Дисертації з теми "Juridic Standards"

Notre étude sur la fin de vie a suivi quatre phases distinctes: une analyse des législations relatives à la fin de vie en Europe et aux États-Unis, une étude des affaires européennes et américaines pertinentes, une exploration des normes chrétiennes concernant la souffrance et le suicide, et une analyse des normes morales laïques portant sur ces sujets. Nous avons par la suite constaté que même les lois les plus progressistes actuellement en vigueur concernant le droit de choisir sa fin de vie présentent des lacunes, surtout en ce qui concerne l'évaluation des souffrances mentales. Cependant, elles ont le mérite de reconnaître les douleurs physiques insupportables des personnes en fin de vie, sans espoir de guérison. En fait, cette reconnaissance a été catalysée par les décisions des tribunaux qui ont traité différents cas. En conséquence, il apparaît que privilégier une approche au cas par cas en ce qui concerne la fin de vie est plus approprié. Cette approche permet une prise en compte plus attentive des circonstances individuelles ainsi que des convictions existentielles spécifiques à chaque individu
Our study on end-of-life issues followed four distinct phases: an analysis of end-of-life legislations in Europe and the United States, a study of relevant European and American cases, an exploration of Christian standards regarding suffering and suicide, and an analysis of secular moral standards concerning these subjects. Subsequently, we found that even the most progressive laws currently in force regarding the right to choose one's end of life have shortcomings, especially concerning the assessment of mental suffering. However, they have the merit of recognizing the unbearable physical pain of individuals at the end of life, without hope of recovery. In fact, this recognition has been catalyzed by court decisions addressing various cases. Consequently, it appears that favoring a case-by-case approach regarding end-of-life issues is more appropriate. This approach allows for a more careful consideration of individual circumstances as well as specific existential beliefs of each individual

International Labour Standards (ILS) has a prominent place in the current debate of globalisation. There has been an increased usage of ILS in different contexts, as references in domestic courts and international courts, as provisions in companies’ code of conducts and as provisions in trade agreements. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the usage of ILS as provisions in trade agreements and whether ILS provisions in trade agreements can lead to increased legal enforceability. The EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement was brought up to illustrate how ILS can be used as provisions in a trade agreement. The thesis was conducted by focusing on four different areas, firstly the legal enforcement of ILS within the ILO framework, the ILO Declaration and through International Public Law. Secondly, by examining the linkage between the ILS and trade and the EU’s trade strategy. Thirdly by studying the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement by using three dimensions, obligation, precision and delegation. Lastly, by a discussion of the legal enforcement of ILS through trade agreements. In short, the conclusions of this thesis are that there are several limitations in order to foster compliance with ILS, within the ILO as well as through trade agreements. Especially the lack of a legal body within the ILO and the fact that labour provisions are not subject to the regular dispute mechanism in trade agreements nor subject to the dispute mechanism of World Trade Organisation has been pointed out as problematic. Due to the lack of empirical research on the post ratification effects, de facto and de juro, it is difficult at this initial stage of ‘the experiment of labour provisions in trade agreements’ to draw conclusions. However, the need to foster a universal floor of fundamental labour rights are equally as urgent as it was a hundred years ago when ILO was founded and when the debate on labour provisions and trade was initiated.

The mobile revolution has had a huge effect on our lives in all spheres. To ensure its continued evolution patents have played a part in protecting rightsholders from infringement cases by implementers. Also, many companies in the ICT industry focusing on innovation have come together to create standards, which ensure interoperability and compatibility of devices whilst supporting an ecosystem that is beneficial for both innovators and implementers as well as the consumers. Despite challenges (hold-up and hold-out) arising, regulators and standards organizations have created policies to regulate the processes involved. This has seen the introduction of FRAND and other international agreements. Using 3GPP as an illustration, this thesis highlights the efforts that are poured in research and development to even come up with a set standard that is universally applicable. This thesis gives an analysis on the underlying principles and processes that allow for standardization. It focuses on the relationship between patents and standards and how a strong IPR system has an impact on the progress of technology innovation. This thesis will highlight the benefits that arise from an ecosystem that is predevelopment and analyses the legal cases that have been dealt with over the years. Several cases have been brought before the courts in different jurisdictions to address issues relating to standardization and the ruling have seen a change in direction on the way to approach FRAND. The landmark case Huawei v ZTE paved a way for Europe’s balanced approach on licensing agreements and now courts have realized the importance of both parties to actively participate in good faith negotiations. The same has happened in the United states where after eBay v MercExchange the courts are now realizing hold-out is equally detrimental as hold-up and can create complications in licensing. The courts are now reluctant in offering injunctive relief without efforts from both parties to perform licensing agreements. As the technological boom continues in an upward trajectory it is crucial now, more than ever for Africa to join in and leverage the available laws to benefit its SMEs and ICT industry and strengthen its IPR system. Legend has it that the stronger the protection of own technological know-how, the higher the likelihood to join formal standardization processes to leverage the value of the technological portfolios. The empirical findings establish that if African countries develop their IPR system, this can be a source of encouragement for innovators to engage in global standardization.

The point of conflict between competition law and patent law is mainly on the objectives of these two policies. Whereas competition law encourages market pluralism, patent law promotes exclusive exploitation of patented-technology by patent holders. Despite this asymmetrical purposes both policies compliment each in promoting innovation, dissemination of technology, and developmentof a vibrant economy. The interface between these two should be treated cautiously since a preferential treatment of one over the other can have adverse consequences in the development of the economy. Admittedly competition law is very crucial in regulating anti-competitive conduct by cartels and monopolies that will affect the interests of the society. On the flip side, the enforcement of anti trust policies should not be overly applied to the extent of eroding the spirit of innovation and investment in beneficial technology. In the face of this aggressive global market, promotion of innovation and competition law are crucial in maintaining a competitive edge. Wherefore a balance must be struck!

Several industrial scandals, especially those about Enron and WorldCom, have lead to an intense debate about the independent audit and the independent auditor. A substantial part of the auditor’s income originates from counselling, and therefore the role of the auditor may be seen as double, and the auditor’s objectivity may be questioned. In the year of 2002, a new Auditors Act was legislated in Sweden. In the 21 § of the act, a model based on principles was introduced, to test the auditor independence in every single case. The question is if the new Auditors Act better ensures an independent audit than the preceding Act did. After the collapse of Enron, the international work on the development of rules that better can guarantee the independent audit, has been intensified. Will the wording and effect of the Swedish Auditors Act stand, will the international progress on this area influence the interpretation of the Act, or will the Swedish legislator be forced to rewrite the Act? Three problems are discussed in this thesis; 1. How shall an independent audit be ensured?, 2 What kind of activity may the auditor exercise?, 3 How should the auditor’s activities be organised to ensure the independence? This thesis describes howthe role of the auditor and his independence is regulated today, partly by legislation, partly by self- regulation, both national and international. Different regulations are compared and differences and similarities are described. A number of specific problems that may influence the independence of the auditor, in relation to his clients, and a discussion about how these problems may be avoided, is presented.

In the world we live in today, the international trade and economy is becoming more and more dependent on data. Data that can be transferred across borders and during the last couple of years there is an observable trend that the cross-border data flows is increasing. The increase of the cross-border data flows is a result of the vast boom in the global digitalization.  Businesses and enterprises can use the data accessible in multiple kinds of ways, follow and keep control of production chains, follow the demand of consumers, and make alterations to the products following the requests of the consumers. This is improving the efficiency and productivity of the businesses. The free flow of data across borders does not only have positive effect for the businesses, but also from a larger perspective, it also contributes to the welfare of countries, and provide new possibilities and opportunities. Despite the fact that the free flow of data has its great effects on both businesses and the welfare of states, states are imposing restrictions on cross-border data flows. The restrictions in place are of deferent kinds, some makes it mandatory to store or process data, while other restrictions are harsher and could provide a ban or cut off on cross-border data flow.  In the legal system of international investment law, the fair and equitable treatment standard is a standard found in treaties, bilateral and multilateral. The standard is protecting the forging investors.  If a state is enforcing a restriction with an effect equivalent to a ban on cross-border data flow, what is the relation of that restriction to the fair and equitable treatment standard?

The introduction of algorithms has for companies led to new ways of marketing themselves. However, access to personal data is needed for a company to successfully use an algorithm, which means companies can trade with our personal data. Personal data is therefore no longer used solely for nonprofit purposes but has rather acquired a financial value. This has led to new challenges in terms of third country transfer of personal data, which requires legislation that can effectively protect personal data. Within the EU, the General Data Protection Legislation (GDPR) regulates how personal data can be transferred to a third country. Article 45 GDPR, which contains the first requirement for third country transfers, states that transfers are only permitted based on an adequacy decision issued by the Commission. On the basis, inter alia, of the annulment of the Safe Harbor decision, by the European Court of Justice, and the criticism that has been addressed towards the Privacy Shield decision, questions are raised if there are reason for companies to make third country transfers based on the alternative provisions in article 46 and article 49 GDPR. The aim of this thesis is to examine the possibilities of making third country transfers according to articles 45, 46 and 49 GDPR by making a comparison that has been made from an individual- and company perspective. The research questions have been focused on the content of the adequacy decisions concerning USA, Switzerland, Canada, Israel and Japan, a review of the legal basis for third country transfers stated in articles 46 and 49 GDPR, as well as benefits and drawbacks with applying the grounds set forth in articles 46 and 49 GDPR rather than applying an adequacy decision pursuant to article 45 GDPR. In conclusion, it may be noted that the adequacy decisions that have been discussed leave room for doubt in relation to the level of protection that is guaranteed in the GDPR. This gives reason for companies to consider application of article 46 and article 49 GDPR. There are several benefits and drawbacks with such considerations including the size of the company and its financial recourses affecting which appropriate safeguard in article 46 GDPR is the most suitable safeguard to use. Furthermore, the derogations in article 49 GDPR may, in theory and in practice, be very difficult to apply instead of article 45 and article 46 GDPR since the derogations focuses on specific situations and must be used restrictively. The findings in this thesis however leads to the conclusion that there are several reasons for companies to consider application of article 46 GDPR instead of article 45 GDPR.

EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten kom år 2000 och har som uppgift att förbättra vattenkvaliteten inom unionen. Direktivet är rättsligt bindande för medlemsstaterna och har målet att samtliga vattenförekomster i EU ska nå minst god status. I arbetet med vattenförvaltningen används begreppen statusklassificering, som är ett mått på rådande vattenkvalitet i vattenförekomsten, och miljökvalitetsnormer, som den vattenkvaliteten vattenförekomsten ska ha vid en viss tidpunkt. Statusklassificeringen består av ekologisk och kemisk status. Ekologisk status bedöms utifrån kvalitetsfaktorer (exempelvis växtplankton, näringsämnen), som bedöms av parametrar (exempelvis biovolym, total fosfor), och kemisk status utifrån EU bestämda gränsvärden för prioriterade ämnen. 2015 kom Weserdomen, som är ett förhandsavgörande från EU-domstolen om tolkning av ramdirektivet för vatten, rörande medlemsstaternas skyldighet att inte lämna tillstånd till projekt som orsakar en försämring av status eller äventyrar miljökvalitetsnormen samt innebörden att en försämring av status föreligger då en kvalitetsfaktor ändras en statusklass. Weserdomen har förändrat rättsläget för miljökvalitetsnormerna och har i Sverige skapat stora osäkerheter vid tillstånd och miljökonsekvensbeskrivning (MKB), med behov av att på sikt förändra lagstiftningen. Syftet med examensarbete är att studera hur Mark- och miljööverdomstolen hanterat Weserdomen vid prövning samt hur miljökvalitetsnormerna för ytvatten bör hanteras i MKB för projekt. För att undersöka detta genomfördes en litteraturstudie, en rättsfallsstudie av Mark- och miljööverdomstolens domar samt en studie av detaljnivån på redovisningen av miljökvalitetsnormerna i MKB för projekt. Litteraturstudien visar att Weserdomen innebär ett skärpt rättsläge för miljökvalitetsnormerna, att ekologisk status har fått samma rättsverkan som kemisk status samt att svensk lagstiftning behöver anpassas till det nya rättsläget. Rättsfallsstudien visade att miljökvalitetsnormerna fått en viktig roll i tillståndsprövning och att bedömning av påverkan ska göras utifrån kvalitetsfaktorer och har stor betydelse vid prövning. Utifrån studien över detaljnivån i MKB ställs större krav på redovisning av påverkan på kvalitetsfaktornivå. Dock finns utrymme att förbättra motiveringen av relevanta och icke-relevanta kvalitetsfaktorer.
The EU Water Framework Directive came in the year 2000 and its aim is to improve the water quality within the union. The directive is legally binding for all member states and sets out to achieve good status for Europe’s all water bodies. In the work of water management are the following two terms commonly used, the concept of status classification, a measure of the water quality in a water body, and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), the time when a certain water quality should be reached. The status classification consists of ecological quality and chemical quality. Ecological quality is assessed based on quality factors (e.g. phytoplankton, nutrients), which are assessed based on parameters (e.g. biovolume, total phosphorus), and chemical quality is assessed from an EU-defined limit value. In 2015 came the Weser ruling, a preliminary ruling by the European Court of Justice regarding interpretations in the Water Framework Directive. The Court found that the member states are required to not give permission to a project that could cause a deterioration of status or jeopardize current environmental quality standard in a water body. Regarding the interpretation of when a “deterioration of status” occurs, the Court found that it occurs when a quality factor is lowered by one statues class. The Weser ruling has changed the legal situation around the environmental quality standards, which in Sweden has led to major uncertainties among authorizations and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In Sweden, an adjustment of the law is considered needed. This master thesis main purpose is to study how the Land and Environment Court of Appeal has dealt with the Weser ruling in trial and how Environmental Quality Standards for surface water should be managed in EIA for projects. The thesis consists of a literature study, a study of cases in the Land and Environment Court of Appeal and a study of the presentation of Environmental Quality Standards in EIA in projects. The study shows that the Weser ruling leads to a stronger interpretation of the Environmental Quality Standards, gives the ecological statuses the same legal value as chemical statues and lead to a need for adaption of the Swedish legalization to the new legal position. The case study shows that Environmental Quality Standards plays an important role during trial and that the impact assessment should be done on at the level of quality factors and is of great importance for the trial. The study of presentation in EIA shows higher demands on impact assessment at the level of quality factors, but still has room for improved motivation of relevant and non-relevant quality factors.

Konceptet open banking i EU är resultatet av införandet av det andra betaltjänstdirektivet och de kompletterande tekniska standarderna för sträng kundautentisering och säker kommunikation. Regelverket syftar till att upprätta en harmoniserad betaltjänstmarknad som balanseras mellan en hög nivå av säkerhet och en generös åtkomst till kunddata, för att främja innovation och konkurrens. I framställningen som görs i uppsatsen presenteras marknadens utveckling, de huvudsakliga aktörerna, den tidigare betaltjänstregleringen, samt motiven bakom och syftena med den nya regleringen. Genom att ge tredjepartsleverantörer direkt åtkomst till kontoinstitutens kontosystem förändras betaltjänstmarknaden i grunden. Det redogörs även för hur betaltjänstmarknaden har, och framöver sannolikt kommer att, förändras till följd av kravet på införandet av öppna API:er, men även hur konsekvenserna förhåller sig till de uttalade syftena. Regleringen har goda möjligheter att få ämnad effekt, men det faktum att ansvaret för harmoniseringen till stor del har överlämnats till marknadens aktörer är problematiskt. Det är i huvudsak två områden som är centrala; harmoniseringen av öppna API:er och förbudet mot datahämtningsmetoden screen scraping. I uppsatsen riktas kritik mot avsaknaden av lagstiftade gemensamma standarder för API:er och den förskjutning av ansvaret som har skett från lagstiftaren till marknadens aktörer. En brist som potentiellt skulle kunna leda till en fragmenterad betaltjänstmarknad. Det klargörs även att det traditionella användandet av screen scraping nu inte är tillåtet eftersom förfarandet inte uppfyller de krav som ställs på datainhämtning i RTS:en. Övergången till öppna API:er innebär en stor förändring för alla aktörer. Det återstår ännu en viss osäkerhet avseende harmoniseringen och implementeringen av öppna API:er, samt hur bestämmelserna och dess effekter förhåller sig till regelverkets syften. I uppsatsen presenteras en potentiell lösning på harmoniseringsproblematiken i form av de långt gångna och till stora delar anammade standardiseringsinitiativen som har utvecklats av marknaden. Det är framledes av största vikt att de marknadsdrivna initiativen för gemensamma standarder anammas av kontoinstituten för att åstadkomma en harmoniserad miljö med open banking.

Genom styrning av finansiella medel har gröna obligationer fått en viktig roll i utvecklingen mot ett miljömässigt hållbart samhälle. Extern granskning av gröna obligationer styrs idag genom frivilliga marknadsstandarder, varav GBP är den vanligaste. Dessutom har EU nyligen presenterat en egen frivillig standard med särskild tillsyn. Bättre tillgång till klimatrelaterad information samt tydliga och gemensamma definitioner av gröna aktiviteter är förutsättningar för att investerare mer effektivt ska flytta kapital till miljömässigt hållbara verksamheter för att stötta omställningen till en mindre fossilbaserad ekonomi. I den här uppsatsen visas att dagens betygsättning, olika bedömningsmetoder till trots, torde vara relativt pålitlig, men att det finns utrymme att önska högre jämförbarhet och därmed ökad investerartillit. Tydligare marknadsstandarder kan vara en viktig aspekt för att öka betygens pålitlighet allt eftersom marknaden för gröna obligationer expanderar. Analysen visar att lagstiftning som leder till ökad mängd publicerad granskning genom gröna betyg torde gynna transparensen samtidigt som ryktesrisken vid intressekonflikter bör innebära motvillighet gentemot felaktig bedömning. Samtidigt kan överdriven reglering begränsa möjligheterna för innovation, utveckling och expansion av marknaden som helhet. Det torde därmed vara i lagstiftarens intresse att inte införa alltför sträng reglering, eftersom risk att inte kunna uppnå den finansiering av klimatmålen som önskas då uppstår. Eftersom gröna obligationer är ett internationellt fenomen behöver världens länder arbeta tillsammans mot gemensamma standarder i syfte att nå klimatmålen.  I det fall tvingande reglering ska införas bör den vara på som lägst EU-nivå. För marknadsbalans mellan aktörerna och jämförbarhet mellan obligationerna är det viktigt att regleringen inte upplevs otydlig. Regleringen måste dessutom vara generell och så pass flexibel att den kan möta teknologisk utveckling och förändrade förhållanden på marknaderna utan att processen blir för långdragen. Så länge målet är att ha en europeisk kapitalmarknad där aktörerna kan tillhandahålla finansiella tjänster nationsövergripande krävs finansiell tillsyn som inte stannar vid nationsgränserna. På sikt torde Esma vara lämpligast att överse samtliga granskare av gröna obligationer verksamma på den europeiska marknaden. För detta krävs utökad reglering som ger Esma ökad behörighet såväl som ökade resurser för att effektivt kunna utföra tillsynsarbetet.
Through the management of financial resources, green bonds have received an important role in the development towards an environmentally sustainable society. External review of green bonds is today subject to voluntary market standards, of which GBP is the most common. In addition, the EU has recently presented its own voluntary standard, which includes supervision. Better access to climate-related information and clear and harmonised definitions of green activities are prerequisites for investors to move capital more efficiently to environmentally sustainable businesses to support the transition to a less fossil-based economy. With this paper it is shown that the current rating, despite different assessment methods, should be relatively reliable, but that there is room to wish for higher comparability and thus increased investor confidence. Clearer market standards can be an important aspect in increasing the reliability of ratings as the market for green bonds expands. The analysis shows that legislation that leads to an increased number of published reviews through green ratings should promote transparency, while the risk of rumors in the event of conflicts of interest should imply reluctance to make incorrect assessments. At the same time, excessive regulation may limit the opportunities for innovation, development and expansion of the market as a whole. Thus, it should be in the interest of the legislator not to introduce a regulation which is too strict, as the risk of not being able to achieve the desired financing of the climate goals then arises. As green bonds are an international phenomenon, all countries need to work together towards common standards in order to achieve the purpose of the climate goals. In the event that mandatory regulation is to be introduced, it should at least be at EU level. For market balance between the market participants as well as comparability between the bonds, it is important that the regulation is not perceived as unclear. In addition, regulation must be general and flexible enough to meet technological developments and new market conditions without the process becoming too lengthy. As long as the goal is to have a European capital market where market participants can provide financial services nationwide, financial supervision that does not stop at national borders is required. In the long run, ESMA should be the most appropriate authority to oversee all examiners of green bonds operating in the European market. This requires increased regulation that gives ESMA increased authority, as well as increased resources in order to be able to carry out the supervisory work effectively.

Vi lever i en tid präglad av drastiska klimatförändringar och ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser, där klimatångest har kommit att bli ett problem som tycks drabba såväl privatpersoner som företag. Allteftersom vår medvetenhet för samtidens klimathot ökar, har även hållbarhet fått en allt större betydelse för europeiska investerare. En tydlig konsekvens härav är den kraftiga ökningen av antalet hållbarhetsindex som identifierats på finansmarknaden. Hållbarhetsindex används ofta som komponent i passiva investeringsstrategier eller som verktyg för att mäta prestationen av olika värdepapper i en portfölj, och får på så vis funktionen av ett benchmark. Metoden för att utveckla såväl hållbara index som benchmarks kan emellertid variera, vilket ofta beror på att klimatrelaterad information kan vara extremt komplex att omvandla till finansiellt relaterbara värden. Svårigheterna härom har således minskat marknadens förtroende för sådana investeringsalternativ, trots den ökade benägenheten hos investerare att ta hänsyn till hållbarhet även i finansiella sammanhang. Bristande lagstiftning inom området föranledde Europeiska kommissionen att upprätta ett förslag om ändring av Benchmarkförordningen år 2018, som en del av sin handlingsplan för finansiering av hållbar tillväxt. Förordningen reglerar i dagsläget främst administratörer av benchmarks, vilka innehar det övergripande juridiska ansvaret för ett benchmark. Med förslaget införs nya kategorier för koldioxidsnåla och klimatpositiva benchmarks samt en reviderad transparensreglering som förpliktigar administratörer att offentliggöra hur de beaktar hållbarhet i sin metod och referensvärdesdeklaration. Även om förslaget välkomnats av flertalet aktörer, föreligger anledning att ifrågasätta huruvida marknaden kommer kunna förhålla sig till de ambitiösa ändringarna, samt om effekten av reglerna blir den som kommissionen eftersträvat. I uppsatsen identifieras och diskuteras de potentiella utmaningarna med förslagets ikraftträdande, vilka sedermera analyseras i förhållande till de åsyftade ändamålen med reglerna. Kritik riktas i uppsatsen främst mot förordningens bristande möjligheter att hålla andra aktörer ansvariga, eftersom uppfyllandet av de nya reglerna inte enbart är beroende av administratörernas eget agerande. Vidare konstateras att marknaden inledningsvis kommer att få stora svårigheter med insamling och verifiering av den klimatrelaterade information som är avgörande för användningen av miljövänliga benchmarks. Sett ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv tros emellertid ändringarna kunna skapa goda förutsättningar för en bättre inkludering av hållbarhet på finansmarknaden, utan kompromiss av ett konsument- eller investerarskydd.

This is a study of standardization in complexity. The context is innovation policy. Why do standardization and innovation go hand in hand and what does the interaction of interests between public and private actors look like in the “profile” of the standardization process? The nature of technical specifications, Lead Market Initiatives in Europe, social innovations, eco-innovations and psychological services for recruitment are the target areas of this study done in the style of Science, Technology and Society. We decrypt the codes of the expected behavior veiled in standards, the strategically selective sectoral integration of the European Internal Market, the emergence of innovation in standardized areas, the nature of the European innovation policy and the mission of each particular innovative sector. This research contains answers on how the European Union will move toward a more state-like organization bypassing the sovereignty of its member states. Standardization is a bouquet of strategic activities where each has its purpose, destination and time-framework. By studying standardization, we are able to look into the European future.

Information Security nowadays is becoming a very popular subject of discussion among both academics and organizations. Proper Data Governance is the first step to an effective Information Security policy. As a consequence, more and more organizations are now switching their approach to data, considering them as assets, in order to get as much value as possible out of it. Living in an IT-driven world makes a lot of researchers to approach Data Governance by borrowing IT Governance frameworks.The aim of this thesis is to contribute to this research by doing an Action Research in a big Financial Institution in the Netherlands that is currently releasing a Data Lake where all the data will be gathered and stored in a secure way. During this research a framework on implementing a proper Data Governance into the Data Lake is introduced.The results were promising and indicate that under specific circumstances, this framework could be very beneficial not only for this specific institution, but for every organisation that would like to avoid confusions and apply Data Governance into their tasks.

Validerat; 20151222 (global_studentproject_submitter)

Liability of members of governing bodies of juristic persons Mgr. Lucie Novotná Krtoušová Abstract The aim of the presented doctoral thesis entitled "Theoretical Concept of Liability of Members of the Governing Bodies of Juristic Persons" is to determine what requirements can be placed on natural persons who act as members of the governing bodies of juristic persons, and to specify the substance of due managerial care as a legal basis for potential liability. The Civil Code lays down the duty of a governing body member to act with due managerial care in the discharge of his/her office in its general part; the relevant provisions thus apply to members of the governing bodies of all juristic persons under both private and public law, provided that this is compatible with their legal nature. Compliance with the duty of due managerial care - in cases where the governing body members act as representatives of the juristic person - is the decisive criterion for determining whether or not they will be liable to the juristic person for any damage caused in the discharge of their office. However, it is questionable whether this is a case of fault-based liability for breach of a legal duty or strict liability for breach of a contractual obligation. The question of whether we will conceive liability of members of...