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1
Hakim, Bahzad. "Recherches hydrologiques et hydrochimiques sur quelques karsts méditerranéens Liban, Syrie et Maroc /." Beyrouth : Publications de l'Université libanaise : Distribution, Librairie orientale, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23644045.html.
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2
Kunz, Manuel. "Karst Springs of Lake Ohrid." Zürich : ETH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=222.
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3
Dogwiler, Toby J. "Fluvial disturbances in karst streams /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060093.
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4
Caetano, Bicalho Cristina. "Hydrochemical characterization of transfers in karst aquifers by natural and anthropogenic tracers. Example of a Mediterranean karst system, the Lez karst aquifer (Southern France)." AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/56/95/44/PDF/these_CCBICALHO_2010.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La source karstique du Lez, localisée dans le bassin Méditerranéen (sud-est de la France), fournit de l’eau potable pour la ville de Montpellier et son agglomération depuis le XIXe siècle. Depuis 1981, un pompage intensif est effectué directement dans le conduit principal au moyen d’une station souterraine de pompage, avec un débit maximal autorisé de 1,700 l/s. Afin de mieux caractériser la dynamique et l’origine des eaux souterraines, mais également d'évaluer l’impact de trois décennies d’un pompage intensif de l’aquifère, des prélèvements ont été réalisés dans différentes conditions hydrologiques depuis mars 2006. La source du Lez ainsi que d’autres sources et forages appartenant à ce système et aux systèmes karstiques voisins ont été régulièrement échantillonnées pour le suivi en continu des paramètres physico-chimiques, des éléments majeurs et en trace, du Carbone Organique Total (COT), des coliformes fécaux et totaux ainsi que des 18O, 2H, 13CTDIC et 87Sr/86Sr. Au moment des crues de reprise qui surviennent après l’étiage, des eaux fortement minéralisées sont identifiées à la source du Lez. Ce comportement singulier a été étudié à un pas de temps fin. L’utilisation d’analyses statistiques multivariées a permis de caractériser les différents types d'eau s’écoulant à la source du Lez. Une approche couplée intégrant les données hydrochimiques et isotopiques a permis de définir les différents types d’eau et les lithologies associées, ainsi que les principales réactions qui contrôlent la chimie des eaux souterraines. Parmi les cinq types d’eau identifiés, deux correspondant à des pôles géochimiques très contrastés, et sont à mentionner : le premier pôle correspond à des eaux géochimiquement plus évoluées, caractérisées par une forte minéralisation, un enrichissement marqué en Cl, Na, Mg, Li, B et Br, des rapports Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca et Cl/Br élevés ainsi que des valeurs en 13CTDIC et 87Sr/86Sr enrichies. Ces eaux, qui correspondent à une signature évaporitique, sont vraisemblablement issues d’un réservoir profond, et associées à un temps moyen de résidence important. Parmi toutes les sources et forages étudiés, cette signature chimique a été uniquement observée pour les eaux de la source du Lez. Le second pôle correspond à des eaux faiblement minéralisées, contenant de fortes concentrations en NO3, bactéries et COT, représentant le flux d’infiltration rapide. Elles soulignent la vulnérabilité du système à l’infiltration rapide et à la contamination anthropique via des systèmes de pertes et de réseaux de fractures bien développé. Des déconvolutions d’hydrogramme à l'aide de multiples traceurs ont été réalisées pour estimer les proportions de participation des deux ou trois pôles d’eau précédemment définis dans les multiples événements de crue survenus entre 2008 et 2010. En considérant les chlorures comme traceur, la participation moyenne des différents types d’eau à l’écoulement à la source est la suivante : 12% pour les eaux profondes, 5% pour les eaux nouvellement infiltrées et 83% pour les eaux de l'aquifère principal. La comparaison entre les données obtenues dans cette étude et les données obtenues avant l’installation de la station souterraine de pompage (données de 1973-1974) montre des changements notables dans la composition chimique des eaux de la source du Lez, en indiquant une diminution de la proportion de participation du réservoir profond aux écoulements à cette source. Cette modification de la composition chimique des eaux peut être attribuée au pompage intensif du système karstique et, en l’absence de changement climatique perceptible, traduit les conséquences directes de ce forçage anthropique sur le fonctionnement général de l’aquifère. L’approche multi-traceurs combinée à l'hydrodynamique apparaît comme un outil très efficace pour caractériser les écoulements souterrains et leurs origines, et semble être potentiellement applicable à d'autres systèmes karstiques complexes similaires comprenant des compartiments profonds qui contribuent à l’écoulement de la source, notamment sur le pourtour méditerranéen où la crise messinienne à permis la mise en place d’une karstification profondeThe Lez karst spring, located in the Mediterranean basin (southern France), supplies with water the metropolitan area of Montpellier (France) since the 19th century. Since 1981, an intense pumping is being performed directly in the main conduit with a maximum exploitation flow rate of about 1,700 l/s. To improve the understanding of groundwater origins and circulation dynamics in this karst system, as well as the impact of three decades of intense water exploitation, groundwater samples have been collected during various hydrologic conditions since March 2006. The springs and wells of the Lez karst system as well as surrounding springs and wells have been monitored for: physicochemical parameters, major and trace elements, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), faecal and total coliforms, 18O, 2H, 13CTDIC and 87Sr/86Sr. During the first recharge events of autumn, high-mineralized waters have been observed at the Lez spring. This singular behaviour was monitored in a fine time-lag. A multivariate statistical analysis revealed the existence of different water-types discharging at the Lez spring. A coupled approach integrating geochemistry and isotopes were applied and provided insight into the different end-members, associated lithologies and the main reactions that control groundwater chemistry. Between the five distinguished water-types, the two more contrasting ones are emphasized: the first one correspond to more geochemically evolved, long residence-time waters, issued from deep layers where evaporite fingerprinting was identified. They are characterized by high mineralization and high concentrations in Cl, Na, Mg, Li, B and Br elements, high Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and Cl/Br ratios and enriched 13CTDIC and 87Sr/86Sr. Between all the studied springs and wells, this chemical fingerprinting has been uniquely observed for the Lez spring groundwaters. The second water-type corresponds to low mineralized waters with high concentrations in NO3, bacteria and TOC, and represents the flux of rapid infiltration waters. They underline the vulnerability of the system to surface infiltration and anthropogenic contamination through the infiltration of waters by sinkholes and well-developed fracture networks. Hydrograph deconvolutions using multiple tracers were used to estimate the participation of two or three end-members in the various flood-events that occurred between 2008 and 2010. If we use chloride as tracer, the mean estimated participation of the different water types are, as follows: 12% for deep waters; 5% for recent waters and 83% for main aquifer waters. The comparison between present and former studies carried out before the installation of the pumping plant (1973-1974 dataset), indicates historical changes in water hydrogeochemistry, evidencing a decrease of the deep compartment participation to the outflow of the Lez spring. This change in water hydrogeochemistry may be attributed to the intense pumping of the karst system and, in the absence of noticeable climatic changes, traduces the direct consequences of anthropogenic forcing on the overall functioning of the aquifer. The multi-tracers approach combined to hydrodynamics appears as a very efficient tool for characterizing groundwater flows and their origins and seems to be potentially applicable to other similar complex Mediterranean karst systems that were subjected to deep karstification during the Messinian crisis. The features of this crisis seem to play a relevant role on the hydrogeological behaviour of the aquifer and chemical characteristics of waters by the participation of a deep compartment to the outflow of the karst system
5
Semler, Keith R. "Development of a Karst Tourism Management Index to Assess Tourism-Driven Degradation of Protected Karst Sites." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The intent of this research was to create and evaluate a karst tourism management index (KTMI). This index is intended to be a new management tool designed to quantify environmental disturbances caused specifically by tourism activities in karst regions, particularly show caves and springs. In an effort to assess the effectiveness of the index as a management tool in karst terrains, after development, the index was applied to six case study sites. A review of the management policies at each study site was conducted with the use of standard policy critique methods and semistructured interviews with managers at the study sites. After interviews were completed, the newly created index was applied to the study areas with the aid of park land managers. Including land managers in the application process allowed for active land managers to provide more meaningful feedback on potential improvements to the KTMI to ensure the most universally applicable and thoroughly field-tested index tool was created. Upon application and continual refinement of the index to the six study sites, a new data-driven management tool to measure disturbances to karst terrains by tourism was developed. The KTMI consist of an Overall Score category that is broken down into the two main categories of Management and Tourism. The KTMI contains 168 indicators that all need to be scored individually to obtain results, with Management containing 100 of the indicators and Tourism containing the other 68 indicators.
6
Florea, Lee John. "The karst of west-central Florida." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001783.
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7
Wright, Winfield G. "Modeling karst aquifer response to rainfall." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A finite-element model (HYDMATCH) uses spring hydrograph discharge data to generate a linear regression relation between fracture conductivity and potential gradient in a karst aquifer system. Rainfall excess in the form of potential energy from sinkhole sub-basins is input to element nodes and routed through a one-dimensional finite-element mesh to the karst spring represented by the last node in the finite element mesh. A fracture-flow equation derived from the Navier-Stokes equation uses fracture conductivities from the regression equation and potential gradient in the last element of the mesh to determine discharge at the spring.
Discharge hydrograph data from Nininger spring, located in Roanoke, Virginia, was used to test the performance of the model. Excess from a one-half inch rain was introduced into sinkhole nodes and the regression equation generated by matching discharges from the known hydrograph for the one-half inch rainfall. New rainfall excess data from a one-inch rainfall was input to the sinkhole nodes and routed through the finite-element mesh. The spring hydrograph for the one-inch rainfall was calculated using the regression equation which was determined previously. Comparison of the generated hydrograph for the one-inch rainfall to a known hydrograph for a one-inch rainfall shows similar shapes and discharge values.
Areas in need of improvement in order to accurately model ground-water flow in karst aquifers are a reliable estimate of rainfall excess, a better estimation of baseflow and antecedent aquifer conditions, and the knowledge of the karst aquifer catchment boundaries. Models of this type may then be useful to predict flood discharges and contaminant travel times in karst aquifers.Master of Engineering
8
Pierskalla, William P. Jr. "RETHINKING KARST HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/67.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current karst hazard maps in Kentucky reflect the general lithology of the state and ignore or significantly reduce the impact of the actual sinkholes present within these areas. These maps rely on equal weighting, by area, of the Karst Potential Index (KPI) map and the sinkhole inventory map. The KPI is based on a 1:500,000 geologic map and less than 500 data points of carbonate rocks. The sinkhole inventory is derived from topographic maps updated in the 1970s with approximately 10-foot resolution. This method gives a preferential weighting of the KPI over the sinkhole data. Consequently, the current method is broad in scope and ineffective in hazard assessment. There is a need for a reliable karst hazard map for land use planners, government emergency planning agencies, and other stakeholders. In this study, more detailed geology information and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data are applied to three counties (Bullitt, Logan, and Woodford) to generate a more accurate assessment of karst hazard. An assessment method based on sinkhole density is also tested. By refining the hazard score to more precise areas of concern, future stakeholders will find this data useful in emergency planning and land assessment.
9
Birk, Steffen. "Characterisation of karst systems by simulating aquifer genesis and spring responses model development and application to gypsum karst /." Tübingen : Universität Tübingen, 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10236361.
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10
Furey, Neil M. "Bat assemblages in Vietnamese karst diversity, reproduction, echolocation and ecomorphology /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=33557.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2009.With: Description of a new species od Murina from Vietnam (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae : Murininae) Gábor Csobra ... et al. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional papers: 2007, 268. With: A new species of Kerivoula (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Southeast Asia /Paul J. Bates ... et al. Acta Chiropterologica. 2007: 9(2) 323-337. Includes bibliographical references.
11
Zabidi, Hareyani. "Studies of karst in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498440.
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12
Bosch, Rachel. "Landscape Evolution of the Central Kentucky Karst." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627665906577779.
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13
Auler, Augusto Sarreiro. "Karst evolution and paleoclimate of eastern Brazil." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/0efa53d1-8d53-46aa-9873-cc7f0ef35a99.
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14
Porter, Brandon Lee. "An Application and Refinement of the Karst Disturbance Index through Evaluating Variability in Island Karst Disturbance in Puerto Rico." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Karst environments are unique landscapes that contain important resources, including freshwater aquifers and specialized ecosystems, which are easily disturbed due to the interconnected nature of the surface and subsurface. The anthropogenic impacts on karst are deleterious to the ecosystems that are dependent on the karst environment and also to groundwater supplies. The Karst Disturbance Index (KDI) is a holistic tool used to measure anthropogenic impacts associated with karst environments, which has been applied and refined through studies performed in Florida and Italy, yet still remains untested and susceptible to modification for other areas. Application of the KDI in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, which is geographically isolated, and highly vulnerable due to its sensitive karst resources, provides an opportunity to test the index in an island setting. This research resulted in two KDI scores for the study area using both the original and recently modified methods. The scores reflect a significant to severe disturbance to the municipality’s karst environment of 0.54 and 0.68, respectively. Issues regarding the KDI were found from the application and comparison of these methodologies and revealed the need for adding additional indicators, including Mogote Removal and Coastal Karst, as well as several additional refinements and recommendations pertaining to scale, weighting, and incorporating the two methods together to create a single, more practical KDI tool. The disseminated results of the assessment of the area using the KDI will educate and help to foster stewardship of this vital resource in Puerto Rico.
15
Merideth, Johnny. "Vadose Zone Hydrology near the Vicinity of Edna's Dome, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/65/.
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16
Mondain, Paul-Henri. "Hydrogeologie des systèmes karstiques de l'unité Delphino-Helvetique inferieures entre les vallées du Fier et du Borne (massif des Bornes, Haute-Savoie, France )." Orléans, 1989. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784936.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les calcaires urgoniens constituent le principal aquifère karstique du massif des bornes. La structure plissée et la fracturation conduisent à la délimitation de systèmes karstiques d'extension modeste. Entre les vallées du borne et du fier une douzaine de systèmes sont recensés. Ils sont essentiellement alimentes par les précipitations dont une part assez importante est temporairement stockée a leur surface sous forme de neige durant la saison froide. L’acquisition de données hydrométriques et hydro chimiques journalières durant 2 a 3 cycles hydrologiques sur les 4 principales émergences du secteur a permis la mise en évidence: 1) du caractère très karstifié des systèmes étudiés avec cependant un drainage moins fonctionnel en période d'étiage mis en relation avec l'évolution actuelle de ces systèmes; 2) du rôle prépondérant de la zone non saturée dans les modalités de transit des eaux et l'acquisition de la charge dissoute. L’expérience acquise permet de perfectionner la méthodologie d'étude des systèmes karstiques subalpins. Les faibles réserves des systèmes sont évaluées et des aménagements sont proposés pour accroitre et protéger les ressources en eau des systèmes karstiques étudiés
17
Wong, Wing-kin Philip. "Ground investigation in karst area a case study in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, China /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42904584.
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18
Ek, David. "Hydrologic and Geochemical Cycling within Karst Versus Non-Karst Basins within the Interior Low Plateau Province of South-Central Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/550.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis summarizes my research in which I investigated differences and characteristics in hydrologic, nutrient and geochemical cycling between karst versus nonkarst basins within the Interior Low Plateau Province. Field data including stream discharge, evapotranspiration, and dissolved major ion concentrations were collected for a period of one year for two basins within Mammoth Cave National Park. Twelve percent carbonate rocks underlie one basin, while the other consists of 48 percent carbonate rocks. The carbonate rock exposures within both basins exhibit karstification. The hydrologic and geochemical differences between these basins were compared to determine to what extent that cycles are modified or altered within karst terrains. The characteristics of these cycles within both basins were also compared. I found that there were noticeable hydro geochemical effects from the presence of karst within a basin. These effects were either the result of the presence of carbonate rocks within the basin or due to the presence of morphological karst features within the carbonate rocks. The presence of karst serves as a buffer by moderating temperature extremes, lessens the effect of acid precipitation, moderates discharges during storm surges, moderates/lessens a basin's evaporative losses, and affects available moisture and nutrients to surface biological processes. These hydrologic effects in turn, also continue to affect the basin's geochemistry in noticeable ways. Findings included that it only takes a small percentage of carbonate rocks within a basin to produce an output stream with a calcium/bicarbonate geochemical signature. In these situations, the quantity of karst is perhaps not as important as spatial distribution. Therefore, the quantity of karst within a basin may be more critical to accurately assess when conducting geochemical modeling. Many global geochemical models do not factor in karst affects (Holmen, 1992). Considering the extent of carbonate rocks globally and their potential ability to affect hydrogeochemical cycles, future model modifications may need to factor in karst affects in order to more accurately represent actual real-world field conditions.
19
Fleury, Erik Spencer. "Land use policy and practice in karst terrains." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002254.
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20
Muchaidze, Iana. "Imaging in karst terrain using electrical resistivity tomography." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Muchaidze_09007dcc80534d1b.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 26, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-67).
21
Malloy, Elizabeth. "Trophic Dynamic Interactions in a Temperate Karst River." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1437.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Surface streams in karst landscapes are often characterized by high nutrient levels due to incomplete filtration through series of innumerable, below-ground conduits. Seasonal growth of the filamentous alga, Cladophora, is typically associated with nutrient-rich waters. This research compared macroinvertebrate food web structure between riverine reaches with contrasting underlying karst topography, nutrient levels, and Cladophora cover during summer 2012 and autumn 2013. Recent work in these reaches found a high correlation between Cladophora cover and nutrient content, particularly nitrate. Four questions were addressed during this study: 1. Do longitudinal trends in algal and consumer δ13C values relate to decreased DIC availability in larger watersheds? 2. Are trophic niche breadths narrower in more karstified reaches than in less karstified reaches due to longitudinal differences in Cladophora standing stocks? 3. Do differences in trophic-dynamic relationships between primary consumers and their food resources reflect the marked distinction in Cladophora standing stocks in two sections of the upper Green River that flow through differing levels of karstification? 4. Are consumers assimilating primarily autochthonous or allochthonous food resources? Consumers and algae became more 13C-depleted in downstream reaches, which is opposite to published data in other streams. Underlying causes for this pattern are uncertain, but one plausible cause is an increase in DIC availability downstream. Karstrelated hydrology may potentially alter or even reverse normal longitudinal gradients within in-stream producer and subsequently, consumer δ13C values. Since consumers were sampled during low-Cladophora conditions during 2013 and within a few weeks of the onset of the Cladophora bloom in 2012, stable isotopic results may be more representative of primary consumer diets during pre- Cladophora bloom periods. Although Cladophora cover was significantly higher in downstream reaches during both years, food-web structure was similar in all reaches. Consumer niche breadth was similar across reaches, and mixing model analyses suggested that primary consumers in all reaches assimilated similar amounts of Cladophora. The contribution of both autochthonous and allochthonous food resources to the assimilated diet of primary consumers appeared to be similarly important. These results suggest that allochthonous resources may be important in some midreach food webs, especially during periods of low algal growth.
22
Rashed, Khaled A. "Modelling karst spring hydrographs using pipe-like conduits." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408497.
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23
Marques, Ana Patrícia dos Reis. "Herpetofauna in caves of the Estremenho Karst Massif." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mestrado em Ecologia AplicadaThe karst landscape has among other features and peculiarities, caves and scarce water at surface. The water rare at surface can be found underground in a complex hydrological network. In Portugal, karst massifs are distributed by two major zones, Lusitanian and Algarve basins. The Estremenho karst massif is the biggest massif of the country (around 900 Km2) and most of it is covered by the Serras de Aire and Candeeiros Natural Park (PNSAC). It has more than 2,000 caves and a great variety of habitats. In this territory are present 15 amphibians and 19 reptiles species, but the knowledge of the use of caves by these animals is scarce. To fill this gap, this study aimed to map the presence and distribuition of herptofauna in caves. The major results were the presence of three species (Tarentola mauritanica; Salamandra salamandra, and Pleorodeles waltl) with report of P. waltl reproduction for the first time in Portugal. This study highlighted the need of more future works with conservation of the sites and species that they harbour in view. In addition to the scarce knowledge on the presence of herpetofauna in caves, there is no significant information about the impact of water bodies on development of some species, namely amphibians. The importance of this water bodies is due to the vulnerability of the karst system to human activities that release contaminants to the environment and that can easily reach the groundwater table and springs, spreading over large distances. Thus, the second aim of this study was to see how the selected water bodies in the sampling area affect the developmento of early stages of Hyla arborea. The results showed no difference in larvae growth nor was reported high number of anomalies or mortality. The oxidative stress responses showed statistical significant difference on lipidic peroxidation between control and one of the sites, most likely related with the level of salinity. In terms of enzimatic activity of the antioxidant enzymes there were no differences on the animals exposed to the different water bodies. The results of the analyses of the selected pesticides, although with low values, show the presence of pesticides in one of the sites. This work show that water from the sampled sites is not a threat to the amphibians, but future works are needed to conclude the water bodies state of the Estremenho massif throught the year and its impacts on biodiversity.
Grutas e escassez de água à superfície são algumas das caraterísticas e peculiaridades da paisagem cársica. A água rara à superfície pode ser encontrada numa intrincada rede subterrânea. Em Portugal, os maciços calcários estão maioritariamente distribuídos em duas grandes regiões, as Bacias Lusitânica e Algarvia. O Maciço Calcário Estremenho é o maior do país (cerca de 900 Km2), estando praticamente toda a área incluída no Parque Natural das Serras de Aire e Candeeiros (PNSAC). Nesta área são conhecidas mais de 2000 grutas e uma grande variedade de habitats. A herpetofauna presente nesta região compreende 15 anfíbios e 19 répteis, mas pouco se sabe acerca do uso que estes animais fazem das grutas. Para tentar colmatar esta lacuna, o presente estudo pretendeu fazer o mapeamento da presença e distribuição de espécies em grutas. Como principais resultados registou-se a presença de três espécies (Tarentola mauritanica; Salamandra salamandra e Pleorodeles waltl) e a observação pela primeira vez em Portugal de reprodução em P. waltl. Este estudo indicou a necessidade de mais trabalhos futuros com a perspetiva de conservação dos locais e das espécies neles existentes. Para além do escasso conhecimento acerca da presença de herpetofauna em grutas, também não existe informação relevante acerca do impacto das massas de água no desenvolvimento de algumas espécies, nomeadamente, anfíbios. A importância destas massas de água deve-se ao facto de o sistema cársico ser vulnerável a atividades humanas que libertam contaminantes para o ambiente e que facilmente se infiltram nos lençóis freáticos e em nascentes, dispersando-se por longas distâncias. Deste modo, o segundo objetivo, foi perceber como as massas de água, selecionadas da zona de amostragem, afetam o desenvolvimento de girinos de Hyla arborea. Os resultados não mostraram alteração no crescimento dos girinos nem se verificou um número de anomalias e de mortes elevado. As respostas a nível de stress oxidativo apresentaram diferenças significativas para a peroxidação lipídica entre o controlo e um dos locais, muito provavelmente relacionada com o nível de salinidade. Ao nível da atividade enzimática das enzimas antioxidantes não existiram quaisquer diferenças nos animais expostos às diferentes massas de água. Os resultados das análises aos pesticidas selecionados, apesar de não apresentarem valores elevados, mostram a presença de pesticidas, num dos locais. Este estudo indica que a água dos locais amostrados pode não apresentar ameaça imediata aos anfíbios, sendo, no entanto, necessários trabalhos futuros a fim de concluir o estado das massas de água do maciço Estremenho ao longo do ano, e seus impactos na biodiversidade.
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Fleury, Spencer. "Land Use Policy and Practices in Karst Terrains." Scholar Commons, 2007. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/708.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Karst topography is the result of a specific combination of geological conditions, precipitation, biota, and temperature, and is characterized by the gradual solution of the underlying bedrock and the development of underground drainage routes for surficial runoff. Many of these karst landscapes are found in urbanized areas, where the potential for anthropogenic impact is quite high. In many instances, municipalities on karst terrains choose to mitigate these impacts by implementing ordinances that place restrictions on permissible land uses near karst landforms. This dissertation asks the question: are the impacts of karst-related land use regulation on human / social systems significant enough to merit consideration during the regulation writing and implementation process? In the process of answering this question, it is hoped that a broader understanding will be developed of how land use regulations are used to control and regulate human activity on karst lands, particularly (but not exclusively) in the United States; and that the conclusions drawn from that overview might serve as the beginnings of a generally applicable framework for the development of karst regulation.
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Nannoni, Alessia <1989>. "Unsaturated flow in a structurally complex karst aquifer." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9336/1/TESI%20PhD_VR_AN.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this doctoral project was to unravel the functioning of the unsaturated zone of a karst aquifer that developed in a complex structural setting. The studied system, Bossea cave (Southern Piedmont, Italy) is located in the Ligurian Alps. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted to investigate the unsaturated flow dynamics of the system. Geological surveys, structural analysis and thin-section microscopy permitted to recognize the main circulation pathways. Bossea karst system developed taking advantage of a peculiar structural setting in which transpression between two left-lateral strike slip faults led to a disharmonic deformation of the Permian basement and the Mesozoic carbonates. Flow circulation developed along the bedding planes of the folded carbonate sequence, but when the water reached the disharmonic surface mechanical erosion of the basement non-carbonate rocks started. The hydrological monitoring of the underground river and several secondary tributaries permitted to recognize a complex and heterogeneous architecture in the unsaturated zone. Drip sites hydrological behavior is controlled by the fracture organization and permeability in the unsaturated zone. The drip sites show a piston flow behavior, but each inflow has peculiar flow characteristics that are related to the drainage of small perched reservoirs in the fractured rocks of the unsaturated zone. The recession analysis, cubic law inversion and fractal analysis confirmed that the fracture network architecture controls the discharge of the vadose inflows. Hydrochemical investigations permitted to recognize the influence of the different lithologies on the inflows discharge. This cave represented a unique opportunity to study in detail the dynamics of an unsaturated zone that is strongly influenced by inputs from different lithologies, in addition to the carbonates. The availability of a huge amount of data collected for more than 15 years permitted to study this system in a wide range of conditions, from drought to extreme flooding events.
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Leyland, R. C. "Vulnerability mapping in karst terrains, exemplified in the wider Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02112009-171849/.
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Johansson, Jens. "Pitchingmönster - Taktikanalys : En pitchers val av kast." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2233.
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Pons-Branchu, Edwidge. "Datation haute résolution de spéléothèmes (230 Th/234 U et 226 Ra/238 U) : application aux reconstitutions environnementales autour des sites du Gard et du Meuse/Haute Marne." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30094.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nous avons réalisé l'étude de spéléothèmes du Gard et de la région de l'Est du bassin de Paris. La datation fine a été appliquée aux reconstitutions environnementales actuelles et passées pour les derniers 250 ka. Cette approche vise dans un premier temps à valider les datations U/Th réalisées a haute résolution et sur de petites quantités de matière, sur la période de temps très récente (0- 10ka BP) pour laquelle cette méthode est difficile à utiliser. Parallèlement, nous avons teste sur cette période de temps récente et sur les mêmes échantillons, la datation par excès de 226 Ra. Pour toute la gamme d'application des datations U/Th, nous avons teste plusieurs modes de corrections des âges, pour prendre en compte les biais liés à la présence de matériel détritique dans ces carbonates impurs. .We have investigated the Gard and the eastern Paris basin environmental reconstruction by using U-series dating of speleothems. The first aim of this study was to validate the high resolution U-series dating of small size samples over the recent period (0- 10 kyr) for which this method is of difficult use. For this period, we also have tested the 226 Ra dating techniques for the U/Th dated speleothem. For the whole period on which U/Th is valid, several correction methods were compared in order to take into account bias due to detrital material within these impure carbonates. These methodological investigations enabled to investigate several research axes. We discussed the origin of speleothems breaking from a Gard cave. Speleothem U/Th dating has been used for a chronological scale for the Eastern Paris basin karstification. We have shown the importance of the presence and the erosion of a non carbonated cover overlying the karstified limestone on the speleothem uranium composition. .
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Le, Fillatre Virginie. "Les dépôts dans le karst en Périgord-Quercy et leurs significations." Bordeaux 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR30017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En Périgord-Quercy, les remplissages karstiques ont des significations diverses. Certains témoignent de conditions climatiques qui se sont succedées au cours du temps (par exemple les l ?ss, les dép^ots fluviatiles à cryoclastes, les remplissages détritiques fluviatiles ou de ruissellement, spéléothèmes, les argiles kaoliniques?). Le climat se manifeste aussi par les variations du niveau de base. D'autres remplissages reflètent uniquement la morphologie karstique (existence de passages étroits, de bassins, de grandes salles ?). La tectonique affecte les remplissages par le biais des variations du niveau de base (enfoncement rapide sur le Causse de Gramat). Elle provoque aussi la fracturation des remplissages karstiques et des spéléothèmes et le décalage de section de conduit (décalage des spéléothèmes). L'homme agit sur les dép^ots karstiques en détruisant le couvert végét l par l'élevage, l'écobuage, ou la mise en culture. Il intervient aussi en contribuant directement aux ramplissages karstiques par des aménagements (préhistoire à actuel) et par le dépôt de déchets. Enfin, l'homme modifie son environnement par l'émission de pollutions chimiques ou biologiques. L'étude de la signification des remplissages karstiques aboutit à la création d'une classification des dépôts. Cette classification a pour but de répertorier tous les types de dépôts rencontrés dans le karst et d'établir leurs caractéristiques minéralogiques et sédimentologiques. Elle permet donc, dans un premier temps, de reconnaître le remplissage, étape nécessaire à la compréhension de la mise en place des dépôts. Quelques classifications ont été proposées par différents auteurs(Andrieux, 1963 ; Renault, 1987 ; Quinif, 1989 ; Delannoy, 1997), mais aucune n'a été suivie d'un inventaire complet et détaillé des dépôts karstiques. La classification est l'aboutissement de cette thèse. A elle seule, elle présente une signification particulière des remplissages karstiques à travers une vision dynamique des dépôts. La classification met en évidence les processus qui ont conduit à la mise en place des dépôts.
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Karst, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Das Direct Settlement-Verfahren im europäischen Kartellverfahrensrecht / Alexander Karst." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107605792/34.
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Walker, Lindsay N. "The Caves, Karst, and Geology of Abaco Island, Bahamas." MSSTATE, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-03292006-153441/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abaco Island is located on Little Bahama Bank at the northwestern extent of the Bahamian Archipelago. Karst features on Abaco include: flank margin caves, karren, blue holes, pit caves, banana holes, and cone karst. As part of this study all known flank margin caves on Abaco were GPS located and surveyed. The presence and locations of the other karst features were recorded as part of the karst inventory of Abaco. The cone karst is of particular interest because cone karst has not been documented on other Bahamian islands. These cones form from the dissection of an eolianite ridge due to karst, fire, and vegetative processes. Tafoni-like recesses, originally believed to be high flank margin caves, were formed during cliffing of an eolianite ridge during the OIS 5e highstand. The geologic evolution of representative depositional sequences on Abaco fits within the accepted Bahamian stratigraphy.
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Elzi, David John. "Transcriptional properties of the Kaiso class of transcription factors /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5027.
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Arpin, Sarah Marie. "Karst Hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone, South-Central Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1253.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
South-central Kentucky has one of the world’s most intensively studied karstareas, with most work focusing on the Mammoth Cave System and related caves and aquifers. However, slightly higher in the stratigraphic section than Mammoth Cave, the Haney Limestone is a locally important but less well studied carbonate aquifer. This research provides the most comprehensive synthesis to date of the karst hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone of south-central Kentucky, focusing on the distribution and controls on cave and karst features developed within. In contrast to drainage systems within the major limestones below, joints are the most dominant control on passage development in the Haney Limestone within the study area and the orientation of these joints is consistent with that of regional joint sets. Bedding planes and the presence of insoluble rock at the base of the Haney also exert control on conduit development in the Haney Limestone. Most of the caves of the study area developed in the Haney Limestone are singleconduit caves that receive water through direct, allogenic sources. Cave entrances are frequently perennial spring resurgences and the presence of active streams suggests that the caves function within the contemporary landscape, acting as drains for localized recharge areas. The hydrology of the Haney Limestone plays an important, if localized, role in the regional hydrology of south-central Kentucky, integrated into the current system of surface and subsurface drainage of the regional karst landscape. Evidence supports the idea that caves of the Haney Limestone are, geologically, relatively recent phenomena. A majority of the cave passages in the study area are hydrologically active, the water resurging from the sampled springs is typically undersaturated with respect to limestone, and the caves in some case appear to be developed along potential stress release fractures associated with small, apparently young valleys. This suggests that caves in the Haney Limestone were not directly influenced by the incision of the Green River over vast periods, like Mammoth Cave, but that cave development is a largely contemporary process.
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Stocklassa, Palmlöv Christine. "Kartering av karst på Gotland med LiDAR - en metodstudie." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119868.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an active remote sensing system which is used to map the surface of the Earth and which can be processed to show the ground surface under the canopy cover. The aim of this study is to examine if LiDAR can be used as a method for mapping karst on the island of Gotland, what kind of karst morphologies may be identified and their geographical distribution. LiDAR was visualized in the computer platform ArcGIS and in ArcMap version 10.3 (Esri). More than 2000 karst objects were mapped using LiDAR. Of these, eight different locations including 34 potential karst objects were chosen for field control. Six different classes of karst have been identified including three classes of dolines. The results show that LiDAR can be used for mapping karst, especially the bigger karst morphologies which are easier to identify. The results from the field control show that 45 % of the small dolines, 43 % of the medium sized dolines and 33 % of the large dolines which has been mapped in LiDAR were actual dolines. For larger scale karst morphologies the success rate was almost 100 %. The method did not lend itself well to identification of sinkholes, most likely related to the very small size of these on Gotland.
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North, Leslie A. "Informal Karst Education in the United States and Internationally." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3265.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite the abundance of karst terrains and the important role they play in a wide variety of roles including supplying freshwater drinking supplies, no single, comprehensive study investigates the role of informal education for the improved understanding and protection of the terrains. Commonly overlooked anthropogenic karst disturbances partially occur because of the poor dissemination of scientific information to the general populace and policymakers and budgetary and time constraints of municipalities, thus generating a need to use informal education to fill these shortcomings. The purpose of this study was to: 1) establish the status of and quantify the amount of karst-related informal education efforts pursued in the United States and abroad, 2) reveal if any differences in the nature of educational material exist with ownership (i.e. private vs. governmental) at karst attractions, and 3) evaluate the outcomes of increasing the educational karst material presented to show cave visitors through guided tours. The results of this study reveal that karst education is overall lacking in the United States and internationally, the focus of most recent educational endeavors is bats, and educational programs for children far outnumber the quantity of programs available to adult learners. This research also reveals that disconnects between the actuality of current show cave program characteristics and tour guide and manager opinions about informal karst education are abundant. Furthermore, although differences exist in the nature of the educational material presented to visitors during guided tours, the quality and quantity of material at both privately- and publicly-owned facilities is often significantly lacking. Yet, through field-based research this research proves minimal changes to tour content and guide re-training, can result in successfully increasing visitor karst knowledge while simultaneously maintaining the entertainment value of show cave operations.
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Reimann, Thomas. "Adaptation of Numerical Modeling Approaches for Karst Aquifer Characterization." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-108404.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Karst aquifers can be conceptualized as dual flow systems comprised of a low-conductive matrix with embedded high-conductive conduits / preferential flow zones. Discharge in conduits ranges from low-velocity laminar flow to high-velocity transitional and turbulent flow. Commonly employed continuum models do not account for the specific behavior of transitional and turbulent flow. In response to this limitation, enhancements have been made to MODFLOW, a commonly used groundwater flow model, by adding a discrete conduit network to the matrix continuum (hybrid model). The Conduit Flow Process (CFP) package is the latest realization of this model approach. CFP Mode 1 (CFPM1) computes laminar and turbulent flow in discrete conduits that are coupled to the laminar continuum model. CFP Mode 2 (CFPM2) accounts for turbulent flow in preferential flow layers by adapting the continuum model. Therefore, laminar hydraulic conduc-tivities are converted into turbulent hydraulic conductivities. CFPM2 was further modified to consider steady turbulent pipe flow. Karst models based on CFPM2 require potentially less input data and computational efforts than karst models based on CFPM1. Furthermore, CFPM2 integrates more easily into MODFLOW versions including e.g. transport models. Parameter studies for a synthetic catchment demonstrates that continuum models with turbulent flow representation and an additional flow barrier between conduits and matrix can represent karst systems similar to hybrid models. For simulation of highly transient flow processes in karst conduit systems, i.e. during flood events, it is crucial to consider dynamics such as free-surface flow, wave propagation, and changes between pressurized and non-pressurized conduit flow. The coupled overland- and groundwater flow model MODBRANCH was therefore enhanced to consider unsteady and non-uniform flow processes in karst conduits. Flow in discrete conduits is simulated using the Saint-Venant-equations for free-surface flow. Contrary to overland flow, the cross sectional area of karst conduits is finite. Accordingly, both pressurized and non-pressurized flow may occur within conduits. To simulate pressurized flow, a hypothetical, narrow, open-top slot (Preissmann slot) is added to the conduit crown, which allows the use of the free-surface flow equations for fully filled conduits. Beyond this, the model features a variable time step to consider wave speed variations, for example due to the transition from free-surface to pressurized flow. Parameter studies for a synthetic catchment demonstrate the significance of free-surface flow representation for variably filled conduitsKarstgrundwasserleiter können als duale Fließsysteme konzeptionalisiert werden, bestehend aus einer geringdurchlässigen Matrix mit eingebundenen hochdurchlässigen Bereichen, z. B. Karströhren. Der Abfluss in den hochdurchlässigen Bereichen reicht von langsamer laminarer Strömung bis zu schneller turbulenter Strömung. Herkömmliche numerische Grundwasser-strömungsmodelle berücksichtigen nicht die spezifischen Eigenschaften von nicht-laminarer Strömung (Übergangsbereich laminar-turbulent bzw. turbulente Verhältnisse). Ein Ansatz um diese Einschränkung zu umgehen, ist die Erweiterung des laminaren Kontinuums um ein dis-kretes Röhrenmodell, das zustandsabhängig laminare und turbulente Strömung berücksichtigt (Hybridmodell). Eine aktuelle Umsetzung dieses Ansatzes ist Conduit Flow Process (CFP), ein Modul für das weitverbreitete Grundwasserströmungsmodell MODFLOW. CFP Mode 1 (CFPM1) berechnet laminare und turbulente Strömung in diskreten, mit dem Kontinuummodell gekoppelten Röhren. CFP Mode 2 (CFPM2) berücksichtigt nicht-laminare Strömung in hochdurchlässigen Schichten mit einer angepassten hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit des Kontinuummodells. CFPM2 wurde weiter modifiziert, so dass auch turbulente Strömung in Karströhren berechnet werden kann. Dadurch kann möglicherweise der Parameterbedarf sowie der Rechenaufwand gegenüber Hybrid¬modellen reduziert werden. CFPM2 lässt sich einfach in vorhandene MODFLOW Modelle einbinden, z. B. zur Berechnung von Transportprozessen. Parameterstudien für ein idealisiertes Karsteinzugsgebiet zeigen, dass Kontinuummodelle bei Berücksichtigung der turbulenten Strömung sowie des zusätzlichen hydraulischen Widerstand zwischen Röhren und Matrix, Karstsysteme ähnlich wie Hybridmodelle darstellen. Zur Simulation von instationären Prozessen in Karströhren, z. B. ausgeprägte Abflusssignale infolge pulsförmiger Grundwasserneubildung, ist es notwendig, dynamische Prozesse infolge Freispiegelabfluss, Wellenausbreitung sowie Wechsel zwischen Abfluss in teil- und vollgefüllten Röhren zu berücksichtigen. Aus diesem Grund wurde das numerische Modell MODBRANCH, welches ein diskretes Oberflächenwassermodell mit einem Kontinuummodell koppelt, so angepasst, dass instationäre und nichtgleichförmige Abflussprozesse in Karströhren berücksichtigt werden können. Der Abfluss in diskreten Röhren wird dabei mit den Saint-Venant-Gleichungen für Freispiegelabfluss berechnet. Im Gegensatz zu Oberflächengewässern ist der für den Abfluss zur Verfügung stehende Querschnitt in Karströhren limitiert, so dass sowohl Freispiegel- als auch Druckabfluss innerhalb der Röhren auftreten kann. Druckabfluss wird mit Hilfe eines schmalen virtuellen Schlitzes an der Röhrenoberkante simuliert (Preissmann Schlitz), der auch im Fall vollgefüllter Röhren die Anwendung der Gleichungen für Freispiegelabfluss erlaubt. Durch die Verwendung eines variablen Zeitschrittes kann die geänderte Dynamik beim Übergang von Freispiegel- zu Druckabfluss berücksichtigt werden. Parameterstudien für idealisierte, synthetische Karsteinzugsgebiete demonstrieren die Bedeutung der Berücksichtigung von Freispiegelabfluss in teilgefüllter Röhren
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Sullivan, Zachary S. "Karst Landscape Influence on the Planetary Boundary Layer Atmosphere." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1638.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Karst landscapes cover approximately 20% of the ice-free land area worldwide. The soluble nature of the bedrock within a karst landscape allows for the formation of caverns, joints, fissures, sinkholes, and underground streams, which affect the hydrological behavior of the region. Currently, the Noah Land-Surface Model (Noah- LSM), coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, does not provide a representation of the physical behavior of a karst terrain. Previous research has attempted to model karst behavior through soil moisture and land cover/land use changes to determine the influence this unique landscape may have on atmospheric phenomenon. This highlights the need to study the potential influence that karst landscapes may have on model simulations. For this study, several factors were taken into account while studying karst and meteorology: the verification of a current operational forecasting model against observational data over five years (2007 to 2011), the formation of a karstlike soil type for use within an operational forecasting model, and model behavior once this karst-like soil type was added to the operational forecasting model.
The verification of a currently operational forecasting model, the North American Mesoscale (NAM), indicated that, overall, the karst regions may exhibit an influence on local winds (greater error) and precipitation (frequency and forecasting). When developing a realistic karst-like soil proxy for use in the Noah-LSM, hydraulic conductivity values show a variation ranging from around 10-7 and 10-5 m s-1 for the karst bedrock within Tennessee and Kentucky. Sandy loam and clay soils were used, along with bedrock parameters, to determine an average soil parameter type for the epikarst bedrock located within this region. The model study demonstrated that the addition of karst highlighted the potential influence on precipitation distribution and energy fluxes, through RMSD and R2 values taken at a 95% confidence interval.
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Simon, Kevin Scott. "Organic Matter Dynamics and Trophic Structure in Karst Groundwater." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study of energy pathways in karst groundwater the first chapter examines spatial and temporal patterns of bacterial density and activity in the Dorvan-Cleyzieu karst aquifer, France. During baseflow, bacterial density and activity in the water column was similar in upper and lower zones of the aquifer. Floods apparently scoured inactive bacteria from the aquifer matrix but had little effect on respiring cells. Dissolved organic carbon was more abundant at the base of the aquifer, probably because of patchy distribution of particulate organic matter in upper aquifer zones that leached dissolved organic carbon. The temporal sequence of flooding and drying in the aquifer appears to play an important role in the maintenance of biofilms which should be important energy sources to higher trophic levels in the aquifer. The ecosystem expansion and contraction model, originally developed to describe surface streams, may be a good descriptor of spatial and temporal patterns of microbial films in karst aquifers.
The process of leaf and wood breakdown in cave streams in Organ Cave, West Virginia is examined in Chapter 2. Leaf and wood breakdown rates and microbial biomass and respiration on leaves and wood were compared between cave streams with and without coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) input from the surface to examine the role of CPOM input in leaf and wood breakdown. Breakdown rate and pattern of microbial colonization of leaves and wood were typical of results reported for surface streams. Unlike in surface streams, CPOM input did not influence breakdown rate or microbial colonization on leaves and wood, apparently because nutrients are not limiting in cave streams. Nutrient addition had little effect on microbial films on wood in either stream type. Gammarus minus is an important shredder in Organ Cave streams and G. minus colonization accelerated leaf breakdown rates. Leaf and wood transport rates were low and, when combined with breakdown rates, suggest that CPOM will be retained and transformed to fine particles near its entry point to the subsurface.
In chapter 3 I examine cave stream food web structure and the role various organic matter sources in stream trophic dynamics. I used stable isotope (13C and 15N) natural abundance analysis and a 13C-acetate tracer release to establish feeding relationships and to trace the use and importance of bacterial carbon in cave streams with and without CPOM input. Cave streams contained three trophic levels consisting of organic matter sources, primary consumers, and predators. Patterns of 13C labeling in the stream were similar to that in similar studies of surface streams. 13C acetate was incorporated into epilithic biofilms and fine benthic organic matter (FBOM). Some primary consumers, Fontigens tartarea, Gyraulus parvus, and Physa were highly labeled and showed a longitudinal labeling pattern consistent with the consumption of epilithic biofilms. An epigean caddisfly, Dolophilodes, was highly labeled and probably feeds on suspended organic matter. Other primary consumers, Gammarus minus and Caecidotea holsingeri, feed on FBOM and epilithon. Two amphipods, Stygobromus emarginatus and S. spinatus, and a planarian, Macrocotyla hoffmasteri, are predators in the streams. Leaves and wood were not major energy sources directly used by stream animals. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from soils appears to be the primary energy source for stream food webs by fueling bacterial production that is then used by higher trophic levels. Because epilithon C turnover times were relatively long (12.7 - 17 days), DOM can be immobilized in cave stream biofilms, enhancing the efficiency with which the microbial loop may transfer energy to higher trophic levels.Ph. D.
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Reboleira, Ana Sofia Pereira Serrenho. "Biodiversity and conservation of subterranean fauna of Portuguese karst." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10865.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doutoramento em BiologiaAs regiões cársicas de Portugal ocupam uma parte considerável do território e albergam mais de 2000 grutas, que são habitadas por animais subterrâneos com características adaptativas únicas. Estes animais estão entre os mais raros, ameaçados e desprotegidos a nível mundial, comummente pelo simples fato de serem desconhecidos, o que associado à relativa inacessibilidade do seu habitat, constitui um desafio para o seu estudo. O presente trabalho centra-se no estudo da biodiversidade subterrânea do carso de Portugal, de forma a contribuir para a sua conservação. Os invertebrados subterrâneos têm sido ignorados no que concerne à sua proteção, sobretudo porque o conhecimento era escasso e desorganizado. Este trabalho começa por apresentar uma revisão de todas as fontes bibliográficas sobre fauna subterrânea em Portugal, incluindo um catálogo de espécies troglóbias e estigóbias, acompanhado das respetivas localizações, para congregar, pela primeira vez, o estado do conhecimento da riqueza específica, biogeografia e conservação das áreas estudadas. Para compreender os padrões de biodiversidade subterrânea, foi realizado um ano de trabalho de campo intenso e padronizado em mais de 40 cavidades de 14 unidades cársicas. Deste esforço resultou a descoberta e descrição de nove novos taxa, compreendendo três novos géneros e seis novas espécies para a ciência. Utilizando sistemas de informação geográfica foram mapeadas as distribuições das espécies subterrâneas do carso de Portugal e a sua riqueza foi comparada com a de outras áreas do mundo. Para explicar a sua riqueza específica subterrânea, foram testados vários fatores ambientais e efetuada a estimativa de espécies subterrâneas, numa escala regional. A evapotranspiração e consequentemente a produtividade primária ao nível da superfície poderão ser fatores importantes na variação da riqueza específica nas diferentes unidades cársicas, mas a profundidade e as características geológicas únicas de cada maciço parecem desempenhar um papel determinante nos padrões de biodiversidade subterrânea. Com o intuito de avaliar a sensibilidade de organismos subterrâneos à contaminação, foram testados os efeitos letais de dois tóxicos em crustáceos estigóbios com diferentes graus de troglomorfismo. Foram igualmente abordados aspectos gerais de ecotoxicologia de águas subterrâneas e perspectivas de futuro. Os principais problemas relacionados com a conservação dos habitats subterrâneos em Portugal estão associados à destruição direta do habitat e à sua contaminação. Estes carecem de proteção específica, o que implica a gestão adequada à superfície e a criação de áreas prioritárias de conservação. Integrando toda a informação gerada, o presente estudo estabelece uma hierarquização de locais prioritários para a conservação da fauna subterrânea em zonas cársicas de Portugal.
This research is a contribution to the study of subterranean biodiversity in karst areas of Portugal, towards its conservation. The relative inaccessibility of the subterranean environment is a challenge for the study of its fauna, often accessible only in caves but more widely distributed. The subterranean animals are among the most rare, threatened and worldwide underprotected, often by the simple fact of being unknown. Karst areas of Portugal occupy a considerable part of the territory and harbor more than 2000 caves. The complex biogeographical history of the Iberian Peninsula allowed the survival of several relict arthropod refugees in the subterranean environment. Subterranean invertebrates have been ignored, as for as the protection of karst systems are concerned in Portugal, largely because knowledge was scarce and disorganized. Reviewing all the bibliographic sources about subterranean fauna from Portugal and listing troglobiont and stygobiont species and locations, was essential to understand the state of knowledge of species richness and the biogeography and conservation status for the studied areas. In order to understand subterranean biodiversity patterns in karst areas from Portugal, one year of intense fieldwork was performed in more than 40 caves from 14 karst units. Several new species for science were discovered and 7 taxa comprising 2 new genera and 5 new species were described. Bearing in mind that spatial distribution of subterranean species is crucial to ecological research and conservation, the distribution of hypogean species, from Portuguese karst areas, was mapped using geographic information systems. Also, its subterranean richness was compared with other areas of the world and missing species were estimated on a regional scale. The subterranean biodiversity patterns were analyzed, and several factors were tested to explain richness patterns. Evapotranspiration and the consequent high productivity on the surface may be determinant in the species richness in the different karst units of Portugal, but the depth of the caves and the unique geological features of every massif seemed to play a more important role. In order to evaluate the tolerance of organisms to groundwater contamination, the acute toxicity of two substances were tested on stygobiont crustaceans with different degrees of troglomorphism. Our study showed that the high levels of endemism contribute to remarkably different toxicological responses within the same genus. The major problems related to conservation of subterranean habitats were associated to direct destruction and their contamination. These ecosystems lack of specific protection, implying an adequate management of surface habitats and the establishment of priority areas. Integrating all the previous information, this study establishes a ranking of sites for conservation of subterranean fauna in karst areas of Portugal.
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Barren, Gregory John. "Epiphytic Diatom Community Structure in a Karst Riverine System." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The goal of this study was to assess the epiphytic diatom community structure of two host species along a karst gradient in the upper Green River, Kentucky to a gain a better understanding of the role of diatoms in the food web. The host species studied were Podostemum ceratophyllum and Cladophora. Percent cover of P. ceratophyllum and Cladophora were quantified in the four study reaches. The host species were sampled near-shore and mid-channel in each reach in September and October of 2013. After diatoms were extracted from the host and enumerated the density and diversity were quantified. Twelve genera were identified with > 91% of the community in each reach being Cocconeis. The second most abundant genus was Achnanthes or Navicula depending on the reach. The density and diversity of diatoms increased longitudinally going downstream. Exceptions to this trend occurred when high flow events disturbed the community. Within reaches there were no differences in diatom diversity in near-shore and mid-channel habitats. Diatom density in near-shore and mid-channel habitats was only different in the most downstream reach. Cladophora had a community twice as dense as P. ceratophyllum, but less diverse. The results of this study indicate that there are longitudinal differences in diatom communities in the upper Green River and host species are an important factor in determining the community composition. The importance of epiphytic diatoms in the food web, however, remains unclear.
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Kaiser, Rachel Anne. "An Urban Karst Aquifer Resource Evaluation and Monitoring Toolbox." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In urban karst areas, such as the City of Bowling Green, Kentucky and the Tampa Bay Metropolitan Area, groundwater quality faces a variety of threats. The development of residential, commercial, and industrial landuse types allows for a wide variety of groundwater pollutants to enter the karst groundwater systems. Various different models and indices have attempted evaluative approaches to identify issues in urban karst areas, but the methods vary by location and lack a focus on urban karst groundwater quality. There also exists a lack of a data-driven approach that is able to capture short- and long-term changes in threats to groundwater quality as a result of urbanization. The overall purpose of this study was to develop a holistic, data-driven evaluation toolbox with threat, vulnerability, and monitoring assessment tools for urban karst groundwater systems to better determine the possible threats, data collection needs, monitoring parameters, and analytical approaches needed to ensure groundwater quality is maintained in urban karst regions. This study focused on: 1) determining what indicators, parameters, resolution, and data quality need to be prioritized to create an effective, holistic monitoring framework for urban karst groundwater, and 2) developing an effective assessment and evaluative tools for urban karst groundwater quality sites using historic and modern data in an urban karst setting. The outcomes include an Urban Karst Aquifer Resource Evaluation (UKARE) Toolbox with a Threat, Vulnerability, and Monitoring evaluation tools that were applied and validated through application of the Toolbox using case studies in the City of Bowling Green, Kentucky and the Tampa Bay Metropolitan Area in Florida. The results demonstrate the universal applicability of the UKARE Toolbox to different urban karst sites and its effectiveness at scoring for threats and vulnerabilities, as well as identifying potential monitoring sites through primary data collection of water quality parameters and emerging pathogens at over 150 sites between both study areas. The final results of this study are useful to develop monitoring and management plans through a standardized scoring and evaluation tool in order to influence urban karst groundwater monitoring and management.
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Vogel, Harald. "Dränfähige Stabilisierungsinjektionen in erosions- und suffosionsanfälligen Lockergesteinen." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://elib.tu-darmstadt.de/diss/000026/.
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Rodet, Joël. "Les karsts de la craie : étude comparative." Paris 4, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'ensemble de la craie interesse une grande partie de l'europe septentrionale (bassin anglo-parisien, plai ne nord-europeenne, depuis liege jusqu'a la pologne orientale, en passant par les iles danoises). Le developpement d'un karst a oppose longtemps l'ecole de la nappe de porosite (grundwasser) aux tenants de la circulation diaclasienne exclusive. Depuis 40 ans, se developpe la notion d'aquifere mixte, dans lequel la nap pe assure la ressource tandis que le karst est responsable de la qualite et de sa vulnerabilite. La permeabilite est a l'origine de cette dualite. Le manteau d'alteration masque le cryptokarst constitue essentielle ment de racines, puits naturels evoluant sous couverture. La dynamique de creusement des drains est assez unitaire. Le creusement se realise per ascensum sur un remplissage concomittant d'insolubles. Et selectionne des collecteurs a partir d'un lacis de drains initiaux. Les drains horizontaux sont les plus nombreux mais les formes verticales sont representees par les puits et les cheminees d'aquilibres liees aux phases d'ennoiement. Largement plus petits (5 a 8 fois) que dans les calcaires francs, les conduits offrent toutes les organisations d'un karst mur. L'heterogeneite de l'aquifere se traduit par trois fonctions : l'introduction qui alimente la nappe, la restitution qui l'evacue, et la percee hydrokarstique. L'influence zonale permet de distinguer les zones soumises au gel, a l'aridite et aux fortes precipitations. En zone temperee on peut opposer une zone continentale stable, aux regions d'influence littorale quaternaire destabilisees par les variations du niveau de base glacio-eustatique. Il en ressort une grande complexite qui oblige a l'examen des bassins pour adapter toute mesure de protection des ressources aux specifites des captages d'un aquifere tres productif mais tres vulnerable dans des regions a forte pression anthropique. L'etude monographique des grandes regions karstiques que sont la cote d'albatre, la vallee de la basse-seine et les cuestas du sud-est parisisen confirme la dualite de l'aquifere et permet leur integration dans le quaternaireDevelopment of chalk deposits takes place in a large area of northern europe (anglo-parisien basin, northern european plain from liege to esrtern poland, via danish islands). Karst development wis for a long time subject of opposition between watersheet school and karstic draining theory. For 40 years, hydrologists develop the mixed structure approach, in which the watersheet ensures the volume while karst gives resources quality. Permeability is responsable of that duality. The alterations cover the cryptokarst, where are solution pipes, naturel welle diging under sediments. The karstic draining digs passages per ascensum over a concomitant diposit, realising a selection of main galeries between a karstic network. Horizontal galeries are numerius but vertical passages are composed by pits and static chimneys. Passages are smaller (5 to 8 times) than thoses of classix limestones. All spatial organisations of a well developed karst exist in chalk mixted aquifer presents 3 fonctions : introduction to the watersheet, restitution of waterscheet and karstic system. Zonal influences are frost, aridity and important raining. In temporat zona, is a difference between a continental area and a quaternary sea-border area with sea-level changes. The real approach for environment politics is by the karst basin unity, because of the great human pressure. Monographic approach of the main karst area of paris basin (cote d'albatre, basse seine, and southeastern cuestas) precises the mixted aquifer and relations in quatennary evolution
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Gaiffe, Michèle. "Processus pédogénétiques dans le karst jurassien : analyse de la complexation organo-minérale en ambiance calcique /." Besançon : Laboratoire de pédologie, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371584624.
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Haj-Hassan, Mohammed-Fayed. "Recherches géomorphologiques sur le relief karstique des Causses de Martel et de Gramat." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376057386.
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Audra, Philippe. "Karsts alpins, genèse de grands réseaux souterrains : exemples, les Tennengebirge, Autriche, l'Île de Crémieu, la Chartreuse et le Vercors, France." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE19051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A partir d'exemples de réseaux souterrains alpins, l'ouvrage propose des jalons de l'histoire de ces régions karstiques. Dans les Hautes Alpes calcaires de Salzbourg, le karst des Tennengebirge évolue depuis le tertiaire, avec le développent d'un karst à buttes et de vastes réseaux étages. Le système Cosa Nostra - Bergerhohle s'est mis en place au plio-quaternaire, sous l'effet conjugue de la surrection et des glaciations. Le bas plateau de l'île de Crémieu recèle une topographie karstique ancienne oblitérée par les dépôts glaciaires. La grotte de la Balme évolue au moins depuis le début du pléistocène, en fonction des variations du niveau de base du Rhône. Dans les Préalpes, la Dent de Crolles et le Moucherotte recèlent des conduits subhorizontaux perchés datant du Pliocène. Leur élaboration s'est poursuivie au Pleistocène. En Vercors, la grotte Vallier recèle des sédiments du Pléistocene inférieur, témoin alpin unique des glaciations de cette époque. Les remplissages souterrains permettent la reconstitution de l'histoire des réseaux et de leur environnement. La méthode u th et le paléomagnétisme donnent des ages du Pleistocène ancien et moyen. La sédimentologie, la minéralogie, l'anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique des dépôts détritiques sont étudiés. Les remaniements d'altérites et les sédiments glaciaires, notamment les varves, sont les plus typiques. Le creusement dans la zone temporairement noyée est capital dans la spéléogénèse. On analyse les implications au-dessus et en-dessus du niveau de base, ainsi que le rôle de laThe aim of this work is to propose a number of milestone in the history of these karstic regions, proceeding from examples of underground alpine networks. In the high limestone alps of Salzburg, the karst of the Tennengebirge has undergone modifications since the tertiary with the development of a cone karst and vast tiered networks. The Cosa nostra - Bergerhohle system came into being in the plio-quaternary period as a consequence of the combined effect of upthrust and glaciation. The low plateau of the ile de cremieu conceals an ancient karstic topography oblitarated by glacial deposits. The cave of la Balme has evolved at least since the early pleistocene in acordance with variations in the base level of the rhone. In the Prealps, the dent de crolles and the moucherotte conceal subhorizontal perched conduits dating back to the Pliocene. Their development went on during the Pleistocene. In the Vercors, the Vallier cave harbours sediments of the lower Pleistocene, unique alpine evidence of the glaciation of the time. Underground deposits permit the reconstruction of the history of these networks and their environment. The u th method and paleomagnetism provide ages in the early and middle Pleistocene. Sedimentology, mineralogy and the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility of detrital deposits are studied. Reshaping of weathered rocks and glacial sediments, notably varves, are the most typical. Corrosion in the temporarily phreatic zone plays a major part in the speleogenesis. The
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Mazzilli, Naomi. "Sensibilité et incertitude de modélisation sur les bassins méditerranéens à forte composante karstique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20188/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les aquifères karstiques sont associés à des enjeux importants en termes à la fois de gestion de la ressource en eau et de gestion du risque d'inondation. Ces systèmes sont caractérisés par une structure fortement hétérogène et un fonctionnement non-linéaire. Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la sensibilité et de l'incertitude associés à la modélisation numérique des écoulements en milieu karstique. De façon systématique, l'analyse de sensibilité est utilisée comme outil afin de répondre aux questions suivantes: (i) la calibration est-elle possible ? (ii) la calibration est-elle robuste ? (iii) est-il possible de réduire l'équifinalité via une calibration multi-objectif ou multi-variable ?Cette contribution met en évidence le potentiel des méthodes locales d'analyse de sensibilité. En dépit des limitations inhérentes à cette approche (approximation locale et perturbation d'un facteur à la fois), l'analyse locale permet une compréhension fine du fonctionnement du modèle, pour un coût de calcul réduit.Par ailleurs, cet travail souligne l'intérêt d'une calibration multi-variable par rapport à une calibration multi-objectif, dans une optique de réduction de l'équifinalitéKarst aquifers are associated with key issues for water resource management and also for flood risk mitigation. These systems are characterized by a highly heterogeneous structure and non-linear functioning. This thesis addresses the sensitivity and uncertainty associated with the numerical modelling of groundwater flow in karst systems. As a systematic approach, sensitivity analysis has been used to answer the following questions:(i) is it possible to calibrate the model ? (ii) is the calibration robust ? (iii) is it possible to reduce equifinality, through multi-objective calibration or through multi-variable calibration ? This contribution stresses the potentialities of local sensitivity analyses. Despite their inherent limitations (local approximation), local analyses have proved to bring valuable insights into the general behaviour of complex, non-linear flow models, at little computational cost. Besides, this contribution also stresses the interest of multi-variable calibration as compared to multi-objective calibration, as regards equifinality reduction
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Dal, soglio Lucie. "Hétérogénéité géologique, spéléogenèse et hydrodynamique du karst : du concept à la modélisation numérique Enhanced modelling of the karst hydrodynamic processes through hybrid models." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse a pour but d'intégrer explicitement la géométrie des conduits karstiques dans les modèles numériques d'écoulement. A partir d'observations du développement des réseaux de conduits karstiques sur le terrain et de modélisations des processus spéléogénétiques et hydrogéologiques, trois sujets scientifiques sont développés dans ces travaux. Premièrement, les investigations sur le système de la fontaine de Vaucluse, essentiellement en zone non saturée, permettent d'identifier les principaux paramètres qui contrôlent la géométrie des réseaux de conduits karstiques. Ces paramètres géologiques et hydrologiques impactent les écoulements préférentiels et les niveaux saturées en eau. Sur la base des connaissances acquises, le développement des conduits est ensuite étudié par le biais de la modélisation 3D. Des modèles synthétiques permettent d'étudier les relations entre les contrastes de conductivité hydraulique de la matrice, l'architecture et l'hétérogénéité des failles et l'architecture du réseau de conduits qui en résulte. De plus, les concepts établis et la méthodologie de spatialisation des données sont améliorés et critiqués sur une partie du système d'étude.Troisièmement, des modèles hybrides sont construits pour étudier l'effet sur le comportement hydrodynamique de la représentation explicite conjointe des conduits karstiques et de la zone non saturée. Ces modèles sont confrontés aux concepts de la littérature à l'échelle du voisinage d'un conduit karstique et à l'échelle du réservoir. Les expériences numériques réalisées permettent de valider l'utilisation de ces modèles hybrides pour reproduire les comportements hydrodynamiques attendus. Elles permettent de quantifier l'influence des propriétés des réseaux de conduits et des propriétés pétrophysiques de la matrice sur les écoulements. En synthèse de cette thèse, une méthodologie de travail est proposée pour modéliser les réservoirs karstiques en intégrant au mieux leur hétérogénéité, de la matrice aux réseaux de conduitsThis work aims to integrate the explicit geometries of karst conduits in flow models.Based on both field observations of karst developments as well as modeling approaches for speleogenesis processes and hydrogeology, three scientific subjects are developed in this thesis.First, investigations of the fontaine de Vaucluse systems, mainly in the unsatured zone, allow identification of the key parameters that control the karst conduit geometries.These geological and hydrological parameters affect the preferential flow paths and the piezometric level.Second, using these concepts on karstogenesis, karst network development is studied through 3D modeling.Synthetic models enable the study of the relationship between karst conduit architectures, fault network petrophysical properties and heterogeneities in the matrix hydraulic conductivity.Moreover, well-established concepts and data spatial distribution methods are criticized and improved.Third, hybrid models explore the impact of explicit representation of karst conduits combined with the influence of the unsaturated zone on hydraulic behavior.These models are tested against published concepts in the vicinity of karst conduits and at the reservoir scale.The different numerical experiments return the expected hydrodynamic behavior.This highlights the coupled flow impact of conduit and matrix petrophysical properties.As a conclusion, this thesis proposes a global method for modeling karst reservoirs in order to integrate, as far as possible, matrix and conduits heterogeneities
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Abdelkhalek, Kais [Verfasser]. "Fundamental energy cost of quantum measurements / Kais Abdelkhalek." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143734262/34.
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Hivert, Fanny. "Tomographie temporelle de la densité par la mesure des muons." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4039/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les muons, particules chargées d'origine cosmique, ont la particularité d'être très pénétrants. L'atténuation du flux de muons dans la matière témoigne de la quantité de matière traversée (profondeur x densité). Sur la base de ce principe, la muographie est une technique permettant d'étudier la densité in-situ de cibles volumineuses telles que des édifices géologiques. Le projet Tomographie Temporelle de la Densité par la Mesure des Muons (T2DM2) a pour objectif la caractérisation des variations spatiales et temporelles de la densité des roches avec un premier champ d'application dans la Zone Non Saturée (ZNS) de l'aquifère karstique de Fontaine-de-Vaucluse, située au-dessus du LSBB. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur la simulation numérique du flux de muons en profondeur et une première campagne de mesures durant 16 mois consécutifs à différentes profondeurs dans les galeries du LSBB. Les simulations menées sont en accord avec les variations de densité attendues en contexte hydrogéologique. L'influence de la composition atomique de la roche et des processus de diffusion sont discutés ainsi que des pistes pour réduire les durées d'acquisitions (et/ou surfaces de détection et/ou angles solides). Les mesures réalisées au LSBB ont permis d'identifier des zones de plus faibles densités telles que le point X1. Les données acquises ont pu être corrigées de l'influence de la pression atmosphérique grâce à la détermination du coefficient barométrique permettant ainsi l'analyse temporelle du flux de muonsThe muons, charged particles of cosmic origin, have the particularity of being very penetrative. The attenuation of muon flux in matter highlights the quantity of matter (depth x density) passed through. Based on this principle, the muography is a technique allowing the study of the in-situ density of large targets as geological structures. The Temporal Tomography of rock Density using Muon Measurements (T2DM2) aims at characterizing the spatial and temporal density variations with a first application in the unsaturated aquifer of Fontaine-de-Vaucluse located above the LSBB. This thesis work is focused on the numerical simulation of muon flux at depth and a first campaign of measurements during 16 consecutive months at various depths in LSBB galleries. The performed simulations are in agreement with the expected density variations in an hydrogeological context. The influences of the rock atomic composition and of the scattering processes are discussed as well as strategy to reduce the acquisition duration (and/or detection surfaces and/or solid angles). The measurements performed at LSBB allowed to identify areas of lower density such as the X1 point. The acquired data have been corrected thanks to the determination of the barometric coefficient allowing the temporal analysis of muon flux. The comparison of the recorded flux at different depths (~ 60 m, ~ 200 m and ~ 500 m) with the numerical simulations leads to an estimation of the average density of the rocks located above the LSBB of 1.9 ± 0.1 g.cm-3 testifying their important porosity