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1
Shin, Yihyun. "Graphic Deconstruction of Spatially Marked Race in Miné Okubo's Citizen 13660." British and American Language and Literature Association of Korea 146 (September 30, 2022): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.21297/ballak.2022.146.291.
Анотація:
Miné Okubo's Citizen 13660 is an autobiographical graphic novel about the Japanese concentration camp during the Second World War. From the perspective of an evacuee and Japanese American, Citizen 13660 rewrites Japanese American identity, which confronts the rhetoric of “enemy race” and the frontier myth that normalized the camp. The graphic novel reveals how deeply the War Relocation Authority (WRA) engaged in the spatial and social exclusion of the minority groups and, by doing so, negatively affected their racial identities. Shedding light on Lefebvre’s theory of the spatiality of power, which emphasizes that spatial order reflects the society’s hegemonic power and shapes the dwellers’ identity, this paper will analyze how the state power deindividualized and criminalized people of Japanese ancestry as a homogenous crowd of “enemy race” through spatial control. This paper will also investigate how Citizen 13660 creatively visualizes, reenacts and re-examine the WRA’s spatial politics with its spatial elements (the shape of panels or the arrangements of gutters, panels, lines, and objects), borrowing McCloud’s analysis of the spatiality of the graphic novel. With unique arrangements of spatial elements in Citizen 13660, Okubo asserts the necessity to dismantle the biologically essentialist concept of race, re-individualize people of Japanese ancestry, and challenge the legitimacy of the camp.
2
Sekimura, Makoto. "L’identité humaine et la spatialité dans la culture japonaise." Caietele Echinox 40 (June 28, 2021): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2021.40.16.
Анотація:
"The Japanese still retain a certain traditional sensitivity in their relationship to the world. With a tendency to integrate with nature or their environment and to depend on others, they favor the relationship to others, as well as that between humankind and the world, which determines their identity. It is through integration into the circumstantial dimension that human beings form themselves and become aware of themselves. It follows that collective identity is stronger and more dominant than individual identity. This human way of being constitutes an essential aspect of Japanese culture and is represented in the architecture of traditional Japanese houses. Reflection on the spatiality specific to the Japanese lifestyle can promote a deep dialogue about human identity between different cultures."
3
Figal, Günter. "To the Margins. On the Spatiality of Klee’s Art." Research in Phenomenology 43, no. 3 (2013): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691640-12341264.
Анотація:
Abstract With reference mainly to Paul Klee’s Ad marginem from 1930 (reworked 1935/36), this article focuses on space—namely, on the question of how space can be made visible as such. Having figures, lines, and the background establishing an intense interplay of transparency, Klee’s work refrains from displaying the mere spatiality of objects. It is this interplay of transparent figures entangled with their background that are withdrawing but not disappearing that creates an empty space that is as such limited and unoccupied. Compared to a (Japanese Zen-) garden, the idea of limiting and simultaneously making visible an eminent openness is stressed. Referring, furthermore, to observations like Rilke’s poem Shawl or to Toyo Ito’s comments on Klee’s work, this article aims to display the eminent space character becoming visible in the painter’s œuvre.
4
Shen, Xiaobo. "Warm-Soup Proximity: The Spatiality of Eldercare in Hyper-Aged Japanese Society." Architecture and Culture 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20507828.2021.2017553.
5
Park, Shin-Young. "A Study on Imperial Representation in Vertical Spatiality in the Japanese Animation <Laputa: Castle in the Sky> : Compared to the Vertical Spatiality of ‘Takamanohara’ in Japanese Mythology." Korean Journal of animation 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51467/asko.2021.09.17.3.113.
6
Figal, Günter. "Zum Anfassen: Phänomenologische Überlegungen im Anschluss an Georg Simmel." Zeitschrift für Kulturphilosophie 2015/1-2: Simmel 2015, no. 1-2 (2015): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000106690.
Анотація:
Starting from the observation that there are two different kinds of experiencing a thing – grasping and using it or keeping distance and contemplating it – this essay inquires into the enablement of this difference in experience. Referring to Georg Simmel's essay »Der Henkel« the special character of the handle of a vessel is examined in order to clarify the nature of the difference between things to grasp and things to contemplate. The argument is that this difference in experiencing a thing is enabled by the spatiality of things and references to them. Therefore the example of the handles of a Japanese Iga-vase is taken to demonstrate how the particular spatiality of a thing determines the reference to it. Thus the difference in the ways of experiencing a thing results from a difference in the experience of space.
7
Komatsubara, Kento, Alexander Ryota Keeley, and Shunsuke Managi. "Revisiting the Value of Various Ecosystems: Considering Spatiality and Disaster Concern." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043154.
Анотація:
Recently, concerns about ecosystem loss and the threat of disasters have emerged. Understanding people’s perception of the ecosystem’s value will lead to disaster adaptation through ecosystem conservation. We incorporated use and disaster attributes into a contingent valuation study to investigate Japanese peoples’ perceptions of the value of various ecosystems. We construct a concept representing ecosystems’ perceived disaster prevention and mitigation functions by investigating the effects of use status and disaster concerns on people’s preferences. Results revealed that almost all of the ecosystem’s disaster prevention and mitigation functions are not perceived by people. In some cases, people mistakenly avoid ecosystems that protect people from disasters. In conclusion, this concept and its findings facilitate an understanding of people’s perceptions of disaster prevention mitigation functions of ecosystems and promote the concrete practice of conserving ecosystems.
8
Cesereanu, Ruxandra. "Garden of Paradise. Japanese Identity in Sei Shonagon’s The Pillow Book." Caietele Echinox 40 (June 28, 2021): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2021.40.17.
Анотація:
"This text focuses on the identity of the Japanese garden as an accomplished aesthetic act, in the manner depicted in the official diary of Sei Shonagon’s, a lady living at the Japanese imperial court, around the year 1000. Nature is sieved through an aesthetics of concentric circles, in which human life turns into a painstakingly pen crafted page, strictly owing to the perfection of artistic integration in the nature. But Nature, and more specifically the garden that Sei Shonagon details with refinement in The Pillow Book, is a specific clue to the concept of Japanese identity. traditional sensitivity in their relationship to the world. With a tendency to integrate with nature or their environment and to depend on others, they favor the relationship to others, as well as that between humankind and the world, which determines their identity. It is through integration into the circumstantial dimension that human beings form themselves and become aware of themselves. It follows that collective identity is stronger and more dominant than individual identity. This human way of being constitutes an essential aspect of Japanese culture and is represented in the architecture of traditional Japanese houses. Reflection on the spatiality specific to the Japanese lifestyle can promote a deep dialogue about human identity between different cultures."
9
Jeong, Ji hui. "The spatiality and Formative Background of Jongno through silver craft specialty store in Japanese colonial era." Journal of Seoul studies 74 (February 28, 2019): 33–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17647/jss.2019.02.74.33.
10
Simond, Stefan H., and Tobias Klös. "Cozy Heterotopias in JRPGs: A Foucauldian Perspective on the Spatiality of Coziness in Japanese Role-Playing Games." Replay. The Polish Journal of Game Studies 11, no. 1 (May 27, 2024): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-8551.11.07.
Анотація:
This article applies the concept of heterotopia as developed by Michel Foucault to cozy aesthetics in JRPGs. After introducing the concept of heterotopia and its six key principles, the term JRPG is briefly reflected upon. We then analyze key aspects of the games Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch and Final Fantasy VII Remake regarding the significance of heterotopias for their sense of coziness. We conclude that Foucault’s concept of heterotopia helps in understanding the way in which coziness, on the one hand, offers a respite from the crises of life while, on the other hand, enabling an engagement with said crises in a safe environment.
11
Leon, University of Malaya, Malaysia, Carol, and Gladys Koh, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. "Retrieving Lost Histories: Spaces of Healing, Spaces of Liberation." Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature 8, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/asiatic.v8i2.491.
Анотація:
A major theme in postcolonial fiction is the struggle to forget the traumas of colonisation and that is why issues related to memory and history frequently emerge in contemporary texts. Tan Twan Eng (1972-) is an acclaimed Malaysian author who deals with the theme of memory particularly with regard to the Chinese community in Malaya during the Japanese Occupation. Using ideas of space and spatiality, this study investigates the postcolonial reclamation of history and home through the medium of memory in The Gift of Rain (2008). In this context, the notion of space used by Tan includes the physical landscape and the psychological landscapes of memory and history. In The Gift of Rain, the memories of the characters are sometimes in conflict with official historical narratives. This article argues that the slipperiness between personal and public narrations of history opens up a space that allows for a renegotiation of identity and understanding of self.
12
Vela Castillo, José. "Un jardín rocoso. Cinco estampas de Ryōan-ji." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2020.10901.
Анотація:
<p>Five (woodblock) prints of Ryōan-ji presents five approaches to the famous dry garden located in the homonymous temple in Kyoto. The aim has been to explore through them different peculiarities of this garden, and by extension, of Japanese dry gardens of Zen inspiration. The fields explored include narrative (Kawabata), music (Cage and Takemitsu), cinema (Ozu, Iimura) and architecture (Isozaki and Mies, in passing). The main intention has not been to give a unitary vison of Ryōan-ji. Instead, like the dazzle at the end of a haiku, I tried to build a mechanism of partial enlightenments, to show, at least partially, its complex essence. A mechanism which, simultaneously, sheds light on the narrative, the music and the architecture presented. The real protagonist of the text is the particular spatiality that this garden brings to life and the temporality that goes along with it; but also the constant correspondences of the play of traces and possible meanings disseminated across the different media.</p>
13
Sudesna Som. "“Where are you going?”: Investigating Spatiality from a Translocal Perspective in Forrest Gander’s Core Samples from the World." Creative Launcher 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2023.8.2.01.
Анотація:
Abstract
An illustrious poet, editor and translator Forrest Gander probes into the conditions of modern human existence with a remarkable sensitivity towards the contemporary environmental challenges. The finalist for Pulitzer Prize 2012, Gander’s Core Samples from the World (2011) recounts his experience of distant, exotic places like China, Mexico, and Bosnia-Herzegovina from the perspective of an ecopoet writing in the Anthropocene. Composed from the objective viewpoint of a traveller the book exploits the Japanese Haibun form to juxtapose poetry, essays and photographs taken by his collaborators— Raymond Meeks, Graciela Iturbide and Lucas Foglia. Together the detached prose pieces, the disorienting poetry and the evocative photographs shed light on the severity of current ecological crisis and raise critical questions regarding one’s ecological self and identity. The present study aims to explore how Gander’s singular conception of space simultaneously instigates the readers to open dialogue regarding such pivotal questions and plays a seminal role in the evolution of his ecopoetic vision. This paper further aspires to analyse the ways in which Gander exploits his inclusive spatial engagement as a traveller to portray the world as a shared, connected space permanently altered by the reckless exploitation of nature and natural resources. It also intends to enquire the subsequent deterioration of the bond between human beings and their surroundings which ultimately results in a sense of fragmentation along with a loss of identity. The present study also scrutinizes how Gander’s unconventional imagination and delineation of translocal space which is essentially an open-ended, mobile and multilateral concept rather than a static geographical locale influence his engagement with contemporary environmental issues on various levels.
14
Shin, youngmi. "A Study of the Changes in Spatiality in the Cheong-hak-ri Area of Byeol-nae-myeon." Institute For Kyeongki Cultural Studies 44, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26426/kcs.2023.44.1.51.
Анотація:
The Cheong-hak-ri Area of Byeol-nae-myeon, Nam-yang-ju, once known as Dogok(陶谷), is steeped in history, having been inhabited by the Ui-ryeong-Nam clan(宜寧南氏) from the Joseon Dynasty to the present. In the late Joseon Dynasty, Nam Yong-ik(1628-1692), who held the position of I-jo-pan-seo(吏曹判 書), managed several villas here and interacted with his colleagues. Su-rak-mountain(水落山) Ok-ryu Waterfall(玉流瀑布) and the Gan-pok-jeong(看瀑 亭) built next to it became a kind of marker symbolizing Ui-ryeong-Nam clan and Nam Yong-ik.
The reason why the Ui-ryeong-Nam clan of Ui-ryeong(宜寧), Gyeong-sang-nam-do, formed a settlement and seon-yeong(先塋) in Dogok was that Nam-jae(南在, 1351-1419) and Nam-eun(南誾, 1354-1398) were granted sa-pae-ji(賜牌地) and Large farmland(田莊) in the early Joseon Dynasty. Then, starting with Nam Hyo-ui(南孝義, 1474-1551), its character as a clan village(集姓村) became clear, and in the late Joseon Dynasty, Nam Yong-ik, who was at the beginning of the No-ron(老論) Gyeong-hwa-se-gok(京華世族), traveled back and forth between Seoul and his hometown.
Nam Yong-ik traveled back and forth between Seoul and his hometown, seeking refuge in his hometown whenever he was in political hot water. After the age of 50, when he actively advocated for seclusion, he concentrated on building a separate houses, assuming that he could return to Seoul. The real guardians of the land were his Bang-gye(傍系) descendants, who farmed, lived, and maintained their daily lives there.
It is believed that life in Se-geo-gi(世居地) was similar until the 80s, when rural villages centered on the same sect were maintained. Throughout the Japanese occupation, the Korean War, and modernization, clan village(集姓村) remained culturally unchanged until the 90s, when a turning point occurred. At the core of the transition was a change in the form of housing: apartments. As a large number of anonymous people quickly moved in, taking up space on the ground and in the air, the neighborhood's character as a village community was quickly eroded.
When the village community collapsed, so did the tradition of nickname of house (宅號), which lasted until the 80s. Now, those who remain live in an era of communal housing, where people call each other □dong □ho. This article, which aims to be a study of spatiality, concludes by record the nickname of house, which few people will remember. This could be a meaningful task if we reflect on the disappearance of urban and suburban clan village over the course of modern history.
15
Lista, Annisa, M. Misbahul Amri, and Kukuh Prayitno Subagyo. "Nowhere and everywhere: Navigating gendered urban spaces in Haruki Murakami’s After Dark." Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya 49, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um015v49i22021p240.
Анотація:
Nowhere and everywhere: Navigating gendered urban spaces in Haruki Murakami’s After DarkUrban space has been one of the most underexplored elements analyzed in literary works. However, as urban space gradually emerges as a culturally influencing element, a casual perusal of any text that employs urban space might result in an oversimplified analysis. This study examines the urban space of After Dark (2004), authored by Japanese writer Haruki Murakami (b. 1949). Accounting for the ways urban space is interwoven with the socio-cultural context, this study establishes a spatial reading of Murakami’s After Dark through the description of the city. With a poststructuralist approach, this study discusses how urban space is utilized and how it serves as an important part of the text instead of a mere backdrop; it reinforces the possibilities of setting as a thematic approach to major issues such as self-identity and the marginalization of women. As it is concluded, the urban space the novel presents have succeeded to show that they form, to some extent, women’s behaviours both directly and indirectly. Hence, the setting may present the main theme further analysed.Keywords: urban space, spatiality, women, self-identity, marginalizationTak di sana dan di mana pun: Menavigasi ruang kota bergender pada novel After Dark karya Haruki MurakamiSelama ini ruang urban masih menjadi unsur yang paling kurang digali dalam menganalisis karya sastra. Namun demikian, seiring dengan kenyataan bahwa ruang urban lambat-laun hadir sebagai unsur yang secara kultural berpengaruh, kajian kasual mengenai suatu teks yang memanfaatkan ruang urban mungkin justru menghasilkan analisis yang terlalu sederhana. Kajian ini menelisik ruang urban After Dark (2004), hasil karya pengarang Jepang, Haruki Murakami (lahir 1949). Dengan berpusat pada cara-cara ruang urban berjalin berkelindan dengan kontek sosio-budaya, kajian ini menghadirkan pembacaan ruang terhadap karya Murakami yang berjudul After Dark melalui deskripsi tentang kota yang digunakan sebagai latar. Dengan pendekatan pascastruktural, kajian ini membahas bagaimana ruang urban dimanfaatkan serta bagaimana hal tersebut menjadi bagian penting dari teks dan bukan hanya sekadar latar belakang; hal ini mendorong hadirnya kemungkinan latar sebagai subjek tematik untuk membahas isu-isu besar seperti identitas diri dan marjinalisasi perempuan. Sebagaimana yang diperoleh di kesimpulan, ruang urban yang ditampilkan dalam novel ini telah berhasil menunjukkan kemampuannya untuk membentuk perilaku tokoh-tokoh wanitanya baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Dengan demikian, latar tempat dapat menunjukkan tema utama sebuah karya yang layak diteliti lebih lanjut.Kata kunci: ruang urban, spatialitas, perempuan, identitas-diri, marjinalisasi
16
Kita, Yoshiyuki, Gábor Holló, Fumihiro Narita, Ritsuko Kita, and Akito Hirakata. "Myopic Peripapillary Pits with Spatially Corresponding Localized Visual Field Defects: A Progressive Japanese and a Cross-Sectional European Case." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513134.
Анотація:
We report 2 peripapillary pit cases, in which the isolated visual field defects spatially correspond to the pit-related retinal nerve fiber layer and optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) perfusion damage areas. A high myopic eye of a 39-year-old Japanese male patient, and a moderate myopic eye of a 47-years old Caucasian female patient were evaluated with OCT, OCTA, and visual field testing for peripapillary pits and spatially corresponding localized visual field defects. In the Japanese patient a temporal and in the Caucasian patient an inferotemporal peripapillary pit was confirmed, both spatially associated with a myopic peripapillary atrophy area. In both cases, the retinal nerve fibers herniated into the pit. En face OCT and OCTA revealed retinal nerve fiber bundle defects and reduced vessel density in the corresponding areas, both projecting to the pit. The visual field showed localized scotomas spatially corresponding to the nerve fiber bundle/OCTA defects in both patients. The visual field defect was a progressing (extending and deepening) paracentral scotoma in the Japanese patient, and a localized superior paracentral and superior arcuate scotoma in the Caucasian patient. Our cases show that peripapillary pits occurring in both Japanese and white European eyes can cause localized retinal nerve fiber bundle and OCTA damage and visual field defects of which some can worsen during the follow-up. To separate scotomas due to peripapillary pits and glaucoma is therefore of clinical importance and requires special attention from ophthalmologists.
17
Lee, Yeonkyung. "Taipei and Seoul’s Modern Urbanization under Japanese Colonial Rule: A Comparative Study from the Present-Day Context." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114772.
Анотація:
Both Taipei and Seoul underwent a process of colonization and modern urbanization during the early part of the 20th century, under Japanese rule. In both countries, urban-planning projects from the colonial period have had a great impact on recent urban changes. This comparative analysis aims to identify the characteristics of modern cities with Japanese colonial histories, focusing on the following three aspects: (1) Urban structure based on spatial distribution by ethnic group; (2) Japanese colonial urban planning; and (3) modern boulevards that convey the power and spectacle of a colonial city. Taipei and Seoul have multi-cores because the Japanese and Taiwanese/Korean areas were not clearly separated spatially. Secondly, Japanese colonial urban planning was influenced by Japanese settlements and government facilities. Thirdly, the main boulevards in each city, created through modern urban planning, combine modern streetscapes with imperial spectacle. These boulevards took on an important political meaning after liberation. Comparative studies of Taipei and Seoul can illuminate the difference between modern cities with a Japanese colonial history and colonial cities under European rule. Such comparisons make it possible to analyze the meaning, value, and relevance of colonial remnants, including urban structure and artifacts, for each city’s sustainable future.
18
Adu-Gyamfi, Bismark, and Rajib Shaw. "Utilizing Population Distribution Patterns for Disaster Vulnerability Assessment: Case of Foreign Residents in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area of Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 4061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084061.
Анотація:
Foreign residents in Japan are amongst the vulnerable groups at risk to disasters in the country. Improvement is crucial in meeting Japan’s vison of zero casualties in major disaster events. If the case of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina is to offer an insight into migrants’ characteristics in mega-disaster situations, then a broader analysis of vulnerabilities is needed to avoid mass casualties should the anticipated megathrust earthquake occur. Hence, this study analyzes the vulnerabilities of foreign residents by utilizing their spatial distribution attributes in the Tokyo metropolitan area. This study uses multiple approaches that combine geographic information systems to analyze secondary and primary datasets. The results reveal that foreign nationals are spatially clustered in some parts of the metropolis, especially within a 7 km radius of Minato city. The densities in these areas alter the earthquake community vulnerability levels from 1.23% to 2.8% and from 5.42% to 13.46%, respectively. Although only 11% of foreign residents are prepared for any disaster, there is a high sense of interaction amongst them and Japanese nationals, which almost eliminates isolation within communities. This study therefore proposes the utilization of some of these attributes in mobilizing specifically targeted evacuation procedures, management of evacuation centers, and disaster risk information dissemination.
19
Noguchi, Yasuki, and Ryusuke Kakigi. "Knowledge-based Correction of Flash-lag Illusion." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 3 (March 2008): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20033.
Анотація:
A flash is perceived to lag spatially behind a moving object even when the two retinal images are physically aligned (flash-lag effect, FLE). Here we show that this robust illusion can be diminished by a knowledge of letters in the observer's brain. When moving and flashed segments in the FLE made the shape of a Kanji letter (ideographic characters used in Japan), the magnitude of the illusory lag perceived by Japanese subjects was significantly reduced compared to when conventional geometric (nonletter) segments were used. This diminishment was not observed when a pseudo-Kanji letter was presented to Japanese subjects or when non-Japanese English-speakers (who do not have a knowledge of Kanji) saw a real Kanji letter, indicating that the reduction in the FLE was induced by a retrieval of the knowledge (shapes of letters) stored in the observer's brain. Furthermore, measurements of neural activities by magnetoencephalography showed that the initial brain response, in which the effect of the knowledge became evident, occurred as early as 160 msec after the appearance of the flashed segment. These results demonstrated a substantial influence of knowledge on the flash-lag illusion and further suggest a rapid response of the knowledge-based perceptual pathway in the human brain.
20
Kodama, Taketoshi, Taku Wagawa, Naoki Iguchi, Yoshitake Takada, Takashi Takahashi, Ken-Ichi Fukudome, Haruyuki Morimoto, and Tsuneo Goto. "Spatial variations in zooplankton community structure along the Japanese coastline in the Japan Sea: influence of the coastal current." Ocean Science 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-355-2018.
Анотація:
Abstract. This study evaluates spatial variations in zooplankton community structure and potential controlling factors along the Japanese coast under the influence of the coastal branch of the Tsushima Warm Current (CBTWC). Variations in the density of morphologically identified zooplankton in the surface layer in May were investigated for a 15-year period. The density of zooplankton (individuals per cubic meter) varied between sampling stations, but there was no consistent west–east trend. Instead, there were different zooplankton community structures in the west and east, with that in Toyama Bay particularly distinct: Corycaeus affinis and Calanus sinicus were dominant in the west and Oithona atlantica was dominant in Toyama Bay. Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) was used to characterize the variation in zooplankton community structure, and four axes (RD1–4) provided significant explanation. RD2–4 only explained < 4.8 % of variation in the zooplankton community and did not show significant spatial difference; however, RD1, which explained 89.9 % of variation, did vary spatially. Positive and negative species scores on RD1 represent warm- and cold-water species, respectively, and their variation was mainly explained by water column mean temperature, and it is considered to vary spatially with the CBTWC. The CBTWC intrusion to the cold Toyama Bay is weak and occasional due to the submarine canyon structure of the bay. Therefore, the varying bathymetric characteristics along the Japanese coast of the Japan Sea generate the spatial variation in zooplankton community structure, and dominance of warm-water species can be considered an indicator of the CBTWC.
21
Tornatore-Loong, Maria. "Calligraphic Ideograms, Plastic Poems, Spatialism, and Self-Referentiality: The Evolution of Japanese Concrete and Visual Poetry." International Journal of the Image 14, no. 2 (2023): 23–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2154-8560/cgp/v14i02/23-62.
22
Toriyama, Jumpei, Shoji Hashimoto, Yoko Osone, Naoyuki Yamashita, Tatsuya Tsurita, Takanori Shimizu, Taku M. Saitoh, Shinji Sawano, Aleksi Lehtonen, and Shigehiro Ishizuka. "Estimating spatial variation in the effects of climate change on the net primary production of Japanese cedar plantations based on modeled carbon dynamics." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): e0247165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247165.
Анотація:
Spatiotemporal prediction of the response of planted forests to a changing climate is increasingly important for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. In this study, we present a methodology for estimating spatially varying productivity in a planted forest and changes in productivity with a changing climate in Japan, with a focus on Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) as a representative tree species of this region. The process-based model Biome-BGC was parameterized using a plant trait database for Japanese cedar and a Bayesian optimization scheme. To compare productivity under historical (1996–2000) and future (2096–2100) climatic conditions, the climate scenarios of two representative concentration pathways (i.e., RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) were used in five global climate models (GCMs) with approximately 1-km resolution. The seasonality of modeled fluxes, namely gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem exchange, and soil respiration, improved after two steps of parameterization. The estimated net primary production (NPP) of stands aged 36–40 years under the historical climatic conditions of the five GCMs was 0.77 ± 0.10 kgC m-2 year-1 (mean ± standard deviation), in accordance with the geographical distribution of forest NPP estimated in previous studies. Under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the mean NPP of the five GCMs increased by 0.04 ± 0.07 and 0.14 ± 0.11 kgC m-2 year-1, respectively. The increases in annual NPP were small in the southwestern region because of the decreases in summer NPP and the small increases in winter NPP under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Under the RCP2.6 scenario, Japanese cedar was at risk in the southwestern region, in accordance with previous studies, and monitoring and silvicultural practices should be modified accordingly.
23
Asaoka, Yoshihiro, and Yuji Kominami. "Incorporation of satellite-derived snow-cover area in spatial snowmelt modeling for a large area: determination of a gridded degree-day factor." Annals of Glaciology 54, no. 62 (2013): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013aog62a218.
Анотація:
AbstractSpatial degree-day factors (DDFs) are required for spatial snowmelt modeling over large areas by the degree-day method. We propose a method to obtain DDFs by incorporating snow disappearance dates (SDDs), derived from 10 day composites of Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT)/VEGETATION data, into the degree-day method. This approach allowed determination of DDFs for each gridpoint so as to better reflect regional characteristics than use of spatially constant DDFs obtained from point measurements. Simulations at six observation sites successfully accounted for variations in snow water equivalent (SWE), even at elevations different from the closest measurement site. These results suggest that incorporating satellite-derived SDDs into the degree-day method decreases spatial uncertainty compared with the use of spatially constant DDFs. Application of our method to Japanese cold regions revealed that gridded DDFs were negatively correlated with accumulated positive degree-days (APDDs) and were high only when APDDs were low. These results imply that high DDFs resulted from the dominant contribution of solar radiation to snowmelt at low temperatures and that low DDFs resulted from a relatively high contribution of sensible heat flux at high temperatures. The proposed method seems to adequately account for the main energetic components of snowmelt during the snow-cover season over large areas.
24
Yamato, Chiaki, Tomoichiro Tanaka, Kotaro Ichikawa, and Takuya Sato. "Localizing Japanese toads in a mountainous terrain using drone-based radiotelemetry." Drone Systems and Applications 11 (January 1, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/dsa-2022-0060.
Анотація:
Monitoring the movement of small animals is a fundamental aspect of ecological studies as well as spatially explicit conservation and management. However, this remains a challenging task especially in mountainous terrains. Although drone-based radiotelemetry (DRT) is employed to localize animals, its application in mountainous terrains is limited by the collision risks associated with undulating terrains as well as the obstruction of signals by dense vegetation and steep slopes. We addressed these challenges by generating fine-scale three-dimensional maps and moving vertically mounted directional antennas in a double grid pattern, scanning both in longitudinal and latitudinal grids. This new DRT system was helpful in localizing four adult Japanese toads ( Bufo japonicus) living in hiding places typical of mountainous terrains. All toads were located within 1–60 days of being released. Transmitter signals were detected within two consecutive flights (three flights in one case). Instances of transmitter detection were significantly biased when the drone was facing either direction of the double-grid path, indicating that the double-grid pattern had reduced detection failure. The absolute localization error ( n = 48) of 22.4 ± 21.0 m (44.8 ± 42% of the transmitter-to-receiver distance) was lower than that reported in a previous study conducted in a similar mountainous terrain.
25
Pasqualotto, Achille, Maiko Uesaki, and Hiroshi Ashida. "Vertical spatial representation of numbers across two cultures." Psihologija 52, no. 2 (2019): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi170917031p.
Анотація:
There is strong evidence that numbers are spatially represented. However, much of the research has been concerned with investigating number representation within the horizontal rather than the vertical dimension. It has been suggested that the organisation of the writing system, by rows or by columns, plays a pivotal role in shaping the mental number representation. We investigated the vertical number representation in British and Japanese participants, who were asked to randomly generate numbers after turning their heads up or down. Previous works showed that this method facilitated the access to the corresponding portions of the horizontal mental number representation. We found that neither group seemed to be affected by the up/ down head turns. These results are discussed in terms of cultural crossover, differences in the horizontal vs. vertical spatial and numerical representation, and sensitivity of the random number generation task.
26
Goods, Caleb, Andrew Herod, Bradon Ellem, and Al Rainnie. "Warring Brothers: Constructing Komatsu’s and Caterpillar’s Globalization." Tempo Social 33, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2021.183007.
Анотація:
We detail how the world’s two largest engineering machinery firms, Japan’s Komatsu and the us’s Caterpillar, actively managed geographical concerns to become global actors. We argue that their globalization was not a teleological given but had to be proactively made. Both the state and organized labor played significant roles in shaping their geographical evolutions, as did their efforts to outmaneuver each other spatially. Their globalization, then, was part of a broader spatial politics under capitalism.
27
Bedka, Kristopher M., John T. Allen, Heinz Jurgen Punge, Michael Kunz, and Denis Simanovic. "A Long-Term Overshooting Convective Cloud-Top Detection Database over Australia Derived from MTSAT Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 4 (April 2018): 937–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0056.1.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTA 10-yr geostationary (GEO) overshooting cloud-top (OT) detection database using Multifunction Transport Satellite (MTSAT) Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager (JAMI) observations has been developed over the Australian region. GEO satellite imagers collect spatially and temporally detailed observations of deep convection, providing insight into the development and evolution of hazardous storms, particularly where surface observations of hazardous storms and deep convection are sparse and ground-based radar or lightning sensor networks are limited. Hazardous storms often produce one or more OTs that indicate the location of strong updrafts where weather hazards are typically concentrated, which can cause substantial impacts on the ground such as hail, damaging winds, tornadoes, and lightning and to aviation such as turbulence and in-flight icing. The 10-yr OT database produced using an automated OT detection algorithm is demonstrated for analysis of storm frequency, diurnally, spatially, and seasonally relative to known features such as the Australian monsoon, expected regions of hazardous storms along the southeastern coastal regions of southern Queensland and New South Wales, and the preferential extratropical cyclone track along the Indian Ocean and southern Australian coast. A filter based on atmospheric instability, deep-layer wind shear, and freezing level was used to identify OTs that could have produced hail. The filtered OT database is used to generate a hail frequency estimate that identifies a region extending from north of Brisbane to Sydney and the Goldfields–Esperance region of eastern Western Australia as the most hail-prone regions.
28
Sakamoto, Shinsuke H., Satoshi N. Suzuki, Yousuke Degawa, Chihiro Koshimoto, and Ryo O. Suzuki. "Seasonal Habitat Partitioning between Sympatric Terrestrial and Semi-Arboreal Japanese Wood Mice,Apodemus speciosusandA. argenteusin Spatially Heterogeneous Environment." Mammal Study 37, no. 4 (December 2012): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3106/041.037.0401.
29
Kishore, P., S. P. Namboothiri, J. H. Jiang, V. Sivakumar, and K. Igarashi. "Global temperature estimates in the troposphere and stratosphere: a validation study of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 3 (February 4, 2009): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-897-2009.
Анотація:
Abstract. This paper mainly focuses on the validation of temperature estimates derived with the newly launched Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)/Formosa Satellite 3 (FORMOSAT-3) system. The analysis is based on the radio occultation (RO) data samples collected during the first year observation from April 2006 to April 2007. For the validation, we have used the operational stratospheric analyses including the National Centers for Environmental Prediction - Reanalysis (NCEP), the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), and the United Kingdom Met Office (MetO) data sets. Comparisons done in different formats reveal good agreement between the COSMIC and reanalysis outputs. Spatially, the largest deviations are noted in the polar latitudes, and height-wise, the tropical tropopause region noted the maximum differences (2–4 K). We found that among the three reanalysis data sets the NCEP data sets have the best resemblance with the COSMIC measurements.
30
Horiuchi, Lynne, and Anoma Pieris. "Temporal Cities: Commemoration at Manzanar, California and Cowra, Australia." Asian Diasporic Visual Cultures and the Americas 3, no. 3 (October 4, 2017): 292–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23523085-00303003.
Анотація:
This article compares two former Pacific War incarceration histories in the us and Australia, inquiring how their narratives of confinement and redress might be interpreted spatially and materially, and how these sensibilities are incorporated into contemporary heritage strategies including, in these examples, through Japanese garden designs. At the Manzanar Historic Site in California, the efforts of several generations advocating for civil rights and preservation of the Manzanar Relocation Center have overlapped with the National Park Service’s efforts to fulfil its federal mandates to preserve and restore the historic site. Conversely at Cowra, New South Wales, these histories are interwoven with post-war commemorative spaces, aimed at drawing visitors to former incarceration sites and encouraging contemplation of these difficult histories. This article analyses their complex creative processes and interpretive strategies as useful for drawing these isolated national stories into broader global interrogations of their significance.
31
Doan, To-Uyen Thi, Ariyo Kanno, Koichi Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi Imai, Takaya Higuchi, and Masahiko Sekine. "A METHOD FOR QUALITATIVELY MAPPING THE FLOOD PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 58, no. 5 (October 16, 2020): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/58/5/14670.
Анотація:
Mapping flood physical vulnerability is spatially limited because it requires input data such as building structures and materials, which are unavailable on large spatial scales. In this study, we propose a new method for qualitatively evaluating the flood vulnerability of residential areas in the context of the exposure and resilience to flood hazard on large spatial scales. This method utilizes the possible correlations between the structural physical vulnerability and residential types obtained from the statistical classifications of multispectral satellite images. Because multispectral classification is well-established as an inexpensive technique for automatically classifying land cover types over wide areas, our method is feasible and efficient for mapping the physical vulnerability of residential areas. As a case study, we present an application of the proposed approach to the Thach Ha district, Ha Tinh province, Vietnam, using the Japanese type 2 Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (AVNIR-2) images and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) images captured by the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS).
32
Olberding, Garret P. "Dynamic Divisions." Journal of Chinese Military History 3, no. 2 (November 26, 2014): 91–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341268.
Анотація:
A major and as yet insurmountable obstacle in our comprehension of pre-modern Chinese military culture is the unfortunate dearth of detailed battle scenes or attack plans. The historiographical record simply does not include more than the barest outlines of how battles transpired. This essay offers a possible back-door method for accessing military movements and formations on an abstract level. It contends that the ancient game ofweiqi, commonly known in the West by its Japanese name, Go, may afford insight into some of the military maneuvers likely employed in the Tang and Song dynasties, and perhaps even earlier. Using the earliest game maps available, found in the Song-eraWangyou qingle ji, with additional input from Ming and Qing texts, the essay spatially analyzes the tactical terms from a manuscript attributed to an author from the Five Dynasties and early Song periods, theWeiqi yili, and illustrates their potential employment using two historical passages, one from theJiu Tangshuand another from theHanshu.
33
Yamamoto, Masakiyo, Satoshi Ukai, Kazuhiro Shinosaki, Ryouhei Ishii, Shunsuke Kawaguchi, Asao Ogawa, Yuko Mizuno-Matsumoto, Norihiko Fujita, Toshiki Yoshimine, and Masatoshi Takeda. "Spatially Filtered Magnetoencephalographic Analysis of Cortical Oscillatory Changes in Basic Brain Rhythms during the Japanese ‘Shiritori’ Word Generation Task." Neuropsychobiology 53, no. 4 (2006): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000094835.
34
Katsuyama, M., T. Yoshioka, and E. Konohira. "Spatial distribution of oxygen-18 and deuterium in stream waters across the Japanese archipelago." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 1577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1577-2015.
Анотація:
Abstract. The spatial distribution of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H) of stream waters across Japan was clarified with a data set by compiling sample data obtained from 1278 forest catchments during the summer of 2003. Both δ18O and δ2H values showed positive correlations with the mean annual air temperature and annual evapotranspiration, and negative correlations with latitude and elevation. Deuterium excess (d-excess) values in stream waters were higher on the Sea of Japan side, and lower on the Pacific Ocean side, of the Japanese archipelago. The d-excess in precipitation was generally higher in winter and lower in summer in Japan. The Sea of Japan side experiences a great deal of snowfall, and seasonal changes in monthly precipitation are rather small. In contrast, the Pacific Ocean side experiences a large amount of rainfall during summer with low levels of precipitation during the winter. Therefore, the lower d-excess in stream waters on the Pacific Ocean side reflects summer precipitation, and the higher values on the Sea of Japan side are affected by delayed recharge from snowmelt. The isoscapes of stream water connote not only spatially integrated but also temporally integrated isotope signals of precipitation and provide a framework for addressing applied hydrological, ecological, or meteorological research questions at regional scales, such as the effects of climate change.
35
Katsuyama, M., T. Yoshioka, and E. Konohira. "Spatial distribution of oxygen-18 and deuterium in stream waters across the Japanese archipelago." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 10903–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10903-2014.
Анотація:
Abstract. The spatial distribution of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H) of stream waters across Japan was clarified with a data set compiling sample data obtained from 1278 forest catchments during the summer of 2003. Both δ18O and δ2H values showed positive correlations with the mean annual air temperature and annual evapotranspiration, and negative correlations with latitude and elevation. Deuterium excess (d excess) values in stream waters were higher on the Sea of Japan side, and lower on the Pacific Ocean side, of the Japanese archipelago. The d excess in precipitation was generally higher in winter and lower in summer in Japan. The Sea of Japan side experiences a great deal of snowfall, and seasonal changes in monthly precipitation are rather small. In contrast, the Pacific Ocean side experiences a large amount of rainfall during summer with low levels of precipitation during the winter. Therefore, the lower d excess in stream waters on the Pacific Ocean side reflects summer precipitation, and the higher values on the Sea of Japan side are affected by delayed recharge from snowmelt. The isoscapes of stream water connote not only spatially integrated but also temporally integrated isotope signals of precipitation, and provide a framework for addressing applied hydrological, ecological, or meteorological research questions at regional scales, such as the effects of climate change.
36
Singh, Anit, Monjori Mitra, Gadey Sampath, P. Venugopal, J. Venkateswara Rao, B. Krishnamurthy, Mukesh Kumar Gupta, et al. "A Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine From India Induces Durable and Cross-protective Immunity Against Temporally and Spatially Wide-ranging Global Field Strains." Journal of Infectious Diseases 212, no. 5 (January 18, 2015): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv023.
37
Buler, Jeffrey J., and Robert B. Hamilton. "Predation of Natural and Artificial Nests in a Southern Pine Forest." Auk 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.3.739.
Анотація:
Abstract We compared predation of artificial open-cup nests baited with Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix) eggs with predation of natural open-cup nests during 1997 and 1998 in a Louisiana pine forest to assess the assumption that predation of artificial nests is an index to that of natural nests. Cameras were placed at randomly selected natural and artificial nests in shrubs to document predators. Predation at artificial-nest plots was positively correlated with predation at adjacent natural-nest plots overall, although inconsistently by year. Artificial nests were almost exclusively depredated by corvids, but quail eggs were too large to be broken by small-mouthed mammalian predators. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) appeared to be important predators of natural nests. Predation of natural nests was independent of predation at other nests, but predation of artificial nests by crows was spatially and temporally clumped. Crows may have learned the location of artificial-nest plots, and predation of artificial nests increased significantly between years, contrary to predation of natural nests. Predation of artificial nests did not exhibit seasonal variation like that of natural nests. Overall, predation of artificial shrub nests did not accurately mimic that of natural shrub nests. Changes in procedures for artificial-nest studies that reduce spatially and temporally clumped predation and prevent the exclusion of small-mouthed predators could increase the suitability of such studies as a model for predation at natural nests. However, the difference in labor effort between studies of natural nests versus artificial nests that incorporate the changes we recommend likely would disappear, which would reduce the attractiveness of artificial-nest studies as an experimental model.
38
Niwano, Masashi, Teruo Aoki, Akihiro Hashimoto, Sumito Matoba, Satoru Yamaguchi, Tomonori Tanikawa, Koji Fujita, et al. "NHM–SMAP: spatially and temporally high-resolution nonhydrostatic atmospheric model coupled with detailed snow process model for Greenland Ice Sheet." Cryosphere 12, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 635–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-635-2018.
Анотація:
Abstract. To improve surface mass balance (SMB) estimates for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), we developed a 5 km resolution regional climate model combining the Japan Meteorological Agency Non-Hydrostatic atmospheric Model and the Snow Metamorphism and Albedo Process model (NHM–SMAP) with an output interval of 1 h, forced by the Japanese 55-year reanalysis (JRA-55). We used in situ data to evaluate NHM–SMAP in the GrIS during the 2011–2014 mass balance years. We investigated two options for the lower boundary conditions of the atmosphere: an offline configuration using snow, firn, and ice albedo, surface temperature data from JRA-55, and an online configuration using values from SMAP. The online configuration improved model performance in simulating 2 m air temperature, suggesting that the surface analysis provided by JRA-55 is inadequate for the GrIS and that SMAP results can better simulate physical conditions of snow/firn/ice. It also reproduced the measured features of the GrIS climate, diurnal variations, and even a strong mesoscale wind event. In particular, it successfully reproduced the temporal evolution of the GrIS surface melt area extent as well as the record melt event around 12 July 2012, at which time the simulated melt area extent reached 92.4 %. Sensitivity tests showed that the choice of calculation schemes for vertical water movement in snow and firn has an effect as great as 200 Gt year−1 in the GrIS-wide accumulated SMB estimates; a scheme based on the Richards equation provided the best performance.
39
Kishore, P., S. P. Namboothiri, J. H. Jiang, V. Sivakumar, and K. Igarashi. "Global temperature estimates in the troposphere and stratosphere: a validation study of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 6, 2008): 8327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-8327-2008.
Анотація:
Abstract. This paper mainly focuses on the validation of temperature estimates derived with the newly launched Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)/Formosa Satellite 3 (FORMOSAT-3) system. The analysis is based on the radio occultation (RO) data sample collected during the first year observation from April 2006 to April 2007. For the validation, we have used the operational stratospheric analyses (models) including the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Reanalysis (NCEP-Reanalysis), the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), and the United Kingdom Met Office (MetO) data sets. Comparisons done in different formats reveal excellent agreement between the COSMIC and model outputs. Spatially, the largest deviations are noted in the polar latitudes, and height-wise, the tropical tropopause region noted the maximum differences. However, these differences are only 2–4 K. We found that among the three models the NCEP data sets have the best resemblance with the COSMIC measurements. We also have done comparison of specific humidity and refractivity profiles with other measurements/models. Specific humidity profiles show comparatively large differences at altitudes below 5 km. Refractivity profiles derived by the COSMIC and other datasets show very good agreement.
40
Hirota, Tomoya, Masato Tsuboi, Kenta Fujisawa, Mareki Honma, Noriyuki Kawaguchi, Mi Kyoung Kim, Hideyuki Kobayashi, et al. "VERA Observations of the H2O Maser Burst in Orion KL." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S287 (January 2012): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312006734.
Анотація:
AbstractIn 2011 February, a burst of the 22 GHz H2O maser in Orion KL was reported. In order to identify the bursting maser features, we have been carrying out observations of the 22 GHz H2O maser in Orion KL with VERA, a Japanese VLBI network dedicated for astrometry. The bursting maser turns out to consist of two spatially different features at 7.58 and 6.95 km s−1. We determine their absolute positions and find that they are coincident with the shocked molecular gas called the Orion Compact Ridge. We tentatively detect the absolute proper motions of the bursting features toward the southwest direction, perpendicular to the elongation of the maser features. It is most likely that the outflow from the radio source I or another young stellar object interacting with Compact Ridge is a possible origin of the H2O maser burst. We will also carry out observations with ALMA in the cycle 0 period to monitor the submillimeter H2O maser lines in the Orion Compact Ridge region. These follow-up observations will provide novel information on the physical and chemical properties of the mastering region.
41
Yu, Lei, Yanfang Liu, and Jinxian Liu. "Gene-associated microsatellite markers confirm panmixia and indicate a different pattern of spatially varying selection in the endangered Japanese eel Anguilla japonica." Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 38, no. 5 (September 2020): 1572–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-020-0048-z.
42
Uchide, Takahiko. "Focal mechanisms of small earthquakes beneath the Japanese islands based on first-motion polarities picked using deep learning." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 1658–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa401.
Анотація:
SUMMARY Knowledge of crustal stress fields is essential for understanding tectonics and earthquake generation. One approach for estimating the crustal stress field is based on the focal mechanisms of earthquakes. This study investigated the focal mechanisms of approximately 110 000 microearthquakes in the area of the Japanese islands that occurred at a depth shallower than 20 km, based on the first-motion polarities picked by a simple neural network model. The model was first trained using a data set of mainly moderate to large earthquakes throughout Japan. Following on, the model was re-trained using a data set of microearthquakes in two regions of Japan. The threshold of the confidence score from the neural network model was chosen to maximize the overall quality of the focal mechanism solutions. The P- and T-axes of the numerous focal mechanism solutions provided more detailed distributions of the crustal stress field. For example, in the Chugoku region, small differences were observed in the trend of P-axes azimuths between the northern and southern areas, spatially corresponding to geodetic observations. The results of this study are useful for revealing the crustal stress field, and, as such, for assessing past and current tectonic activities and potential future earthquake generation.
43
Goncalvez, Ana P., Cheng-Hsin Chien, Kamolchanok Tubthong, Inna Gorshkova, Carrie Roll, Olivia Donau, Peter Schuck, et al. "Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Chimpanzee Fabs Protect against Japanese Encephalitis Virus In Vitro and In Vivo." Journal of Virology 82, no. 14 (May 14, 2008): 7009–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00291-08.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-specific Fab antibodies were recovered by repertoire cloning from chimpanzees initially immunized with inactivated JE-VAX and then boosted with attenuated JEV SA14-14-2. From a panel of 11 Fabs recovered by different panning strategies, three highly potent neutralizing antibodies, termed Fabs A3, B2, and E3, which recognized spatially separated regions on the virion, were identified. These antibodies reacted with epitopes in different domains: the major determinant for Fab A3 was Lys179 (domain I), that for Fab B2 was Ile126 (domain II), and that for Fab E3 was Gly302 (domain III) in the envelope protein, suggesting that these antibodies neutralize the virus by different mechanisms. Potent neutralizing antibodies reacted with a low number of binding sites available on the virion. These three Fabs and derived humanized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) exhibited high neutralizing activities against a broad spectrum of JEV genotype strains. Demonstration of antibody-mediated protection of JEV infection in vivo is provided using the mouse encephalitis model. MAb B2 was most potent, with a 50% protective dose (ED50) of 0.84 μg, followed by MAb A3 (ED50 of 5.8 μg) and then MAb E3 (ED50 of 24.7 μg) for a 4-week-old mouse. Administration of 200 μg/mouse of MAb B2 1 day after otherwise lethal JEV infection protected 50% of mice and significantly prolonged the average survival time compared to that of mice in the unprotected group, suggesting a therapeutic potential for use of MAb B2 in humans.
44
TAKIMOTO, MASAHIRO. "A comparative study of animation versus static effects in the spatial concept-based metaphor awareness-raising approach on EFL learners’ cognitive processing of request strategies." Language and Cognition 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 191–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2020.34.
Анотація:
abstractThis study evaluates the relative effects of two cognitive linguistic approaches – using animated versus static scenes in an illustration based on the spatial concept-oriented metaphor – and a non-cognitive linguistic approach on the Japanese EFL learners’ processing of request strategies with degrees of politeness. The cognitive linguistic approach consisted of applying the metaphor politeness is distance in the teaching of different degrees of politeness. It involved a spatial concept projection through which participants could understand degrees of politeness in terms of the spatially visualized concepts of near–far and high–low relationships associated with three social variables – closeness, power, and speaker difficulty – in either animated or static illustration. In contrast, the non-cognitive linguistic approach involved rote learning of target English polite requests in a list. The results demonstrated that the static version of the cognitive linguistic approach enabled participants to process degrees of politeness and perform as well as those who underwent the animated version. Moreover, the animation effects did not appear to have had a major impact on the overall performance of groups subjected to both cognitive language approaches. The results also showed that the cognitive linguistic approach groups outperformed the non-cognitive linguistic approach and control groups.
45
Chen, I., S. Nishida, LS Chou, T. Isobe, AA Mignucci-Giannoni, and AR Hoelzel. "Population genetic diversity and historical dynamics of Fraser’s dolphins Lagenodelphis hosei." Marine Ecology Progress Series 643 (June 11, 2020): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13268.
Анотація:
Marine organisms face relatively few barriers to gene flow, and yet even highly mobile species such as dolphins often show population structure over regional geographic scales. Understanding the processes that promote this pattern of differentiation helps us understand the evolutionary radiation of this group, and to promote more effective measures for conservation. Here we report the first population genetic study of Fraser’s dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei (Fraser, 1956), a species that was not recognized by the scientific communities until the early 1970s. We use 18 microsatellite DNA loci and 1 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) locus to compare 112 Fraser’s dolphins collected in various locations, mainly from the waters off Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines, but also including samples from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Our results indicate differentiation between populations in waters off Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines, and support the findings from earlier morphological assessments for differentiation between Japanese and Philippine waters. Small sample sets also show likely differentiation between other regions in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Moreover, neutrality tests and mismatch analysis based on mtDNA data indicate that the populations in the western North Pacific Ocean have expanded demographically and spatially, possibly since the latest global deglaciation, when sea levels and global temperatures started to rise.
46
Islam, Md Shahidul, and Masaru Tanaka. "Spatial variability in nursery functions along a temperate estuarine gradient: role of detrital versus algal trophic pathways." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1848–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-086.
Анотація:
We aimed to identify spatial variability in estuarine trophic pathways and to elucidate their role as a nursery for juvenile fishes along Chikugo River estuary, Japan. First, we investigated distribution of larval and juvenile fishes and their diets. Using estuarine-dependent species as a model, we analyzed diets of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) and conducted copepod distribution and gut fluorescence studies. To evaluate the nursery functions of spatially variable food webs, we used several indices: copepod biomass, feeding intensity, gut content biomass, growth rates, RNA/DNA ratio, condition factor, and starvation status of sea bass larvae and juveniles. We identified four different spatial distribution patterns of fishes: oligohaline, mesohaline, euryhaline, and polyhaline. Copepod assemblages and diets of fishes were completely different among the regions. Gut chlorophyll a and phaeopigment indicated that copepods in the oligohaline region depend on a detrital food web, while in the euryhaline region they depend on an algal food web. The oligohaline region had maximum turbidity, nutrients, chlorophyll pigments, and copepod biomass, and sea bass juveniles had higher feeding intensity, gut content biomass, RNA/DNA ratio, growth rate, and condition factor and lower starvation rates. This suggests that the oligohaline region, supported by a detrital food web, is an important nursery that positively influences fish growth and condition.
47
MacNeill, Stuart A. "Structure and function of the GINS complex, a key component of the eukaryotic replisome." Biochemical Journal 425, no. 3 (January 15, 2010): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20091531.
Анотація:
High-fidelity chromosomal DNA replication is fundamental to all forms of cellular life and requires the complex interplay of a wide variety of essential and non-essential protein factors in a spatially and temporally co-ordinated manner. In eukaryotes, the GINS complex (from the Japanese go-ichi-ni-san meaning 5-1-2-3, after the four related subunits of the complex Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3) was recently identified as a novel factor essential for both the initiation and elongation stages of the replication process. Biochemical analysis has placed GINS at the heart of the eukaryotic replication apparatus as a component of the CMG [Cdc45–MCM (minichromosome maintenance) helicase–GINS] complex that most likely serves as the replicative helicase, unwinding duplex DNA ahead of the moving replication fork. GINS homologues are found in the archaea and have been shown to interact directly with the MCM helicase and with primase, suggesting a central role for the complex in archaeal chromosome replication also. The present review summarizes current knowledge of the structure, function and evolution of the GINS complex in eukaryotes and archaea, discusses possible functions of the GINS complex and highlights recent results that point to possible regulation of GINS function in response to DNA damage.
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Cho, Yongkyung, and Jaehwan Kim. "A Comparative Analysis Study on Smart Housing and Japanese Smart City Cases from a Spatial Connection Perspective." Residential Environment Institute Of Korea 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22313/reik.2023.21.3.137.
Анотація:
The urban population around the world, including Korea, is steadily increasing. It is predicted that 68% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050. Countries around the world are promoting smart city projects to solve problems such as urban problems arising from population concentration in cities, changes in population structure represented by low birth rate and aging, and climate crisis. Meanwhile, smart housing is being promoted to respond to demographic changes and climate crisis issues, similar to smart cities, by integrating innovative technologies related to the 4th industrial revolution into residential spaces. However, Korea's smart cities and smart housing are not spatially connected. Accordingly, this study attempted to draw implications by comparing and analyzing Japan's smart city cases to verify the hypothesis that they are not connected and to suggest alternatives.
As a result of a comparative analysis between Korea and Japan at the level of spatial connectivity, it was found that as of 2021, Korea is carrying out smart projects in the order of administration > transportation > crime prevention and disaster prevention > environment, energy and water resources > culture, tourism and sports. In the case of Korea, it was found that smart cities are not connected to housing. As a result of analyzing Japan's representative smart city projects, Suita SST and Toyota Wovwn city, first, people living in the area (residents) were identified to connect private spaces (residences) and the city and discover services that residents can experience. Local communities, including local communities, must be actively utilized in service development. Second, with the concept of a space where people's lives are continuous, an integrated platform is required to prevent data connection disconnection. Third, an institutional system is required as an integrated area from the perspective of people and their lives.
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Verma, S., and R. D. Gupta. "Spatial and Temporal Variation of Japanese encephalitis Disease and Detection of Disease Hotspots: a Case Study of Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-8 (November 27, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-8-1-2014.
Анотація:
In recent times, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) has emerged as a serious public health problem. In India, JE outbreaks were recently reported in Uttar Pradesh, Gorakhpur. The present study presents an approach to use GIS for analyzing the reported cases of JE in the Gorakhpur district based on spatial analysis to bring out the spatial and temporal dynamics of the JE epidemic. The study investigates spatiotemporal pattern of the occurrence of disease and detection of the JE hotspot. Spatial patterns of the JE disease can provide an understanding of geographical changes. Geospatial distribution of the JE disease outbreak is being investigated since 2005 in this study. The JE incidence data for the years 2005 to 2010 is used. The data is then geo-coded at block level. Spatial analysis is used to evaluate autocorrelation in JE distribution and to test the cases that are clustered or dispersed in space. The Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation technique is used to predict the pattern of JE incidence distribution prevalent across the study area. Moran's I Index (Moran's I) statistics is used to evaluate autocorrelation in spatial distribution. The Getis-Ord Gi*(d) is used to identify the disease areas. The results represent spatial disease patterns from 2005 to 2010, depicting spatially clustered patterns with significant differences between the blocks. It is observed that the blocks on the built up areas reported higher incidences.
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Oda, T., and S. Maksyutov. "A very high-resolution global fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emission inventory derived using a point source database and satellite observations of nighttime lights, 1980–2007." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 16307–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-16307-2010.
Анотація:
Abstract. Emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion are a critical quantity that must be accurately given in established flux inversion frameworks. Work with emerging satellite-based inversions requires spatiotemporally-detailed inventories that permit analysis of regional sources and sinks. Conventional approaches for disaggregating national emissions beyond the country and city levels based on population distribution have certain difficulties in their application. We developed a global 1 km×1 km fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory for the years 1980–2007 by combining a worldwide point source database and satellite observations of the global nightlight distribution. In addition to estimating the national emissions using global energy consumption statistics, emissions from point sources were estimated separately and were spatially allocated to exact locations indicated by the point source database. Emissions from other sources were distributed using a special nightlight dataset that had fewer saturated pixels compared with regular nightlight datasets. The resulting spatial distributions differed in several ways from those derived using conventional population-based approaches. Because of the inherent characteristics of the nightlight distribution, source regions corresponding to human settlements and land transportation were well articulated. Our distributions showed good agreement with a high-resolution inventory across the US at spatial resolutions that were adequate for regional flux inversions. The inventory will be incorporated into models for operational flux inversions that use observational data from the Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT).