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Статті в журналах з теми "K-feldspar veins"
1
Kretz, Ralph. "Petrology of veined gneisses of the Otter complex, southern Grenville Province." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 835–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A prominent metamorphic complex composed mainly of K-feldspar gneiss, with many quartz–feldspar layers and veins, occurs in the Otter Lake terrane of the southern Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield. Intense deformation of the complex is indicated by folded and disjointed amphibolite dikes; many veins are also folded. The K-feldspar gneiss consists of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, local garnet, and rare sillimanite. With few exceptions, the mineral assemblage of each vein is the same as that of the enclosing gneiss, including garnet and sillimanite, where present, and minor minerals, magnetite, zircon, apatite, and allanite. The volume fraction K-feldspar/(K-feldspar + plagioclase) ranges widely (from 0.05 to 0.90), but compared with adjacent gneiss, K-feldspar is always higher and biotite is lower. The chemical composition of veins is similar to that of enclosing gneiss, but K and Ba are higher and Mg, Fe, Mn, Ti, Zr, Rb, and P are lower. The bulk composition of veined gneiss where veins are numerous and that of adjoining gneiss where veins are scarce are virtually identical. Vein–gneiss differences in plagioclase and garnet composition are small or imperceptible.These results lead to the conclusion that many of the veins were locally derived. The rearrangement of atoms needed to produce a vein is considered in terms of Orville–Fisher exchange reactions, e.g., the transport of K, Al, and Si from gneiss to sites of vein growth, in exchange for Mg, Fe, and H. The Ramberg–Robin model of metamorphic differentiation, in which transport occurs by crystal-boundary diffusion, driven by pressure gradients, is proposed as the principal process of vein formation.
2
Neiva, A. M. R. "Distribution of trace elements in feldspars of granitic aplites and pegmatites from Alijó-Sanfins, northern Portugal." Mineralogical Magazine 59, no. 394 (March 1995): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.59.394.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAt Alijó-Sanfins there are many granitic aplite and pegmatite veins crosscutting different petrographic facies of the Hercynian granite batholith and also mica-schists. They are tin-bearing granitic rocks. Thirty-four samples of K-feldspar and 34 of albite from these veins and host granites were analysed to establish the distribution of elements and their fractionation trends in the sequence of feldspar crystallization. Rubidium and Cs increase, and Ba, Sr, Ba/K, Sr/K and K/Rb decrease in K-feldspar, whereas Na increases and Sr and Ca decrease in albite, from granites to aplites and pegmatites. In a few aplite-pegmatite veins Rb, Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr increase and Ba, Sr, K/Rb and Ba/Sr decrease in K-feldspar, and Rb increases and Sr decreases in albite from aplite to coexisting pegmatite. Equilibrium was not attained for trace elements between coexisting feldspars.
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Viegas, Gustavo, Luca Menegon, and Carlos Archanjo. "Brittle grain-size reduction of feldspar, phase mixing and strain localization in granitoids at mid-crustal conditions (Pernambuco shear zone, NE Brazil)." Solid Earth 7, no. 2 (March 9, 2016): 375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-375-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The Pernambuco shear zone (northeastern Brazil) is a large-scale strike-slip fault that, in its eastern segment, deforms granitoids at mid-crustal conditions. Initially coarse-grained (> 50 µm) feldspar porphyroclasts are intensively fractured and reduced to an ultrafine-grained mixture consisting of plagioclase and K-feldspar grains (< 15 µm) localized in C' shear bands. Detailed microstructural observations and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis do not show evidence of intracrystalline plasticity in feldspar porphyroclasts and/or fluid-assisted replacement reactions. Quartz occurs either as thick (∼ 1–2 mm) monomineralic veins transposed along the shear zone foliation or as thin ribbons ( ≤ 25 µm width) dispersed in the feldspathic mixture. The microstructure and c axis crystallographic-preferred orientation are similar in the thick monomineralic veins and in the thin ribbons, and they suggest dominant subgrain rotation recrystallization and activity of prism < a > and rhomb < a > slip systems. However, the grain size in monophase recrystallized domains decreases when moving from the quartz monomineralic veins to the thin ribbons embedded in the feldspathic C' bands (14 µm vs. 5 µm respectively). The fine-grained feldspar mixture has a weak crystallographic-preferred orientation interpreted as the result of shear zone parallel-oriented growth during diffusion creep, as well as the same composition as the fractured porphyroclasts, suggesting that it generated by mechanical fragmentation of rigid porphyroclasts with a negligible role of chemical disequilibrium. Once C' shear bands were generated and underwent viscous deformation at constant stress conditions, the polyphase feldspathic aggregate would have deformed at a strain rate 1 order of magnitude faster than the monophase quartz monomineralic veins, as evidenced by applying experimentally and theoretically calibrated flow laws for dislocation creep in quartz and diffusion creep in feldspar. Overall, our data set indicates that feldspar underwent a brittle-viscous transition while quartz was deforming via crystal plasticity. The resulting rock microstructure consists of a two-phase rheological mixture (fine-grained feldspars and recrystallized quartz) in which the polyphase feldspathic material localized much of the strain. Extensive grain-size reduction and weakening of feldspars is attained in the East Pernambuco mylonites mainly via fracturing which would trigger a switch to diffusion creep and strain localization without a prominent role of metamorphic reactions.
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Sutarto, Sutarto, Arifudin Idrus, Sapto Putranto, Agung Harjoko, Lucas D. Setijadji, Franz M. Meyer, and Rama Danny. "HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND VEIN TYPES OF THE RANDU KUNING PORPHYRY Cu-Au DEPOSIT AT SELOGIRI AREA, WONOGIRI." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 9, no. 1 (May 8, 2014): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v9i1.121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many Tertiary hydrothermal altered dioritic composition intrusive rocks were found at the Randu Kuning area and its vicinity, Selogiri, including hornblende microdiorite, hornblende-pyroxene diorite and quartz diorite. The hydrothermal fluids which responsible for the alteration and mineralization at the area is associated with the occurence of the horblende microdiorite intrusion. The alteration zone at the Randu Kuning area and its vicinity can be divided intoseveral hydrothermal alteration zones, such as potassic (magnetite-biotite-K feldspar), prophyllitic (chlorite-magnetite-epidote-carbonate), phyllic (quartz-sericite-chlorite) and argillic (clay mineral-sericite). The alteration pattern in the Randu Kuning porphyry Cu-Au deposit is tipically a diorite model characterising by the domination of potassic alteration and prophyllitic zone. Phyllic and argillic alteration types are restrictive found within the fault zones. A lot of porphyry vein types were found and observed at the Randu Kuning area, and classified into at least seven vein types. The paragenetic sequence of those veins from theearliest to the latest respectively are 1). Magnetite-chalcopyrite±quartz-biotite veinlets, 2). Quartz±magnetite (A type) veins, 3). Banded/Laminated quartz-magnetite (M type) veins, 4). Quartz±K feldspar (B type)veins, 5). Quartz with thin centre line sulphide (AB type) veins, 6). Pyrite±chalcopyrite (C type) veinlets, and 7). Pyrite-quartz+chalcopyrire+carbonate (D type) veins. Gold and copper mineralisation of the Randu Kuning Porphyry Cu-Au deposit, mostly related to the presence of quartz veins/veinlets containing sulfide i.e. Quartz with thin centre line sulphide veins, Pyrite±chalcopyrite veinlets, and Pyrite-quartz+chalcopyrire+carbonate veins.
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RAO, A. BHASKARA. "Silica enrichment, graphic granite and aquamarine growth: a new exploration guide." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 74, no. 3 (September 2002): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652002000300014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Granitic pegmatites are traditionally known to contain graphic, perthitic and myrmekitic intergrowths related to quartz and K- and Na- feldspars. They are further considered to characterise the pegmatite types distinguishing them from the granites and other related plutonic rock types. Graphic granite is accepted also as a synonym to granitic pegmatite. Systematic studies, by the author and colleagues, on the granitic pegmatite gem deposits have permitted the definition of two aquamarine gem provinces in ENE Brazil, one in the NeoProterozoic and the other in the Archaean sequences. Potash feldspars in the pegmatites in the former show perthitic intergrowths, whereas in the latter graphic intergrowth dominates with anomalously coarse centimetric quartz along the cleavages of K-feldspar. Several granitic pegmatites hosted in Archaean complex, in Lages Pintadas Aquamarine Province, Santa Cruz, RN State, present this texture-structure. Graphic intergrowth is attributed to the eutectic crystallization, succeeded by hydrothermal fluids with silica enrichment permitting the growth through diffusion and nucleation of quartz and along cleavages of potash feldspar. In the Archaean terrain, the abundance of recycled chert forming metapsammitic migmatites traversed by numerous quartz veins and coarse graphic granites, has contributed to the growth of beryl and also the aquamarines.
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Schrijver, K., E. Marcoux, G. Beaudoin, and J. Y. Calvez. "Pb–Zn occurrences and their Pb-isotopic signatures bearing on metallogeny and mineral exploration—Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, northern Appalachians, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1777–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Galena Pb-isotope ratios of epithermal vein and disseminated sulfide occurrences in the Taconian Orogen and Siluro-Devonian basin cluster around 17.90–18.05 for 206Pb/204Pb and 37.70–38.00 for 208Pb/204Pb. The major source of Pb in most, if not all, occurrences is a fairly common continental crust, a characteristic found in published analyses of Grenville feldspar Pb. A southwest to northeast increase in galena 206Pb/204Pb ratios is ascribed to the supply of several types of detritus from Grenville basement during the Cambro-Ordovician: coarse-grained, K-feldspar-bearing in the southwest, grading into fine-grained phyllitic, and relatively more highly radiogenic in the northeast.Emplacement (i) of Pb–Zn–barite veins and disseminations, commonly of homogeneous crustal Pb-isotopic signature, was late Taconian; (ii) of Pb–Zn–quartz veins, of less homogeneous signature, was post-Taconian; and (iii) of Pb–Zn–carbonate veins, relatively highly radiogenic and commonly homogeneous, was late or post-Acadian. Signatures of the first-mentioned group seem to be most useful in exploration.
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Willan, Robert C. R. "Structural setting and timing of hydrothermal veins and breccias on Hurd Peninsula, South Shetland Islands: a possible volcanic-related epithermal system in deformed turbidites." Geological Magazine 131, no. 4 (July 1994): 465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractQuartz veins and vein-breccias in a greywacke-shale sequence of ?Carboniferous-Triassic age were previously regarded as mesothermal silicified fault breccias, and related to an adjacent Eocene granodiorite pluton. New mapping of vein assemblages and textures, and their structural and cross-cutting relationships, demonstrates that the steeply dipping, sheeted, epithermal-textured vein array was hydraulic in origin and possibly Cretaceous in age. The main vein and breccia swarm trends for 14 km NNE along-strike and 2 km across-strike, cutting large irregular areas of silicified and brecciated sandstone, and patchy areas of pyritic, propylitic and K-feldspar alteration. Angular vein fabrics and hydraulic disruption textures indicate wedging by hydrothermal solutions, hydraulic rupture, brecciation and fragment transport, followed by open-space precipitation, in veins generally < 15 cm thick and breccias up to a few metres thick. Hydrothermal quartz, chlorite, calcite and chalcedony predominate, with variable amounts of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and pyrite. Epidote, arsenopyrite, K-feldspar and andradite garnet are conspicuous in places. Breccias were pre-and syn-mineralization, whereas mineral precipitation was pre-, syn- and post-breccia formation. Hydrothermal activity was simultaneous with extensional faulting, striking NNE, and accompanied by intrusion of dacitic dykes. There followed conjugate shearing on east- and ESE-striking faults, intrusion of high-level tonalite stocks, and several phases of basaltic andesite dyke intrusion. These hypabyssal rocks were probably coeval with the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group dominating Livingston Island, dated between 130 and 75 Ma. Minor copper and iron sulphide-bearing veins occur in adjacent volcanic and hypabyssal intrusive rocks. The Hurd Peninsula veins may, therefore, form part of a volcanic-epithermal hydrothermal system (adularia-sericite-quartz type), of Cretaceous age, rather than a porphyry-related system of Eocene age.
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Dunkel, Kristina G., Luiz F. G. Morales, and Bjørn Jamtveit. "Pristine microstructures in pseudotachylytes formed in dry lower crust, Lofoten, Norway." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2193 (February 2021): 20190423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0423.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Feldspar-rich pseudotachylytes from the island of Moskenesøya, Lofoten, formed in dry granulites under lower crustal conditions during the Caledonian orogeny. The central parts of the pseudotachylytes, where the cooling rates were slowest, are characterized by microlites and spherulites of plagioclase and K-feldspar. K-feldspar surrounding plagioclase is consistent with crystallization from a melt during cooling instead of devitrification as the origin of the spherulites. Very thin (a few micrometres wide) injection veins, which experienced very rapid quenching, contain amorphous or cryptocrystalline material. The preservation of this material and of the fine-grained microstructures shows that, under fluid-absent conditions, recrystallization and reactions are slow and the original microstructures of the pseudotachylytes can be preserved. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding earthquakes using the geological record’.
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Byrne, Kevin, Guillaume Lesage, Sarah A. Gleeson, Stephen J. Piercey, Philip Lypaczewski, and Kurt Kyser. "Linking Mineralogy to Lithogeochemistry in the Highland Valley Copper District: Implications for Porphyry Copper Footprints." Economic Geology 115, no. 4 (June 1, 2020): 871–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4733.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Highland Valley Copper porphyry deposits, hosted in the Late Triassic Guichon Creek batholith in the Canadian Cordillera, are unusual in that some of them formed at depths of at least 4 to 5 km in cogenetic host rocks. Enrichments in ore and pathfinder elements are generally limited to a few hundred meters beyond the pit areas, and the peripheral alteration is restricted to narrow (1–3 cm) halos around a low density of prehnite and/or epidote veinlets. It is, therefore, challenging to recognize the alteration footprint peripheral to the porphyry Cu systems. Here, we document a workflow to maximize the use of lithogeochemical data in measuring changes in mineralogy and material transfer related to porphyry formation by linking whole-rock analyses to observed alteration mineralogy at the hand specimen and deposit scale. Alteration facies and domains were determined from mapping, feldspar staining, and shortwave infrared imaging and include (1) K-feldspar halos (potassic alteration), (2) epidote veins with K-feldspar–destructive albite halos (sodic-calcic alteration), (3) quartz and coarse-grained muscovite veins and halos and fine-grained white-mica–chlorite veins and halos (white-mica–chlorite alteration), and two subfacies of propylitic alteration comprising (4) prehnite veinlets with white-mica–chlorite-prehnite halos, and (5) veins of epidote ± prehnite with halos of chlorite and patchy K-feldspar. Well-developed, feldspar-destructive, white-mica alteration is indicated by (2[Ca-C] + N + K)/Al values <0.85, depletion in CaO and Na2O, enrichment in K2O, and localized SiO2 addition and is spatially limited to within ~200 m of porphyry Cu mineralization. Localized K2O, Fe2O3, and depletion in Cu, and some enrichment in Na2O and CaO, occurs in sodic-calcic domains that form a large (~34 km2) nonconcentric footprint outboard of well-mineralized and proximal zones enriched in K. Water and magmatic CO2-rich propylitic and sodic-calcic–altered rocks form the largest lithogeochemical footprint to the mineralization in the Highland Valley Copper district (~60 km2). Calcite in the footprint is interpreted to have formed via phase separation of CO2 from a late-stage magmatic volatile phase. Several observations from this study are transferable to other porphyry systems and have implications for porphyry Cu exploration. Feldspar staining and shortwave infrared imaging highlight weak and cryptic alteration that did not cause sufficient material transfer to be confidently distinguished from protolith lithogeochemical compositions. Prehnite can be a key mineral phase in propylitic alteration related to porphyry genesis, and its presence can be predicted based on host-rock composition. Sodic-calcic alteration depletes the protolith in Fe (and magnetite) and, therefore, will impact petrophysical and geophysical characteristics of the system. Whole-rock loss on ignition and C and S analyses can be used to map enrichment in water and CO2 in altered rocks, and together these form a large porphyry footprint that extends beyond domains of enrichment in ore and pathfinder elements and of pronounced alkali metasomatism.
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Viegas, G., L. Menegon, and C. J. Archanjo. "Brittle grain size reduction of feldspar, phase mixing and strain localization in granitoids at mid-crustal conditions (Pernambuco shear zone, NE Brazil)." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 4 (October 30, 2015): 2953–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-2953-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The Pernambuco shear zone (northeastern Brazil) is a large-scale strike-slip fault that, in its eastern segment, deforms granitoids at mid-crustal conditions. Initially coarse (> 50 μm) grained feldspar porphyroclasts are intensively fractured and reduced to an ultrafine-grained mixture consisting of plagioclase and K-feldspar grains (~ < 15 μm in size) localized in C' shear bands. Detailed microstructural observations and EBSD analysis do not show evidence of intracrystalline plasticity in feldspar porphyroclasts and/or fluid-assisted replacement reactions. Quartz occurs either as thick (~ 1–2 mm) monomineralic bands or as thin ribbons dispersed in the feldspathic mixture. The microstructure and c axis crystallographic preferred orientation are similar in the thick monomineralic band and in the thin ribbons, and suggest dominant subgrain rotation recrystallization and activity of prism ⟨a⟩ and rhomb ⟨a⟩ slip systems. However, the grain size in monophase recrystallized domains decreases when moving from the transposed veins to the thin ribbons embedded in the feldspathic C' bands (14 μm vs. 5 μm, respectively). The fine-grained feldspar mixture has a weak crystallographic preferred orientation interpreted as the result of oriented growth during diffusion creep, as well as the same composition as the fractured porphyroclasts, suggesting that it generated by mechanical fragmentation of rigid porphyroclasts with a negligible role of chemical disequilibrium. Assuming that the C' shear bands deformed under constant stress conditions, the polyphase feldspathic aggregate would have deformed at a strain rate one order of magnitude faster than the monophase quartz ribbons. Overall, our dataset indicates that feldspar underwent a brittle-viscous transition while quartz was deforming via crystal plasticity. The resulting rock microstructure consists of a two-phase rheological mixture (fine-grained feldspars and recrystallized quartz) in which the polyphase feldspathic material localized much of the strain. Extensive grain-size reduction and weakening of feldspars is attained in the East Pernambuco mylonites mainly via fracturing under relatively fluid-absent conditions which would trigger a switch to diffusion creep and further strain localization without a prominent role of metamorphic reactions.
Дисертації з теми "K-feldspar veins"
1
Lyons, N. L. "Evidence for magmatic hydrothermal mineralisation at Kanmantoo Copper deposit, South Australia." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/92910.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This item is only available electronically.The Kanmantoo Cu-Au deposit is located 55km east of Adelaide, on the eastern edge of the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. It is of Delamerian age and is hosted in the Tapanappa series of the Kanmantoo Group, a pelitic turbidite sequence metamorphosed to amphibolites facies. Models for mineralisation vary from sedimentary exhalative system to epigenetic mineralisation. Despite recent work, the structural evolution of the deposit is largely unknown and this allows for the absence of a definitive model for mineralisation. Detailed face mapping of the 1190RL bench in conjunction with handheld X-Ray Fluorescence Niton gun was adopted to further investigate the relationship between key structural features and element distribution. Micro analysis by petrographic studies, Edax element maps and δ34S isotope analysis was completed to gain understanding into fluid-rock relationships and origin of mineralising fluids. The findings of this study strongly suggest timing of copper mineralisation was associated with the first phase of orogenic extension at 490 ± 3 Ma. The extensional reactivation of compressional D3 shear zones, along with the injection of partially oxidised igneous derived fluids interacting with Fe-rich sediments, allows for the formation of the Kanmantoo magmatic hydrothermal deposit. Sulphur isotope results, and the mapping of magnetite-pyrite-chalcopyrite bearing K-feldspar veins are a very strong evidence of an igneous influence. Cu precipitation is as a result of a cooling oxidised magmatic hydrothermal fluids reacting with Fe in metasediments, and partially interacting with a reducing environment, rather than being directly associated with Fe rich metasomatism. Broad unmineralised zones of chlorite alteration suggest circulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluid with copper mineralisation preferentially precipitating in veins within and adjacent to reactivated D3 shears and D3 antiformal zones.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2012
Частини книг з теми "K-feldspar veins"
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Cooke, David R., Stephanie Sykora, Erin Lawlis, Jacqueline L. Blackwell, Mathieu Ageneau, Nicholas H. Jansen, Anthony C. Harris, and David Selley. "Chapter 28: Lihir Alkalic Epithermal Gold Deposit, Papua New Guinea." In Geology of the World’s Major Gold Deposits and Provinces, 579–97. Society of Economic Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Lihir gold deposit, Papua New Guinea, is the world’s largest alkalic low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit in terms of contained gold (50 Moz). The deposit formed over the past million years and records a progression from porphyry- to epithermal-style hydrothermal activity. The early porphyry stage was characterized by biotite-anhydrite-pyrite ± K-feldspar ± magnetite alteration and weak gold ± copper mineralization and produced abundant anhydrite ± carbonate veins and anhydrite ± biotite-cemented breccias. These features collectively characterize the deep-seated anhydrite zone at Lihir. Several hundred thousand years ago, one or more catastrophic mass-wasting events unroofed the porphyry system after porphyry-stage hydrothermal activity ceased. Mass wasting may have been facilitated in part by dissolution of porphyry-stage anhydrite veins. Epithermal mineralization occurred after sector collapse, resulting in phreatic and hydraulic brecciation and veining, widespread adularia-pyrite ± carbonate alteration, and formation of mineralized zones at Lienetz, Minifie, Kapit, Kapit NE, Coastal, and Borefields. A NE- to ENE-striking fault array localized several of these orebodies. The pyrite-rich veins and pyrite-cemented breccias that formed during epithermal-stage hydrothermal activity define the sulfide zone at Lihir. This zone mostly contains refractory gold in pyrite, with minor free gold and precious metal tellurides hosted in late-stage quartz veins. A period of diatreme volcanism disrupted the Luise amphitheater during the latter stages of epithermal mineralization. The diatreme breccia complex truncated several of the epithermal ore zones and was crosscut locally by late-stage epithermal veins. Recent geothermal activity produced a steam-heated clay alteration blanket that has overprinted the refractory sulfide-rich epithermal assemblage near the present-day land surface. Gold was remobilized downward from the steam-heated zone into the sulfide zone during argillic and advanced argillic alteration, producing thin gold-rich rims around pyrite grains. This process produced a high-grade tabular enrichment zone immediately beneath the base of the clay blanket.
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Seltmann, Reimar, Richard J. Goldfarb, Bo Zu, Robert A. Creaser, Alla Dolgopolova, and Vitaly V. Shatov. "Chapter 24: Muruntau, Uzbekistan: The World’s Largest Epigenetic Gold Deposit." In Geology of the World’s Major Gold Deposits and Provinces, 497–521. Society of Economic Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Muruntau in the Central Kyzylkum desert of the South Tien Shan, western Uzbekistan, with past production of ~3,000 metric tons (t) Au since 1967, present annual production of ~60 t Au, and large remaining resources, is the world’s largest epigenetic Au deposit. The host rocks are the mainly Cambrian-Ordovician siliciclastic flysch of the Besapan sequence. The rocks were deformed into a broadly east-west fold-and-thrust belt prior to ca. 300 Ma during ocean closure along the South Tien Shan suture. A subsequent tectonic transition was characterized by left-lateral motion on regional splays from the suture and by a massive thermal event documented by widespread 300 to 275 Ma magmatism. The Besapan rocks were subjected to middle to upper greenschist-facies regional metamorphism, an overprinting more local thermal metamorphism to produce a large hornfels aureole, and then Au-related hydrothermal activity all during early parts of the thermal event. The giant Muruntau Au deposit formed in the low-strain hornfels rocks at ca. 288 Ma at the intersection of one of the east-west splays, the Sangruntau-Tamdytau shear zone, with a NE-trending regional fault zone, the Muruntau-Daugyztau fault, which likely formed as a cross fault during the onset of left-lateral translation on the regional splays. Interaction between the two faults opened a large dilational zone along a plunging anticlinorium fold nose that served as a major site for hydrothermal fluid focusing. The Au ores are dominantly present as a series of moderately to steeply dipping quartz ± K-feldspar stockwork systems surrounding uncommon central veins and with widespread lower Au-grade metasomatites (i.e., disseminated ores). Pervasive alteration is biotite-K-feldspar, although locally albitization is dominant. Sulfides are mainly arsenopyrite, pyrite, and lesser pyrrhotite, and scheelite may be present both in preore ductile veins and in the more brittle auriferous stockwork systems. The low-salinity, aqueous-carbonic ore-forming fluids probably deposited the bulk of the ore at 400° ± 50°C and 6-to 10-km paleodepth. The genesis of the deposit remains controversial with metamorphic, thermal aureole gold (TAG), and models related to mantle upwelling all having been suggested in recent years. More importantly, the question as to why there was such a focusing of so much Au and fluid into this one location, forming an ore system an order of magnitude larger than other giant Au deposits in metamorphic terranes, remains unresolved.
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Baker, T., S. Mckinley, S. Juras, Y. Oztas, J. Hunt, L. Paolillo, S. Pontual, M. Chiaradia, A. Ulianov, and D. Selby. "Chapter 23: Alteration, Mineralization, and Age Relationships at the Kışladağ Porphyry Gold Deposit, Turkey." In Geology of the World’s Major Gold Deposits and Provinces, 467–95. Society of Economic Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Miocene Kışladağ deposit (~17 Moz), located in western Anatolia, Turkey, is one of the few global examples of Au-only porphyry deposits. It occurs within the West Tethyan magmatic belt that can be divided into Cretaceous, Cu-dominant, subduction-related magmatic arc systems and the more widespread Au-rich Cenozoic magmatic belts. In western Anatolia, Miocene magmatism was postcollisional and was focused in extension-related volcanosedimentary basins that formed in response to slab roll back and a major north-south slab tear. Kışladağ formed within multiple monzonite porphyry stocks and dikes at the contact between Menderes massif metamorphic basement and volcanic rocks of the Beydağı stratovolcano in the Uşak-Güre basin. The mineralized magmatic-hydrothermal system formed rapidly (<400 kyr) between ~14.75 and 14.36 Ma in a shallow (<1 km) volcanic environment. Volcanism continued to at least 14.26 ± 0.09 Ma based on new age data from a latite lava flow at nearby Emiril Tepe. Intrusions 1 and 2 were the earliest (14.73 ± 0.05 and 14.76 ± 0.01 Ma, respectively) and best mineralized phases (average median grades of 0.64 and 0.51 g/t Au, respectively), whereas younger intrusions host progressively less Au (Intrusion 2A: 14.60 ± 0.06 Ma and 0.41 g/t Au; Intrusion 2 NW: 14.45 ± 0.08 Ma and 0.41 g/t Au; Intrusion 3: 14.39 ± 0.06 and 14.36 ± 0.13 Ma and 0.19 g/t Au). A new molybdenite age of 14.60 ± 0.07 Ma is within uncertainty of the previously published molybdenite age (14.49 ± 0.06 Ma), and supports field observations that the bulk of the mineralization formed prior to the emplacement of Intrusion 3. Intrusions 1 and 2 are altered to potassic (biotite-K-feldspar-quartz ± magnetite) and younger but deeper sodic-calcic (feldspar-amphibole-magnetite ± quartz ± carbonate) assemblages, both typically pervasive with disseminated to veinlet-hosted pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± molybdenite and localized quartz-feldspar stockwork veinlets and sodic-calcic breccias. Tourmaline-white mica-quartz-pyrite alteration surrounds the potassic core both within the intrusions and outboard in the volcanic rocks. Tourmaline was most strongly developed on the inner margins of the tourmaline-white mica zone, particularly along the Intrusion 1 volcanic contact where it formed breccias and veins, including Maricunga-style veinlets. Field relationships show that the early magmatic-hydrothermal events were cut by Intrusion 2A, which was then overprinted by Au-bearing argillic (kaolinite-pyrite ± quartz) alteration, followed by Intrusion 3 and late-stage, low-grade to barren argillic and advanced argillic alteration (quartz-pyrite ± alunite ± dickite ± pyrophyllite). Gold deportment changes with each successive hydrothermal event. The early potassic and sodic-calcic alteration controls much of the original Au distribution, with the Au dominantly deposited with feldspar and lesser quartz and pyrite. Tourmaline-white mica and argillic alteration events overprinted and altered the early Au-bearing feldspathic alteration and introduced additional Au that was dominantly associated with pyrite. Analogous Au-only deposits such as Maricunga, Chile, La Colosa, Colombia, and Biely Vrch, Slovakia, are characterized by similar alteration styles and Au deportment. The deportment of Au in these Au-only porphyry deposits differs markedly from that in Au-rich porphyry Cu deposits where Au is typically associated with Cu sulfides.
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Leys, Clyde, Adam Schwarz, Mark Cloos, Sugeng Widodo, J. Richard Kyle, and Julius Sirait. "Chapter 29: Grasberg Copper-Gold-(Molybdenum) Deposit: Product of Two Overlapping Porphyry Systems." In Geology of the World’s Major Gold Deposits and Provinces, 599–620. Society of Economic Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The supergiant Grasberg porphyry deposit in Papua, Indonesia (5.26 Gt @ 0.61% Cu and 0.57 g/t Au, with no cutoff applied) is hosted by the Grasberg Igneous Complex that fills an upward-flared diatreme ~1,800 m wide at the 4,250-m surface elevation. The Grasberg Igneous Complex is emplaced into folded and strike-slip faulted Tertiary and older sediments and comprises 3.6 to 3.3 Ma Dalam monzodiorite intrusions and subordinate volcanic rocks occupying much of the pipe, the central 3.2 Ma Main Grasberg intrusion, and the NW-SE-trending 3.2 to 3.0 Ma Kali dikes. The Grasberg Igneous Complex contains two porphyry systems: Gajah Tidur copper-(molybdenum) and Main Grasberg copper-gold. The Gajah Tidur intrusion belongs to the Dalam igneous group and is a 3.4 Ma porphyritic monzonite with its top at a 2,750-m elevation; it is overprinted by an extensive, domal, quartz stockwork, with a low-grade and intensely phyllic-altered core, surrounded by molybdenite-bearing veins, with a pre-Main Grasberg Re-Os age, as well as chalcopyrite and overprinting pyrite-covellite veins. The strongly potassic-altered, Main Grasberg monzodiorite porphyry extends from surface to the 2,700-m elevation and is overprinted by a cylindrical, ~1-km-diameter, intense quartz-magnetite stockwork cut by abundant chalcopyrite-bornite veins with rare molybdenite dated at 3.09 Ma. A 700-m-wide annulus of chalcopyrite overprinted by pyrite-covellite-mineralized phyllic alteration surrounds the stockwork. Altered and mineralized Main Grasberg and surrounding Dalam rocks were subsequently wedged apart by the largely unmineralized Kali dikes. Gold is predominantly associated with the Main Grasberg porphyry system where it occurs as 1- to 150-µm (avg ~15 µm) native gold inclusions within chalcopyrite and bornite. Melt and fluid inclusions from Main Grasberg stockwork quartz veins, which exhibit crack-seal textures, comprise K-feldspar-rich silicate melt, sulfide melt, virtually water-free salt melt, and coexisting hypersaline and vapor-rich fluids. Factors important in forming the Grasberg deposit include the following: (1) generation of highly oxidized fertile magma in a postsubduction tectonic setting; (2) efficient extraction of metals from the parental magma chamber; (3) prolonged maintenance of a fluid-accumulating cupola in a strike-slip structural setting that delivered multiple overlapping discharges of metal-rich fluid; (4) highly focused fluid flow into a narrow, permeable stockwork zone in which a steep temperature gradient enabled highly efficient copper and gold precipitation and led to high ore grades; (5) limited dilution by postmineral intrusions; (6) the youthfulness of the deposit minimized erosion and resulted in preservation of nearly all the high-grade Main Grasberg porphyry orebody; and (7) the proximity of the two porphyry centers enables them to be mined as a single, large deposit. The Gajah Tidur copper-(molybdenum) and Main Grasberg copper-gold porphyry centers overlap in space and formed within ~250,000 years of one another. However, their distinct metal endowment, depth of emplacement, and geometry indicate that they formed under different magmatic, hydrothermal, and structural conditions, which are the subject of ongoing research.