Дисертації з теми "Justice"
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1
Gutfreund, Shawna. "Doing justice justice : distinguishing social justice from distributive justice and the implications for bioethics." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98926.
Анотація:
Justice is a key guiding ethical principle in bioethics. When justice is addressed in bioethics the focus is primarily on the fair distribution of resources, that is, distributive justice. In this thesis, I argue that a distributive conception of justice is unable to adequately address many of the relevant issues of justice within bioethics. These issues are better understood and addressed using a social conception of justice. Social justice is concerned with ensuring that the norms and rules of social structures are fair and equitable. I argue that social and distributive justice are not only compatible, but also complementary. As a result, both conceptions of justice need to be applied to bioethical issues if we are to achieve a truly just outcome. As a case study, I apply this analysis to the controversial issue of the inclusion of pregnant women in clinical research trial.
2
Bernardinis, Christophe de. "Justice administrative, justice répressive par." Metz, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002METZ001D.
Анотація:
La mission voire la nature de la justice administrative connaît, dans le cadre général de l'évolution contemporaine du droit administratif à travers l'ensemble du droit interne français et du droit européen, une mutation essentielle. L'avénement du pluralisme juridique et l'émergence de plusieurs types de concurrence ont laissé entrevoir, sur le fondement d'une mission de répression, un repositionnement avantageux de la justice administrative prise dans toutes. Au-delà de la mission traditionnelle du juge administratif qui vise soit à réparer l'atteinte à la règle de droit (juge de légalité) soit à rétablir la sécurité des situations ou des droits méconnus (juge de la responsabilité), la justice administrative devient aussi une justice répressive.
3
Bernardinis, Christophe de Cattoir-Jonville Vincent. "Justice administrative, justice répressive par." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2002/DeBernardinis.Christophe.DMZ0201.pdf.
4
Jaynes, Natalie. "Conceptualising Restorative Justice within Transitional Justice Framework." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3783.
Анотація:
The concept of 'restorative justice' has in recent years been widely invoked in the transitional justice literature. The term is however often used loosely, inconsistently and in apparently different senses. This minor dissertation addresses this dilemma by bringing together three influential bodies of work on restorative justice and exploring what each body of work means by the term 'restorative justice'. The three bodies of work are that of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, criminal justice theorists and accounts of African Traditional Justice Mechanisms. With a clearer picture of what these respective sources mean when referring to restorative justice, the discussion then turns to the potential relevance and significance of these conceptions of restorative justice for transitional justice. The three bodies of work on restorative justice, while distinct in their own right, are brought into conversation through applying a uniform methodology. This methodology draws on John Rawls' distinction between concept and conception. Given that restorative justice is not concerned with the rules of ordinary language usage a conceptual analysis is not possible. What is possible is to follow a route of enquiry that explores the different conceptions of restorative justice reflected in each body of work. These conceptions are discussed against the backdrop of a transitional justice framework. This minor dissertation does not make any claims regarding the concept of restorative justice. Rather what are delivered are some findings about the conceptions of restorative justice that feature within the three bodies of work under discussion. The conceptions of 3 restorative justice differ in certain respects but also overlap in others. The crucial point of overlap concerns a sociological or relational approach to crime and wrongdoing which requires that all parties to a conflict are involved in its resolution. Herein lies the chief contribution of restorative justice to transitional justice, namely that restorative justice embodies what Jon Elster deems to be the task of transitional justice - that a society judge itself.
5
Dekker, Teun. "Reconciling justice as equality and justice as desert." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431021.
6
Peyrat, Sébastien. "La Justice et la justice dans les cités." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA082160.
Анотація:
Cette thèse porte sur les thèmes de la Justice (en tant que concept), de la justice institutionnelle des mineurs dans notre pays et des cités urbaines de nos banlieues. La méthodologie principale employée pour mener à bien cette recherche a été de passer plusieurs années avec des jeunes des cités. Elle a aussi porté sur le fonctionnement de la justice des mineurs dans l'enceinte du Tribunal pour enfants. Les êtres humains, dès lors qu'ils décident de vivre ensemble, se donnent des règles. La vie en société impose le respect d'un code de conduite par chacun des membres du groupe. Notre société est régie par un droit, celui-ci est inscrit dans les lois. La cité est régie par un droit particulier qui est celui des règles de la cité. Ce droit est fondé sur une règle essentielle qui est celle de la mutualité de la cité (c'est-à-dire une protection réciproque et inconditionnelle des membres de la cité par eux-mêmes). Les jeunes des cités suivent des règles dont le fondement n'est pas différent de celui qui préside à la rédaction de nos lois. L'origine du droit est, au sein de notre société comme dans le groupe des jeunes des cités, liée au concept de Justice. . .
7
Merle, Jean-Christophe. "Justice et progrès. Droit naturel et justice sociale." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040078.
Анотація:
Malgré l'actualité de la question du droit, la philosophie contemporaine néglige de fonder normativement les droits économiques et sociaux. La réflexion menée par le droit naturel classique offre les bases d'une telle tentative. Depuis Cicéron, le droit naturel définit l'acquisition de la propriété sans référence à la justice communautaire. Il reconnait toutefois aux non-propriétaires certains droits, tels que le droit de nécessité ou le droit d'usage innocent, puis, avec Leibniz, l'impératif d'équité de coopérer, et, avec le jeune Kant de 1764, un rejet radical du servage et du salariat. La justice jusnaturaliste exige aussi la création d'hospices pour les pauvres. Il n'empêche : dans le droit naturel, la distribution de la propriété a lieu en dehors de tout critère de justice, alors même que le dominium terrae confère à chaque homme un droit originaire d'utiliser la terre. Dans l'absolu, ce droit semble certes se contredire car il est impossible que tous en jouissent pleinement en même temps. Mais le droit kantien et fichtéen, fondé, en matière de propriété, sur une loi permissive, permet de concevoir un système de la propriété qui permette la coexistence des libertés de tous, en les restreignant mutuellement, autant que nécessaire, mais de manière égale pour tous. Le système fichtéen reconnait à tous le droit à une propriété de moyens de production qui permette d'assurer sa subsistance, son agrément et ses loisirs en travaillent. Pour autant, Fichte évite les écueils qui accompagnent trop souvent la planification économique qu'il est amené à préconiser. Son modèle économique et social laisse réellement place à l'initiative et à l'entreprise individuelles, ainsi qu'au libre choix de son mode de vie. Il permet également de penser comment, dans ce même cadre de justice, peut avoir lieu le progrès économique, qui exige l'investissement, une division du travail croissante, l'adaptation de la production et du travail au marché, etcDespite the problem's currency, contemporary philosophy continues to neglect the need normatively to ground social and economic rights. Classical natural law theory offers reflections that can form the basis for an attempt to do so. Since Cicero, natural law has been thought to establish rules of acquisition without referring to community-based justice. Still, it attributes certain rights to non-owners, such as the defense of necessity or the right of adversarial possession and later, with Leibniz, the obligation in equity to cooperate. The young Kant of 1764 radically rejected both serfdom and wage-labor. Natural justice also demanded the creation of poorhouses. Nonetheless, though natural law distributes ownership without reference to any criteria of justice, the dominum terrae confers the innate right of each man to use the earth. Taken out of context, this seems self-contradictory, since this right cannot be enjoyed at once by all. But Kantian and Fichtean property rights rest on a permissive law which structures ownership to allow for the same freedoms to coexist for all, mutually restricted as necessary but in the same way for all. The Fichtean system recognizes the right to own the productive means to work for his personal subsistence, pleasure and leisure. But Fichte avoids the pitfalls that so often accompany the economic planning he advocates. His social and economic model leaves a genuine place for individual initiative and enterprise, as well as freedom to choose one's own life style. More, it allows for the consideration of how economic progress - which demands investment, a growing division of labor, the adaptation of production and work to the market, and so on - can take place within this same framework of justice
8
Santos, Gabriela Jorge dos. "Fatores antecedentes do uso da internet no local de trabalho." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11310.
Анотація:
Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos HumanosO tema deste trabalho encerra duas temáticas fundamentais no contexto organizacional, o cyberloafing, isto é o uso indevido da internet no local de trabalho e a justiça organizacional. A presente investigação tem como propósito identificar as diferentes atividades de cyberloafing e analisar de que forma as perceções de justiça organizacional podem estar relacionadas com a prática de cyberloafing. Optou-se pelo modelo tetra-dimensional de justiça organizacional que integra: justiça distributiva, justiça procedimental, justiça interpessoal e justiça informacional. Para o efeito, foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário electrónico a uma amostra constituída por 194 indivíduos com acesso à internet no local de trabalho. Como resultados finais, considerou-se que as perceções de justiça não estão relacionadas com a frequência nem com a duração da utilização da internet para fins pessoais, mas com atividades específicas de cyberloafing.
The subject of this work involves two fundamental themes of the organizational context cyberloafing, misuse of internet in the workplace and organizational justice. This investigation has the purpose of identifying the different activities of cyberloafing and analyze on which way the organizational justice perceptions may be related with the practice of cyberloafing. It was chosen the tetra-dimensional model of organizational justice which includes: distributive justice, procedural justice, interpersonal justice and informational justice. For this purpose it was applied an electronic questionnaire to a sample of 194 individuals with internet access at work. As final results it was considered the justice perceptions are not related to the frequency, nor to the time spent using the internet, but are related to specific activities of cyberloafing.
9
Deratany, Jay Paul. "Justice Square." Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1543191.
Анотація:
A young American woman who lost her mother in 9/11 needs a heart transplant and discovers that her only hope is to pay a small fortune for her Muslim doctor to escort her to Iran for the operation. Reluctantly putting her mistrust aside, she agrees to the bargain but once in Iran her doctor's mysterious behavior and the terrible social injustice she finds propel her to become enmeshed in the tragic case of two young boys framed and threatened with execution for homosexuality. Her doctor finally reveals what her behavior is endangering, a secret clinic he runs to aid those abused by the system. He wants her to ignore the plight of the boys but she refuses. Her discovery of the heart that had been buried under the scar tissue of 9/11 nearly destroys them both, but in the end their passion for justice saves them and brings two opposing cultures a bit closer.
10
Devereux, Peter. "Vigilante justice." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263283.
11
Servis, Alison. "Poetic Justice." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2013. http://repository.cmu.edu/theses/42.
Анотація:
Abstract. Poetry – the word itself can incite frustration, joy, nostalgia, derision, and most often, shrugs. For something that can cause such varied and strong emotions, poetry gets little notice from a vast majority of people. A huge cause of low readership is the general lack of exposure to poetry had by all but the most heavily engaged readers and poets themselves. The amount and quality of exposure readers have to poetry greatly impacts the perception they have of it, as well as their willingness to further engage with it in the future, especially considering the abundance of other entertainment options readily available.
In order to combat these issues, I’ve honed in on several common attitudes towards poetry and examined how different vehicles and modes for poetry might positively confront preconceptions of what poetry is, as well as the ways in which readers are meant to interact with it. To create a sustainable level of engagement, I’ve designed a system that pairs the immediacy and interest of the physical environment with the convenience and power of the web to re-present poetry to potential young adult readers, while maintaining
12
Mildenberger, Carl David. "Commutative justice." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11605.
Анотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to present a conception of commutative justice. Commutative justice is defined as that part of justice in transfer (as opposed to justice in acquisition as well as distributive or rectificatory justice), which deals with transferring goods via market exchanges. Thus, this thesis examines which conditions a market exchange has to fulfil in order to be called just. Whereas traditionally speaking conditions like non-coercion or non-deception have received most attention – i.e. conditions focusing on the act of exchanging itself – the thesis' focus is a different one. It argues that we necessarily also have to take into account the consequences of a certain market exchange in order to judge whether it is just. Therefore, the thesis proceeds to analyze how problematic market outcomes like externalities, the formation of monopolies, violations of the Lockean proviso, inequality, and commodification affect the justice of the market exchanges which gave rise to them. The thesis finds that we need to broaden our conception of commutative justice – but only a little. Whereas the issues of externalities, violations of the Lockean proviso, and inequalities do not affect whether a certain market exchange is just, monopolization and commodification do. In order to be commutatively just, a market exchange must not only fulfil the traditional conditions of non-coercion, non-deception, etc., but it also must not bring about certain forms of monopoly nor further certain kinds of commodification. This conclusion leaves open the idea that, say, inequality or externalities could be relevant to distributive justice if not commutative justice.
13
Brydewall, Sandquist Klara. "POETIC JUSTICE." Thesis, Konstfack, Ädellab, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-7248.
Анотація:
At best anger is problematic for most of us and especially an issue for women (and other discriminated groups). True a collaborative craft project focusing on silver objects, I investigate female anger and how it is perceived. Also, how the prevention of acting it out silences our need for change. I use the aesthetics of magic to reference the judging of women acting outside of set rules, and also as a tactic of female liberation.
14
Moela, Joyce Tshelong. "Environmental justice." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78517.
Анотація:
In 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by nations across the globe to eradicate poverty in all its forms, combat inequality, preserve the planet, create sustainable economic growth and foster social inclusion (United Nations [UN], 2015:5). Social workers are compelled to act on environmental injustices because of their ethical mandate to address social injustices (Erickson, 2012:184). This study adopted green social work (Dominelli,2012) as a theoretical framework.
The goal of the study was to explore and describe the role of social workers in promoting environmental justice for sustainable communities from a government perspective in the City of Ekurhuleni.
The study adopted a qualitative research approach, which had an exploratory and descriptive purpose (Fouché & De Vos, 2011). The case study design was an instrumental case study. The study sample was purposively selected and composed of ten social workers from three units of the Department of Social Development in the City of Ekurhuleni. Data was collected through one-on-one semi-structured interviews using an interview schedule. Data was analysed by using Creswell’s (2014) theme approach.
The findings of the study indicated that participants are aware of the environmental injustices in the City of Ekurhuleni. Furthermore, although participants understand the effects of these injustices on the lives of the poor, they believe they have little to offer to promote environmental justice. This is due to the specialised nature of the service delivery units of the Department of Social Development (DSD). The study concluded that participants need knowledge and skills in green social work. Furthermore, collaboration with relevant stakeholders and community engagement is essential in promoting environmental justice to contribute to sustainable communities.
The study recommends that the DSD adopts green social work as a practice model and that all the service delivery units of the DSD integrate an environmental justice focus. Furthermore, social workers in the DSD should be trained in the knowledge of and skills in green social work and how it relates to developmental social work and sustainable development.Mini Dissertation(MSW (Social development and policy))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Social Work and Criminology
MSW (Social development and policy)
Unrestricted
15
Kraft, Martin. "Electronic Justice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16696.
Анотація:
The thesis analyzes the e-Justice projects in the Czech Republic. It describes possibilities of application of individual projects, evaluates the status of their development and their potential future evolution. The thesis also analyzes the economic aspects of selected projects as well as discusses the technological aspects of some technologically advanced projects. On the basis of the analysis of present situation and description of e-Justice issues the contribution of this process for the Czech judiciary system as well as the public government or private persons will be described. The main contribution of this thesis is to objectively evaluate the effects of judiciary digitization for the Czech public administration information systems and related areas.
16
Vice, President Research Office of the. "Sweet Justice." Office of the Vice President Research, The University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2681.
17
Carmichael, Charles Benjamin. "The Proper Metric of Justice in Justice as Fairness." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/54.
Анотація:
I explore the problem of using primary goods as the index for determining the least-advantaged members in a society in Rawls’s theory of justice. I look at the problems presented to Rawls by Amartya Sen and his capabilities approach. I discuss the solutions to Sen’s problems given by Norman Daniels, who argues that primary goods are able to take capabilities into account. Finally, I supplement Daniels, arguing that the parameters Rawls uses to define his theory limit Sen’s objection and that primary goods are the appropriate metric of justice in Rawls’s theory.
18
Watkins, Caitlin M. "Cultivating Resistance: Food Justice in the Criminal Justice System." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/32.
Анотація:
This Senior Thesis in Environmental Analysis seeks to explore the ways in which certain food-oriented programs for incarcerated women and women on parole critically resist the Prison Industrial Complex and the Industrial Food System by securing social and ecological equity through the acquisition of food justice. It focuses on three case studies: the Crossroads’ Meatless Mondays program, Fallen Fruit from Rising Women: A Crossroads Social Enterprise, and Cultivating Dreams Prison Garden Project: An Organic Garden for Women in Prison. Each project utilizes food as a tool to build community, provide valuable skill sets of cooking and gardening, and educate women about the social, environmental and political implications of the Industrial Food System. Overall, the goal of this thesis is to prove the necessity of food justice programs in the criminal justice system in counteracting the disenfranchisement of certain populations that are continuously discriminated against in the industrialized systems of prison and food.
19
Behtz, Sarah Anne. "Justice for All?: Victim Satisfaction with Restorative Justice Conferences." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2004. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1115104-143503/unrestricted/BehtzS121304f.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1115104-143503 Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
20
Lensges, Marcia. "Exploring the Enacted Justice-Experienced Justice-Outcomes Relationship: A Study of the Role of Anticipatory Justice." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1490352840526766.
21
Vaamonde, Juan Diego, and Alicia Omar. "Perceptions of organizational justice and ambivalent sexism: The moderating role of individualism-collectivism." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101387.
Анотація:
The aim of the present study was to explore the association between perceptions of inter- personal/informational justice and ambivalent sexism among Argentinean employees, and to examine the possible role that collectivism and individualism exert on this association. Participants (128 men and 120 women) completed a battery of instruments to measure the variables of interest. Results showed that perceptions of interpersonal and informational justice were negatively associated with hostile sexism, and that, unexpectedly, perceptions of informational justice were positively associated with benevolent sexism. Vertical collectivism and vertical individualism moderated the relationships between perceptions of interpersonal justice and hostile sexism. Findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications. Suggestions for future research are provided.El objetivo del estudio fue, por un lado, explorar las relaciones entre percepciones de jus- ticia interpersonal/informacional y sexismo ambivalente en empleados argentinos, y, por otro lado, examinar el posible rol que el individualismo y el colectivismo ejercen sobre tales relaciones. Los participantes (128 varones y 120 mujeres) completaron una batería de reconocidos instrumentos para medir las variables de interés. Los resultados mostraron que las percepciones de justicia interpersonal e informacional se relacionaron negativamente con sexismo hostil y que, inesperadamente, la justicia informacional se asoció positivamente con sexismo benévolo. Colectivismo vertical e individualismo vertical moderaron las rela- ciones entre justicia interpersonal y sexismo hostil. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos hallazgos. Se sugieren futuras investigaciones en el área. Palabras clave: sexismo, valores, justicia interpersonal, justicia informacional
O objetivo do presente estudo foi, por um lado, explorar as relações entre as percepções de justiça interpessoal/informacional e sexismo em trabalhadores argentinos, e, por outro lado, examinar o possível papel desempenhado pelo individualismo e coletivismo em tais relações. Os participantes (128 homens e 120 mulheres) completaram uma bateria de ins- trumentos reconhecidos para medir as variáveis de interesse. Os resultados mostraram que as percepções de justiça interpessoal e informacional foram negativamente relacionadas com o sexismo hostil e, inesperadamente, as percepções de justiça informacional foram positi- vamente associadas com o sexismo benevolente. O coletivismo vertical e o individualismo vertical moderaram as relações entre justiça interpersonal e sexismo hostil. Discutem-se as implicações teóricas e práticas destes resultados. Sugestões para futuras pesquisas são feitas.
22
Sotomayor, Ana. "As percepções de justiça organizacional na avaliação de desempenho : consequências sobre o compromisso organizacional e o compromisso face ao superior hierárquico." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3662.
Анотація:
Doutoramento em GestãoA presente investigação tem como objectivo determinar quais as dimensões de justiça organizacional que, num contexto de avaliação de desempenho, são identificadas pelos trabalhadores e o modo como as mesmas afectam o seu compromisso face à organização e face ao seu superior hierárquico. Paralelamente, são analisadas as influências de variáveis de controlo, bem como a existência de efeitos interactivos. A metodologia utilizada é composta por três fases. Numa primeira etapa foram elaborados os instrumentos de medida (questionários) de justiça organizacional, compromisso organizacional e compromisso face ao superior hierárquico, a partir da revisão da literatura feita sobre estas temáticas. Seguidamente, os mesmos foram sujeitos a um pro¬teste e a um estudo piloto, com vista ao seu refinamento. Numa terceira fase os inquéritos foram aplicados em três instituições bancárias que se disponibilizaram para colaborar na investigação. Foram, igualmente, realizadas entrevistas por forma a proceder à triangulação dos dados. Os resultados das análises de regressão múltipla permitem concluir que o compromisso organizacional é explicado pelas várias dimensões de justiça, muito embora a justiça procedimental seja a determinante comum nas três amostras. O compromisso face ao superior hierárquico é influenciado pelas dimensões de justiça interpessoal e informacional. As relações entre as dimensões de justiça e os dois focos de compromisso são afectadas pelas variáveis sexo, idade, & habilitações literárias, antiguidade na organização e antiguidade face ao superior hierárquico. Os efeitos interactivos entre as várias dimensões de justiça na explicação dos dois tipos de compromisso são muito exíguos.
The present investigation aims to determine, in the performance appraisal context, what organizational justice dimensions are identified by the employees and how these dimensions affect their commitment to the organization and their commitment to the supervisor. We also analyze the influence of control variables, as well as the interactive effects. The methodology is divided in three phases. In the first stage, the measurement instruments (questionnaires) concerned organizational justice, organizational commitment and supervisory commitment were developed, from the literature review about those subjects. Then, the questionnaires were submitted to a previous test and a pilot study, in order to refine them. In the third stage, the questionnaires were applied in three banks that were willing to participate in the study. Interviews were also conducted, in order to assure the triangulation of the data. The results of the multiple regression analyses let us conclude that organizational commitment is influenced by all organizational justice dimensions, although procedural justice is the predictor that appears in the three samples. Supervisory commitment is influenced by interpersonal justice and informational justice. The relationships between organizational justice dimensions and the two foci of commitment are affected by variables such as gender, age, educational level, tenure and tenure towards the supervisor. The interactive effects between the several dimensions of justice in the explanation of the two commitments are very exiguous.
23
Torrens, Shannon Maree. "Interrogating International Criminal Law through the Lens of Justice as Process: From Justice Beliefs to Justice Legacies." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21862.
Анотація:
International criminal law is at a crucial juncture in its history and progression. The year 2019 marks 26 years since the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (‘ICTY’) and the commencement of the modern international criminal law project. In surveying the expanse of international criminal law at this time, it is clear that this project is at a crossroads, marked by a sense of transition and crisis. This stands in stark contrast to the jubilation and optimism that accompanied the creation of the ICTY. This thesis seeks to examine, analyse, and ultimately account for the forces that have driven international criminal law to this point. It does so using a unique methodological framework, which centres around an understanding of justice as a process. This process involves taking abstract beliefs about what is just (which we might term ‘justice beliefs’), focusing these into concrete aims for a particular international criminal tribunal (‘justice aims’), and embodying those aims in particular models and techniques to deliver justice (‘justice models’ and ‘justice techniques’), in order to deliver practical outcomes that ensure lasting legacies of justice (‘justice legacies’). Analysing the purposes and practices of the international criminal tribunals (‘ICTs’) through the lens of this ‘justice progression’, by examining the operation of the ICTs at each stage of this process, offers new insights into the operation of the ICTs, and reveals some of the hidden causes of the systemic problems they face. In particular, it reveals that at each stage of this ‘justice progression’ the ICTs fail to live up to the standards (beliefs, aims, models, techniques and legacies) that they set for themselves. This is due both to practical difficulties in implementation and, perhaps more significantly, flaws and assumptions implicit in those standards themselves, which skew the operation of the ICTs in particular, often problematic, ways.
24
Hunzeker, Audrey Marie. "Coworker justice perceptions toward workplace accommodations and what justice criteria are used to make these justice perceptions." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3135.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study is to examine if in the accommodation situation, coworkers are likely to use the need rule when determining whether an accommodation is warranted or not, and if they do, if using the need rule is likely to result in more positive justice judgments.
25
Martin, Laura Stearns. "Activating justice : local appropriation of transitional justice in Sierra Leone." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25926.
Анотація:
This thesis examines local transitional justice programmes and processes in Sierra Leone. I will examine both recognised mechanisms – official institutions with preconceived goals and processes that are already recognised as part of the transitional justice ‘toolkit’ and unrecognised mechanisms – processes outside the institutional transitional justice scope and discourse. Much research and analysis of these processes often prioritise organisations and their programmes as the starting point of investigation and fail to recognise the various individual actors involved, both within the organisational structures and the groups for whom these programmes are designed. Moving beyond discussions of impact and effectiveness, this thesis examines the actual activity of Sierra Leonean individuals in both recognised and unrecognised processes. Fambul Tok is an example of a recognised local transitional justice programme, which seeks to facilitate justice and reconciliation through bonfire ceremonies to make the programmes more contextually relevant for rural communities. I will look at the various individuals involved in constructing and shaping how Fambul Tok operates and is represented to different audiences to better understand dynamics amongst different Sierra Leoneans with attachments to different places, all of whom theoretically constitute the local. My thesis will demonstrate how transitional justice processes are not only institutional, but also individual. I move away from discussions about ‘societies,’ normative questions of institutional effectiveness, the underlying assumptions that propel transitional justice programmes and mechanisms and look more specifically at the activities and appropriation of individual actors within these transitional justice processes to better illustrate the diverse means through which individuals construct as well as engage with local transitional justice programmes and the unique unrecognised ways individuals move past their war-related experiences.
26
Lu, Terence Zimin. "And justice for all? : Aversive homoprejudice in criminal justice decisions /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19744.pdf.
27
Foster, Robert L. "Justice prescribed and personified toward a biblical theology of justice /." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3258526.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph.D. in Biblical Studies)--S.M.U., 2007.Title from PDF title page (viewed Mar. 18, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-04, Section: A, page: 1500. Adviser: Richard D. Nelson. Includes bibliographical references.
28
MacDonald, Anna. "Justice in transition? : transitional justice and its discontents in Uganda." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/justice-in-transition(7d46d510-5304-475f-a83c-b33a8463d60d).html.
Анотація:
This thesis explores the construction, implementation and experience of transitional justice at both the state-level in Uganda, and within the Acholi sub-region, the epicenter of the twenty-year war between the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army. It takes 2006 as its starting point, when peace talks began between both sides in Juba, southern Sudan. Conducted against the background of the ICC’s first ever arrest warrants for leading members of the LRA, these talks provided the empirical context for the major theoretical debates that dominated the nascent field of transitional justice. These included normative disagreements about the relationship between peace and justice and the relative merits of international versus indigenous approaches to justice. At Juba, an Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation was signed and purported to address and resolve these dilemmas. To date however, we know remarkably little about the political and socio-legal dynamics and trajectory of transitional justice in Uganda since Juba. This thesis aims to bridge that gap, providing an in-depth, empirical study based on extensive fieldwork involving 106 semi-structured interviews, 25 focus group discussions and participant observation. Two major dissonances are identified in the promotion, practice and experience of transitional justice in Uganda since 2006. The first highlights the dilemmas surrounding contemporary donor approaches to transitional justice in the absence of a substantive domestic political transition. The interaction of a technocratic and apolitical donor approach with a reactive, procrastinatory and occasionally opportunistic GoU approach, created a stasis which prevented the emergence of a transitional justice policy for Uganda. The second area of dissonance identified was between the ‘local’ as imagined in transitional justice narratives and the local as lived experience in post-conflict Acholiland. Rhetoric around particular ‘Acholi’ approaches to transitional justice, focusing on values of forgiveness and reconciliation, has obscured both the complexity of post-conflict local justice practices and the extent to which these processes and their outcomes were highly contingent on the wider, post-conflict socio-economic context, including poverty, physical and spiritual insecurity, and other quotidian strains. Finally, in its treatment of the northern Ugandan case, this thesis contributes to broader theoretical debates about how transitional justice is constructed and practiced, particularly in contexts where there has been no substantial political transition.
29
MacWilliam, Devon Hudson. "Achieving environmental justice applying civil rights strategies to environmental justice /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/457041057/viewonline.
30
Duval, Michael Robert. "Locating Justice: A Response to Sen's the Idea of Justice." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311754.
31
Hanisch, Christoph. "Global distributive justice /." St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/216.
32
Whichard, Willis P. "Justice James Iredell /." Durham, NC : Carolina Academic Press, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/312651147.pdf.
33
Carey, John N. "War and justice." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9826.
34
Addison, James (James Robert), and Olivia Huang. "Spaces of justice." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115613.
Анотація:
Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-140).
The US has the highest incarceration rate in the world by far. Premised on punishment and isolation, incarceration most heavily affects vulnerable neighborhoods and individuals and creates a system of disenfranchised citizens. Incarceration makes it difficult for these individuals to earn jobs and income, receive necessary healthcare, and maintain social ties. In a move towards reform, the Massachusetts state legislature is currently proposing bills for the implementation of restorative justice and justice reinvestment practices. Restorative justice offers an opportunity for the offender, victim, and other affected parties to engage in a mediated discussion to understand and agree on how the harm done can be repaired. It promotes a healing rather than punitive response to crime. Justice reinvestment reassesses how funds spent on incarceration can be diverted to help vulnerable individuals and neighborhoods, through beneficial programs such as youth crime prevention and education. This thesis, Spaces of Justice, adopts these strategies of reform to propose a new place of community corrections that offers vocational training and restorative justice practices for minor offenders and returning citizens. Community corrections is where convicted individuals serve their sentence in society, such as probation, rather than locked in a facility. However, a report in Massachusetts found that, because judges lack faith in current community corrections programs, they choose to incarcerate people 85% of the time, even when community corrections would be a more appropriate sentence. Indeed, in Boston, the current facility that provides services to probationers is located across from the city prison, in an inaccessible area near the highway. As an inhospitable place, it discourages use by both judges and probationers, and thus detracts from the potential that community corrections has in decreasing incarceration and lifting neighborhoods out of the incarceration cycle. This thesis proposes an alternative model that, first and foremost, is actually located within the community it serves. In doing so, it reduces isolation and stigma associated with those involved in the criminal justice system by creating new relationships among spaces of justice, public space, and the neighborhood.
by James Addison and Olivia Huang.
M. Arch.
35
Bek, Yung-Hun. "Marché et justice." Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100059.
Анотація:
Il existe deux visions foncierement differentes sur le mecanisme du marche : le marche concu comme une machine chez walras et le marche concu comme un ordre spontane chez hayek. Ces deux visions sont etroitement liees aux theories de la justice propres a deux auteurs. Il y a un va-et-vient complexe entre la theorie economique et son fondement moral. En ce qui concerne le modele d'equilibre general de walras, on ne peut pas le bien comprendre sans une connaissance prealable de sa theorie de la justice, comme walras l'a explicitement developee dans son livre etudes d'economie sociale. En realite, ce modele est non pas un idealtype weberien en vue de comprendre et d'expliquer le marche reel mais une representation abstraite d'un ideal social a realiser par construction. Il s'agit d'un modele hautement centralise. Par contre, on ne peut pas bien comprendre la philosophie politique hayekienne sans une connaissance prealable de sa preoccupation sur le regime de marche concurrentiel. Sa theorie de l'evolution culturelle resulte d'une confusion malheureuse du probleme economique et du probleme ethique. En fin, une fois bien comprises, ces deux visions constituent deux alternatives fecondes l'une contre l'autreThere are two visions fundamentally different on the comprehension of market mecanism : the market as a machine in walras and the market as a spontaneous order in hayek. The two visions are closly linked to their own theories of justice. There is a coming and going complex between the economic theory and his moral fundment. It is impossible to soundly comprehend the general equilibrium model of walras, without the preliminary knowledge on the theory of justice, such as walras has developped in etudes d'economie sociale. Indeed, the model is not an idealtype of weber to comrehend and to explain the real market but an abstract representation of a social ideal to realise by construction. It is a model boldly centralized. By contrast, it is impossible to soundly comprehend hayek's political philosophy without the preliminary knowledge of his concern on the competitive market system. His theory of cultural evolution follows from the unfortunate confusion between the economic problem et ethical problem. Finally, rightly comprehended, the two visions on the market mecanism constitute two fruitful alternatives
36
Brown, Albert E. "Particularism in Justice." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1204652909.
37
Hassoun, Abdeslam. "Justice et modernité." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082474.
Анотація:
L'époque contemporaine doit résoudre le problème de justice sociale que lui a légué la modernité en reconnaissant quelle est la bonne façon de distribuer les droits, les devoirs et les biens. Le libéralisme recourt au consensus social pour justifier que l'expérimentation libérale de la justice est la seule façon de garantir à la fois la justice sociale et la liberté des citoyens. Mais cette justification est capable de justifier aussi bien l'injustice que la justice. La thèse critique également la pragmatique éthique et la pragmatique sociopolitique développées par K. O. Apel et J. Habermas : elles ne sont pas capables de produire les conditions d'argumentation pour établir les fondements cognitifs des normes et juridiques qu'elle prétend pouvoir rendre possibles. On ne peut atteindre ce but théorique et pratique qu'en étendant à l'éthique de la communication la logique de la révolution copernicienne et du jugement de vérité que J. Poulain a appliquées à la pragmatique sociopolitique d'Habermas. Seule la justice rétributive du partage de la vérité peut offrir la fondation philosophique d'une éthique à la fois éthique et politiqueOur present time must solve the modern problem of justice by acknowledging and by recognising the right way of distributing rights, duties and goods. The justification of social consensus is used by liberalism that the liberal experimentation of justice is the only way to guarantee both social distributive justice and the freedom of citizen. But this justification is able to justify justice as well as the factual injustice. The thesis is criticising too the pragmatics of ethical and socio-political communication and discourse of K. O. Apel and of J. Habermas : it is not able to produce the argumentative conditions of the cognitive foundations of juridical and political norms that it is pretending to make possible. The thesis shows that this theoretical and practical aim can only be obtained by extending to the ethics of communication the logics of Copernican revolution and the logics of judging truth that was applied by J. Poulain to the socio-political pragmatics of J. Habermas. Only the retributive justice of sharing truth can afford the philosophical grounding for an ethical and political justice
38
Place, Charles. "Justice as sharing." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/justice-as-sharing(30cb0f8f-c57e-457c-8da5-4c1cf3a0b99d).html.
Анотація:
This research aims to rehabilitate equality of outcome as a distributive ideal for egalitarians. I propose an ideal, Justice as Sharing, that claims the core egalitarian intuition is to share power and resources, and that the ideal distributive pattern is one of simple equality. In chapter two I show how in some circumstances, egalitarian ideals hold strong appeal to most of us and our intuitions suggest that we are more attracted to egalitarian ideals than many might expect. In chapter three, I discuss the state of nature as a philosophical device which is used to help us go ‘back to basics’, and strip away the contingent elements of our thinking. In his Second Discourse, Rousseau tells a story about the emergence of inequality in the state of nature. This leads me in chapter four to explore the anthropological evidence around the actually existing state of nature of hunter-gatherers, and show that these are strongly egalitarian societies that share both power and resources. From these ancient values, I propose an egalitarian ideal called Justice as Sharing in chapter five. This ideal says that the process of sharing, through redistributive taxation or the provision of health care, is a good in itself. Equality of outcome and sharing have intrinsic value. Justice as Sharing is then compared to other ideals of distributive justice from chapter six. In chapter seven, I suggest that Rawls’ argument to ‘democratic equality’ provides support, as it also argues for equality of outcome. As it attaches intrinsic value to equality, Justice as Sharing faces the Levelling Down Objection which, in chapter eight, I argue does not represent a strong critique so long as the egalitarian accepts that he should be a pluralist about the values that he holds. In chapter nine the ideals of priority and sufficiency are assessed to be effective humanitarian values, but fail to convince the egalitarian as they are untroubled by inequality itself. Similarly, in chapter ten I conclude that luck egalitarian theories are unconvincing for the egalitarian as they have no problem with inequality if it is judged to be fair. The concept of desert is important to these discussions as it is often used to add weight to arguments against distributive equality. In chapter eleven, I argue that the egalitarian can accept desert but does not have to accept that the outcomes delivered by the market reflect desert. In chapter twelve I discuss theories that value distributive equality as a means to social equality. These theories identify the problems associated with inequality, but do not attach intrinsic value to equality which distinguishes them from Justice as Sharing. In chapter thirteen I consider whether the scope of distributive justice should be global or apply only to a particular political association such as the state. I remain neutral on issue of scope. Finally, in chapter fourteen I conclude that Justice as Sharing is feasible as an ideal of distributive justice, in particular as a theoretical ideal that can guide political policy making.
39
Cupit, G. "Justice as fitness." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233368.
40
Warshawsky, Matthew David. "Longing for justice." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1038919481.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 330 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Elizabeth B. Davis, Dept. of Spanish and Portuguese. Includes bibliographical references (p. 320-330).
41
Wolf, John William Clark. "Justice between generations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186242.
Анотація:
Many of our common moral and political principles have paradoxical consequences when we try to use them to make comparisons between generations, or to guide the future-directed policy choices of the present generation. This dissertation is an attempt to take important steps toward the development of a theory of justice between generations as an extension of a standard liberal theory of justice. I approach the problem in the interest of developing a theory of present-day decision making, and attempt to develop a theory of the way in which the interests of future people should be taken into account in current decisions about social and energy policy. My argument proceeds largely within the limits of contemporary economic theory and contemporary theories of justice. However, I argue that our obligations to future people require that we revise our view of the role of economic theory as a tool for policy makers, and that we allow recognition of the moral significance of future persons to alter our conception of property rights in natural resources.
42
Nash, Rojas Claudio. "Chilean transition and transitional justice: Critical analysis." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118498.
Анотація:
This paper aims to review the model of transitional justice applied in Chile as part of a growing critical assessment has been formulating the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in its jurisprudence about the way that the states resolve the issues of truth, justice, reparation of victims and institutional design in processes of democratic transition and democratic consolidation. We will try to show that the conflict is a consequence of the characteristics of gross and systematic violations and political limits imposed transitional processes characteristics. The way this tension is resolved is what sets a model of transitional justice that fulfill or not the international standards on human rights.Este estudio busca revisar el modelo de justicia transicional aplicado en Chile en el marco de una creciente evaluación crítica que ha ido formulando la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, en su jurisprudencia, contenciosa de la forma en que los Estados resuelven los temas de verdad, justicia, reparación de las víctimas y cambios al diseño institucional en procesos de transición democrática o consolidación democrática. Se intentará demostrar que la tensión se produce a partir de las características propias de las violaciones graves y sistemáticas y los límites políticos que imponen los procesos transicionales. La forma en que se resuelve esta tensión es lo que configura un modelo de justicia transicional acorde o no a los estándares internacionales en materia de derechos humanos.
43
Kochanski, Adam. "Justice Deflected: The Uses and Abuses of Local Transitional Justice Processes." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37046.
Анотація:
In recent years, there has been a noticeable turn towards the “local” in both the practice and academic study of transitional justice, exemplified by a belief that local transitional justice processes (LTJPs) are superior because they are rooted in cultural practices and closer to the communities and people seeking justice. However, this assumption, and the existing literature on these local initiatives, pays insufficient attention to asymmetric power relations between national and local actors and to the unseen domestic political interests that shape local transitional justice processes on the ground. By taking these factors into account, this dissertation contends that LTJPs can be used paradoxically to deflect justice in ways that allow ruling parties to avoid human rights accountability and that obscure the truth about wartime events. The dissertation further argues that the principal means by which justice is deflected is not through overt manipulation by ruling parties, but rather, through more indirect processes of “distortional framing” that ruling parties use to establish discursive limits around discussions of the past and to conceal their own human rights abuses. The cases of Cambodia and Mozambique are examined in detail to reveal and to trace the processes by which distortional framing has been employed as a tactic to deflect justice. This dissertation contributes to the study of transitional justice, not only by challenging the prevailing assumption that LTJPs are inherently preferable because they are more “authentic” or closer to the people, but by providing a novel explanation of how these processes can be manipulated to subvert their own stated goal of advancing the cause of justice, and by providing a detailed account of these distortionary processes at work in two post-conflict countries located on two different continents.
44
Uys, Carmen. "Towards constructing restorative justice : a view of crime, justice and reconciliation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30570.
Анотація:
This study explores how victims of violent crime construct meaning around crime, justice and reconciliation. It further aims to gain insight into how victims of crime construct expectations of which actions should ensue after the crime and whether their constructions encompass elements of reconciliation and restorative justice. The study is conducted from a social constructionist position and uses a critical discourse analysis framework in analysing the data. In-depth interviews were conducted with nine victims of serious crimes such as armed robbery, hi-jacking, attempted murder and rape. From the analysis it appears that participants have a need to experience justice and have a high demand for vengeance. This however may itself have grown out of a lack of a more positive experience of justice. Participants’ constructions of their experience of being a victim of crime center on notions of power, equality, prejudice and dominance. They draw on socially constructed differences based on race and gender to define both their identity as a victim of crime as well as the identity of their offender. These distinctions, based on categories of identity, serve to create an oppositional construction of “us” against “them” and also serve to dehumanise the offender. The analysis further indicates that participants draw on multiple constructions of restorative justice and despite strong support for punitive beliefs it appears that a discourse of restorative justice is also present in participants’ discussions. A key theme running through the data is the loss of personal power as a result of victimization. Instead of returning a sense of power to participants by allowing them to participate in the justice process, the legal system becomes the holder of the power and compounds the injury against the victim. The study has implications for how victims of crime are positioned in the justice system and how notions of restorative justice can be advanced in South African discourses. CopyrightDissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Psychology
unrestricted
45
Hauck, Maria. "Rethinking small-scale fisheries compliance : from criminal justice to social justice." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6067.
Анотація:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (p. 226-252).
Fisheries compliance theory has evolved over the past two decades in an attempt to understand the factors that influence fishers’ behaviour and to develop appropriate strategies to enhance compliance. However, much of this research, which draws on both rationalist and normative perspectives, has largely focussed on the industrial fisheries. Empirical research on the small-scale fisheries sector, therefore, has been lacking. The overall aim of this thesis has been to develop a conceptual framework for understanding and addressing small-scale fisheries compliance by drawing on experiences in South Africa. This has been achieved through a detailed investigation of two small-scale fisheries case studies, as well as a review of the small-scale fisheries sector generally. The findings from this research have emphasised the need to rethink ourunderstanding of fisheries compliance in the small-scale sector. By drawing onempirical evidence, as well as the literature review, a conceptual framework has beendeveloped that enhances existing compliance theory. This study highlights that anunderstanding of compliance behaviour first requires a critical analysis of how lawhas evolved, its history and the power dynamics that have shaped it. The conceptualframework further emphasises the need to understand compliance within a fisherysystem, acknowledging that social, economic, institutional and biophysical factors allimpact on whether or not fishers’ comply with rules and laws. By applying theconceptual framework to two case studies in South Africa, key drivers that influencefisher behaviour over time are identified and changes within the fishery system areanalysed and documented. This thesis has also contributed to fisheries compliancetheory by identifying the underlying principles that are seen as necessary to guide an alternative and more integrated approach to small-scale fisheries compliance. In addition to the principles of legitimacy and deterrence, which are incorporated into existing theories of compliance, this study emphasises that the principle of social justice is required to develop a more holistic approach to understanding and addressing small-scale fisheries compliance. By embracing these principles, it is argued that fisheries policies will shift away from a sole reliance on criminal justice to achieve compliance, to a more integrated approach that aims to sustain the fishery system as a whole.
46
Du, Toit Stephanus Francois. "Reconciliation through justice? : a critical analysis of Rwanda's transitional justice programmes." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11864.
Анотація:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-114).
Rwanda is seeking to address genocide and it consequences through one of the most comprehensive, and arguably innovative, set of transitional justice measures yet developed. This study provides a critical analysis of this 'Rwandan approach' to transitional justice with a focus on the key claim by Rwandan authorities, but often made in other contexts too, that transitional justice furthers postconflict reconciliation. The central objective is to analyse critically the implications and consequences of the Rwandan transitional justice programmes for reconciliation in a post-genocide society.
47
Torres, Christopher. "What is Ethics without Justice? Reframing Environmental Ethics for Social Justice." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20705.
Анотація:
The field of environmental ethics has been in discussion and debate the past 40 years over how to best expand the circle of moral consideration away from a privileged human perspective to encompass the rest of the non-human world in order to change minds and social practices to address environmental degradation and destruction. One of the main methods is devoted to arguing for the intrinsic value of non-human lives and places as the means to do this.
I argue that this method of environmental ethics because it, at best, is a lazy framework for moral deliberation that ignores the entangled sociopolitical and environmental complexity of a situation by reducing the answer to a single set of predetermined values and interests which (re)produces and reinforces social and environmental injustice. An environmental pragmatist approach geared towards addressing environmental injustice is a better way of addressing both environmental degradation and social inequalities.
48
Hicks, Leigh Dezuraye. "Youth Justice Arbitrators' Experiences with Restorative Justice in Rural American Areas." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3528.
Анотація:
The rise in the number of Black, male, incarcerated, rural youth and the retributive juvenile justice system is a prominent problem in the United States, creating a revolving door for youth in conflict with the law. Restorative justice is an alternative approach that diverts youth from court and focus on rehabilitation, but lacks sufficient experiential evidence from those involved in the process to support broader implementation. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of restorative justice arbitrators and the role they play in facilitating resolution of youth criminal charges in a rural setting in a southern U.S. state. The research question asked how restorative justice arbitrators perceive and explain their roles, and successes and failures of a restorative justice process with Black male rural youth. The theoretical framework for the study was Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming, which posits the significance of the immediate family and community in rehabilitation. In this multicase study, research data were collected from semistructured interviews of 4 rural restorative justice arbitrators and analyzed using content analysis. Themes that emerged from the analysis were: the key role of rural community involvement in holding youths accountable to victims for their actions, preventing youths from developing a criminal record, and redirecting youth away from incarceration and more toward the community wellbeing. These findings contribute to social change by informing those working with youth crime about implications for the field of restorative justice specifically related to the opportunity for communities to provide benefits not only for juvenile offenders but also for victims and the community as a whole.
49
Rosa, Larissa [UNESP]. "O modelo consensual de justiça criminal e a vítima de crime." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144027.
Анотація:
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O presente trabalho tem por objeto a análise do modelo consensual de justiça criminal como alternativa para o sistema penal retributivo-punitivo, enfatizando o importante papel que a vítima exerce na construção deste novo sistema de resolução de conflitos no âmbito criminal. Parte-se da vertente vitimológica de inclusão, que incentiva a valorização da vítima sem defender a exclusão ou redução dos direitos do acusado, e da realidade brasileira, considerando a adoção do sistema consensual na situação em que ele coexiste com o sistema criminal tradicional. Assim sendo, não se parte de uma proposta abolicionista. Pretende-se, sob uma perspectiva vitimológica, analisar qual é o papel da vítima para a elaboração de políticas criminais efetivas e para a legitimação da atuação estatal na esfera criminal e quais são os principais motivos para a crise do modelo de justiça retributivo-punitivo, partindo-se da ideia de que a vítima é importante instância de controle. Busca-se a análise dos princípios, fundamentos, valores e práticas propostos pelo modelo consensual de justiça criminal, especialmente aqueles referentes à justiça restaurativa, partindo-se da noção geral de que este modelo sustenta uma política criminal de valorização da vítima e do diálogo entre as partes. As principais críticas feitas à adoção do modelo de justiça restaurativa são estudadas, a fim de compreender a viabilidade da proposta consensual. Por fim, situa-se a realidade brasileira com relação à adoção de legislações e práticas consensuais, destacando-se o cenário após a Lei n. 9.099/95. Pondera-se sobre os pontos positivos e negativos da adoção de um modelo restaurativo, na intenção de se concluir pela sua aplicabilidade no Brasil, sem desconsiderar a realidade punitiva e de desigualdades existente. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, o método adotado foi o dedutivo e a técnica utilizada foi de pesquisa bibliográfica, com abordagem teórica e descritiva, partindo-se das hipóteses de que o modelo retributivo-punitivo não integra a vítima à resolução dos conflitos penais e aí reside um dos motivos para a sua crise; e de que o modelo consensual possibilita a integração da vítima ao procedimento penal e é compatível com a realidade brasileira. Conclui-se que é necessária uma sistematização legal da justiça restaurativa, que utilize uma nova linguagem, refute estereótipos, sustente a preparação contínua de seus profissionais, proponha um procedimento flexível e incentive o diálogo e a participação efetiva das partes na resolução do conflito penal. Contudo, defende-se que não basta que os institutos e práticas consensuais-restaurativos estejam previstos legalmente, é preciso que os seus valores sejam respeitados na prática, reduzindo-se a adoção de momentos processuais isolados, que funcionam como mera formalidade ou etapa de um processo que pretende somente a punição do acusado. A justiça restaurativa não pode ser vista como a solução para todos os problemas criminais brasileiros, mas seus ideais, se corretamente implementados, têm o potencial de transformar a forma como são enxergados o crime e a importância das partes para a resolução do conflito penal, especialmente a vítima.
This study aims to analyze the consensual model of criminal justice as an alternative to retributive-punitive criminal system, emphasizing the important role that the victim plays in the construction of this new system of conflict resolution in the criminal context. It starts from a vitimological aspect of inclusion, which encourages the appreciation of the victim without defending the exclusion or reduction of the rights of the accused, and from the Brazilian reality, considering the adoption of the consensual system in the situation where it coexists with the traditional criminal justice system. Therefore it does not start from an abolitionist proposal. It is intended, under a vitimological perspective, to analyze what is the role of the victim for the development of effective criminal policy and for the legitimacy of state action in the criminal sphere and what are the main reasons for the crisis of retributive-punitive justice model, starting from the idea that the victim is an important control instance. It is intended also the analysis of the principles, fundamentals, values and practices proposed by consensual model of criminal justice, especially those related to restorative justice, starting from the general notion that this model supports a criminal policy of the victim recovery and dialogue between the parts. The main criticisms of the adoption of restorative justice model are studied in order to understand the feasibility of consensual proposal. Finally, the Brazilian reality is emphasized regarding the adoption of legislation and consensual practices, highlighting the scene after the Law n. 9,099 / 95. It is intended to weigh the pros and cons of adopting a restorative model, in the intention to find it to be applicable in Brazil without disregarding the reality punitive and existing inequalities. To achieve the proposed objectives, the method used was deductive and the technique used was bibliographical research with theoretical and descriptive approach, starting from the hypothesis that the retributive-punitive model does not bring the victim to the resolution of criminal conflicts and there lies one of the reasons for its crisis; and that the consensus model enables the integration of the victim to the criminal procedure and is compatible with the Brazilian reality. It is concluded that a legal systematization of restorative justice is required to use a new language, refute stereotypes, sustain the continued preparation of its professionals, propose a flexible approach and encourage dialogue and effective participation of the parties in resolving the criminal conflict. However, it is not enough that the institutes and consensus-restorative practices are prescribed legally, it is necessary that their values are respected in practice by reducing the adoption of isolated procedural moments which act as a formality or step in a process that pursues only the punishment of the accused. The restorative justice can’t be seen as the solution to all Brazilian criminal problems, but its ideals, if properly implemented, have the potential to transform the way the crime and the importance of the parties for the resolution of the criminal conflict are viewed, especially the victim.
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Lee, John R. Beckwith Francis. "Is "social justice" justice? a Thomistic argument for "social persons" as the proper subjects of the virtue of social justice /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5242.