protected areas that have generally been considered as safe havens. This review explores these tensions between the conservation of iconic and yet abundant wildlife, and conflict with people and the various interfaces at which they meet kangaroos.
2
Webley, L. S., I. Beveridge, and G. Coulson. "Endoparasites of an insular subspecies of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 6 (2004): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examined parasites occurring in the insular subspecies of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus, from Kangaroo Island. A total of 25 kangaroos from three sites were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. Fifteen parasite species were identified: eight in the stomach, five in the small intestine and two in the large intestine. Parasite prevalence showed a bimodal distribution: 'satellite' species were predominantly cestodes, whereas 'core' species were nematodes. There was no evidence of co-speciation in the 12 parasite species occurring in both island and mainland western grey kangaroo subspecies. M. f. fuliginosus harboured fewer parasite species than M. f. melanops from the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia. This might be related to parasite prevalence and the intensity of infection in the original population of kangaroos. Alternatively, it might be related to differing environmental conditions or to chance. Host switching was evident, with Cloacina kartana, which has been recorded as a common parasite of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, also occurring in some kangaroos.
3
Descovich, Kris, Andrew Tribe, Ian J. McDonald, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "The eastern grey kangaroo: current management and future directions." Wildlife Research 43, no. 7 (2016): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The eastern grey kangaroo is a common and iconic species of Australia. Its specialised behaviour and reproduction have evolved as adaptations to the Australian environment, allowing the species to survive and flourish, despite wide climatic and seasonal variations in habitat. Across its range, the eastern grey kangaroo is harvested and subjected to population management for a variety of reasons, including localised over-abundance, livestock competition, crop grazing, native habitat conservation, animal welfare and direct threats to human safety. Population management of kangaroos is most commonly undertaken by shooting, although other methods such as reproductive control, translocation and repellents may also contribute successfully to management. Kangaroo harvesting and population control are controversial and divisive, because the kangaroo is perceived as both a national icon and as a pest species. Although a limited number of surveys have been undertaken on attitudes towards kangaroos and their management, the socio-political aspects affecting these issues are yet to be systematically investigated. Within this review we discuss the relevance of culture and language to species management and conservation, as well as the importance of scrutiny of stakeholder perceptions, motivations and values. Future directions should examine human dimensions that influence kangaroo-management decisions and conservation. The following three key aspects are recommended as research and management priorities: (1) experimental determination of whether gaps exist between actual and perceived impacts of kangaroo populations, (2) empirical investigation of how stakeholder language, culture, identity and values influence perceptions of kangaroos and their management, and (3) where population control is determined to be necessary, an incorporation of stakeholder differences within decision making to ensure best outcomes for both species conservation and population management.
4
Neave, HM, and MT Tanton. "The Effects of Grazing by Kangaroos and Rabbits on the Vegetation and the Habitat of Other Fauna in the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve, Australian Capital Territory." Wildlife Research 16, no. 3 (1989): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Exclosures established in 1979 at 3 grassland sites in the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve kept out kangaroos and rabbits, kangaroos only or rabbits only, at each site. The occurrence of some plant species changed over time in all treatments as a result of natural plant succession, but other changes were caused mainly by grazing by the grey kangaroo [Macropus giganteus]. The 3 sites were different floristically mainly in the percentage cover of Themeda australis, Bromus molliformis, Hypochoeris radicata and Trifolium spp. The frequency of occurrence of moss, Haloragis tetragyna, Rumex acetosella, B. molliformis and Trifolium spp. also differed between sites. Compared with ungrazed plots, exclosures grazed by kangaroos had decreased percentage cover of Glycine clandestina, Aira caryophyllea and Haloragis tetragyna whereas moss species increased. Bothriochloa macra, which occurred only at 1 site, increased on plots grazed by kangaroos and produced a significant site-treatment interaction. The plots grazed by kangaroos had increased frequency of occurrence of dicotyledonous seedlings, A. caryophyllea, Danthonia sp. and H. radicata. Since 1982-83, the frequency of occurrence of G. clandestina, Lomandra filiformis and Verbascum thapsus decreased where the grey kangaroo grazed. New species recorded in 1986, that appeared only in sites grazed by the grey kangaroo, included B. molliformis, Eriochilus cucullatus, Trifolium campestre, Luzula sp. and Silene gallica. Species such as Hibbertia obtusifolia, Plantago lanceolata, Lactuca serriola, Conyza bonariensis, Danthonia sp. and Hydrocotyle laxiflora were not present on plots grazed by the grey kangaroo. Height of Acrotriche serrulata, dicotyledonous seedlings, G. clandestina, H. laxiflora, Hypericum gramineum, H. radicata, L. filiformis, Poa sp., Sorghum leiocladum and T. australis was reduced markedly in plots grazed by the grey kangaroo, although grazing did not always appear to be the reason. The reduction in the height of the vegetation made the areas unsuitable for stubble quail (Coturnix pectoralis) and Richard's pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae), and also affected certain invertebrates.
5
Shima, Amy L., Lee Berger, and Lee F. Skerratt. "Conservation and health of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi)." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is an iconic species in far north Queensland yet little is known about its health or population status. Studies on this species have been conducted in a limited number of locations and focused primarily on ecology, habitat use and home-range size. The species is relatively common in the Atherton Tablelands but habitat loss, predation by domestic, feral and wild dogs, vehicle strike, low fecundity, and disease have been identified as threats to the population. We review knowledge of population ecology and threats for this species, and include a novel collation of disease reports on all tree-kangaroos with particular reference to Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo. Health of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo appears to be impacted by the increase in humans and domestic animals in their range. There have been reports of melioidosis, toxoplasmosis, tick paralysis and blindness in wild tree-kangaroos. We identify where increased information on health and population viability will improve conservation and management of the species.
6
Collins, D., and K. Menz. "An Economic Perspective to the Population Management of Commercially Harvested Kangaroos." Rangeland Journal 8, no. 2 (1986): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9860103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Both overseas and within Australia, the need for a commercial kangaroo industry is being questioned. Some groups believe that the larger kangaroo species presently being culled are under threat of extinction and that the pest status of kangaroos to agriculture is largely a myth. As the commercial kangaroo industry is export oriented, the imposition of import bans by overseas governments would significantly affect the viability of the industry. Also, agricultural producers who believe they bear the costs of maintaining kangaroo population are concerned that damage by kangaroos would become unacceptably high if their numbers were to go unchecked. The aim of this article is to put an economic perspective on the population management of commercially harvested kangaroos. The major groups in conflict are identified, along with their respective preferences regarding the appropriate level of the kangaroo population. The underlying reason for conflict, the common property characteristic of kangaroos, is examined, and an economic framework for reconciling these conflicts through population management presented. The lack of data on kangaroo numbers and the benefits and costs which various population levels have for the various interest groups remain a major impediment to quantifying an economic model for determining optimal population levels. An examination is made of relevant data and a national appraisal of the order of magnitude of kangaroo damages to agriculture is presented.
7
Brunton, Elizabeth A., Sanjeev K. Srivastava, and Scott Burnett. "Spatial ecology of an urban eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) population: local decline driven by kangaroo–vehicle collisions." Wildlife Research 45, no. 8 (2018): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context As urban landscapes proliferate globally, the need for research into urban wildlife interactions is magnified. The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is a widespread species commonly involved in wildlife–vehicle collisions in urban areas in Australia. Despite the many urban kangaroo populations and associated conflicts with human activities, few studies have examined how eastern grey kangaroos interact with, and are affected by, the urban matrix. Aims The present study aimed to quantify kangaroo demography, movements, habitat utilisation and exposure to risks during a period of intensive urban development in a rapidly changing suburb located in a region undergoing high urban growth rates. Methods We utilised foot-based census surveys, global positioning system (GPS) collars, direct observations and reports of wildlife mortality between 2014 and 2016. Geographical information systems (GIS) were used to integrate GPS-tracking data with spatial layers, to quantify kangaroo movements and habitat utilisation. Key results The kangaroo population underwent a steep decline and kangaroo–vehicle collisions were the main source of mortality (73%) during the study period. Kangaroos were regularly exposed to the risk of injury, with roads intersecting many parts of their home range. Kangaroos showed positive habitat selection both for lawn and forest habitats and kangaroo movement and presence at the study site were influenced by high-quality forage and cover. Conclusions The present research has highlighted that despite areas of suitable habitat remaining, road-kill was a major contributor to localised kangaroo-population decline. We showed that habitat preferences of eastern grey kangaroos in this urban area were consistent with those in natural landscapes. Implications The present study is the first to implicate kangaroo–vehicle collisions as the major factor in population decline in kangaroos. These findings can be utilised to guide design and placement of kangaroo–vehicle collision mitigation and assist in planning of urban areas, particularly where kangaroo populations are in decline. Local extirpation of urban kangaroo populations would be greatly reduced by incorporating site-specific kangaroo habitat preferences and existing patterns of kangaroo habitat use in infrastructure planning. The study has contributed to our understanding of the effects of roads on urban wildlife in general and highlighted the importance of landscape permeability.
8
Brunton, Elizabeth A., Sanjeev K. Srivastava, David S. Schoeman, and Scott Burnett. "Quantifying trends and predictors of decline in eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) populations in a rapidly urbanising landscape." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 1 (2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human population growth and the resultant expansion of urban landscapes are drivers of biodiversity loss globally. Impacts of urbanisation on wildlife are not well understood, although the importance of preserving biodiversity in urban areas is widely recognised. The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), a common species of large macropod, can be found in high densities in many urban landscapes across Australia. South East Queensland is a subtropical region of Australia that has experienced high rates of urban expansion. Human population growth in the region has resulted in widespread changes to the landscape and much of the eastern grey kangaroo’s natural habitat has been modified. Declines in kangaroo populations have been anecdotally reported; however, the impact of urbanisation on kangaroo populations has not been quantified. This study used a modelling approach, collecting data from the community, and private and government organisations to: (1) map the current distribution of eastern grey kangaroos; (2) quantify trends in kangaroo abundance; and (3) identify anthropogenic drivers of changes in kangaroo abundance in the region. Of the kangaroo populations identified, 42% were reported to have undergone an overall decline in abundance since 2000. Higher human population growth rate and smaller area remaining under natural land use were predictors of kangaroo population declines. Further kangaroo declines can be anticipated in the region, particularly in areas with projected human population growth rates over 80% for the next decade. This study emphasises the importance of integrated urban development over large spatial extents to mitigate impacts of urbanisation on terrestrial mammals.
9
Klöcker, Ulrike, David B. Croft, and Daniel Ramp. "Frequency and causes of kangaroo - vehicle collisions on an Australian outback highway." Wildlife Research 33, no. 1 (2006): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kangaroo–vehicle collisions are frequent on Australian highways. Despite high economic costs, detrimental effects on animal welfare, and potential impacts on population viability, little research has been done to investigate the impact of road mortality on kangaroo populations, where and why accidents occur, and how the collisions can be mitigated. We therefore collected data on species (Macropus rufus, M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus, M. robustus), sex and age of kangaroos killed on a 21.2-km bitumenised section of outback highway over 6 months in far western New South Wales, Australia. The spatial and temporal distribution of road-killed kangaroos was investigated in relation to the cover and quality of road-side vegetation, road characteristics, the density of kangaroos along the road, climatic variables and traffic volume. A total of 125 kangaroos were found killed on the road at a rate of 0.03 deaths km–1 day–1. Grey kangaroos of two species (M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus) were under-represented in the road-kill sample in comparison with their proportion in the source population estimated during the day. No bias towards either sex was found. The age structure of road-killed kangaroos was similar to age structures typical of source kangaroo populations. Road-kills mainly occurred in open plains country. In road sections with curves or stock races, road-kill frequencies were higher than expected. Greater cover and greenness of roadside vegetation at the verge probably attracted kangaroos to the road and variation in this vegetation affected the spatial distribution of road-kills. The temporal distribution of road-kills was positively correlated with the volume of night-time traffic. The probability of a kangaroo–vehicle collision increased exponentially with traffic volume. Results are discussed in relation to the potential for mitigation of kangaroo–vehicle collisions.
10
Thomsen, D. A., and J. Davies. "Social and cultural dimensions of commercial kangaroo harvest in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 10 (2005): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03248.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kangaroo management is important to the sustainability of Australia’s rangeland landscapes. The commercial harvest of kangaroos assists in reduction of total grazing pressure in the rangelands and provides the potential for supplementary income to pastoralists. Indeed, the commercial kangaroo industry is considered by natural resource scientists as one of the few rural industry development options with potential to provide economic return with minimal environmental impact. While the biology and population ecology of harvested kangaroo species in Australia is the subject of past and present research, the social, institutional and economic issues pertinent to the commercial kangaroo industry are not well understood. Our research is addressing the lack of understanding of social issues around kangaroo management, which are emerging as constraints on industry development. The non-indigenous stakeholders in kangaroo harvest are landholders, regional management authorities, government conservation and primary production agencies, meat processors, marketers and field processors (shooters) and these industry players generally have little understanding of what issues the commercial harvest of kangaroos presents to Aboriginal people. Consequently, the perspectives and aspirations of Aboriginal people regarding the commercial harvest of kangaroos are not well considered in management, industry development and planning. For Aboriginal people, kangaroos have subsistence, economic and cultural values and while these values and perspectives vary between language groups and individuals, there is potential to address indigenous issues by including Aboriginal people in various aspects of kangaroo management. This research also examines the Aboriginal interface with commercial kangaroo harvest, and by working with Aboriginal people and groups is exploring several options for greater industry involvement. The promotion of better understandings between indigenous and non-indigenous people with interests in kangaroo management could promote industry development through the marketing of kangaroo as not only clean and green, but also as a socially just product.
11
Norbury, GL, DC Norbury, and RB Hacker. "Impact of Red Kangaroos on the Pasture Layer in the Western Australian Arid Zone." Rangeland Journal 15, no. 1 (1993): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9930012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We studied the impact of grazing by red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) on pasture biomass and species diversity over a 32-month period in destocked open shrubland in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. Grazing significantly impeded the accumulation of annual and perennial grass biomass in a degraded perennial shrub community (Pc0.001 and P<0.05) and on denuded sites that were cultivated and reseeded with native shrubs (P<0.01 and Pc0.01). The accumulation of annual and perennial forb biomass was unaffected by kangaroo grazing. After 12 months, pasture species diversity was significantly greater on degraded perennial sites protected from kangaroo grazing (P<0.05). Commercial kangaroo shooting did not alleviate the impact of kangaroo grazing on grass accumulation (P<0.01). Unless more effective methods of kangaroo control are integrated with stock reductions, the recovery of degraded rangeland pastures is likely to be severely limited.
12
Higginbottom, K., CL Northrope, DB Croft, B. Hill, and E. Fredline. "The role of kangaroos in Australian tourism." Australian Mammalogy 26, no. 1 (2004): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Generally absent from the debate on the management of kangaroos (Macropodoidea) is discussion of their role in tourism. This paper examines the role that kangaroos play in Australian tourism, synthesising the findings of four related projects undertaken recently by the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. It investigates the role of kangaroos in tourism marketing imagery, international tourist demand and existing tourism enterprises, and examines opportunities for future development of tourism involving kangaroos. In order to assess these aspects, experimental studies, interviews, visitor surveys, content analysis of advertising material, postal surveys of wildlife professionals and site visits were conducted. The kangaroo was found to be one of the world?s best-recognised tourism icons and to generate positive responses among Americans; yet it is apparently under-utilised in overseas travel brochures designed to attract international tourists to Australia. The use of kangaroos in tourism is already widespread, with over 190 tourism enterprises including kangaroo viewing, and with the kangaroo featuring in organised wildlife tourism more frequently than any other type of animal. However kangaroos are generally just one component of a broader tourism experience. While 18.4% of international visitors are motivated to visit Australia partly because of its native animals, there are very few who would not come otherwise. Kangaroos and koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are by far the most popular animals with international visitors. Most visitors who wished to do so, succeeded in seeing kangaroos during their visit, and most expressed high levels of satisfaction with their wildlife experiences. The most satisfying kangaroo viewing experiences are likely to involve the relatively large, social species of open habitats. However areas where these species are most likely to be abundant mostly score poorly in terms of feasibility of tourism. Tourism is one significant management option for Australia?s kangaroos, and its potential deserves further investigation.
13
Freudenberger, D., and RB Hacker. "The Effect of Temporary Closure of Watering Points on Grazing Intensity of Red and Grey Kangaroos With Related Observations on Feral Goats." Rangeland Journal 19, no. 2 (1997): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9970157.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study we examined the utility of manipulating artificial waters as a means of managing total grazing pressure in semi-arid rangelands of eastern Australia. We tested the efficacy of 'Finlayson trough' exclosure technology at three locations, over two summers, in paddocks with red kangaroos (Macropus rufirs) and two species of grey kangaroo (M. giganteus and M. fuliginosus). We also examined the effect of closing off five waters on the distribution of feral goat grazing intensity at one study site. Generally, there were no apparent reductions in kangaroo and goat grazing intensity following 6-10 weeks of water exclosure, the exception being a minor reduction in red kangaroo grazing intensity at one location. We concluded that kangaroo and goat grazing pressure cannot be substantially reduced by simply closing off waters in and near paddocks for several months. Key words: kangaroos, water exclosure. feral goats, grazing pressure, paddock spelling
14
Barker, R. D., and G. Caughley. "Distribution and abundance of kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) at the time of European contact: South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 17, no. 1 (1994): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am94008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historical records, and the names of animals within Aboriginal languages, were analysed to compare the distribution and density of kangaroos at European contact with those of today. We gave up this attempt for the Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus, presently restricted to the extreme south-east of the state, because it was never differentiated historically from the Southern Grey Kangaroo, M. fuliginosus, which occurs right across the southern portion of the state. The historical distribution of the latter species, and of the Red Kangaroo, M. rufus, seems to have been similar to their distribution today. Past densities are difficult to extract from historical records and are not sufficiently reliable to justify comparison with present densities. We note however an apparent increase in density of 'kangaroos' in the mid-1800s.
15
Wilson, AD. "Forage utilization by sheep and kangaroos in a semi-arid woodland." Rangeland Journal 13, no. 2 (1991): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9910081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The utilization of forage species by sheep and western grey kangaroos, and their contribution to the diets of those animals, were determined in a mulga (Acacia aneura) woodland in western New South Wales. Utilization was determined from measurements of forage yield, on pastures that were grazed by either sheep, sheep and kangaroos together or kangaroos, at a range of stocking rates. The sheep and kangaroos had similar preferences for the major grasses, with high utilization of species such as Monachather paradoxa and low utilization of the more fibrous species such as Eragrostis eriopoda. At times of forage abundance, annual and perennial forbs were a major component of sheep diet but a relatively minor component of kangaroo diet. Differences in species preference thus arose mainly in species that were uncommon or of seasonal occurrence. The overall diets of sheep and kangaroos were similar, with a year-round predominance of the same group of perennial grasses such as Thyridolepis mitchelliana. In the treatment where sheep and kangaroos grazed together, kangaroos had access to areas exclosed from sheep and their use of these areas increased with increase in stocking rate. Thus the exclosures received a similar grazing pressure by kangaroos alone, to that of the surrounding paddocks grazed by a mixture of sheep and kangaroos. It is concluded that there is direct competition between sheep and kangaroos for the main forage species. There are also long-term effects of high kangaroo populations on sheep production because the movement of kangaroos to rested paddocks negates any pasture management practice that requires periodic resting of pastures from grazing.
16
Baker, MWD, and DB Croft. "Vocal Communication Between the Mother and Young of the Eastern Gray Kangaroo, Macropus-Giganteus, and the Red Kangaroo, M-Rufus (Marsupialia, Macropodidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 3 (1993): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930257.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The structure, development and function of the isolation call produced by the young of the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus, and the red kangaroo, M. rufus were compared. A total of 416 isolation calls from 26 eastern grey kangaroos and 272 isolation calls from 14 red kangaroos in four age classes during pouch life were analysed sonagraphically. Twenty structural parameters were measured from each call. Results showed that the isolation call identifies the caller as a dependent young and potentially transmits a variety of other information including the species of kangaroo, the caller's sex, degree of arousal, individual identity, age and location. The main information processed by the young's mother is likely to be that the young is calling and its location. However, the locational qualities of the call decline as the young becomes more independent, presumably to counteract location by predators. The young of both species produced individually distinct isolation calls but mother-young recognition by auditory cues alone seems unlikely. Habitat differences may have led to divergence in the call structure of the two species. The factors that affect the evolution of this type of call structure are discussed.
17
Hume, Georgina, Elizabeth Brunton, and Scott Burnett. "Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) Vigilance Behaviour Varies between Human-Modified and Natural Environments." Animals 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080494.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rapid increases in urban land use extent across the globe are creating challenges for many wildlife species. Urban landscapes present a novel environment for many species, yet our understanding of wildlife behavioural adaptations to urban environments is still poor. This study compared the vigilance behaviour of a large mammal in response to urbanisation at a landscape level. Here, we investigate urban (n = 12) and non-urban (n = 12) populations of kangaroos in two regions of Australia, and the relationship between kangaroo vigilance and urbanisation. We used a linear modelling approach to determine whether anti-predator vigilance and the number of vigilant acts performed were influenced by land use type (i.e., urban or non-urban), human population densities, kangaroo demographics, and environmental factors. Kangaroo behaviour differed between the two study regions; kangaroo vigilance was higher in urban than non-urban sites in the southern region, which also had the highest human population densities, however no effect of land use was found in the northern region. Season and sex influenced the vigilance levels across both regions, with higher levels seen in winter and female kangaroos. This study is the first to compare urban and non-urban vigilance of large mammals at a landscape level and provide novel insights into behavioural adaptations of large mammals to urban environments.
18
Croft, DB. "Inter- and Intra specific Conflict between Arid-zone Kangaroos at Watering Points." Wildlife Research 12, no. 3 (1985): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Red kangaroos Macropus rufus and euros M. robustus were observed drinking at a stock trough in northwestern New South Wales. The populations of both species were divided into five age-sex classes. Drinking and agonistic behaviour was similar across classes and species. Inter- and intraspecific conflict between these classes for a drinking position were analysed. Within species, there is a size-related hierarchy for gaining and maintaining a drinking space, favouring the larger class. Interspecifically, euros, the smaller species, dominate equivalent age classes of red kangaroos. Retaliation in aggressive encounters is more likely between adjacent rank neighbours than those more distant in the hierarchy. Drinking individuals tend to win more encounters than individuals attempting to gain a drinking place. The longer a kangaroo has been drinking the less likely it is to act aggressively to an intruder. When drinking, spacing between kangaroos is essentially random. Both species displace another individual at a similar mean distance of 0.6-0.8 m, but spacing between adult euros is wider than between adult red kangaroos. Spacing is modified by the relative positions of neighbours on either side of the trough. The results are discussed in terms of social and other factors that may have led to the euro's dominance of the red kangaroo at water.
19
Gardiner, H. G. "DYNAMICS OF PERENNIAL PLANTS IN THE MULGA (ACACIA ANEURA F. MUELL.) ZONE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA 11. SURVIVAL OF PERENNIAL SHRUBS AND GRASSES." Rangeland Journal 8, no. 1 (1986): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9860028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Survival rates of arid-land perennial plant species were significantly related to climate, site factors, and grazing by kangaroos (Macropus rufus, Desmarest and Macropus robustus, Gould). Rainfall patterns ranging from severe drought to well above average resulted in responses in all species. All but Frankenia (Frankeniapauciflora, DC) responded to spatial and temporal site factors. Survival of wire wanderrie grass (Eragrostis xerophila, Domin) was severely reduced by grazing kangaroos, while poverty bush (Eremophila spectabilis, C.A. Gardn.) and Frankenra responded positively to kangaroo activity. Cotton bush (Ptilotus obovatus, Gaud.), ball-leaf bluebush (Marreana glomerifolia), (F. MueH et Tate) Wils. and Wilcox bush (Eremophila leucophylla, Benth.) showed no survival response to kangaroo grazing. The application of maximum likelihood procedures permitted subtle effects to be detected and several significant causal factors to be separated.
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Barker, R. D., and G. Caughley. "Distribution and abundance of kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) at the time of European contact: Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 15, no. 1 (1992): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am92011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dominant species of large macropods in Victoria are the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and the Southern (= Western) Grey Kangaroo (M. fuliginosus). On the limited historic data available there is no indication that their ranges have changed since European settlement. The Red Kangaroo (M. rufus) was restricted to the northwest corner of the state, then as now. Moderate densities of Grey Kangaroos at settlement increased under forest clearing, probably peaking about the mid-nineteenth century. With intensification of farming and associated heavy hunting they declined again to establish by about the turn of the century the distribution of modera te density that we see today.
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Lee, E., U. Klöcker, DB Croft, and D. Ramp. "Kangaroo-vehicle collisions in Australia's sheep rangelands, during and following drought periods." Australian Mammalogy 26, no. 2 (2004): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04215.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of roads on wildlife behaviour and ecological function are poorly known in arid Australia. The most obvious impact is roadkill from wildlife-vehicle collisions. Therefore we collected statistics on kangaroo-vehicle collisions, investigated the causal factors of these collisions, and related roadkill mortality to the population structure, size and distribution of four kangaroo species in two intensive six month studies during and following drought. The research was conducted along a 21.2 km sealed section of the Silver City Highway between Broken Hill and Tibooburra that passes through the University of New South Wales (NSW) Arid Zone Research Station at ‘Fowlers Gap’ in north-western NSW. The rate of roadkill was higher during drought (20.8 roadkills month-1) than non-drought (2.6 roadkills month-1). Affected species were red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), euros (Macropus robustus erubescens), western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). During drought, M. fuliginosus and M. giganteus were killed in lower proportions than their proportion in the source population, otherwise species were killed in proportion to their density along the road. There were no sex biases but male M. r. erubescens were much more likely to be beside the road than females and thus were killed more often during drought. The majority of roadkills were young individuals around 2 years old. Curves and stockraces along the road significantly increased the likelihood of roadkills. Likewise the frequency of roadkills was a function of the kangaroo population density along the road, night time traffic volume, low rainfall and higher vegetation cover and greenness along the road relative to surrounding areas. We evaluate the relationships between these causal factors and kangaroovehicle collisions, and discuss the possible effects of these collisions on kangaroo population structure under drought and post-drought conditions.
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Cooney, Rosie, Alex Baumber, Peter Ampt, and George Wilson. "Sharing Skippy: how can landholders be involved in kangaroo production in Australia?" Rangeland Journal 31, no. 3 (2009): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For 2 decades, calls for Australian rangeland landholders to expand their reliance on the abundant species of native kangaroos and decrease their reliance on introduced stock have been made. These calls have received recent impetus from the challenge of climate change. Arguments for landholder involvement in kangaroo production include reduced greenhouse gas emissions, better management of total grazing pressure, reduced land degradation, improved vegetation and biodiversity outcomes, and greater valuation of kangaroos by landholders. However, there is little understanding of how landholders could be involved in kangaroo harvest and production, and there is a widespread misconception that this would include domestication, fencing, mustering and trucking. This paper reviews the options for landholder involvement in managing and harvesting wild kangaroos, and assesses the possible benefits and feasibility of such options. We conclude that collaboration among landholders, as well as between landholders and harvesters, forms the basis of any preferred option, and set out a proposed operating model based on the formation of a kangaroo management, processing and marketing co-operative.
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Harvey, Kathryn J., and Natalie Warburton. "Forelimb musculature of kangaroos with particular emphasis on the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817)." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Comparative morphological studies can provide insights into an animal’s ecology and evolutionary history. Functional morphological studies of the kangaroo forelimb are few in number and new work could provide novel tools to aid in the interpretation of fossil taxa and the understanding of the evolutionary history of kangaroos and marsupials as a whole. A description of the shoulder and forelimb musculature of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) with comparisons to the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus Desmarest, 1842), the western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus Desmarest, 1817) and the quokka (Setonix brachyurus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) is presented. The species chosen were readily available and represent a range in size of the archetypal kangaroo form. Muscle maps of forelimb and shoulder muscles were constructed as an aid to comparing the spatial arrangement of muscle origins and insertions. The anatomical pattern of forelimb musculature in terrestrial macropodine kangaroos and wallabies is highly conservative. Functionally, the musculature of the forelimb corresponds to a supporting role of the limb during slow pentapedal locomotion. The illustrations of muscle insertions provided in this work will be a useful reference for future work in comparative marsupial anatomy and palaeobiology.
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Mcalpine, CA, GC Grigg, JJ Mott, and P. Sharma. "Influence of Landscape Structure on Kangaroo Abundance in a Disturbed Semi-Arid Woodland of Queensland." Rangeland Journal 21, no. 1 (1999): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9990104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper develops a hierarchical landscape approach for investigating how landscape structure influences the abundance of eastern grey kangaroos, red kangaroos and common wallaroos on properties in a partially cleared semi-arid woodland of Queensland. This approach is applied to examine the extent to which a mosaic of spatial factors at a hierarchy of scales influences kangaroo abundance at the property level. the level of management interest. The analysis concludes that the structure of the property habitat mosaic, coupled with pasture productivity, is the most important influence for each species. Access to water was not a limiting factor. although it may be important locally. Grey kangaroos prefer an even mosaic of all habitat types on properties with productive grass-dominated pastures. Red kangaroos are positively associated with run-on areas and large-shrub regrowth patches. reflecting their foraging preferences for forbs and short grasses and their ability to use more open habitats. Wallaroos have a clumped density distribution associated with a heterogeneous mosaic of open habitats interspersed with fragmented forest patches and small to medium-grained shrub-regrowth patches. The research. \+bile not replicated. identifies linkages between tree clearing practices at the property level and increased large kangaroo abundance in the region, These linkages have been previously overlooked in thc kangaroo Inanagement debare. Therefore. any tree clearing guidelines dt.\eloped at the propert) level need to be sensitive to key ecological processes influencing kangaroo populations at both the landscape and property levels. If not, the sustainable management of total grazing pressure (livestock plus kangaroos) and biodiversity conservation will never become a reality. Key words: kangaroos, landscape structure, landscape change, pattern, process, scale
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Purcell, Brad V. "A novel observation of dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) attacking a swimming eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus)." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 2 (2010): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dingo (Canis lupus dingo) is a keystone species in Australian ecosystems. The current study reports four dingoes observed attacking a swimming eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) in the Wollondilly River, New South Wales. It is proposed that kangaroos need to stand at a certain depth of water to escape an attack by dingoes. If dingoes can continue attacking from opposing directions without threat of injury from the kangaroo, such as in shallow water where dingoes can stand or deep water where kangaroos cannot stand, then the attack may continue until the predator(s) kill the prey or the prey escapes. Further research on such behaviours is needed to understand the functional role of dingoes and the importance of pack structure in development of hunting strategies.
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Heise-Pavlov, Sigrid R., and Rhiana D. Meade. "Improving reliability of scat counts for abundance and distribution estimations of Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) in its rainforest habitats." Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 3 (2012): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
arboreal folivores, such as Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) in Far North Queensland, Australia, scat counts seem to be the most promising ecological technique. However, the occurrence of Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroos in seasonal rainforests with dense understory, a high diversity of coprophagous invertebrates and with sympatric folivores increases the probability of invalidating results based on scat surveys. This study investigates scat production and scat decomposition patterns to select diagnostic traits of Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroo scats that can, under varying environmental conditions, assist in distinguishing between fresh and old scats to reduce false positive and false negative errors in species presence due to non- or/and misidentification of scats. Scat production rates of six captive Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroos were highly variable resulting in different scat numbers and masses. Changes in scat size (mass and circumference), pH and the appearance of mould were monitored under different laboratory conditions and in forest trials. Under wet conditions scats gained mass until they reached an apparent plateau of 130% of their original mass. Scats under dry conditions lost up to 90% of their original mass. Changes in mass were accompanied by changes in circumference of scats. By Day 3 scats had developed signs of mould under laboratory conditions and showed an acidic pH. Field trials revealed a high loss of scats due primarily to their consumption by dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea). For studying Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroos in their rainforest environment, scat surveys should be confined to dry periods to reduce the probability of false negative errors due to activity of coprophagous invertebrates. Additionally, only fresh scats of average size and with an acidic pH should be used to minimize the risk of misidentifying small sized scats from Red-legged Pademelons (Thylogale stigmatica) as tree-kangaroo scats. More studies on species-specific diagnostic traits of Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroo scats are necessary to validate false negative and false positive errors in scat counts for this species.
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Cairns, S. C., G. C. Grigg, L. A. Beard, A. R. Pople, and P. Alexander. "Western grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus, in the South Australian pastoral zone: populations at the edge of their range." Wildlife Research 27, no. 3 (2000): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As part of a large-scale monitoring program linked to the management of kangaroos in the South Australian pastoral zone, the western grey kangaroo populations have been surveyed annually with fixed-wing aircraft over the 15-years-period 1978–92. Western grey kangaroos are restricted in their distribution to the southern regions of the pastoral zone. During the period of the study, western grey kangaroo numbers showed no long-term trends, but did show some marked fluctuations, principally in association with a severe drought. Despite this, and unlike red kangaroos in the South Australian pastoral zone, no consistent, direct association between changes in western grey kangaroo numbers and antecedent rainfall could be demonstrated. The postulated reason for this is that most of the regional western grey kangaroo populations examined in this study were low-density populations at the edge of the range of this species. Outside of drought, these populations are likely to be limited by factors other than food, such as climate and unmodified resources in the form of suitable habitat. Also, because boundary populations may well only be maintained by constant loss and recolonisation, local extinctions associated with drought may result in extended delays in the re-establishment of populations in marginal areas. Over the period 1978–92, these populations were harvested commercially at annual rates of 5–25%, which were, on the whole, considered to be below the rates suggested to be maximum and sustainable.
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McGreevy, Thomas J., Lisa Dabek, and Thomas P. Husband. "Tree kangaroo molecular systematics based on partial cytochrome b sequences: are Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) and Goodfellow's tree kangaroo (D. goodfellowi buergersi) sister taxa?" Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New Guinea tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.) are unique arboreal macropodid marsupials mainly listed as critically endangered or endangered. The molecular systematics of Dendrolagus has not been fully resolved and is critical for the accurate identification of species and their evolutionary relationships. Matschie’s tree kangaroo (D. matschiei) and Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo (D. goodfellowi buergersi) share numerous morphological, physiological, and behavioural traits. We analysed the partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene for D. matschiei (n = 67), D. g. buergersi (n = 8), D. goodfellowi unidentified ssp. (n = 8), golden-mantled tree kangaroo (D. g. pulcherrimus; n = 1), and two additional New Guinea Dendrolagus taxa to determine whether D. matschiei and D. g. buergersi are sister taxa. D. matschiei and D. g. buergersi were not placed as sister taxa in our phylogenetic analyses; however, we were unable to analyse a known sample from a D. g. goodfellowi. We found initial genetic evidence that D. matschiei and the Lowland tree kangaroo (D. spadix) are sister taxa – they may have diverged after the formation of the Huon Peninsula of Papua New Guinea. Our results also support the elevation of D. g. pulcherrimus to a full species. An improved understanding of Dendrolagus molecular systematics will contribute substantially to their conservation.
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Andrew, MH, and RT Lange. "The Spatial Distributions of Sympatric Populations of Kangaroos and Sheep - Examples of Dissociation Between These Species." Wildlife Research 13, no. 3 (1986): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present three sets of data, based on dung counts, which show that western grey and red kangaroos tended to dissociate from sheep in arid zone paddocks when the opportunity permitted. In two cases, the abundance of kangaroo dung within sheep-proof enclosures was much greater than that outside. In the third, kangaroos were consistently more abundant in those parts of the paddock not frequented by the sheep. This dissociation may be related to the relative attractiveness to the kangaroos of the pasture which has remained ungrazed by sheep, rather than to antagonism between the two species.
30
Wilson, AD. "The influence of kangaroos and forage on sheep productivity in the semi-arid woodlands." Rangeland Journal 13, no. 2 (1991): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9910069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Problems of pasture degradation and competition from kangaroos in the semi-arid woodlands were investigated in a grazing trial conducted in western New South Wales. The trial area of 200 ha was subdivided into 12 paddocks, varying in size from 7.5 to 30 ha and grazed with matched groups of six merino hoggetts, with and without a similar number of western grey kangaroos. Stocking rates were 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 sheep per hectare and 0.2, 0.27, 0.33, 0.4, 0.47 and 0.53 sheep per hectare, with an equal number of western grey kangaroos. Wool growth and weight gain of the sheep, and the yield of forage species and components, were recorded quarterly over a three year period. Rainfall received over these years was close to the 30, 90 and 50 percentile levels respectively. The results were analysed by regression modelling. Both wool growth and sheep weight gain were reduced by increasing stocking rates of sheep or kangaroos, except when forage was abundant. The relative effect of kangaroo grazing was greatest in the year of lowest rainfall, with an equivalence of one sheep: 0.6 kangaroo of equal weight. Forage biomass declined as stocking rates increased with kangaroos having the equivalent effect of 0.75 sheep on a weight for weight basis. More than 80 per cent of the variation in clean fleece weight (CFW, kg/year) and annual sheep weight gain (WG, kg/year) was explained by the average yield of green herbage leaf (GL, kgtha) in the expressions and CFW = 1.30 + 0.72 In GL WG = 5.6 In GL These results show that sheep productivity can be increased by controlling kangaroo numbers in the drier years. They also indicate that productivity can be raised by increasing the abundance of palatable perennial species, which maintain green leaf during periods of moderate and low rainfall.
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Taggart, Patrick L., Bronwyn A. Fancourt, David Peacock, Charles G. B. Caraguel, and Milton M. McAllister. "Variation in Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence: effects of site, sex, species and behaviour between insular and mainland macropods." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context Feral cats threaten wildlife conservation through a range of direct and indirect effects. However, most studies that have evaluated the impacts of feral cats on species of conservation significance have focussed on direct impacts such as predation; few studies have considered the indirect impacts of cat-borne disease. Toxoplasma gondii, a cat-borne parasite, causes both acute and latent disease in a range of wildlife species, and macropods are particularly susceptible. Kangaroo Island is Australia’s third largest island and supports a high density of feral cats and high seroprevalence of T. gondii in multiple species, relative to the mainland. This suggests that Kangaroo Island has a high environmental contamination with the parasite and a high risk of infection for other species. Aims We aimed to describe T. gondii seroprevalence in culled and road-killed macropods, so as to assess the effects of island versus mainland location, sex, species and behaviour. Methods Macropod sera were tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies using a commercially available modified agglutination test. Key results The seroprevalence of T. gondii in culled western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was significantly higher on the island (20%, 11/54 positive) than on the mainland (0%, 0/61 positive). There was no difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed (21%, 21/102 positive) kangaroos from the island. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly higher in female (32%, 12/38 positive) than in male (13%, 8/60 positive) kangaroos, but we observed no sex effect in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii), and no effect of species. Conclusions The higher T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods supports previous reports of higher T. gondii exposure in other Kangaroo Island fauna. The lack of difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed kangaroos suggests that T. gondii-positive animals are not more vulnerable to road mortality, in contrast to that suggested previously. Implications Our findings suggest greater potential adverse conservation impacts owing to toxoplasmosis on the island than on the mainland. In light of a recent study demonstrating higher cat abundance on the island than on the mainland, the higher observed T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods is likely to be a consequence of higher cat density.
32
Priddel, D. "The Diurnal and Seasonal Patterns of Grazing of the Red Kangaroo, Macropus-Rufus, and the Western Gray-Kangaroo, Macropus-Fuliginosus." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Free-ranging red and western grey kangaroos were fitted with radio transmitters which, when the kangaroo grazed, emitted a pulse rate different to that emitted during other activities. Red kangaroos grazed for between 7.1 and 10.5 h day-1; western grey kangaroos grazed for between 5.9 and 9.8 h day-1 . Red kangaroos grazed for the same amount of time each season despite fourfold changes in pasture biomass. The grazing time of western grey kangaroos was similar in autumn, winter and spring, but decreased by 22% in summer when pasture was most abundant. Males of both species grazed for about an hour longer than females each day. Most grazing (78% for red kangaroos; 86% for western grey kangaroos) took place between sunset and sunrise. The distribution of grazing activity with respect to time of day was bimodal; kangaroos grazed for extensive periods during the 6 h immediately after sunset and again during the few hours before and after sunrise. The time of grazing changed seasonally and these changes were associated with differences in daylength.
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Grigg, G. C., A. R. Pople, and L. A. Beard. "Application of an Ultralight Aircraft to Aerial Surveys of Kangaroos on Grazing Properties." Wildlife Research 24, no. 3 (1997): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A Drifter ultralight aircraft was used as a platform for line-transect aerial surveys of three species of kangaroo in the sheep rangelands south-east of Blackall and north of Longreach in central-western Queensland in winter 1993 and 1994. Favourable comparisons between the results of ultralight surveys and those made from a helicopter flying the same transects and foot surveys along another set of transects, all within a few days of the ultralight survey, confirmed the expectation we had that an ultralight would be a satisfactory and much cheaper vehicle for conducting aerial surveys of kangaroos. The comparisons are even more favourable when data for the three species surveyed are combined, pointing to a problem in species identification and underlining the importance of using only experienced observers for aerial survey of kangaroos, whatever the platform. The use of an ultralight aircraft could have particular value where a comparatively small area, such as an individual sheep or cattle property, is under consideration. In this paper, we present the numerical comparisons, along with an evaluation of the practicability of using this type of aircraft. We also describe a possible future scenario in which an accreditation process could see approved kangaroo surveyors undertaking property assessments by ultralight, under contract to graziers or other interested parties.
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Hacker, Ronald B., Michael R. Constable, and Gavin J. Melville. "A step-point transect technique for estimation of kangaroo populations in sheep-grazed paddocks." Rangeland Journal 24, no. 2 (2002): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj02019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents an empirical and theoretical evaluation of a step-point transect procedure for estimating the relative and absolute abundance of kangaroos in sheep-grazed rangeland paddocks. The method assumes that the proportion of kangaroos in the total (sheep + kangaroo) population can be estimated from their proportional representation in the dung. The actual population of kangaroos can then be estimated if the population of sheep is known. Proportional representation in the dung is estimated by the probability that dung of a given species will lie closest to a 'random' point. For operational simplicity, sample points are not strictly random but are located systematically along walked transects. The procedure was applied in seven paddocks spread throughout the Western Division of NSW and south-west Queensland where actual kangaroo and sheep populations were determined by ground survey and from station records, respectively. Dung was also collected from sample transects to allow comparison of step-point population estimates with corresponding estimates based on dung weight or pellet counts. A theoretical estimator of the kangaroo population based on step-point data was also derived and compared with actual populations estimated from ground surveys. Results indicate that the step-point transect procedure should produce acceptable estimates of both relative and absolute kangaroo populations in sheep-grazed rangeland paddocks. The appropriate equations, and minimum sample sizes, are provided. The step-point transect technique has the practical advantage that it avoids the tedious sampling procedures inherent in count- or weight-based methods. Further, in contrast to these methods, it may be expected to become both more reliable and less time consuming as the density of dung increases, thus providing the greatest operational advantage under circumstances where reliable estimation is most required.
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Pople, AR, SC Cairns, TF Clancy, GC Grigg, LA Beard, and CJ Southwell. "Comparison of Surveys of Kangaroos in Queensland Using Helicopters and Fixed-Wing Aircraft." Rangeland Journal 20, no. 1 (1998): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9980092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kangaroo harvest quotas for each Australian state have been set mainly as proportions of population estimates derived from aerial surveys. Estimating population size from strip transect counts using fixed- wing aircraft has become an established technique, but counts must be adjusted by correction factors to ensure population estimates are both accurate and repeatable. Surveys of kangaroos in Queensland are currently conducted with helicopters using line transect methodology, but cost restricts their use to relatively small survey blocks. Nevertheless, they return more accurate and repeatable estimates of kangaroo density than surveys with fixed-wing aircraft. A comparison of the above two techniques was made along the same transect lines in seven survey blocks (5000-10,000 km2) in southern and western Queensland, allowing an assessment of the comparative accuracy of the fixed-wing method. For red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), required correction factors of 0.7-3.1 were similar to those used previously. However, for eastern grey kangaroos (M. giganteus), substantially larger correction factors of 3.4-10.2 were needed to approach true density. For wallaroos (M. robustus), correction factors of 3.8-4.8 were required, but can be considered conservative because helicopter-derived density estimates are known to be underestimated by a factor of 2-3. Further work is needed to establish how correction factors for each species should be applied on a broader scale and whether they lead to repeatable estimates of kangaroo density. Key words: aerial survey, line transect, correction factors, strip transect, wallaroo.
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Kanowski, J., L. Felderhof, G. Newell, T. Parker, C. Schmidt, B. Stirn, R. Wilson, and J. W. Winter. "Community survey of the distribution of Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo on the Atherton Tablelands, north-east Queensland." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 2 (2001): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo Dendrolagus lumholtzi is endemic to the rainforests of north Queensland, Australia. Most records of D. lumholtzi are from upland forests on the Atherton Tablelands, an area extensively cleared for agriculture. In 1997, residents of the Tablelands formed the Tree Kangaroo and Mammal Group Inc. (TKMG) with the aim of promoting the conservation of the species. The first project of TKMG was an intensive community-based survey of the distribution of D. lumholtzi. Residents of all postal districts encompassing areas of upland rainforest within the range of D. lumholtzi were sent a written questionnaire seeking details of tree-kangaroo sightings. The Malanda postal district was surveyed in 1998 while all other postal districts were surveyed in 1999. In total, 10 122 questionairres were distributed in the survey. "Nearly 800 responses were received to the survey, providing 2 368 sighting records of D. lumholtzi. Of these, 367 records were of dead tree-kangaroos, mostly road-kills." The survey has provided a much more comprehensive account of the distribution of the species than was previously available. Most records of D. lumholtzi obtained in the survey were from upland forests between Atherton and Ravenshoe, particularly remnant forests in the central and western Tablelands. Although the survey methodology is biased towards areas frequented by humans, these patterns are consistent with independent surveys. The conservation of D. lumholtzi on the Tablelands would benefit from the protection of remnant forests, the restoration of habitat and a reduction in the incidence of road-kills and dog attacks on tree-kangaroos.
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Coulson, G. "The Effect of Drought on Road Mortality of Macropods." Wildlife Research 16, no. 1 (1989): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Road-kills of eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, and swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor, were monitored during and after the severe 1981-83 drought in central Victoria, Australia. These were compared with a survey of the same area prior to the drought. The frequency of road-kills of both species during the drought was higher than pre-drought and post-drought levels, and over 9 years the seasonal frequency of kangaroo road-kills was inversely related to the rainfall of the previous season. Road-kills of kangaroos were predominantly males, and almost half were juveniles.
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Cairns, S. C., G. W. Lollback, and N. Payne. "Design of aerial surveys for population estimation and the management of macropods in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 35, no. 4 (2008): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As part of a kangaroo management program, eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and common wallaroos (M. robustus robustus) are harvested from three kangaroo management zones in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. To set sustainable harvest quotas, it is necessary to obtain reasonably accurate estimates of the sizes of the populations of these two species of macropod. Recently, this has been done on two occasions using helicopter line-transect surveys. For the most recent of these surveys, conducted in 2004, each management zone was subdivided into three strata of increasing kangaroo density and the surveys were designed in relation to this stratification using an automated survey design algorithm. The results of the surveys were that eastern grey kangaroo densities were estimated as 8.11 ± 1.81 km–2 in the Glen Innes zone, 10.23 ± 2.41 km–2 in the Armidale zone and 4.82 ± 0.87 km–2 in the Upper Hunter zone. Wallaroo densities for these three zones were 3.06 ± 0.73 km–2, 5.68 ± 3.45 km–2 and 4.40 ± 1.01 km–2 respectively. The wallaroo densities were determined by multiplying the initial estimated densities by a correction factor of 1.85. Across the three kangaroo management zones, eastern grey kangaroo densities did not change in any significant way between the two surveys. This was also the case for wallaroos in the Glen Innes and Armidale zones. Wallaroo density in the Upper Hunter zone, however, increased significantly between the two surveys. Over a decade before these surveys were conducted, a series of ground surveys using walked line-transect sampling were undertaken. The density estimates derived from the helicopter surveys proved to be broadly comparable to those derived from the ground surveys, suggesting that conducting helicopter line-transect surveys designed using the method deployed here is effective in producing population estimates for the purpose of kangaroo management.
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Bender, Helena. "Effectiveness of the eastern grey kangaroo foot thump for deterring conspecifics." Wildlife Research 32, no. 7 (2005): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Overabundant wild populations of herbivores often present challenges to primary industry, competing with stock, and damaging crops and property. Eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) are one of seven macropodid species that are considered a problem in agriculture in Australia. Most deterrent devices available commercially use sounds that do not occur in nature (i.e. artificial sounds), which often have a short-lived or no effect on the target species, whereas trials with biologically significant sounds are often more effective and provide greater resistance to habituation. I used a playback trial of an eastern grey kangaroo foot thump, a biologically significant signal that is given in response to a predator and is usually followed by flight. I determined its effectiveness compared with a recording of background noise (control) for deterring kangaroos over a seven-week period. Kangaroos significantly increased their vigilance levels in response to the foot thump, but not in response to the control signal. Just over 60% of kangaroos took flight in response to the foot thump and the control signals, but more kangaroos took flight in the first 3 s when the foot thump was played. The foot thump shows potential as a deterrent of eastern grey kangaroos for primary industry, and is less likely to suffer from habituation because it is a natural sound.
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King, DR, GL Norbury, and GJ Eliot. "The Efficacy of Finlayson Troughs as a Means of Repelling Kangaroos From Water and Altering Grazing Pressure in Pastoral Areas." Rangeland Journal 19, no. 1 (1997): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9970057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We attempted to determine whether Finlayson troughs (a selective electric repellent device) would repel kangaroos (Macropus rufus and M. robustus) but still allow sheep to drink when access of kangaroos to artificial water sources was restricted on a large scale, and the effect that had on kangaroo populations. In late 1993 high percentages of kangaroos (over 80% of both species) were repelled from water sources fitted with Finlayson troughs when alternative water sources were available. However, when all water sources within a 100,000 ha area had activated Finlayson troughs or were fenced off, kangaroos found methods that enabled them to circumvent the Finlayson troughs within two weeks after activation of the troughs. The numbers which were able to obtain a drink increased greatly over this period. When used on a large scale, Finlayson troughs as used in this study were thus apparently ineffective in restricting the access of kangaroos to water. Aerial surveys and radio-tracking were used to determine the numbers and distribution of kangaroos over the whole area after activation of all the Finlayson troughs. There were no significant differences in kangaroo numbers between the treated area and a nearby control area which was devoid of Finlayson troughs. All 31 of the radio-collared kangaroos which could be located at the end of the trial remained within the areas they formerly occupied and the length of their movements did not increase.
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Coulson, Graeme. "Male Bias in Road-kills of Macropods." Wildlife Research 24, no. 1 (1997): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
I determined the sex of a total of 251 road-kills of six macropod species in southern Australia over a 13-year period. There was a significant bias towards males in five species, ranging from 65 to 92% males, but there was no difference from parity in the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus. Male eastern grey kangaroos, M. giganteus, and male western grey kangaroos, M. fuliginosus, probably behave in ways that expose them to vehicles more than females. Male-biased road-kills of swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor, may reflect skewed population sex ratios. There are insufficient data on the behaviour and population structure of the red-necked wallaby, M. rufogriseus, and rufous-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, to determine which explanation is responsible for male-biased road mortality in these species.
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Kear, Benjamin P., Bernard N. Cooke, Michael Archer, and Timothy F. Flannery. "Implications of a new species of the Oligo-Miocene kangaroo (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea) Nambaroo, from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia." Journal of Paleontology 81, no. 6 (November 2007): 1147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/04-218.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A partial skeleton (including both skull and postcranium) and referred dental material attributable to a new species of Oligo-Miocene kangaroo, Nambaroo gillespieae, are described from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia. The holotype specimen is one of the oldest articulated fossil kangaroo skeletons yet discovered and includes the first postcranial material definitively attributable to the extinct family Balbaridae. Functional-adaptive analysis (including comparisons with modern taxa) of the hindlimb and pedal elements suggests consistent use of quadrupedal progression rather than true hopping. Robust forelimbs and an opposable first pedal digit (lost in most macropodoids) might also indicate limited climbing ability. Cladistic analysis of 104 discrete cranio-dental and postcranial characters coded for 25 ingroup and one outgroup taxon places N. gillespieae in a plesiomorphic sister clade (also containing other Balbarids and the propleopine Ekaltadeta ima) to all other macropodoids. This result supports recent revisions to the classification of kangaroos, which recognize Balbaridae as the most basal macropodoid family-level taxon.
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Power, Michelle L., Nicholas C. Sangster, Martin B. Slade, and Duncan A. Veal. "Patterns of Cryptosporidium Oocyst Shedding by Eastern Grey Kangaroos Inhabiting an Australian Watershed." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 6159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6159-6164.2005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in feces from a population of wild eastern grey kangaroos inhabiting a protected watershed in Sydney, Australia, was investigated. Over a 2-year period, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 239 of the 3,557 (6.7%) eastern grey kangaroo fecal samples tested by using a combined immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometric technique. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in this host population was estimated to range from 0.32% to 28.5%, with peaks occurring during the autumn months. Oocyst shedding intensity ranged from below 20 oocysts/g feces to 2.0 × 106 oocysts/g feces, and shedding did not appear to be associated with diarrhea. Although morphologically similar to the human-infective Cryptosporidium hominis and the Cryptosporidium parvum “bovine” genotype oocysts, the oocysts isolated from kangaroo feces were identified as the Cryptosporidium “marsupial” genotype I or “marsupial” genotype II. Kangaroos are the predominant large mammal inhabiting Australian watersheds and are potentially a significant source of Cryptosporidium contamination of drinking water reservoirs. However, this host population was predominantly shedding the marsupial-derived genotypes, which to date have been identified only in marsupial host species.
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L. Goldingay, Ross, Patrick A. Kelly, and Daniel F. Williams. "The Kangaroo Rats of California: endemism and conservation of keystone species." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 1 (1997): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This review describes the great diversity and endemism of Kangaroo Rats Dipodomys spp. in California. Many species are formally listed as endangered and others are likely to be listed in the near future. We review recent efforts to conserve these small bipedal rodents. We argue that they deserve special emphasis because they have been shown to play key roles in ecosystem structure and composition. Indeed, many of the plant communities occupied by Kangaroo Rats have now been identified as at risk because of excessive habitat destruction and fragmentation. It is clear that preservation of Kangaroo Rats and their plant communities will not be achieved through simply setting aside blocks of habitat as reserves. Conservation areas will require active management in order to maintain existing biodiversity, but further studies are required to ascertain how best to manage these communities. We believe that Kangaroo Rats are important subjects for management studies and ecosystem monitoring. Preliminary studies of the size of reserves required to maintain viable populations of one species show that despite the often high abundance of Kangaroo Rats (35 animals/ha), large areas (>5 000 ha) will be required. Therefore, considerable biodiversity is likely to be protected by focusing on these species, particularly if conservation and recovery efforts are applied on a regional scale.
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MOORE, MICHAEL D., ETHAN P. BEAVER, ALEJANDRO VELASCO-CASTRILLÓN, and MARK I. STEVENS. "Two new endemic species of Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from Kangaroo Island, Australia." Zootaxa 4951, no. 3 (April 7, 2021): 571–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abantiades penneshawensis Moore & Beaver sp. nov. and Abantiades rubrus Moore & Beaver sp. nov. are described as new. Both species are endemic to Kangaroo Island, and although both are related to species that occur on the Australian mainland and other islands, they are distinguished from those sister and phenotypically similar species by morphology and mtDNA (COI) barcodes. These two new species raise the number of Abantiades species on Kangaroo Island to six, three being endemic, and 45 species in the genus for the whole of Australia. There are now 13 species of Hepialidae (one undescribed) known from Kangaroo Island and we discuss the potential effects of recent catastrophic fire on some distributions.
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Lethbridge, Mark, Michael Stead, and Cameron Wells. "Estimating kangaroo density by aerial survey: a comparison of thermal cameras with human observers." Wildlife Research 46, no. 8 (2019): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract ContextAerial surveys provide valuable information about the population status and distribution of many native and pest vertebrate species. They are vital for evidence-based monitoring, budget planning and setting management targets. Despite aircraft running costs, they remain one of the most cost-effective ways to capture distribution and abundance data over a broad area. In Australia, annual surveys of large macropods are undertaken in several states to inform management, and in some jurisdictions, to help set commercial kangaroo harvest quotas. Improvements in the cost efficiencies of these surveys are continually sought. Aerial thermal imaging techniques are increasingly being tested for wildlife surveys, but to date no studies have directly compared population data derived from thermal imaging with data collected by human observers during the same flight. AimsDuring an aerial survey of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus), eastern grey kangaroos (M. giganteus) and red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) across the state of Victoria, Australia, the objective was to conduct a direct comparison of the effectiveness of thermal camera technology and human observers for estimating kangaroo populations from aerial surveys. MethodsA thermal camera was mounted alongside an aerial observer on one side of the aircraft for a total of 1360km of transect lines. All thermal footage was reviewed manually. Population density estimates and distance sampling models were compared with human observer counts. Key resultsOverall, the kangaroo density estimates obtained from the thermal camera data were around 30% higher than estimates derived from aerial observer counts. This difference was greater in wooded habitats. Conversely, human-derived counts were greater in open habitats, possibly due to interference from sunlight and flushing. It was not possible to distinguish between species of macropod in the thermal imagery. ConclusionsThermal survey techniques require refining, but the results of the present study suggest that with careful selection of time of day for surveys, more accurate population estimates may be possible than with conventional aerial surveys. ImplicationsConventional aerial surveys may be underestimating animal populations in some habitats. Further studies that directly compare the performance of aerial observers and thermal imaging are required across a range of species and habitats.
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Green-Barber, Jai M., and Julie M. Old. "Is camera trap videography suitable for assessing activity patterns in eastern grey kangaroos?" Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Camera traps are frequently used in wildlife research and may be a useful tool for monitoring behavioural patterns. The suitability of camera traps to monitor behaviour depends on the size, locomotion, and behaviour of the species being investigated. The suitability of cameras for documenting the behaviour of eastern grey kangaroos was assessed here by comparing activity patterns collected using cameras to published activity patterns for the species. The activity patterns calculated from camera trap data were largely consistent with data from previous studies, although nocturnal activity appeared to be under-represented. Observations of unusual fighting behaviour illustrates the potential for camera traps to enable capture of novel observations. Kangaroo behaviour appeared to be influenced by the presence of cameras; however, no kangaroos retreated from cameras. Data suggested that kangaroos became habituated to cameras after eight months. The findings of this study suggest that camera traps are suitable for assessing the diurnal activity of eastern grey kangaroos and are useful tools for documenting their behaviour.
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Gardiner, HG. "Dynamics of Perennial Plants in the Mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell) Zone of Western Australia. I. Rates of Population Change." Rangeland Journal 8, no. 1 (1986): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9860018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dynamics of populations of six plant species and their responses to environmental factors were examined at Yeelirrie station in the Mulga Zone rangelands of Western Australia. Populations of plants were sampled using sequential maps drawn from low level aerial photographs of areas from which livestock had been removed and which were fenced either to exclude or permit grazing by kangaroos (Macropus rufus Desmarest and Macropus robustus Gould). All six plant species were favoured by the combination of wet years (1973-76) and the removal of livestock from these arid rangelands. Increases ranged from about 20 plants/ha/yr (Eremophila leucophylla, Benth.) to more than 700 plants/ha/yr (Eremophila spectabilis, C.A. Gardn.) during this period. Drought (1977-1979) resulted in significant declines that ranged from about 10 plants/ha/yr (Eremophila leucophylla) to nearly 600 plants/ha/yr (Eremophila spectabilis) while three species (Eremophila leucophylla, Maireana glomerifolia, (F. Muell. et Tate) P.G. Wilson and Ptilotus obovatus, Gaud.) either did not change or increased by only 30 to 60 plants/ha/yr during this period. Responses to kangaroo grazing were strongest during 'normal', post-drought years (1980-82) when Eragrostis xerophila, Domin. decreased by 178 plants/ha/yr on grazed areas while on protected areas there was an increase of 299 plants/ha/yr. This response was due to effects on both recruitment and, as discussed by Gardiner (1986), survival. Maireana glomerifolia, another important plant for livestock was suppressed by kangaroo grazing via reduced recruitment during the 'normal' period. Other species (Frankenia paucifora, DC. and Eremophila spectabilis) responded positively to kangaroo grazing activity during the same period.
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Chilton, N. B., G. M. Morris, I. Beveridge, and G. Coulson. "Lack of evidence for co-speciation in a parasitic nematode of grey kangaroos." Journal of Helminthology 78, no. 3 (September 2004): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2004240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMultilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to compare specimens of the parasitic nematode Cloacina obtusa from the stomach of the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus and the western grey kangaroo, M. fuliginosus. Allelic variation among nematodes was detected at 17 (85%) of 20 loci, but there was only a single fixed genetic difference (at the locus for isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH) between C. obtusa from M. fuliginosus and those from M. giganteus in areas where each host occurred in allopatry. However, this fixed difference was not apparent within the zone of host sympatry. Although electrophoretic data indicate genetic divergence among allopatric populations of C. obtusa in the two host species, the magnitude of the electrophoretic difference (5%) between these populations does not refute the hypothesis that C. obtusa represents a single species. The ’usual’ situation for parasitic helminths of grey kangaroos is that pairs of parasite species occur in the two host species. This situation differs for C. obtusa, where there has been a lack of speciation following a speciation event in its macropodid marsupial hosts. This finding suggests that a speciation event in the host does not necessarily lead to a speciation event for all its parasites and further highlights our lack of understanding of which processes drive speciation in parasites.
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Croft, DB. "Kangaroo management: individuals and communities." Australian Mammalogy 26, no. 1 (2004): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kangaroo management plans for the commercial take of meat and hides and non-commercial population control focus on numbers (estimates of species abundance), proportions (quotas) and trends (sustainability of offtake). Effects on individuals and communities are too readily dismissed leading to inhumane treatment of dependent offspring and single species modelling in a multi-species community. I discuss the evidence for these deficiencies in current management plans and suggest actions and research to redress them.