Статті в журналах: "Italy-Spain"

1

Gunstone, Frank D. "Italy and Spain." Lipid Technology 21, no. 2 (February 2009): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lite.200900007.

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2

Payne, Stanley G. "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922–45." Mediterranean Historical Review 13, no. 1-2 (June 1998): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518969808569738.

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3

Gui, D. "Academic Recruitment in Spain and Italy." Science 297, no. 5582 (August 2, 2002): 770b—771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.297.5582.770b.

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4

Anan, Haidar Salim. "PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY OF SOME EGYPTIAN AND PAKISTANIAN BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES IN THE NORTHERN TETHYS." Earth Sciences Pakistan 5, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2021.10.15.

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Twenty-one benthic foraminiferal species were originally erected from the Southern Tethys, 13 species from Egypt, and 8 species from Pakistan. Some of these species were recorded from different localities in the Northern Tethys: France, Spain, Italy, North Atlantic, Slovenia and Gulf of Biscay. Textularia crookshanki, Trifarina esnaensis and Cibicidoides libycus in France and North Atlantic, Orthokarstenia nakkadyi and Cibicidoides pseudoacutus in France and Spain, Eponides lotus in Italy and Gulf of Biscay, Siphogaudryina africana in France and Italy, Asterigerina brencei in Spain and Slovenia. Another 9 Southern Tethyan foraminiferal species were recorded in France (Spiroplectinella esnaensis, Astacolus vomeriformis, Vaginulinopsis nammalensis, Reussella johnstoni, Angulogavelinella abudurbensis, Cibicidoides nammalensis, Planulina sinaensis, Asterigerina cuniformis, Elphidiella africana), 2 species in Spain (Verneuilina aegyptiaca, Coleites galeebi), and one species in Italy (Haplophragmoides desertorum), and Hungary (Bathysiphon saidi).

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5

Delgado, Julio, Davide Rossi, Francesco Forconi, Edith Schodl, Karissa M. Johnston, Jane Raine, and Amin Haiderali. "Characterising the Burden of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Fludarabine-Ineligible Patients in Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom (UK): A Retrospective Observational Study." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 2646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.2646.2646.

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Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the western world, accounting for approximately 30% of adult leukemias. The majority of CLL patients are elderly and have co-existing medical conditions. This limits therapeutic options and precludes many from receiving the recognized standard of care regimen, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR). A number of recent studies have evaluated alternative chemoimmunotherapies for these patients. The objective of this study was to describe patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and resource utilization for patients who are unfit for a standard fludarabine-based regimen as first-line treatment for CLL in Spain, Italy, and the UK. A retrospective chart review was undertaken at 18 sites in Spain, 16 in Italy, and 17 in the UK, to identify CLL patients who initiated treatment between January 2011 and December 2012, with a target sample size of 150 per country. Eligible patients were defined as those who initiated first-line CLL treatment that did not include fludarabine (UK and Spain) or standard-dose fludarabine (Italy) which ensured that elderly patients with comorbidities were included. The variability in definitions was due to increased use of reduced-dose fludarabine regimens in Italy for patients not otherwise suitable for a standard dose of fludarabine. Data on demographic and disease-related characteristics, treatment patterns, and health resource utilization were abstracted from diagnosis until December 2013. Among eligible patients (Spain, n=127, Italy, n=121, UK, n=94), the mean age at treatment initiation was 75.9, 73.8, and 76.8 years, respectively. In the UK, 89.4% had 2 or more comorbidities compared to 74.8% in Spain and 65.3% in Italy. In all countries, chlorambucil monotherapy was the single most common regimen, prescribed to 59.6% of patients in the UK, 38.6% in Spain, and 30.6% in Italy. Bendamustine plus rituximab was the next most common regimen in the UK (17.0%) and Italy (23.1%). In Spain, the second-most common regimen was chlorambucil plus rituximab (18.9%). In Italy, 9.9% of patients received the reduced-dose fludarabine regimen, FCR-Lite. In both Spain and the UK, 40% of patients were hospitalized during the follow-up period, compared to 27% in Italy. Emergency room use ranged from 2% in the UK to 40% in Spain. A large majority of patients in all countries utilized outpatient services and laboratory monitoring, with more frequent of visits in Spain and Italy relative to the UK. Hospitalization costs were the largest cost driver (3284 in Spain, 1312 in Italy, 10291 in the UK). Observed differences in hospital costs across countries were due to variation in: the proportion of individuals being hospitalized, with hospitalizations less common in Italy; length of hospital stay, with a minority of long and costly hospital stays in the UK; and hospital per diem costs. In Spain, outpatient visits comprised the second largest category of costs, while in Italy the second largest category was laboratory tests. In the UK, the second largest category was hospice care, although this was heavily influenced by a small number of individuals with very lengthy hospice stays. For the majority of UK patients, outpatient care was the second-highest category of costs. In conclusion, CLL patients who initiated first-line therapy during 2011 and 2012, with a regimen that did not include fludarabine (UK and Spain) or did not contain standard-dose fludarabine (Italy), were elderly, with 2 or more comorbidities. The most frequently administered treatment was chlorambucil monotherapy. Resource utilization patterns varied across countries; while some differences may have resulted from differences in patient and disease characteristics, they likely also reflect variation in management strategies between these countries. These results provide valuable baseline data to understand the potential impact of future treatments for this patient population. Abstract 2646. Table 1.SpainItalyUK% with utilizationMean annual cost per patient ()% with utilizationMean annual cost per patient ()% with utilizationMean annual cost per patient ()Hospitalization40.5328426.9131240.410291Hospice008.42055.36380Emergency room40.311515.01072.24Laboratory95.052899.052687.178Outpatient95.0116794.021968.8874Transfusions25.25117.04330.1226 Disclosures Delgado: Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; GSK: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria. Rossi:Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Raine:GSK: Employment. Haiderali:GSK: Employment.

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6

Finck, Jule M., Sabine Bohnet, Katharina Auth, Imke Tangemann-Münstedt, Daniel Drömann, and Klaas F. Franzen. "Smoking Behavior and Smoking Cessation Because of and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Brief Online Survey 12 Months into the Pandemic and during the Second Wave in Europe." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 16540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416540.

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Smoking is considered a major preventable cause of cardiovascular and lung diseases, as well as cancer. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was extensive discussion about the influence of nicotine use; ultimately, smoking was considered a major risk factor for poor disease progression. Therefore, in April 2021, we conducted an anonymous cross-sectional online survey on smoking and vaping behavior, as well as smoking cessation, in four different countries in Europe (the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, and Italy). A total of 3605 participants completed a questionnaire on their smoking and vaping behaviors and smoking cessation because of and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fear of COVID-19 infection, a high percentage of quarantine stays (44.9% Italy and 52.1% Spain), and high infection (75.5% Italy and 52.4% Spain) and death (42% Italy) rates in respondents’ personal circles were observed mostly in the surveyed populations of Italy and Spain. Smoking cessation attempts and success were mainly seen in the Italian population and were linked to psychological distress, while the same effects were shown for vaping in Spain. In summary, health anxiety was detected in all cohorts. Despite these findings, smoking as a risk factor for severe outcomes of COVID-19 infection did not lead to a higher rate of smoking cessation attempts.

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7

Bianco, Vincenzo, Annalisa Marchitto, Federico Scarpa, and Luca A. Tagliafico. "Forecasting Energy Consumption in the EU Residential Sector." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072259.

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The present paper aims to introduce a top down methodology for the forecasting of residential energy demand in four European countries, namely Germany, Italy, Spain, and Lithuania. The methodology employed to develop the estimation is based on econometric techniques. In particular, a logarithmic dynamic linear constant relationship of the consumption is proposed. Demand is estimated as a function of a set of explaining variables, namely heating degree days and gross domestic product per capita. The results confirm that the methodology can be applied to the case of Germany, Italy, and Spain, whereas it is not suitable for Lithuania. The analysis of elasticities of the demand with respect to the gross domestic product per capita shows a negative value for Germany, −0.629, and positive values for Italy, 0.837, and Spain, 0.249. The forecasting of consumption shows that Germany and Italy are more sensitive to weather conditions with respect to Spain and an increase in the demand of 8% and 9% is expected in case of cold climatic conditions.

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8

Blasco Ferrer, Eduardo. "Spain and Italy: New Languages in Turmoil." Romance Philology 73, no. 1 (April 2019): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.rph.1.117798.

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9

Lebano, Adele, and Lynn Jamieson. "Childbearing in Italy and Spain: Postponement Narratives." Population and Development Review 46, no. 1 (March 2020): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/padr.12313.

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10

Bjørndal, Trond, Daniel V. Gordon, and Kjell G. Salvanes. "Markets for salmon in Spain and Italy." Marine Policy 16, no. 5 (September 1992): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(92)90001-6.

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11

Rovira, Mercè, Juan Francisco Hermoso, and Agustí J. Romero. "Performance of Hazelnut Cultivars from Oregon, Italy, and Spain, in Northeastern Spain." HortTechnology 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03705-17.

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Eleven hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars, four Spanish (Clon La Masó, Negret N-9, Negret Primerenc, and Pauetet), four Italian (San Giovanni, Tonda Italiana, Tonda di Giffoni, and Tonda Romana), and three cultivars from Oregon State University’s (OSU) breeding program (Clark, Lewis, and Willamette), were evaluated in northeastern Spain over a period of 15 years (2001–14). The trial was planted at the Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA)-Mas de Bover Station (Constantí, Spain) in 2001, using own-rooted material, in single-trunk, 6 × 3.5-m spacing, and fitted with drip irrigation. Tree vigor, sucker production, early bearing, and total crop were recorded during the first 9 years. Nut traits were studied over 7 years and nutritional composition analyzed in 3 years. The best agronomic performance was observed in ‘San Giovanni’, ‘Pauetet’, ‘Clon La Masó’, and ‘Tonda Italiana’ that scored the highest total crop and canopy volume, but ‘San Giovanni’ and ‘Clon La Masó’ produced a high number of suckers. The best industrial value of the kernel was given by ‘Tonda di Giffoni’, ‘Negret N-9’, ‘Willamette’, and ‘Clark’ with high roasting aptitude and high fat content, although ‘Negret N-9’ was a little poor in monounsaturated fatty acids. The three cultivars from the Oregon breeding program had good agronomic behavior and industrial potential, but were not an improvement on the traditional Mediterranean cultivars.

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12

Spallanzani, Marco. "A Survey of Recent Italian Bibliography on Portuguese Expansion." Itinerario 10, no. 2 (July 1986): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007580.

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The expansion of Portugal has never aroused as much interest in Italy as has the expansion of Spain. It is enough to mention the role of such charismatic figures of Italian origins like Christopher Columbus and the intensity of commercial relations between Italy and Spain to understand why Spain has dominated the Italian'view of the expansion of Europe. Nevertheless, some Italian scholars have worked on aspects of Portuguese expansion, and it is the purpose of this essay to review what has been done over the last fifteen years.

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13

Jurkowski, Joseph Henry, and Dion D. Daly. "Financial Analysis Of Various Companies In The Pigs Group Of Countries." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 12 (December 31, 2015): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss12.489.

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This paper attempts to examine and offer insight in the investment opportunities in several industries of different sizes located in two of the PIGS countries (Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain) looking at their similarities/differences as well as anomalies in comparison to their US counterpart. These companies were chosen because of a number of factors including size, age, and relevance to the current world economy:• The Buckle Corporation (US) and Inditex (SPAIN)• Coach (US) and Prada (ITALY)• Ford (US) and Fiat (ITALY)• Verizon Wireless (US) and Telefonica S.A.(SPAIN)By examining pertinent financial ratios, namely Net profit margin, Current ratio, Quick ratio, return on Assets, return on Equity, return on Investment, P/E ratio, and Price to Book Value ratio, and using various statistical methods we have determined the optimum investment alternatives.

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14

Allam, Mohamed Farouk, Fady Andraous, and Ghada Essam El-Din Amin. "Vaccination Schedules and COVID-19 Risk." Open Microbiology Journal 14, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874434602014010278.

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A significant difference in the number of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) cases and mortality has been noted among different World Health Organization (WHO) regions and countries. We compared the vaccination schedules for 2 countries from WHO Europe Region (Italy and Spain) and 2 countries from WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (Iran and Egypt). Both Iran and Egypt included the Sabin vaccine as part of the obligatory vaccination programs; meanwhile, Italy and Spain used the Salk vaccine. Recently, Iran and Egypt added a single dose of the Salk vaccine to the 6-7 doses of Sabin vaccine because of the new evidence showing that the use of the Salk vaccine in conjunction with Sabin vaccine achieves better mucosal immunity. Italy and Spain used an acellular vaccine against pertussis. Meanwhile, Iran and Egypt used a whole-cell vaccine. Taking into consideration the lower number of deaths in Iran and Egypt compared to Italy and Spain, we could hypothesize that the whole-cell pertussis vaccine could have a cross-immunity against COVID-19. Further research is warranted to identify the main reasons for the lower number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in certain countries in order to control COVID-19.

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15

Darti, Isnani, Agus Suryanto, Hasan S. Panigoro, and Hadi Susanto. "Forecasting COVID-19 Epidemic in Spain and Italy Using A Generalized Richards Model with Quantified Uncertainty." Communication in Biomathematical Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/cbms.2020.3.2.1.

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The Richards model and its generalized version are deterministic models that are often implemented to fit and forecast the cumulative number of infective cases in an epidemic outbreak. In this paper we employ a generalized Richards model to predict the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in Spain and Italy, based on available epidemiological data. To quantify uncertainty in the parameter estimation, we use a parametric bootstrapping approach to construct a 95% confidence interval estimation for the parameter model. Here we assume that the time series data follow a Poisson distribution. It is found that the 95% confidence interval of each parameter becomes narrow with the increasing number of data. All in all, the model predicts daily new cases of COVID-19 reasonably well during calibration periods. However, the model fails to produce good forecasts when the amount of data used for parameter estimations is not sufficient. Based on our parameter estimates, it is found that the early stages of COVID-19 epidemic, both in Spain and in Italy, followed an almost exponentially growth. The epidemic peak in Spain and Italy is respectively on 2 April 2020 and 28 March 2020. The final sizes of cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in Spain and Italy are forecasted to be at 293220 and 237010, respectively.

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16

COOKE, LYNN PRINCE. "Gender Equity and Fertility in Italy and Spain." Journal of Social Policy 38, no. 1 (January 2009): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408002584.

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AbstractGender equity and its effects on fertility vary across socio-political contexts, particularly when comparing less with more developed economies. But do subtle differences in equity within more similar contexts matter as well? Here we compare Italy and Spain, two countries with low fertility levels and institutional reliance on kinship and family, but with employment equity among women during the 1990s slightly greater in Italy than Spain. The European Community Household Panel is used to explore the effect of this difference in gender equity on the likelihood of married couples having a second birth during this time period. Women's hours of employment reduce the birth likelihood in both countries, but non-maternal sources of care offset this effect to different degrees. In Spain, private childcare significantly increases birth likelihood, whereas in Italy, father's greater childcare share increases the likelihood, particularly among employed women. These results suggest that increases in women's employment equity increase not only the degree of equity within the home, but also the beneficial effects of equity on fertility. These equity effects help to offset the negative relationship historically found between female employment and fertility.

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17

Calavita, Kitty. "Law, immigration and exclusion in Italy and Spain." Papers. Revista de Sociologia 85 (October 1, 2007): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2013.

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18

Wiggers-Rust, Lidy F., Mary Ellen Sikabonyi, and Héctor Rodríguez Molnar. "Country Reports – Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 10, Issue 8/9 (August 1, 2001): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/389253.

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19

Deketelaere, Kurt. "Country Reports: Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 6, Issue 2 (February 1, 1997): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1997006.

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20

Saunders, Howard. "Notes on the Ornithology of Italy and Spain." Ibis 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1869.tb06893.x.

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21

Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo, Ali R. Chaudhary, and Ninna Nyberg Sørensen. "Migrants’ transnational political engagement in Spain and Italy." Migration Studies 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2017): 281–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx061.

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AbstractInternational migrants’ cross-border political activities challenge singular notions of national citizenship and political belonging. Yet most sociological studies of migrants’ transnational political engagement are based on single national groups in the USA, and limit themselves to examining how assimilation and contexts of reception determine migrants’ propensity to engage with homeland politics—thereby under theorizing the influence of origin countries. This study moves beyond this approach by recognizing the multi-directionality of migration, and testing the applicability of existing theoretical approaches across two different origins and receiving contexts. We compare a sample of Colombian and Dominican migrants in Spain and Italy, analyzing how contexts in countries of origin, as well as migrants’ social networks across borders, interact with assimilation and contexts of reception to determine migrants’ political transnational engagement. Findings reveal migrants’ transnational political engagement in Spain and Italy appears to be a highly selective process dominated by a small minority of well-educated males from high social status in origin. Findings also suggest immigrant incorporation and transnational political engagement form a dialectical relationship operating at different scales that is simultaneously complementary and contradictory. Contextual conditions in origin countries explain observed much of variation in Colombian and Dominican migrants’ transnational political engagement.

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22

Bardini, Carlo, Albert Carreras, and Pedro Lains. "The national accounts for Italy, Spain and Portugal." Scandinavian Economic History Review 43, no. 1 (January 1995): 115–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.1995.10415898.

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23

Flood, J. "Recent books. Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Latin America." Library 20, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/library/20.3.289.

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24

Saz, Ismael. "Fascism and empire: Fascist Italy against republican Spain." Mediterranean Historical Review 13, no. 1-2 (June 1998): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518969808569739.

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25

Tolley, C., and D. Palazzolo. "Managed Entry Agreements in UK, Italy And Spain." Value in Health 17, no. 7 (November 2014): A449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1204.

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26

Balseiro, A., A. Oleaga, R. Orusa, S. Robetto, L. Domenis, S. Zoppi, A. Dondo, M. Goria, C. Gortazar, and J. F. Garcia Marin. "Tuberculosis in roe deer from Spain and Italy." Veterinary Record 164, no. 15 (April 11, 2009): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.15.468.

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27

Moscato, G., and L. Perfetti. "House-dust mite allergens in Italy and Spain." Allergy 58, no. 1 (January 2003): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00202.x.

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28

Héraud, Jean-Alain, and Kerstin Cuhls. "Current Foresight Activities in France, Spain, and Italy." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 60, no. 1 (January 1999): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1625(98)00020-1.

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29

Boscán, Juan, and Garcilaso de la Vega. "Three Literary Manifestos of Early Modern Spain." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 126, no. 1 (January 2011): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2011.126.1.233.

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The emergence of Spain as a world power in the early sixteenth century compelled a radical change in its language and literature. reflecting the country's global expansion, Spanish culture moved beyond its medieval belatedness to compete with Renaissance Italian culture, whose superiority was based on the humanist rebirth of ancient values. The cultural rivalry between Spain and Italy is documented in the prefaces that follow, written by the Catalan poet Juan Boscán (1490?–1542) and the Toledan noble Garcilaso de la Vega (1499?–1536). Through these poets' efforts, Spain became the first European nation-state not only to appropriate Italian versification and prose style but also to displace Italy from the political and literary spheres of power (King 240–41). The political and cultural significance of Boscán's and Garcilaso's revisionary poetics makes their prefaces the first literary manifestos of early modern Spain.

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Guedea, Ferran, Montse Ventura, Cristina Marchetti, Alfredo Polo, José López Torrecilla, Pedro Bilbao, and Josep Maria Borràs. "Patterns of Care for Brachytherapy in Europe, in Spain and Italy: Comparative Results." Tumori Journal 93, no. 5 (September 2007): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160709300506.

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Aims and Background The aim of the study was to compare the facilities for brachytherapy in two similar countries, as are Italy and Spain. This survey reports the differences in the use of brachytherapy in these countries. Methods The data regarding brachytherapy was obtained in 2002 by means of a specially designed web site, because Internet allowed the access to the questionnaire in an easy and safe way. In the first edition of the survey, only the countries in which more than 50% of its centers had completed the questionnaire were included. Among these countries there were Italy and Spain. Results Data was available in 127 centers in Italy and 72 centers in Spain, where 35 and 39, respectively, provided brachytherapy. Although both countries had a similar number of radiotherapy patients and the average number of radiotherapy patients per center was similar in both countries (P = 0.29), there were several differences related to brachytherapy. For instance, the mean number of radiation oncologists regularly performing brachytherapy per center was higher in Spain (P = 0.001). There were also differences in the average number of patients per center in the following tumor sites: breast (P <0.001) and gynaecological (P <0.001). In fact, the average number of patients per center who were treated with brachytherapy in these tumor sites was higher in Spain than Italy. Conclusions Although the estimated workload of the radiation oncologists, physicists and radiation technologists was higher in Spain, no statistically significant differences were found in the average number of patients per center for the following tumor sites: bronchus, head and neck, intracoronary, esophagus, prostate, rectum and skin. Several differences in the use of the brachytherapy procedures applied were also found.

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31

Courbage, Christophe, Guillem Montoliu-Montes, and Joël Wagner. "The effect of long-term care public benefits and insurance on informal care from outside the household: empirical evidence from Italy and Spain." European Journal of Health Economics 21, no. 8 (July 11, 2020): 1131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01215-7.

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Abstract This article uses cross-sectional data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) database to test the effect of both long-term care (LTC) public benefits and insurance on the receipt of informal care provided by family members living outside the household in Italy and Spain. The choice of Italy and Spain comes from the fact that informal care is rather similar in these two countries while their respective public LTC financing systems are different. Our results support the hypothesis of LTC public support decreasing the receipt of informal care for Spain while reject it for Italy. They tend to confirm that the effect of public benefits on informal care depends on the typology of public coverage for LTC whereby access to proportional benefits negatively influences informal care receipt while access to cash benefits exerts a positive effect. Our results also suggest that private LTC insurance complements the public LTC financing system in place.

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Wang, Kai, Lin Ding, Yu Yan, Chengguqiu Dai, Minghan Qu, Dong Jiayi, and Xingjie Hao. "Modelling the initial epidemic trends of COVID-19 in Italy, Spain, Germany, and France." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0241743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241743.

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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has fast spread to over 200 countries and regions worldwide since its outbreak, while in March, Europe became the emerging epicentre. In this study, we aimed to model the epidemic trends and estimate the essential epidemic features of COVID-19 in Italy, Spain, Germany, and France at the initial stage. The numbers of daily confirmed cases and total confirmed cases were extracted from the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports of WHO. We applied an extended Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model to fit the epidemic trend and estimated corresponding epidemic features. The transmission rate estimates were 1.67 (95% credible interval (CrI), 1.64–1.71), 2.83 (2.72–2.85), 1.91 (1.84–1.98), and 1.89 (1.82–1.96) for Italy, Spain, Germany, and France, corresponding to the basic reproduction numbers (R0) 3.44 (3.35–3.54), 6.25 (5.97–6.55), 4.03 (3.84–4.23), and 4.00 (3.82–4.19), respectively. We found Spain had the lowest ascertainment rate of 0.22 (0.19–0.25), followed by France, Germany, and Italy of 0.45 (0.40–0.50), 0.46 (0.40–0.52), and 0.59 (0.55–0.64). The peaks of daily new confirmed cases would reach on April 16, April 5, April 21, and April 19 for Italy, Spain, Germany, and France if no action was taken by the authorities. Given the high transmissibility and high covertness of COVID-19, strict countermeasures, such as national lockdown and social distancing, were essential to be implemented to reduce the spread of the disease.

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33

Panousis, Konstantinos P., and Minoas Koukouritakis. "Twin Deficits: Evidence From Portugal, Italy, Spain and Greece." Intereconomics 55, no. 5 (September 2020): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-020-0924-y.

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Abstract Since the mid-2000s, internal and external imbalances have increased in many EU countries. This contributed to the debate over whether government budget deficits affect current account deficits, known as twin deficits hypothesis. It implies that public debt is actually a burden for future taxpayers and thus a dangerous way for budget financing. Therefore, the fiscal measures implemented by policymakers may also affect the current account. This article tests the twin deficits hypothesis for Portugal, Italy, Spain and Greece for the period 1999–2017. The empirical analysis presented in the article finds evidence that strongly supports this hypothesis only for Italy and Greece. For Portugal and Spain, however, the evidence is quite weak.

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Pizzimenti, Eugenio. "From admiration to competition: Italy as seen from Spain." Modern Italy 15, no. 3 (August 2010): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2010.490342.

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The article analyses how Spanish perceptions of Italian domestic politics and its international role have changed over the last decade. The first part of the article presents an overview of the most significant fields of cooperation between the two countries and of the images of Italy in Spanish politics. There follows the reconstruction of non-institutional perceptions through an analysis of articles concerning Italy published by two major Spanish newspapers. The article concludes that the traditional image of Italy as a positive model to imitate has faded away and a more competitive attitude has emerged.

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35

BINDA, VERONICA, and ELISABETTA MERLO. "Trends in the Fashion Business: Spain and Italy in Comparison, 1973–2013." Enterprise & Society 21, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 79–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.29.

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This article investigates the dynamics that characterized the top fashion industry companies in Italy and Spain in the last three decades of the twentieth century and the first thirteen years of the new millennium. The first section describes the sources and the methodology adopted. The second compares the features and transformations of the largest firms in the industry. The third focuses on these companies in 2013. The fourth discusses our findings, focusing on the impact that globalization and a possible “advantage of backwardness” had on the emergence of Italy and Spain as trendsetters.

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36

Grzega, Joachim. "linguistic impact of coronavirus on online service offers in Spain as well as France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5n1.82.

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Service offers from online platforms in Spain, Germany, Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK since the COVID-19-related lockdowns in March 2020 are analyzed and related to classical pragmatic nomenclatures. As a result, COVID-19-related lexemes are used particularly in Spain, hardly in the Netherlands, and to a medium degree in Germany, France, Italy, and the UK. Often, such phrases are expressive/phatic, occasionally with an appeal to pity, just to promote positive connotations, not adding anything to the nature of the service. COVID-related lexemes are used, albeit rarely, to say that there is something positive in the crisis. More frequently, these lexemes are employed, in Spain, Germany, and Italy, to explain the motivation for the service offer. In all countries, the lexemes are (semantically superfluously?) used to say that the service offered is free from danger (sometimes being pseudo-assertive). In Spain, covid-lexemes are very typically used to show that the service supplier is free from danger (even in headlines and first sentences), in various kinds of wordings, which mostly do not support the pretended message from a strictly medical point of view: beyond classical terminology, such cases could be termed jargon-related conventional pseudo-implications.

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37

Alessandri, Guido, Michele Vecchione, Gianvittorio Caprara, and Tera D. Letzring. "The Ego Resiliency Scale Revised." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 28, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000102.

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The present study examined the crosscultural generalizability of the latent structure of the ER89-R, a brief self-report scale that measures ego-resiliency with subjective self-ratings. First, we investigated the measurement invariance of the scale across three Western cultures, namely, Italy (n = 1,020), Spain (n = 452), and the United States (n = 808). Next, we examined the correlations of the ER89-R scale with several measures of adjustment and maladjustment. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence of partial configural, metric, and scalar invariance across Italy, Spain, and the United States. Overall, the correlation patterns were stable across countries and sex, with some exceptions. As expected, higher levels of ego-resiliency were strongly and consistently associated with the positive poles of the Big Five. Moreover, ego-resiliency showed a positive correlation with psychological well-being in each country, and negative relations with depression in Spain and Italy, but not in the United States. In light of these results, the potential usefulness and applicability of the ER89-R scale are advanced and discussed.

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38

Zedda, Luciana. "Lecanora leuckertiana sp. nov. (lichenized Ascomycetes, Lecanorales) from Italy, Greece, Morocco and Spain." Nova Hedwigia 71, no. 1-2 (September 3, 2000): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova/71/2000/107.

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39

Scanni, Francesco Maria, and Francesco Compolongo. "Hegemony, Crisis and Bonapartism in Italy, Spain and France." Theoria 67, no. 163 (June 1, 2020): 52–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2020.6716303.

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The 2008 crisis and economic transformations (globalisation and financialisation) fuelled significant political phenomena, such as a deep distrust of politics, electoral volatility and the decline of bipolarity and/or bipartisanship in the face of growing outsider party affirmation. In this context, the dialectical model of the Gramscian ‘social totality’ provides an analytical tool capable of analysing those ‘transition’ phases characterised by a fracturing ‘dominant historical bloc’, in itself a precursor to an organic crisis of traditional political parties’ separation of social classes.

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40

Medina, J. J., L. Domínguez Miranda, C. Soria, J. M. López-Aranda, G. Baruzzi, W. Faedi, G. Capriolo, A. Carullo, and M. Funaro. "NEW STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS TESTED IN SPAIN AND SOUTH ITALY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1049 (August 2014): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1049.69.

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41

Donnelly (book editor), John Patrick, Michael W. Maher (book editor), and Dylan Reid (review author). "Confraternities and Catholic Reform in Italy, France, and Spain." Confraternitas 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/confrat.v10i1.13150.

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42

Hunt, John M., Thomas James Dandelet, and John A. Marino. "Spain in Italy: Politics, Society, and Religion 1500-1700." Sixteenth Century Journal 39, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20479022.

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43

Jensen, Richard Bach. "Criminal Anthropology and Anarchist Terrorism in Spain and Italy." Mediterranean Historical Review 16, no. 2 (December 2001): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714004581.

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44

Storrs, Christopher. "Spain in Italy. Politics, Society and Religion 1500-1700." Journal of Early Modern History 11, no. 3 (2007): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006507781147461.

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45

Martín Artiles, Antonio, Oscar Molina Romo, and Alejandro Godino Pons. "Unemployment and adequate income policy in Spain and Italy." Anuario IET de Trabajo y Relaciones Laborales 3 (November 11, 2016): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/aiet.41.

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46

McIntosh, James. "PISA Country Rankings for Italy and Spain: Revised Results." European Education 51, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10564934.2018.1530060.

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47

KICKERT, WALTER. "INTRODUCTION: ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM IN GREECE, ITALY, PORTUGAL AND SPAIN." Public Administration 89, no. 3 (September 2011): 721–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01861.x.

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48

Addabbo, Tindara, Rosa María García-Fernández, Carmen María Llorca-Rodríguez, and Anna Maccagnan. "Labor force heterogeneity and wage polarization: Italy and Spain." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 5 (October 8, 2018): 979–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2017-0071.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the change in the Italian and Spanish wage polarization degree in a time of economic crisis, taking into account the factors affecting labor force heterogeneity. Gender differences in the evolution of social fractures are considered by carrying out the analysis separately for males and females. Design/methodology/approach The approach by Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández (2012) on polarization is applied to the microdata provided by the EU Living Conditions Surveys (2007, 2010 and 2012). According to Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández’s approach, polarization is generated by two tendencies that contribute to the generation of social tension: the homogeneity or cohesion within group and the heterogeneity between groups. The following labor force characteristics are considered: gender, level of education, type of contract, occupational status and job status. Findings The results for Italy reveal a higher increase of polarization for women than for men from the perspective of the type of contract. In Spain, the wage polarization of women also increases more intensively compared to men from the perspectives of level of education, job status and occupational status, while in Italy the reduction of the wage polarization index by level of education can be related, above all, to an increase in overqualification of women. Originality/value While the empirical literature on polarization has made considerable investigation into employment and job polarization, this paper explores the rather less explored matter of wage polarization. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to the impact on polarization of the Great Recession.

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49

Romo, Óscar Molina. "Political Exchange and Bargaining Reform in Italy and Spain." European Journal of Industrial Relations 11, no. 1 (March 2005): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680105050397.

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Pulignano, Valeria, Luis Ortíz Gervasi, and Fabio de Franceschi. "Union responses to precarious workers: Italy and Spain compared." European Journal of Industrial Relations 22, no. 1 (December 27, 2015): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680115621410.

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