Статті в журналах: "Japanese Australia"

1

Horikawa, Tomoko. "Australia’s Minor Concessions to Japanese Citizens under the White Australia Policy." New Voices in Japanese Studies 12 (August 17, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.12.01.

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This paper explores concessions made by Australian authorities concerning Japanese immigration during the era of the White Australia Policy in the early twentieth century. Australia’s Immigration Restriction Act was introduced in December 1901. As the major piece of legislation in the White Australia Policy, the act made it virtually impossible for non-Europeans to migrate to Australia. However, Japanese people enjoyed a special position among non-Europeans under the White Australia Policy thanks to Japan’s growing international status as a civilised power at the time, as well as its sustained diplomatic pressure on Australia. While the Commonwealth was determined to exclude Japanese permanent settlers, it sought ways to render the policy of exclusion less offensive to the Japanese. In the early 1900s, two minor modifications to the Immigration Restriction Act were implemented in order to relax the restrictions imposed on Japanese citizens. Moreover, in the application of Commonwealth immigration laws, Japanese people received far more lenient treatment than other non-Europeans and were afforded respect and extra courtesies by Australian officials. Nevertheless, these concessions Australia made to Japanese citizens were minor, and the Commonwealth government maintained its basic policy of excluding Japanese permanent settlers from Australia. This paper shows that, despite continued diplomatic efforts, Japan was fundamentally unable to change pre-war Australia’s basic policy regarding the exclusion of Japanese permanent settlers.

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2

Ren, Xifeng, Chengdao Li, W. J. R. Boyd, Sharon Westcott, C. R. Grime, Dongfa Sun, and Reg Lance. "QTLs and their interaction determining different heading dates of barley in Australia and China." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 2 (2010): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09187.

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Heading date is a major determinant of the regional and seasonal adaptation of barley varieties. The dogma is that introduced germplasm is more likely to be adapted if it is derived from a similar latitude. However, barley germplasm introduced from similar latitudes of South-East Asia is extremely early heading in the Australian environments and vice versa. A doubled-haploid population from a cross of an Australian barley Galleon and a Japanese barley Haruna Nijo was evaluated for heading date in Australia (Perth, 31°56′S) and China (Wuhan, 30°33′N) under normal autumn sowing, late sowing in the field, and extended-light glasshouse conditions. One major QTL was identified on chromosome 5H under the three conditions in China. The single QTL accounted for up to 50% of phenotypic variation for heading date. The Australian variety contributed to late heading date. Two QTLs on chromosomes 4H and 5H were detected for controlling heading date in Australia. The QTL/QTL interaction contributed up to 35.8% of phenotypic variation for heading date in Australia, which is the major reason for the extremely early heading date of the Japanese variety in the Australian environment. The chromosome 5H QTL was detected at the same chromosomal location when the population was grown in either China or Australia. In both environments the Australian variety contributed to the late heading date. Selection against the Japanese alleles of chromosomes 4H and 5H QTLs could eliminate the extremely early genotype in Australia and selection against the Australian allele of chromosome 5H QTL could eliminate the extremely late genotype in China when Australian and Japanese germplasms are used in the breeding programs.

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3

Wilkinson, Aoife. "Forfeiting Citizenship, Forfeiting Identity? Multiethnic and Multiracial Japanese Youth in Australia and the Japanese Nationality Law." New Voices in Japanese Studies 12 (August 17, 2020): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.12.02.

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The rising fame of multiethnic and multiracial or ‘mixed’ celebrities in Japan, such as tennis player Naomi Osaka, has brought into focus the roles of Japan’s Nationality Law and understandings of nationality and citizenship in shaping identity. According to Article 14 of Japan’s Nationality Law, persons holding multiple nationalities must choose to forfeit all but one before the age of 22. In this article I aim to address how multiethnic and multiracial youths of Japanese descent in Australia are approaching the ambiguities surrounding their citizenship and nationality rights. To do so I will closely examine to what extent the Nationality Law affects their future decisions and identities by drawing upon evidence from in-depth interviews I conducted with mixed Japanese youth who are the child of one Japanese parent and one non-Japanese parent and live in Australia. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital, I argue that mixed Japanese youth in Australia perceive citizenship less as an agent of identity and more as an index of socioeconomic opportunity. My findings demonstrate that these individuals actively strive to maintain their dual citizenship and strategically align their cultural capital to realise meaningful cross-cultural careers that communicate between Australia, Japan, and their own mixed identities.

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4

Hokari, Minoru. "Globalising Aboriginal Reconciliation: Indigenous Australians and Asian (Japanese) Migrants." Cultural Studies Review 9, no. 2 (September 13, 2013): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v9i2.3565.

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Over the last few years, I have attended several political meetings concerned with the refugee crisis, multiculturalism or Indigenous rights in Australia, meetings at which liberal democratic–minded ‘left-wing’ people came together to discuss, or agitate for change in, governmental policies. At these meetings, I always found it difficult to accept the slogans on their placards and in their speeches: ‘Shame Australia! Reconciliation for a united Australia’, ‘Wake up Australia! We welcome refugees!’ or ‘True Australians are tolerant! Let’s celebrate multicultural Australia!’ My uncomfortable feeling came not only from the fact that I was left out because of my Japanese nationality but also because I had never seen or heard words like ‘shame Japan’, ‘wake up Japan’ or ‘true Japanese are ...’ at Japanese ‘left-wing’ political gatherings. In Japan, these are words used only by right-wing nationalists. Indeed it is difficult to even imagine liberal-left intellectuals in postwar Japan calling for a ‘true Japanese’ political response (as if such a response was positive), such is the extent to which the idea of ‘good nationalism’ is now regarded as an oxymoron. This is my starting point for an essay in which I want to be attentive to the different roles played by national(ism) in the Japanese and Australian political environments.

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5

Vietrynskyi, I. "Australian Foreign Policy during the World War II." Problems of World History, no. 18 (November 8, 2022): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-18-3.

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The article is related to the establishment of Australian foreign policy tradition and becoming of Australia as a subject of international relations. The significant role of the dominions during First World War Great and their help for Great Britain victory, intensified their struggle for independence. As the result of long-term efforts, dominions reached the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration in 1926 by London, which was later confirmed by the Statute of Westminster (1931), which established the authority for dominions for an independent foreign policy. The development of Australian foreign policy before and during World War II was analyzed. The evolution of the relations of the Australia and Great Britain in the context of the events of the World War II is traced, in particular the peculiarities of the allied relations of the two countries. There is shown the regional dimension of the World War II within the Asia-Pacific region, in the context of Australia and the United States actions against Japanese aggression. There are analyzed the peculiarities of external threats effect on the transformation of the Australian foreign policy strategy, in particular in the national security sphere. The main threat for Australia in that period become Japanise aggressive and expansionist policy in the Asia-Pacific region. A lot of Australian soldiers and military equipment were sent to Great Britain to support traditional allie. But in actual strategic situation in Europe there were great doubts that British troops and the navy would be able to effectively help Australians in case of an attack by Japan. Politics of national security and defense of Australia in the context of its participation in World War II is considered. In the conditions of real threat of Japanese invasion, as well as the lack of sure to receive necessary support from Great Britain, the Australian government start to find a military alliance with the USA. There were identified the key implications of World War II for Australian socio-economic system.

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6

Kagawa, Masaharu, Deborah Kerr, Hayato Uchida, and Colin W. Binns. "Differences in the relationship between BMI and percentage body fat between Japanese and Australian-Caucasian young men." British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 5 (May 2006): 1002–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20061745.

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This cross-sectional study aimed to determine ethnic and environmental influences on the relationship between BMI and percentage body fat, using a sample of 144 Japanese and 140 Australian-Caucasian men living in Australia, and eighty-eight Japanese men living in Japan. Body composition was assessed by anthropometry using standard international methods (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol). Body density was predicted using Durnin and Womersley's (1974) equation, and percentage body fat was calculated from Siri's (1961) equation.Significant (P<0·05) ethnic differences in stature, body mass and BMI were observed between Japanese and Australian men, but no ethnic differences were observed in their percentage body fat and height-corrected sum of skinfold thicknesses. No differences were found in the BMI–percentage body fat relationship between the Japanese subjects living in Australia and in Japan. Significant (P<0·05) ethnic differences in the BMI–percentage body fat relationship observed from a comparison between pooled Japanese men(aged 18–40 years, BMI range 16·6–32·8kg/m2) andAustralians (aged 18–39 years, BMI range 16·1–31·4kg/m2) suggest that Japanese men are likely to havea greater percentage body fat than Australian men at any given BMI value.From the analyses, the Japanese men were estimated to have an equivalent amount of body fat to the Australian men at BMI values that were about 1·5 units lower than those of the Australians (23·5kg/m2 and 28·2kg/m2, respectively).It was concluded that Japanese men have greater body fat deposition than Australian-Caucasians at the same BMI value. Japanese men may therefore require lower BMI cut-off points to identify obese individuals compared with Australian-Caucasian men.

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7

BOLLEN, JONATHAN. "‘As Modern as Tomorrow’: Australian Entrepreneurs and Japanese Entertainment, 1957–1968." Theatre Research International 43, no. 2 (July 2018): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883318000275.

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This article compares the efforts of two Australian entrepreneurs to import Japanese entertainments for theatres in mid-twentieth-century Australia. David N. Martin of the Tivoli Circuit and Harry Wren, an independent producer, were rivals in the business of touring variety-revue. Both travelled to Japan in 1957, the year that the governments of Australia and Japan signed a landmark trade agreement. Whereas Martin's efforts were hampered by the legacy of wartime attitudes, Wren embraced the post-war optimism for trade. Wren became the Australian promoter for the Toho Company of Japan, touring a series of Toho revues until 1968. These Toho tours have been overlooked in Australian histories of cultural exchange with Japan. Drawing on evidence from archival sources and developing insights from foreign policy of the time, this article examines why Australian entrepreneurs turned to Japan, what Toho sent on tour, and how Toho's revues played in Australia. It analyses trade in touring entertainment as a form of entrepreneurial diplomacy that sought to realize the prospects of regional integration.

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8

Hennessey, Eileen M. "‘…the cheapest thing in Australia is the girls’: Young Women In Townsville 1942–45." Queensland Review 1, no. 1 (June 1994): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600000519.

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Australian foreign policy reached a watershed in late 1941/early 1942. As the Japanese continued their rapid advance through Southeast Asia and into New Guinea, apprehensive Australians believed their country could be next. The government also knew their traditional ally Britain would not come to their aid should the Japanese invade Australia, and as most of their own forces were already out of the country, the remainder would have provided a totally inadequate defence. For Prime Minister Curtin and his advisers it was America that had to provide protection for Australia; both for its own sake, and as the base from which the Japanese advance through the Eastern Pacific rim from North to South could be halted.

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9

Oriyama, Kaya. "Heritage Language Maintenance and Japanese Identity Formation: What Role Can Schooling and Ethnic Community Contact Play?" Heritage Language Journal 7, no. 2 (August 30, 2010): 237–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.7.2.5.

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This study examines the role of schooling and ethnic community contact in ethnolinguistic and cultural identity construction and heritage language maintenance through the surveys and narratives of three groups of Japanese-English bilingual youths and their parents in Sydney, Australia, as a part of a larger longitudinal study from childhood. The bilingual youths were either born in Australia or immigrated there at a young age, and one or both of their parents are Japanese. All youths attended local Japanese community (heritage) language schools on weekends for varying periods of time while receiving Australian education (one group received some Japanese education as well) during the week. The bilinguals were grouped by types of schooling and community contact. The results show that community schools foster positive Japanese inclusive identity and heritage language development, especially with home, community, and peer support. Contrary to previous studies, positive attitudes toward hybrid identities and Japanese maintenance were found, regardless of the levels of Japanese proficiency. The development of identity and heritage language appear to be influenced not only by schooling and community, but also by wider socio-cultural contexts.

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10

Uritani, Daisuke, Penny K. Campbell, Ben Metcalf, and Thorlene Egerton. "A comparison of psychological characteristics in people with knee osteoarthritis from Japan and Australia: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): e0267877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267877.

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The aim of this study was to investigate differences in psychological characteristics between people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) from Japan and Australia. Sixty-two adults from Japan and 168 adults from Australia aged over 50 years with knee pain were included. Japanese data were collected from patients with knee OA diagnosed by medical doctors. Australian data were baseline data from a randomized controlled trial. Participants were not exercising regularly or receiving physiotherapy at the time. Psychological characteristics evaluated were depressive symptoms, fear of movement, and pain catastrophizing. These psychological characteristics were compared between the Japanese and Australian cohorts by calculating 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for difference of the mean. To test for equivalence, an equivalence margin was set at 0.5 standard deviations (SD) of the mean, where these SDs were based on the Australian data. When the 95%CI for the difference of the mean value lay entirely within the range of equivalence margin (i.e. between -0.5 and 0.5 times the Australian SD), the outcome was considered equivalent. There were no differences between the groups from Japan and Australia for depressive symptoms and the two groups were considered equivalent. There was no difference between groups for fear of movement, however the criteria for equivalence was not met. People from Japan with knee OA had higher scores for pain catastrophizing than people from Australia. The findings should be confirmed in other samples of people with knee OA from Japan and Australia due to the limitations of the participant recruitment strategy in this study. However, our findings suggest there may be a greater need to consider pain catastrophizing and build pain self-efficacy when managing Japanese people with knee OA. Implementation of international clinical practice guidelines for OA management may require different strategies in different countries due to different psychological profiles.

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11

NICHOLAS, STEPHEN, and WILLIAM PURCELL. "JAPANESE SUBSIDIARIES IN AUSTRALIA: WORK PRACTICES AND SUBCONTRACTING RELATIONS AS LEARNING MECHANISM." Singapore Economic Review 46, no. 01 (April 2001): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590801000255.

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This paper tests whether Japanese subsidiaries in Australia were learning organisations. Two strands of MNE theory are presented: dynamic capability and organisational learning models. Japanese MNEs transferred both work and subcontracting practices to their Australian subsidiaries. Statistical tests showed that there were no significant deepening in work practices or subcontracting relationships between 1993 and 1997. Our tests also revealed no long-term learning, measured by changes in work practices and subcontracting relationships for firms who had operated in Australia for more than 10 and less than 10 years. The paper advances explanations of the absence of short-term and long-term learning.

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12

Tsokhas, Kosmas. "Dedominionization: the Anglo-Australian experience, 1939–1945." Historical Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1994): 861–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015120.

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ABSTRACTThe role of decolonization in the decline of the British empire has received a great deal of attention. In comparison there has been little research or analysis of the process of dedominionization affecting Australia and the other dominions. During the Second World War economic ties were seriously weakened and there were substantial conflicts over economic policy between the British and Australian governments. Australia refused to reduce imports in order to conserve foreign exchange, thus contributing to the United Kingdom's debt burden. The Australian government insisted that the British guarantee Australia's sterling balances and refused to adopt the stringent fiscal policies requested by the Bank of England and the British treasury. Australia also took the opportunity to expand domestic manufacturing industry at the expense of British manufacturers. Economic separation and conflict were complemented by political and strategic differences. In particular, the Australian government realized that British military priorities made it impossible for the United Kingdom to defend Australia. This led the Australians towards a policy of cooperating with the British embargo on Japan, only to the extent that this would be unlikely to provoke Japanese military retaliation. In general, the Australians preferred a policy of compromise in the Far East to one of deterrence preferred by the British.

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13

Tipton, Elise K. "Japanese Studies in Australia, 2002." Japanese Studies 22, no. 2 (September 2002): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1037139022000016528.

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14

Berry, Michael. "Japanese property development in Australia." Progress in Planning 41 (January 1994): 113–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-9006(94)90001-9.

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15

J Hanna, Adapted from. "Japanese Encephalitis Acquired in Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 1, no. 3 (September 1995): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0103.950310.

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16

ONO, KEIKO, and JOHN P. LEA. "JAPANESE VISION AND NORTHERN AUSTRALIA." Australian Planner 37, no. 2 (January 2000): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2000.9657883.

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17

Rumley, Dennis. "The Asia-Pacific region and the new world order." Ekistics and The New Habitat 70, no. 422/423 (December 1, 2003): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200370422/423259.

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The author is Associate Professor, School of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Western Australia. He gained a Geography Honours degree and MA in Applied Geography at the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, and a Ph. D at the University of British Columbia. He has taught at the University of Western Australia since then, apart from 1991-1993 when he was Professor of Australian Studies at the University of Tokyo attached to the Department of International Relations at Komaba. He has published widely in various areas of political geography, including electoral geography, local government, federalism and more recently geopolitics. His most recent book, is The Geopolitics of Australia's Regional Relations (Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1999, reprinted 2001). His current research projects are in the areas of water security, Australia's "arc of instability," regionalism and Australia-Asia relations. He is a full member of the IGU Commission on the World Political Map and English-language editor of Chiri, the Japanese journal of human geography. He will be Visiting Professor at the University of Kyoto during 2003.

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18

Lin, Chien-Ting, and Lee-Kian Lim. "Another Look at the Tuesday Effect in Australia." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 07, no. 01 (March 2004): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091504000032.

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Weekend effects have been well known in many financial markets. Australia however displays its effect on Tuesdays rather than on Mondays. In this study, we investigate on the possible linkage between the US Monday and Australian Tuesday returns. We document that the Tuesday effect in Australia is one-way Granger caused by the weekend effect in the US conditional on the weekend effects in the UK and Japanese markets. Furthermore, in the post-1987 period where the US Monday returns are positively significant, the Australian Tuesday return also turns out to be positive. This latter finding provides further evidence that the anomaly in Australia is induced by the weekend effect in the US.

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19

Choo, Christine. "The Impact of Asian - Aboriginal Australian Contacts in Northern Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300218.

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The long history of Asian contact with Australian Aborigines began with the early links with seafarers, Makassan trepang gatherers and even Chinese contact, which occurred in northern Australia. Later contact through the pearling industry in the Northern Territory and Kimberley, Western Australia, involved Filipinos (Manilamen), Malays, Indonesians, Chinese and Japanese. Europeans on the coastal areas of northern Australia depended on the work of indentured Asians and local Aborigines for the development and success of these industries. The birth of the Australian Federation also marked the beginning of the “White Australia Policy” designed to keep non-Europeans from settling in Australia. The presence of Asians in the north had a significant impact on state legislation controlling Aborigines in Western Australia in the first half of the 20th century, with implications to the present. Oral and archival evidence bears testimony to the brutality with which this legislation was pursued and its impact on the lives of Aboriginal people.

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20

Mossop, Joanna. "When is a Whale Sanctuary Not a Whale Sanctuary? Japanese Whaling in Australian Antarctic Maritime Zones." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v36i4.5622.

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This article concerns the case of Humane Society International v Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, in which the Humane Society, a non-governmental organisation, attempted to sue a Japanese company conducting whaling in the Southern Ocean in an area claimed as an exclusive economic zone by Australia. The Humane Society failed to convince the Federal Court to allow it to serve proceedings on the Japanese company outside Australia, after the judge agreed with the arguments provided by the Australian Attorney-General. These submissions included the possibility of an embarrassing international incident that could arise if a Japanese company were to be served with proceedings enforcing a law that Japan considers to be inconsistent with the freedom of navigation on the high seas. Underpinning the whole case was the issue of sovereignty over Antarctica, which Australia and other countries have disputed for many decades. The author evaluates Australia’s claim to an exclusive economic zone around its Antarctic territorial claim, and its use of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 to declare a whale sanctuary in that part of the world. The author suggests that it might be possible for the Australian courts to read the whale sanctuary legislation in line with international law, potentially relying on the New Zealand Sellers case, to exclude overseas companies from the effects of the legislation. However, the author concludes it would not be desirable for the Australian Government to rely on such a possibility to avoid potential international repercussions from its domestic legislation.

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21

Mackie, Vera. "Symposium on Japanese studies in Australia." Japanese Studies 17, no. 2-3 (September 1997): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399708727625.

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22

Okochi, K., and S. Murakami. "Observations on Australia Antigen in Japanese." Vox Sanguinis 65, no. 1 (June 1993): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.1993.tb04532.x.

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23

Muspratt, Murray A. "The Japanese technological challenge to Australia." Technology in Society 12, no. 3 (January 1990): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-791x(90)90020-d.

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24

Miljkovic, Dragan, and Hyun Jin. "Import Demand for Quality in the Japanese Beef Market." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 35, no. 2 (October 2006): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500006729.

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The case of reduction in ad valorem tariffs as a trade liberalization policy is considered in this article. It is shown that the reduction leads to a higher quality of imports, ceteris paribus. This hypothesis was tested on the case of Japanese beef imports from the United States and Australia. U. S. beef, according to the results of Gallup surveys, is considered by Japanese consumers to be a high quality product, while Australian beef is considered to be a low quality product. Empirical results support the hypothesis. Moreover, the recent domination of U. S. beef in the Japanese market is further explained by increasingly more efficient U. S. beef production relative to Australian production and a strong income effect, where an increase in per capita income leads to more demand for higher quality products.

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25

Whiley, Shannon. "The Experiences of Nikkei-Australian Soldiers During World War II." New Voices in Japanese Studies 10 (July 3, 2018): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.10.01.

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This paper is a biographical case study that explores the distinct experiences of three Australian-born Japanese (hereafter, Nikkei-Australians) who volunteered for Australian military service during World War II: Mario Takasuka, Joseph Suzuki and Winston Ide. It examines the social and political context in which these soldiers lived, concluding that they faced a disconnect between the way they were viewed by the government, their local communities and themselves. Notions of identity and nationalism are also explored in the context of World War II and the White Australia Policy, and are compared with the experiences of non-European soldiers in Australia and Nikkei soldiers abroad. The paper also highlights the ambiguous position of Nikkei-Australian soldiers with respect to military enlistment. At the time, legislation allowed for Nikkei-Australians to be variously classified as loyal citizens capable of enlistment, as not sufficiently ‘Australian’ for duty, or as enemy aliens, depending upon how it was applied in each case. Because there was no uniform approach within the government for applying these laws, the experiences of Nikkei-Australians vastly differed, as illustrated by the stories of the individuals profiled in this study. These stories are important as they add to the growing body of knowledge around non-white Australians who served in World War II, and remind us of how the pro-white, anti-Japanese atmosphere within Australia at the time affected those within the community who did not fit the mould of the White Australian ideal.

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26

Koojaroenprasit, Sauwaluck. "Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Australia." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 03, no. 08 (August 10, 2013): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20130308a03.

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Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Australia were analyzed from 1986 to 2011, based on data availability. The determinants considered FDI inflows according to aggregate FDI inflows and FDI inflows by the top three source countries (USA, UK and Japan). Empirical studies identified four results. (1) For the determinants of FDI in Australia, a larger market size will attract more FDI, whereas more openness and a higher corporate tax rate will discourage FDI inflows into Australia. Lower customs duty and lower interest and depreciation of exchange rates will attract more FDI. The relationship between FDI inflows into Australia and wages was not significant. (2) For the determinants of US inward FDI in Australia, a larger market size will attract more US inward FDI in Australia, whereas more openness and an appreciation of the exchange rate will discourage US inward FDI in Australia. A negative and significant relationship was obtained between customs duty and US inward FDI in Australia. There were positive and significant relationships between US inward FDI in Australia and both the interest and corporate tax rates. (3) For the determinants of UK inward FDI in Australia, greater research and development in Australia will attract more UK inward FDI in Australia, whereas a higher corporate tax rate will discourage UK inward FDI in Australia. The positive relationship between market size and UK inward FDI in Australia was not significant. Openness, customs duty and inflation did not have significant relationships with UK inward FDI in Australia. (4) For the determinants of Japanese inward FDI in Australia, higher wages and greater research and development will attract more Japanese inward FDI in Australia, whereas higher customs duty and a higher corporate tax rate will discourage Japanese inward FDI in Australia. There was no significant relationship between Japanese inward FDI in Australia and either the interest or exchange rates.

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27

Heinrich, Amy V. "Japanese Studies: Bulletin of the Japanese Studies Association of Australia." Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 29, no. 1 (April 1995): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/489421.

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28

McKenzie, Colin, and David W. Edgington. "Japanese Business Down Under: Patterns of Japanese Investment in Australia." Pacific Affairs 64, no. 1 (1991): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760404.

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29

van den Hurk, Andrew F., Alyssa T. Pyke, John S. Mackenzie, Sonja Hall-Mendelin, and Scott A. Ritchie. "Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia: From Known Known to Known Unknown." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010038.

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disease in Asia. It is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted between water birds and/or pigs by Culex mosquitoes; humans are dead-end hosts. In 1995, JEV emerged for the first time in northern Australia causing an unprecedented outbreak in the Torres Strait. In this article, we revisit the history of JEV in Australia and describe investigations of JEV transmission cycles in the Australian context. Public health responses to the incipient outbreak included vaccination and sentinel pig surveillance programs. Virus isolation and vector competence experiments incriminated Culex annulirostris as the likely regional vector. The role this species plays in transmission cycles depends on the availability of domestic pigs as a blood source. Experimental evidence suggests that native animals are relatively poor amplifying hosts of JEV. The persistence and predominantly annual virus activity between 1995 and 2005 suggested that JEV had become endemic in the Torres Strait. However, active surveillance was discontinued at the end of 2005, so the status of JEV in northern Australia is unknown. Novel mosquito-based surveillance systems provide a means to investigate whether JEV still occurs in the Torres Strait or is no longer a risk to Australia.

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Ueda, Shuji, Yasuharu Takashima, Yunosuke Gotou, Ryo Sasaki, Rio Nakabayashi, Takeshi Suzuki, Shinji Sasazaki, et al. "Application of Mass Spectrometry for Determining the Geographic Production Area of Wagyu Beef." Metabolites 12, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090777.

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Japanese Black cattle (Japanese Wagyu) beef is attracting attention for its aroma and marbling, and its handling is increasing worldwide. Here, we focused on the origin discrimination of Wagyu beef and analyzed the nutritional components of Japanese Wagyu (produced in multiple prefectures of Japan), Hybrid Wagyu (a cross between Angus and Wagyu cattle born in Australia and transported to Japan), and Australian Wagyu beef using mass spectrometry (MS). Triple-quadrupole liquid chromatography–MS was used to clarify the molecular species of lipids in Wagyu beef. Fourteen classes of lipids were separated, and 128 different triacylglycerides (TGs) were detected. A simple comparative analysis of these TGs using high-performance liquid chromatography revealed significantly higher levels of triolein (C18:1/C18:1/C18:1; abbreviated OOO) and C18:1/C18:1/C16:1 (OOPo) in Japanese Wagyu. Wagyu elements beef were comprehensively analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP)–MS and ICP–optical emission spectrometry. We found significant differences in the rubidium, cesium, and lithium levels of Japanese and Australian Wagyu beef. On comparing metabolites using gas chromatography–MS, we identified significant differences in the levels of amino acids and other components of the Japanese and Australian Wagyu beef. These results suggest the possibility of determining the origin of Wagyu cattle breeds using MS and genetic discrimination.

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McNamara, Deborah, and James E. Coughlan. "Recent trends in Japanese migration to Australia and the characteristics of recent Japanese immigrants settling in Australia." Japanese Studies 12, no. 1 (May 1992): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399208521928.

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Vucic, Steve, Mana Higashihara, Gen Sobue, Naoki Atsuta, Yuriko Doi, Satoshi Kuwabara, Seung Hyun Kim, et al. "ALS is a multistep process in South Korean, Japanese, and Australian patients." Neurology 94, no. 15 (February 18, 2020): e1657-e1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009015.

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ObjectiveTo establish whether amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multistep process in South Korean and Japanese populations when compared to Australian cohorts.MethodsWe generated incident data by age and sex for Japanese (collected between April 2009 and March 2010) and South Korean patients with ALS (collected between January 2011 and December 2015). Mortality rates were provided for Australian patients with ALS (collected between 2007 and 2016). We regressed the log of age-specific incidence against the log of age with least squares regression for each ALS population.ResultsWe identified 11,834 cases of ALS from the 3 populations, including 6,524 Australian, 2,264 Japanese, and 3,049 South Korean ALS cases. We established a linear relation between the log incidence and log age in the 3 populations: Australia r2 = 0.99, Japan r2 = 0.99, South Korea r2 = 0.99. The estimate slopes were similar across the 3 populations, being 5.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8–5.5) in Japanese, 5.4 (95% CI, 5.2–5.7) in Australian, and 4.4 (95% CI, 4.2–4.8) in South Korean patients.ConclusionsThe linear relationship between log age and log incidence is consistent with a multistage model of disease, with slope estimated suggesting that 6 steps were required in Japanese and Australian patients with ALS while 5 steps were needed in South Korean patients. Identification of these steps could identify novel therapeutic strategies.

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Affeldt, Stefanie, and Wulf D. Hund. "Conflicts in racism: Broome and White Australia." Race & Class 61, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396819871412.

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This study examines the character of racism as a social relation. As such, racism is continuously produced and modified, not only culturally and ideologically but also in social interaction. Understanding racism and its repercussions demands close investigation of all the processes involved. An instructive example is an incident that unfolded in the early 1910s in Broome, Western Australia. The exemption from immigration restriction of a Japanese doctor raised tempers at a time when the nationwide aspiration for a racially homogeneous society determined political and social attitudes, and ‘whiteness’ was a crucial element of Australianness. The possibility of admitting a Japanese professional to a town that was already suspected of race chaos fuelled debates about the question of ‘coloured labour’ and the ‘yellow peril’, while challenging the unambiguousness of class and race boundaries. The influence and wealth of some Japanese, the indispensable position of their compatriots in the pearling industry, and the skills and reputation of their doctor, supplemented with the distinct racial pride of the whole Japanese community, proved to massively impede and disrupt the unrestricted implementation of white supremacy.

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Oishi, Nana. "Voluntary Underclass?: Globalism, Temporality, and the Life Choices of Japanese Working Holiday Makers in Australia." Youth and Globalization 4, no. 1 (July 18, 2022): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25895745-bja10022.

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Abstract The working holiday (wh) program is a cultural exchange program that offers youth ‘global experiences’ including short-term employment, travel, and/or study. Australia is the most popular destination for Japanese working holiday makers (whm s): over 10,000 Japanese whm s were in Australia before the pandemic hit the country in March 2020. Despite the fact that most had held secure white-collar jobs in Japan, they moved to Australia and voluntarily took precarious jobs in agriculture, hospitality, and childcare. What made them decide to accept such significant downward mobility and acquiesce to unfavorable conditions such as underpayment, non-payment, and sometimes even harassment? How did the covid-19 pandemic affect their lives in Australia? Based on data from surveys and qualitative interviews, this article analyses the relationship between globalism and a willingness for Japanese youth migrants to join the ‘underclass’ in Australia.

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Fukui, Masako, and Mayu Kanamori. "The Creation of Nikkei Australia: Rediscovering the Japanese Diaspora in Australia." Journal of Australian Studies 41, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2017.1344997.

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Dedoussis, Vagelis. "Japanese-firms in Australia: How ‘Japanese’ can their management style be?" Japanese Studies 13, no. 1 (May 1993): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399308521873.

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Beeson, Mark. "Bilateral Economic Relations in a Global Political Economy: Australia and Japan." Competition & Change 2, no. 2 (June 1997): 137–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949700200201.

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This paper argues that despite the internationalisation of economic activity, and a concomitant diminution of economic policy-making autonomy, national policy settings continue to display a surprising degree of divergence and remain important determinants of economic outcomes. Similarly, there are distinctively different and enduring patterns of corporate organisation across nations which confer specific competitive advantages. Important theoretical and practical questions are raised, therefore, about the potential efficacy of national economic policies and their capacity to accommodate such divergent practices. This paper examines the bilateral relationship between Australia and Japan, and assesses the effectiveness of Australia's predominantly neoliberal economic policy framework in the light of such national and organisational variation. It will be suggested that Australian policy-makers' faith in market mechanisms caused them to underestimate the significance of Japanese commercial practices and regional production strategies, rendering attempts to transform the relationship largely unsuccessful.

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Tremblin, Clément M., Maria Holzmann, Justin H. Parker, Aleksey Sadekov, and David W. Haig. "Invasive Japanese foraminifera in a south-west Australian estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 73, no. 3 (November 24, 2021): 328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf21254.

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An invasive foraminiferan is recorded for the first time in an Australian estuary. Trochammina hadai, originally described as endemic from Japan and subsequently found to be alien in coastal waters of California and Brazil, has been identified in estuarine sediment in the vicinity of Bunbury Port in Western Australia. Species determination is based on morphological, molecular and ecological similarities to the Japanese type. The species has not been recorded in other estuaries in Australia. Bunbury Port is a major exporter of woodchip to Japan and the introduction of T. hadai may have come from ballast water out of shallow-draught woodchip vessels. Small sediment samples of estuarine mud obtained at water depths of ~5 m contain abundant T. hadai (on average ~0.4 mm in adult diameter) that are easily recognised in microscopic view of the sediment surface by their bright reddish-brown colour. The collection of sediment samples from the estuarine floor and ballast water, and the examination of these for foraminifers, may provide a useful indicator in estuaries for the possible presence of other exotic species, particularly in the vicinity of ports.

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VAN DER ENG, PIERRE. "Turning Adversity into Opportunity: Philips in Australia, 1945-1980." Enterprise & Society 19, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2017.12.

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Philips Australia, the Australian subsidiary of Dutch MNE Philips Electronics, experienced difficulties during 1942–1943, when it came close to being nationalized as enemy property. In response, the company set out to improve its reputation in the local radio parts and electronics industry and in Australian markets. Its strategy of embedding itself in Australian society served the purpose of improving company performance and influencing the government policies that guided the rapid development of Australia’s postwar electronics industry. With this strategy, Philips Australia minimized the risks and maximized the commercial opportunities it faced. The firm localized senior management, maximized local procurement and local manufacturing, took a leading role in industry associations, engaged politically influential board members, and used marketing tools to build a strong brand and a positive public profile in Australia. However, the company became aware of the limitations of this strategy in 1973, when a new Labor government reduced trade protection. Increasing competition from Japanese electronics firms forced Philips Australia to restructure and downsize its production operations. Despite increasing reliance on imports from the parent company’s regional supply centers and efforts to specialize production on high-value added products, the firm saw its profitability and market share in Australia decrease.

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Waller, Claire, Marianne Tiemensma, Bart J. Currie, David T. Williams, Robert W. Baird, and Vicki L. Krause. "Japanese Encephalitis in Australia — A Sentinel Case." New England Journal of Medicine 387, no. 7 (August 18, 2022): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2207004.

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Hanna, Jeffrey N., Scott A. Ritchie, Susan L. Hills, Andrew F. Hurk, Debra A. Phillips, Alyssa T. Pyke, Jonathan M. Lee, Cheryl A. Johansen, and John S. Mackenzie. "Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998." Medical Journal of Australia 170, no. 11 (June 1999): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127878.x.

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Dungey, Mardi, and Renée Fry. "International Shocks on Australia – The Japanese Effect." Australian Economic Papers 42, no. 2 (June 2003): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.00193.

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Tada, Masayo. "Japanese social values in representations of Australia." Japanese Studies 19, no. 1 (May 1999): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399908727667.

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Ragg, Mark. "Vaccine for Japanese B encephalitis in Australia." Lancet 344, no. 8915 (July 1994): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91297-1.

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45

Morris–Suzuki, Tessa. "Japanese studies association of Australia conference (2)." Asian Studies Association of Australia. Review 13, no. 1 (July 1989): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03147538908712590.

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Tada, Masayo. "Japanese newspaper representations of Australia 1970‐1996." Journal of Australian Studies 24, no. 66 (January 2000): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443050009387622.

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Halafoff, Anna, Kim Lam, Cristina Rocha, Enqi Weng, and Sue Smith. "Buddhism in the Far North of Australia pre-WWII: (In)visibility, Post-colonialism and Materiality." Journal of Global Buddhism 23, no. 2 (December 8, 2022): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/lu.jgb.2022.1995.

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Buddhism was first established in Australia through flows of migrants in the mid-nineteenth century, and is currently Australia’s fourth-largest religion. Yet Buddhists have received significantly less scholarly attention than Christians, Jews and Muslims in Australia. Previous research conducted on Buddhism in Australia has also largely centered on the southern states, and on white Buddhists. This article shares findings of archival research on Buddhism in the far north of Australia, focused on Chinese, Japanese, and Sri Lankan communities working in mining, pearling, and sugar cane industries, pre-WWII. It documents the histories of exclusion, resistance and belonging experienced by Australia’s Buddhists in the far north of Australia pre-WWII, during times of colonial oppression and Japanese internment. In so doing, this article challenges dominant narratives of a white Christian Australia, and also of white Buddhism in Australia, by rendering Asian communities in scholarship on religion in Australia more visible.

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Maitland, Elizabeth, Stephen Nicholas, Economics Research Centre, and William Purcell. "Making Investment Choices: Japanese MNEs Investing in Australia and the Region." Journal of International Business and Economy 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2004.1.1.

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Regions and countries compete for MNEs. Surprisingly, we know little about policy effectiveness and the relative importance of policy factors and non-policy factors in managerial location decisions. Drawing on internalisation-resource, trade and location theory, this paper develops a model of policy and non-policy location variables, testing the model against 137 Japanese managers??decisions to invest in Australia and the ASEAN5 (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines). Japanese managers treated Australia and ASEAN5 as different regions, but treated the ASEAN5 as the same region. A range of non-policy variables were ranked higher than policy variables as factors attracting Japanese MNEs to Australia or the ASEAN5, while policy variables were most important in shifting investment between ASEAN5 countries. In a study of incentive effectiveness, managers ranked the same incentive variables for Australia lower than for the ASEAN5. We also discovered that the transfer of parent competencies to subsidiaries in Australia was ranked significantly lower in importance than competencies transferred to ASEAN5 countries. Implications for policy-makers and economic development are drawn.

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Sikazwe, Chisha, Matthew J. Neave, Alice Michie, Patrick Mileto, Jianning Wang, Natalie Cooper, Avram Levy, et al. "Molecular detection and characterisation of the first Japanese encephalitis virus belonging to genotype IV acquired in Australia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): e0010754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010754.

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Background A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in a resident of the Tiwi Islands, in the Northern Territory of Australia in February 2021, preceding the large JE outbreak in south-eastern Australia in 2022. This study reports the detection, whole genome sequencing and analysis of the virus responsible (designated JEV/Australia/NT_Tiwi Islands/2021). Methods Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) testing was performed on post-mortem brain specimens using a range of JE virus (JEV)-specific assays. Virus isolation from brain specimens was attempted by inoculation of mosquito and mammalian cells or embryonated chicken eggs. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken using a combination of Illumina next generation sequencing methodologies, including a tiling amplicon approach. Phylogenetic and selection analyses were performed using alignments of the Tiwi Islands JEV genome and envelope (E) protein gene sequences and publicly available JEV sequences. Results Virus isolation was unsuccessful and JEV RNA was detected only by RT-qPCR assays capable of detecting all JEV genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Tiwi Islands strain is a divergent member of genotype IV (GIV) and is closely related to the 2022 Australian outbreak virus (99.8% nucleotide identity). The Australian strains share highest levels of nucleotide identity with Indonesian viruses from 2017 and 2019 (96.7–96.8%). The most recent common ancestor of this Australian-Indonesian clade was estimated to have emerged in 2007 (95% HPD range: 1998–2014). Positive selection was detected using two methods (MEME and FEL) at several sites in the E and non-structural protein genes, including a single site in the E protein (S194N) unique to the Australian GIV strains. Conclusion This case represents the first detection of GIV JEV acquired in Australia, and only the second confirmed fatal human infection with a GIV JEV strain. The close phylogenetic relationship between the Tiwi Islands strain and recent Indonesian viruses is indicative of the origin of this novel GIV lineage, which we estimate has circulated in the region for several years prior to the Tiwi Islands case.

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Tomasic, Roman, and Ping Xiong. "Mapping the Legal Landscape: Chinese State-Owned Companies in Australia." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 48, no. 2 (October 2, 2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v48i2.4737.

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Australia has always relied heavily upon foreign sources of investment and financing and has in the past tended to draw mainly upon British, American and Japanese investment. In recent decades, Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have played an increasingly important role in the Australian economy with a rising level of investment taking place. Chinese SOEs have been more heavily involved in investments into larger Australian investment projects, such as in mining and infrastructure. Australia has seen an increase in the number of Chinese state-owned companies acquiring substantial domestic assets; this may continue following the ratification of the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement in 2015. Although Chinese SOEs operating in foreign countries such as Australia are required to comply with local corporate governance laws and principles, they also retain their unique Chinese corporate governance values and culture which they have inherited through their parent companies and from China itself. In Australia, there has been an ongoing debate over Chinese investment, with the business community being particularly supportive of such investment. Driven largely by the business community, this debate has been relatively narrow and has not explored the likely impact of Chinese SOEs and their subsidiaries upon the shape of corporate governance in countries in which they invest. This article seeks to examine the legal contours of Chinese-controlled investment in Australia with a view to acquiring a more informed understanding of the impact of Chinese SOEs upon the Australian legal landscape.

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