Статті в журналах: "Japanese Council"

1

Wilson, Sandra. "The Manchurian Crisis and Moderate Japanese Intellectuals: The Japan Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 3 (July 1992): 507–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009896.

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Ever since its occurrence, the ‘Manchurian Incident’ of September 1931 has been interpreted, by both Japanese and non-Japanese writers, as a crucial event in modern Japanese and, indeed, world history. Not least, it has been identified as the beginning of Japan's ‘fifteen-year war’. Whether or not such judgements are accepted, it must be recognized that the Manchurian Incident and subsequent events significantly affected the workings of Japanese politics in the 1930s, the relationship between civil and military authorities and Japan's international image in the years leading up to the Pacific War.

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2

KIMURA, Shigemitsu. "Activity of the Japanese Historical Council." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 23, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 10_88–10_89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.23.10_88.

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3

Yasuaki, Chijiwa. "Insights into Japan-U.S. Relations on the Eve of the Iraq War: Dilemmas over ““Showing the Flag””." Asian Survey 45, no. 6 (November 2005): 843–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2005.45.6.843.

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When the Iraq War began in 2003, the Japanese government declared support for the United States without a new U.N. Security Council resolution. However, this was not followed by direct logistical support. By using the two-level games theory, this article suggests reasons behind Japan's decision.

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4

Triendl, Robert. "Japanese council urges reform of funding system." Nature Biotechnology 20, no. 12 (December 2002): 1176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1202-1176b.

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5

Chebanov, S. "Innovation Policy of Japan." World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2010): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-12-3-14.

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The publication presents materials of the session of the Academic Council of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, on the subject “Innovation Policy of Japan”. The main report at the Council was presented by V.K. Zaitsev, Head of Section for Japanese Economic and Politic Studies, Center for Asia Pacific Studies at IMEMO. In the report, structural change in the national research system amidst the "hard 1990s", as well as corporate level, quality and priorities problem of R&D are examined, conclusions on Japan's innovation development are drawn.

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6

Akabayashi, Akira, Eisuke Nakazawa, and Katsumi Mori. "Do Papers with Japanese Authors Have a Different Number of Authors? A Follow-Up Study after 25 Years and Implication for Other Countries." Publications 10, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/publications10040038.

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A follow-up study was conducted 25 years after the 1997 British Medical Journal report. Articles with at least one Japanese author were defined as ‘Article by Japanese’ and those with no Japanese authors were defined as ‘Article by Non-Japanese’. The number of authors per article for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 in Circulation, Circulation Research, and the Japanese Circulation Journal was studied. Results are: (1) In all journals and all years covered, ‘Article by Japanese’ had more authors per article than ‘Article by Non-Japanese’. Twenty-five years later, the results were similar. (2) Comparison by year revealed that all journals showed increases with time in the number of authors per article. We have discussed the problem of the Science Council of Japan’s statement, influence on practising physicians and sample providers, and influence on international collaborations. This 25-year follow-up study highlights once again the need for global discussions on the qualifications for authorship in research studies.

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7

Nakano, Ryoko. "Mobilizing Meiji Nostalgia and Intentional Forgetting in Japan's World Heritage Promotion." International Journal of Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (September 16, 2020): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591420000467.

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AbstractThe language of shared heritage for humanity holds a central position within UNESCO's World Heritage. However, the “Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution” as World Heritage is primarily Japan's national project for globalizing a glorious historical narrative of Meiji Japan. While this national nostalgia matches the contemporary political discourse of overcoming domestic and international challenges in twenty-first century Japan, it also encourages people to forget alternative perspectives related to Korean memories of forced labor, colonialism, and war. Ministry officials and cultural council members expressed concerns over possible critical reactions from South Korea, but the Japanese government accelerated its campaign for UNESCO's World Heritage designation and achieved its objective in 2015. Why did the Japanese government take this step despite the alarming voices within Japan? This paper uncovers the process in which Japan's industrial heritage was constructed and promoted as World Heritage. It points to the role of Japanese and Western heritage experts in a newly established committee outside the conventional procedure for Japan's World Heritage nomination and concludes that Japan's heritage diplomacy pushes alternative historical narratives into oblivion.

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8

Ikeda, Keiko. "Audience participation through interjection." Journal of Language and Politics 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.8.1.04ike.

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This study examines a particular modality of audience participation in Japanese municipal council sessions. As with parliamentary debates elsewhere (Carbó 1992, Antaki & Leudar, 2001), the prescribed participation framework in a Japanese council session is highly structured so as to facilitate deliberation for the public good. Accordingly, the formal institutional rules do not assign the audience ratified speaking rights during question-answer periods. Nevertheless, audience members do insert interjectory remarks with precise timings to accomplish specific social consequences. While official records typically exclude audience voices and therefore fail to capture the relevant social consquences, the analysis of raw data brings them to light. This study investigates audience interjections in terms of their sociolinguistic characteristics, their placement in the on-going discussions, and their “covert” social consequences. The analysis shows that interjections in Japanese council sessions are tools for spontaneous politicking whereas the ostensibly deliberative proceedings are largely scripted performance.

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9

Mettler, Meghan Warner. "Gimcracks, Dollar Blouses, and Transistors: American Reactions to Imported Japanese Products, 1945-1964." Pacific Historical Review 79, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 202–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.202.

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This article examines the changing extent of the Cold War's influence on popular American perceptions of goods made in Japan. Although the National Security Council recommended in 1948 that the United States rebuild Japan's devastated economy to strengthen an anti-communist ally in East Asia (and America's position there), U.S. merchants, consumers, manufacturers, and journalists did not consistently go along with this official economic policy. The American press initially depicted the Japanese economy as needing assistance and producing only cheap, inconsequential products, but as Japan's economy began to recover in the mid-1950s and Japanese manufacturers produced better quality goods, concerns over competition revived racialized wartime rhetoric. Japan's emergence as a successful exporter of high-end merchandise by the 1960s seemed to prove the strength of American-style free market capitalism.

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10

Anderson, Alun. "Japanese Science Council: Elected body goes out fighting." Nature 315, no. 6014 (May 1985): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315004a0.

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11

Paulus, Amy R. "North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources." Interlending & Document Supply 41, no. 2 (May 24, 2013): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilds-03-2013-0008.

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12

Anderson, Alun. "Japanese science: Selected council to replace over-democratic body." Nature 316, no. 6024 (July 1985): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316095a0.

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13

Koresawa, Atsushi. "Main Features of Government’s Initial Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0107.

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This paper reviews approximately the first nine months of the Japanese Government’s response to the March 11, 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami that hit the Pacific coast of Northeastern Japan and devastated many coastal communities. By examining various forms of governmentwide initiatives i.e., the Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters, the Reconstruction Design Council, the Headquarters for Reconstruction, the Reconstruction Agency and the Central Disaster Management Council, this paper tries to clarify the specific functions and main achievements of those institutions It also highlights the main features of the Japanese Government’s disaster response and underlies major changes from past practices due to the unprecedented scale and nature of the disaster.

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14

Roberts, Joni R., and Carol A. Drost. "Internet Reviews." College & Research Libraries News 78, no. 11 (December 4, 2017): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.78.11.621.

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CSU Japanese American History Digitization Project: A Collaborative Digital History Project of the California State University LibrariesWater Resources of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)World Energy Council

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15

Sekine, J., and Y. Asahida. "A note on the effect of the dry-matter concentration in forages on water consumption of yearling steers." Animal Science 45, no. 3 (December 1987): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100003019.

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Water consumption has been considered to be a function of dry-matter (DM) intake (Leitch and Thomson, 1944; Winchester and Morris, 1956). Thus, water requirement for ruminants has been presented as kg per unit of DM intake (Agricultural Research Council (ARC), 1965; Japanese Agricultural and Fishery Technology Council, 1974). Little work, however, has been done on the effect of the DM concentration of a diet on water consumption in cattle.

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16

Ha Sehun. "The Reform of Japanese Local Council and the Legislative Capacity." Korea Journal of Japanese Studies ll, no. 42 (December 2015): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35368/kjjs.2015..42.005.

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17

Akiyama, Nobumasa. ""Article 24 Crises" and Security Council Reform: A Japanese Perspective." Journal of East Asia and International Law 2, no. 1 (May 30, 2009): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14330/jeail.2009.2.1.06.

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18

Colombijn, Freek. "The Colonial Municipal Council in Padang (Sumatra) as Political Arena." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26, no. 2 (September 1995): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007104.

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The experiment with administrative decentralization in Indonesia started with a new law that was enacted in 1903. The European civil servants believed that this law would protect their position, and they did not foresee two processes that were to gradually undercut this very position. First, the citizens in the municipal councils seized the opportunity to acquire a real degree of autonomy. Secondly, the council became a platform where the Indonesian members voiced their grievances from the 1920s onwards. After the Dutch colonial era, and in particular during the Japanese period and the years of Guided Democracy, the municipalities lost most of their leeway for formulating an autonomous policy and devising budgets to the central government. Now, starting with Law 5 issued in 1973, the New Order government of Indonesia has again embarked on the path of administrative decentralization.

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19

Suzuki, Yoichi. "Commentary: A Japanese Perspective on WTO Agricultural Negotiations." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850052. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1139.

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A commentary on Patrick Messerlin's article "Agricultural Trade Liberalization." Yoichi Suzuki joined the Japanese Foreign Ministry in 1975, after having studied international public law at Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo. He also studied at and graduated from the Ecole Nationale d’Administration, Paris. He has wide experience dealing with international trade matters. He served in such posts as Director of APEC affairs, Director in charge of the bilateral economic relationship between Japan and the European Union, as well as Director of WTO affairs at the Foreign Ministry. He was Minister and Deputy Permanent Representative of Japan to the WTO from 1997 to 2002 in Geneva. Subsequently he served as Deputy Director General of the Economic Affairs Bureau of the Japanese Foreign Ministry from 2002 to September 2005 in charge of WTO as well as bilateral FTA negotiations. He chaired the regular sessions of the WTO Agricultural Committee in 2000 and 2001. He is currently Vice Chair of the OECD Trade Committee. He also has experience with commodity issues having chaired the International Natural Rubber Council in 1989 and the International Tropical Timber Council in 1991. Suzuki was appointed Consul-General of Japan in Boston in September 2005.

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20

Sakamoto, Takashi. "E-Learning in Japanese Universities." Industry and Higher Education 17, no. 6 (December 2003): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003322776299.

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Higher education institutes in Japan are making serious efforts to introduce the use of information and communications technology (ICT), or e-learning, into their teaching programmes. Three types of educational reform in relation to e-learning are in evidence nationally and internationally: interactive satellite communications; the Internet and video-conferencing systems; and one-way satellite broadcasts. The Virtual University Forum of Japan's National Institute of Multimedia Education (NIME) has identified key requirements for the adoption of such techniques, based on findings from a series of symposia. The Japanese government is promoting strategies for educational reform through e-learning: the IT Basic Law, the e-Japan Strategy Statements I and II, the e-Japan Priority Policy Programme, and the e-Japan 2002 programme are examples of its efforts. Finally, the Science Council of Japan has emphasized the challenges facing those who work in higher education institutions in connection with the future development and application of e-learning. The paper reviews these various statements and initiatives and sets out key actions that need to be taken by individual academics, academic institutions, business and government.

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21

Ha Sehun and 강명구. "The Reform of Japanese Local Councils and the Strengthening of Function - The Case of the Mie Prefecture Council -." Journal of the society of Japanese Language and Literature, Japanology ll, no. 73 (May 2016): 415–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21792/trijpn.2016..73.019.

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22

Hoshino, Kazumasa. "Gene Therapy in Japan: Current Trends." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no. 3 (1995): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100006125.

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The Japanese government took significant steps in making decisions about a newly developing clinical application of gene therapy when, on April 15, 1993, the Government officially accepted the Guidelines for Clinical Research on Gene Therapy submitted by the Health Science Council of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan to the Minister.

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23

Kamimura, Susumu. "Policy-Making Powers of the Japanese Prime Minister after the 2001 Reforms." Developments in Administration 2, no. 2 (July 2, 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46996/dina.v2i2.5189.

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Japan’s central government reforms in 2001 introduced a new approach to policy decision making, by implementing institutional measures that gave the Prime Minister a genuine center of power. These measures included legal clarification of the Prime Minister’s power to make proposals at Cabinet meetings, reinforced the Cabinet Secretariat’s planning function, and created the Cabinet Office (in particular, the Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy). This paper examines the context behind this drastic transformation, and how these changes were implemented. It also documents the consequences of this power shift, by providing numerical evidence of increases in the Prime Minister’s staff complement, the augmentation of administrative bodies that report to him, and the extent of the legislative power now under his direct authority. Based on these analyses, this paper concludes that this strengthening of the Prime Minister’s power represents a Japanese version of the well-known “presidentialization” framework described by Poguntke and Webb.

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24

FOOTE, Daniel H. "The Advent of Lawyers in Japanese Government." Asian Journal of Law and Society 5, no. 1 (November 6, 2017): 135–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2017.25.

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AbstractUntil 2003, Japanese lawyers were prohibited by law from entering full-time employment in governmental bodies. That year, in line with recommendations by the Justice System Reform Council, the Lawyers Act was amended to permit lawyers to undertake such employment. Incorporating information and insights from interviews with former government lawyers and other concerned parties, this article examines the rise in the hiring of government lawyers and its impact. The article considers factors that have contributed to the increase, examines the roles played by these lawyers, considers prospects for the future, and discusses implications for government, the legal profession, clients, and legal education and training. The article also seeks to identify a range of issues raised by these developments that warrant further in-depth research.

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25

Yamaguchi, Yumiko. "L2 Written Production by Japanese Learners of English." Education, Language and Sociology Research 1, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): p88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n2p88.

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This paper presents part of the results of a learner corpus study of English spoken and written performances by Japanese native speakers. For the current study, the written data from 80 participants were used. Their English written production was examined based on Processability Theory (PT; Pienemann, 1998, 2005; Bettoni & Di Biase, 2015) as well as on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR; Council of Europe, 2001). Results demonstrated that there was an implicational pattern in the acquisition of English L2 grammar by the Japanese learners as predicted in PT. It was also shown that there was a linear connection between second language (L2) development as found in PT analysis and L2 proficiency levels as measured by the CEFR rating, while a statistically significant difference was not found.

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26

Kiba, D. V. "Humanitarian Cooperation of Japan and the USSR in the Second Half of the 20th Century." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 1 (2021): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.113.

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The article provides a periodization of humanitarian cooperation between Japan and the USSR. The first stage was activity of the Press Office of the Soviet Union Council for Japan and the Soviet Information Office in the Land of the Rising Sun in 1946–1957. The second stage was the period of active policy of the USSR Embassy, together with the State Committee for Cultural Relations under the USSR Council of Ministers in 1957–1967. The third stage was defined by the activity of Soviet Embassy and Regional Authorities of Japan and the USSR in establishing cultural relations in 1967–1985. The fourth stage was humanitarian cooperation of both countries carried out under terms of the Soviet-Japan cultural agreement signed in 1986. The fourth stage covers the period from 1986 to 1991. The article identifies the main forms of humanitarian cooperation between two countries. The author believes that connections in the sphere of art were dominant. The Japanese public was an active subject of bilateral relations. The author considers the membership of the Soviet-Japan Friendship Movement and its participants (public organizations, Piece Movement, choral and musical collectives, private companies of Japan) and reveals the reasons for the Japanese public’s interest in Soviet culture based on archival documents and materials of the Japanese and Soviet periodicals. The author points out that the regional cooperation between two countries developed significantly and emphasizes the special role of the USSR Far East as a contact region with Japan.

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27

Jeon, Sung-Hyun. "‘The Political’ and Limits of ‘The Local Council’ during the Japanese Colonial Period." YEOKSA YEONGU, The Journal of History 39 (September 30, 2020): 57–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31552/jh.2020.09.39.57.

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28

Panchenko, A. M. "LIBRARY OF THE CIRCLE OF DEFENDERS OF FORTRESS PORT-ARTHUR (1906-1913)." Proceedings of SPSTL SB RAS, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2019-2-14-18.

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For the first time the history of creation and activity of the Circle of Defenders of the Fortress Port Arthur and the attached library are presented based on pre-revolutionary sources. Reports of the Circle of Defenders’ Council for the period from December 2, 1906 up to November 13, 1913, concerning the library activity and editions it possessed, devoted to the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, are analyzed.

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29

Heist, Brian S., and Haruka Matsubara Torok. "Contrasting Residency Training in Japan and the United States From Perspectives of Japanese Physicians Trained in Both Systems." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 11, no. 4s (August 1, 2019): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-18-01046.

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ABSTRACT Background International medical graduates (IMGs) have significant exposure to clinical training in their home country, which provides opportunity for international comparison of training experiences. One relevant IMG population is Japanese physicians who have completed some training before entering residency programs in the United States and desire to improve medical education in Japan. Objective We examined Japanese IMGs' perceptions of the respective attributes of residency in the United States and Japan. Methods Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with 33 purposively sampled Japanese IMGs who had completed training. We used exploratory thematic analysis, iterative data collection, and thematic analyses with constant comparison. Results Comments were organized into 3 categories: (1) attributes of US residency preferable to Japanese residency; (2) attributes of residency training with no clear preference for the US or Japanese systems; and (3) attributes of Japanese residency preferable to US residency. Within each category, we matched themes to residency program requirements or culture of medical training. Main themes include high regard for Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Common Program Requirements, with emphasis on efficient achievement of clinical competency through graded responsibility, contrasted with preference expressed for a Japanese training culture of increased professional commitment facilitated by a lack of work hour limits and development of broad clinician skills, including bedside procedures and radiology interpretation. Conclusions Japanese training culture contrasts with a US model that is increasingly focused on work-life balance and associated compartmentalization of patient care. These findings enhance our understanding of the global medical education landscape and challenges to international standardization of training.

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30

Shvydko, V. "IMEMO-ANPOKEN: New Rally of Russian and Japanese Experts." World Economy and International Relations, no. 2 (2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-2-77-82.

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The publication presents major points of the discussion held by Russian and Japanese experts at the joint symposium organized by IMEMO and Tokyo-based Council on National Security Problems (ANPOKEN) in March, 2013. More than 30 specialists from the two sides exchanged views on security and business relations between Russia and Japan against the background of the present situation in Northeast Asia. The discussion covered major issues of domestic and foreign policy of the two countries as well as problems and prospects of their economies in the context of the growing role of external factors. The participants discussed reaction of political and business elites in Russia and Japan to external and domestic challenges as well as their perception of political, economic and economic situation in Northeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific region.

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31

Kremnyov, E. V., V. V. Аnan'ev , and T. S. Serykh . "Structure of Japanese regional studies in the interpretation of the Science Council of Japan." ОЙКУМЕНА. РЕГИОНОВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ 53, no. 2 (2020): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1998-6785/2020-2/157-165.

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32

ITO, Hideaki. "Orthoepic Competence Descriptors in Japanese Language Education: CEFR Levels B1 to C2." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 10, no. 1 (December 17, 2021): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.10.1.49-66.

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The Council of Europe’s 2001 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has shown rapid global adoption, and now includes Japanese language education though it primarily aimed at alphabetically transcribed languages. It basically acknowledges that orthoepic competence relates to comprehension of characters yet does not indicate descriptors. Descriptors examining A1 and A2 levels, using altered techniques, have already been set. In this paper, I re-examine descriptors for levels B1 to C2, which have not yet been attempted, and combine them with the results for levels A1 and A2 to present descriptors for levels A1 to C2 in overall.

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33

ITO, Hideaki. "Orthoepic Competence Descriptors in Japanese Language Education: CEFR Levels B1 to C2." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 10, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.10.1.9-26.

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The Council of Europe’s 2001 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has shown rapid global adoption, and now includes Japanese language education though it primarily aimed at alphabetically transcribed languages. It basically acknowledges that orthoepic competence relates to comprehension of characters yet does not indicate descriptors. Descriptors examining A1 and A2 levels, using altered techniques, have already been set. In this paper, I re-examine descriptors for levels B1 to C2, which have not yet been attempted, and combine them with the results for levels A1 and A2 to present descriptors for levels A1 to C2 in overall.

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34

Nagamatsu, Shingo, and Haruo Hayashi. "Economic Recovery Scenario Planning for a Tokyo Inland Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0203.

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The economic damage caused by a Tokyo Inland Earthquake disaster is estimated at 112 trillion yen by the Central Disaster Management Council of Japan. This figure alone is insufficient to present a concrete image of actual implications of an earthquake on economic activities and problems that arise in the recovery process, making it difficult to consider specific countermeasures. In order to cope with such a problem, we employed a “scenario planning” as one of the decision-making methods used in business management, under uncertainty to develop four scenarios of economic damage and recovery processes after the disaster. These scenarios are classified by the following two major uncertainties. The first uncertainty is a default risk of the Japanese government. In the event that Japan’s financial condition further deteriorates or the damage caused by the earthquake far exceeds the assumed scale, fund procurement to finance the recovery will become extremely difficult. The second uncertainty is a gap between demand and supply in a recovery-related market, especially in the construction sector. If the gap is sufficiently large compared with the scale of recovery, it is possible to swiftly restore houses, infrastructure and corporate facilities without price hikes. Contrarily, restoration will take time in case of a narrow gap in demand and supply, resulting in higher price hike risk. In an event of a Tokyo inland earthquake in a scale estimated by the Central Disaster Management Council of Japan, it is difficult to foresee that this alone will compel the Japanese government to all into default. However, the scale of the domestic construction market has shrunken to almost half from the time of the Hanshin Awaji Great Earthquake, and there is an apprehension that domestic price hikes could become serious and could physically delay restoration. In order to cope with such a situation, there is a need to consider international strategies including seeking international cooperation in restoration projects as well as assistance in debris removal, waste disposal and reconstruction.

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35

Tsunogaya, Noriyuki, Andreas Hellmann, and Simone Domenico Scagnelli. "Adoption of IFRS in Japan: challenges and consequences." Pacific Accounting Review 27, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-11-2012-0056.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to provide a rigorous and holistic analysis of the main features of the Japanese accounting environment. It also raises issues related to the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Japan. Design/methodology/approach – For the purpose of investigating the Japanese accounting system, this study applies the accounting ecology framework developed by Gernon and Wallace (1995) and provides a content analysis of relevant meetings of the Business Accounting Council of Japan. Findings – The findings of this study provide evidence that it would be problematic to require the adoption of IFRS for all listed companies in Japan. The main reason for this is that the Japanese policymakers and standard-setting bodies follow two objectives: enhancing the international comparability of financial reporting and maintaining institutional complementarity between financial reporting and other infrastructures such as accounting-related laws. Research limitations/implications – This study is relevant for accounting researchers and professionals with an interest in Japanese accounting practices. It is also useful for the International Accounting Standards Board and representatives of countries planning to adopt IFRS in the future. Originality/value – The findings of this study show that contextual issues such as social, organizational and professional environments cannot be ignored in the adoption of IFRS in Japan.

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36

Fernández, Maria Lorelei. "Developing Knowledge of Teaching Mathematics through Cooperation and Inquiry." Mathematics Teacher 101, no. 7 (March 2008): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.101.7.0534.

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Lesson study is a process of professional development highly valued among Japanese teachers (Stigler and Hiebert 1999; Fernandez and Chokshi 2002). In recent years, teachers of mathematics in the United States and other countries have begun to incorporate this process within their own teaching communities; in 2002, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics published a video guide to Japanese lesson study (Curcio 2002). Lesson study is composed of four phases, each of which brings teachers and other experts together in a process of inquiry into teaching. These phases include collaborative planning, lesson observation by colleagues and other experts, analytic reflection, and ongoing revision. Typically, each lesson may go through these phases multiple times. Each time, a different member of the lesson study group teaches the lesson while the other members observe, collecting data for analysis of and reflection on the lesson.

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37

Furuya, Takashi, and Naoshi Hirata. "Interdisciplinary and Industry-Academia Collaboration Research for Enhancing Social Resilience to Natural Disasters in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area –DEKATSU Activity–." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0676.

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In 2007, we initiated a 5-year-research project named the “Tokyo Metropolitan Resilience Project.” This project is intended to improve the resilience to natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, in the Tokyo metropolitan area. For this purpose, we have organized multi-disciplinary research including social sciences, natural sciences such as seismology, and civil engineering, with a focus on earthquake engineering. In addition, we facilitate mutual communication between industry and academia. We established the “Data Use and Application Council for Resilience” (Japanese abbreviation: DEKATSU) to organize private and public stakeholders. The DEKATSU council consists of four sectors: industry, government, NPO/NGOs, and academia. The policy promoted to the participating organizations is “When we make organizations resilient, the Tokyo metropolitan area also becomes resilient.” To date, 67 organizational members and 13 personal members have joined, and the targeted idea is becoming accepted but not fully implemented in society.

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38

Shindo, R. "Japan, the League of Nations and the Permanent Court of International Justice on the Question of Upper Silesia, Vilnius and Memel." Problems of World History, no. 8 (March 14, 2019): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-4.

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The First World War marked a turning point for civilization development in the 20th century. With the collapse of the Central Powers, a new international order arose. In the wake of the Paris PeaceConference, the founding of the League of Nations was above all due to the initiative of the victorious powers. Member states were expected to contribute to maintaining world peace. Japan was one of themajor Allied powers and a permanent member of the League Council. In this position, Japan was significantly involved in the post-war politics of Europe. To elucidate the nature and consequences of this involvement, the activities of Japanese diplomats in the League of Nations and in the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Hague during theperiod between the First and Second World Wars are examined. Particular attention is paid to Japan’s participation in the regulation of the demarcation and minority issues in Upper Silesia and in theVilnius and Memel districts.

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39

Mikami, Yurie, Yutaka Watanabe, Ayako Edahiro, Keiko Motokawa, Maki Shirobe, Jun Yasuda, Masaharu Murakami, et al. "Relationship between mortality and Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire scores in Japanese nursing home residents." Nutrition 57 (January 2019): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.030.

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40

CHU, YIN-WAH. "Studies of Japanese Society and Culture: Sociology and Cognate Disciplines in Hong Kong." Japanese Journal of Political Science 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109912000047.

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AbstractThis paper reviews the studies of Japanese society and culture undertaken by Hong Kong-based sociologists and scholars in related disciplines. It presents information on research projects funded by the Research Grants Council, Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) journal articles, authored and edited books, book chapters, non-SSCI and non-A&HCI journal articles, as well as master and doctoral theses written by scholars and graduate students associated with Hong Kong's major universities. It is found that the main topics of research are Japan's capitalist development and corporate growth, meanings and social ramifications of traditional and popular culture, education, gender, and marriage, as well as aspects of work and employment, whereas the major research methods include document analysis, ethnography, and in-depth interviews. The limited amount of research and the preoccupation with economic development and popular culture reflect in part Hong Kong's unique political conditions and the government's indifference to the pursuit of social and political policy analysis. In recent years, the growth of academic exchanges between scholars in Hong Kong, Japan, and other East Asian regions and the heightened emphasis by university administrators on academic research will hopefully bring about advancements in such academic endeavors.

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41

Arimoto, Akira. "Efforts to Institutionalize Active Learning in Japanese Higher Education." International Journal of Chinese Education 5, no. 2 (February 24, 2017): 226–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125868-12340069.

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In 2012, the Central Council for Education (cce) issued a report concerning the introduction of active learning (al) and educational management into higher education. Its main object was to foster students’ ability of active learning (or active study [as]) to enable them not only to fulfill the outcome required by the dp (Diploma Policy) but also to respond to an unpredictable future in a knowledge-based society. In order to enhance students’ al, it is necessary to innovate educational methods, such as High Impact Practice (hip) and Institutional Research (ir), to establish educational management, including dp, cp (curriculum policy), and ap (admission policy), and to promote the Research-Teaching-Service (r-t-s) nexus. Based on the cce’s report, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (mext) started a nationwide program in 2013 to pursue active learning. As a result, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (jsps) selected a project of a four-university collaboration as one of the projects related to the programs in which the author of this paper conducted a national survey with a focus on the institutionalization of academic learning in academia.

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42

Yamaguchi, Yumiko. "L2 Proficiency and L2 Developmental Stages: A Learner Corpus Analysis." Studies in English Language Teaching 7, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): p516. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v7n4p516.

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This paper presents part of the results of a learner corpus study of English oral and written production by a large number of Japanese native speakers. Each participant was asked to perform two tasks, namely spoken and written narratives, using a picture book titled “Frog, where are you?” (Mayer, 1969) containing 24 wordless pictures. For the analyses in the current study, the data from 80 learners, focusing on audio-recorded and transcribed spoken narratives, was used. The Japanese learners’ speech production was examined based on Processability Theory (PT; Pienemann, 1998, 2005; Bettoni & Di Biase, 2015) as well as on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR; Council of Europe, 2001). Results show that there is a correlation between second language (L2) proficiency levels and L2 developmental stages in a learner corpus of L2 spoken English. On the other hand, the dispersion is found to increase at higher stages as shown in previous studies (e.g., Granfeldt & Ågren, 2013; Hagenfeld, 2017).

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Peraza, Ana Vivian Fernández, and Yumiko Furumura. "Project-Based Learning to Develop Intercultural Communicative Competence in Virtual Exchange Contexts." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.307059.

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Higher education requires a different approach to teaching and learning since modern-day students no longer have the same learning needs as they had in the past. Project-based learning (PBL) is an active and dynamic approach to language teaching that makes it possible for the language students to gain transferable and applicable knowledge, skills and insights, and it also contributes to support and enhance virtual exchanges (VE), especially when it comes to developing intercultural communicative competence and using digital technologies. This paper is aimed at showing the results of using PBL in VE contexts to develop intercultural communicative competence of Costa Rican and Japanese EFL students by implementing some ideas from the Council of Europe’s Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture (FRCDC). The results suggest that implementing PBL in VE contexts to develop intercultural communicative competence of Costa Rican and Japanese EFL students had an impact on the participants’ skills, values, attitudes, and knowledge and critical understanding.

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Ito, Hideaki, and Alexander Tokarev. "From Yasashii Nihongo in non-disaster times towards a plurilingual language education approach: an outlook from the perspective of “reasonable accommodation”." F1000Research 10 (January 28, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.36372.1.

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In order to address labor shortages, starting April 2019 the Japanese government introduced two new visa categories, and it can be expected that the growing number of foreign residents living and working in Japan will be increasing further in the foreseeable future. Within this context, the notion of Yasashii Nihongo or Simplified Japanese has been gaining attention over recent years. Originally designed as a tool for transmitting information in disaster-related situations and proposed for disaster mitigation purposes, at present it is being advocated as a means of communication to be used in non-disaster situations as well. The authors argue that ultimately Yasashii Nihongo for non-disaster situations may be just a means to an end. Seen from the perspective of “reasonable accommodation”, a concept prevalent in the domain of disability studies, they assert that by de facto creating a new linguistic category making it a tacit prerequisite to communicate in “Japanese only”, Yasashii Nihongo is but a concept geared towards the language majority (speakers using Japanese as their first language) and is potentially serving no other purpose than to alleviate the psychological burden of having to speak in a language other than Japanese, thus potentially leading to a new form of discrimination towards language minorities. Offering an alternative approach for improving multicultural communication aimed at establishing a communicative space based on openness, equality, and mutual respect for each other’s cultural, linguistic and ethnic identities, the authors propose the introduction of language education based on the notion of plurilingualism, as outlined in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) by the Council of Europe.

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45

Ito, Hideaki, and Alexander Tokarev. "From Yasashii Nihongo in non-disaster times towards a plurilingual language education approach: an outlook from the perspective of “reasonable accommodation”." F1000Research 10 (March 19, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.36372.2.

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In order to address labor shortages, starting April 2019 the Japanese government introduced two new visa categories, and it can be expected that the growing number of foreign residents living and working in Japan will be increasing further in the foreseeable future. Within this context, the notion of Yasashii Nihongo or Simplified Japanese has been gaining attention over recent years. Originally designed as a tool for transmitting information in disaster-related situations and proposed for disaster mitigation purposes, at present it is being advocated as a means of communication to be used in non-disaster situations as well. The authors argue that ultimately Yasashii Nihongo for non-disaster situations may be just a means to an end. Seen from the perspective of “reasonable accommodation”, a concept prevalent in the domain of disability studies, they assert that by de facto creating a new linguistic category making it a tacit prerequisite to communicate in “Japanese only”, Yasashii Nihongo is but a concept geared towards the language majority (speakers using Japanese as their first language) and is potentially serving no other purpose than to alleviate the psychological burden of having to speak in a language other than Japanese, thus potentially leading to a new form of discrimination towards language minorities. Offering an alternative approach for improving multicultural communication aimed at establishing a communicative space based on openness, equality, and mutual respect for each other’s cultural, linguistic and ethnic identities, the authors propose the introduction of language education based on the notion of plurilingualism, as outlined in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) by the Council of Europe.

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46

Santoso, Ria Putri, and Anak Agung Banyu Perwita. "The Shift and Continuity of Japanese Defense Policy: Revolutionary Enough?" JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v4i2.1906.

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The security environment in East Asia has continuously evolved, particularly, China’s maritime expansion and DPRK’s provocative behavior. Japan, with its military being limited by its Peace Constitution, has been steadily shifting its defense policy to respond to its strategic environment for the past three of its Prime Ministers: Naoto Kan, Yoshihiko Noda, and Shinzo Abe. Historical enmities, military capability, as well as territorial disputes have increased the threats of Japan’s neighbors to Tokyo’s national security. Since 2010, Japan has established a National Defense Program Guideline (NDPG), shifted its defense strategy from the Basic Defence Force (kibanteki boei ryoko) to Dynamic Defense Force (doeki boei ryoko), revised its Three Principles on Arms Exports, created the National Security Council (NSC), the National Security Strategy (NSS), and the Medium Term Defense Program (MDTP), and revised its article 9 of its Peace Constitution. While the NSC, NSS, MDTP, and article 9 are under the Abe administration, the claim that the steps Abe have undertaken to be revolutionary is in fact, a continuity from his predecessors despite coming from opposing political backgrounds. Despite of several significant changes in its defense policy, Japan still abides to its Constitution and its military is still limited.

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47

Shiho, Yamashita, Takizawa Tohru, Sakamoto Shinji, Taguchi Manabu, Takenoshita Yuka, Tanaka Eriko, Sugawara Ikuko, and Watanabe Naoki. "Suicide in Japan." Crisis 26, no. 1 (January 2005): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.26.1.12.

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Abstract. This article introduces the reader to present conditions and suicide prevention measures in Japan. The suicide rate has increased gradually since the early 1990s, reaching a postwar peak in 1998. The number of suicides has remained at about 30,000 every year since 1998. Middle-aged (55-59 years) and elderly men have especially high suicide rates. In 2002, The Council of Learned People on Measures Against Suicides (organized by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare) released its report on national suicide prevention strategies. Although national suicide prevention strategies have just begun to be established, some prefectures or regions have undertaken unique suicide prevention measures.

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48

Myers, Robert J. "The Carnegie Poll on Values in American Foreign Policy." Ethics & International Affairs 3 (March 1989): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1989.tb00224.x.

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In a brief summary of a poll conducted by the Carnegie Council, Myers outlines the American public's views on issues ranging from foreign policy/peace issues to economic security, defense, and human rights. The underlying perception of the United States as the “moral nation” raises a fundamental question: How deeply imbedded is the distinction between words and deeds in American foreign policy? Some results of the survey defied explanation. “Why are Americans so avid about human rights abroad, yet so reluctant to commit foreign aid, and so indignant about the U.S. dollars that are spent on NATO and Japanese security? Logic and sentiment remain interwoven,” concludes Myers.

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Aoki, Eiichi, and Jeffrey R. Henig. "Mayoral Control and School Superintendents: Lessons from Japan." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 124, no. 9 (September 2022): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01614681221134761.

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Background/Context: Since the early 1990s, the United States has been witnessing reforms in large, high-visibility cities, with mayors granted the power to appoint school boards, superintendents, or both. This shift away from elected school board governance has been characterized as marginalizing traditional educators and ushering in reforms that traditional educators oppose. On the other hand, Japan’s experience with mayoral control of schools is nationwide and longer-lived. In 1956, mayors were given authority to appoint members of the school board, and in 2015 they were given further authority to appoint school superintendents. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: This study analyzes whether Japanese mayors appoint superintendents whose backgrounds make them likely to challenge the education establishment and introduce dramatic educational reforms. We provide some early evidence on how mayors have been using their new powers and how they interact with the superintendents they select. Research Design: We used data from nationwide surveys conducted by the Japanese government to map the broad pattern of superintendent characteristics over time as well as for a sampling framework to identify and select a smaller number of superintendents to be interviewed for obtaining in-depth information. Semistructured interviews of six superintendents were conducted to delve more deeply into the relationship between mayors and superintendents, and the communication between the superintendents and the school board members in Japan. To triangulate the interview data, transcripts of school board meetings, city council meetings, election bulletins (official campaign manifestos), demographic data, and national test scores of students were collected from 2015 to 2019. Conclusions/Recommendations: We identified important differences between the United States and Japan. Rather than aligning with the reform-oriented mayors against school boards and education bureaucracies, the Japanese mayor-appointed superintendents act as mediators between the mayors and the school boards. The difference may be that, in the United States, only mayors who sought mayoral control had the right to appoint school superintendents, whereas in Japan the national government gave all mayors the right to appoint superintendents, regardless of the political context.

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Ohmori, Misaki, Satoshi Shizukuishi, Takashi Hanioka, Yukihiro Numabe, Hitoshi Aoyama, Masatoshi Ishii, Hiromasa Yoshie, and Takashi Arai. "A Questionnaire Survey of Smoking Habits and Attitudes of Council Members of the Japanese Society of Periodontology." Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology) 48, no. 1 (2006): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2329/perio.48.50.

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