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1
Et-Taoui, Boumediene. "Quaternionic equiangular lines." Advances in Geometry 20, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/advgeom-2019-0021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractLet 𝔽 = ℝ, ℂ or ℍ. A p-set of equi-isoclinic n-planes with parameter λ in 𝔽r is a set of pn-planes spanning 𝔽r each pair of which has the same non-zero angle arccos $\begin{array}{} \sqrt{\lambda} \end{array}$. It is known that via a complex matrix representation, a pair of isoclinic n-planes in ℍr with angle arccos $\begin{array}{} \sqrt{\lambda} \end{array}$ yields a pair of isoclinic 2n-planes in ℂ2r with angle arccos $\begin{array}{} \sqrt{\lambda} \end{array}$. In this article we characterize all the p-tuples of equi-isoclinic planes in ℂ2r which come via our complex representation from p-tuples of equiangular lines in ℍr. We then construct all the p-tuples of equi-isoclinic planes in ℂ4 and derive all the p-tuples of equiangular lines in ℍ2. Among other things it turns out that the quadruples of equiangular lines in ℍ2 are all regular, i.e. their symmetry groups are isomorphic to the symmetric group S4.
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Et-Taoui, B. "Equi-isoclinic planes of Euclidean spaces." Indagationes Mathematicae 17, no. 2 (June 2006): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-3577(06)80016-9.
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Blokhuis, Aart, Ulrich Brehm, and Boumediene Et-Taoui. "Complex conference matrices and equi-isoclinic planes in Euclidean spaces." Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie / Contributions to Algebra and Geometry 59, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13366-017-0374-2.
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Wong, Yung-Chow, and Kam-Ping Mok. "Normally related n-planes and isoclinic n-planes in R2n and strongly linearly independent matrices of order n." Linear Algebra and its Applications 139 (October 1990): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3795(90)90386-q.
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Et-Taoui, Boumediene. "Infinite family of equi-isoclinic planes in Euclidean odd dimensional spaces and of complex symmetric conference matrices of odd orders." Linear Algebra and its Applications 556 (November 2018): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2018.07.014.
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Yang, Jian Hui, Rong Ling Sun, Zheng Hao Yang, Xin Yang Lin, and Hai Cheng Niu. "Constitutive Relations of Concrete under Plane Stresses Based on Generalized Octahedral Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Continuous (or generalized) octahedral element bodies can be obtained by intercepting a cube with three groups of failure (or yield) planes successively under true triaxial stress state, on which the stresses are twin stresses. Among the resulting polyhedral characteristic element bodies, isoclinal octahedron and orthogonal octahedron are of particular importance. Strength models of continuous octahedrons are then derived by stress analysis to arbitrary inclined sections in three dimensional stress space, and strain models by the principle of strain analysis, so the plane constitutive relations of concrete can be understood by plane problems transformed by stress-strain space according to the symmetry of an orthogonal octahedral octahedron where an arbitrary oblique plane is parallel to one of three rectangular coordinate axes.
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Morley, C. K., S. Jitmahantakul, C. von Hagke, J. Warren, and F. Linares. "Development of an intra-carbonate detachment during thrusting: The variable influence of pressure solution on deformation style, Khao Khwang Fold and Thrust Belt, Thailand." Geosphere 17, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 602–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02267.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Classic detachment zones in fold and thrust belts are generally defined by a weak lithology (typically salt or shale), often accompanied by high over-pressures. This study describes an atypical detachment that occurs entirely within a relatively strong Permian carbonate lithology, deformed during the Triassic Indosinian orogeny in Thailand under late diagenetic-anchimetamorphic conditions. The key differences between stratigraphic members that led to development of a detachment zone are bedding spacing and clay content. The lower, older, unit is the Khao Yai Member (KYM), which is a dark-gray to black, well-bedded, clay-rich limestone. The upper unit, the Na Phra Lan Member (NPM), comprises more massive, medium- to light-gray, commonly recrystallized limestones and marble. The KYM displays much tighter to even isoclinal, shorter-wavelength folds than the NPM. Pressure solution played a dominant role throughout the structural development—first forming early diagenetic bedding; later tectonic pressure solution preferentially followed this bedding instead of forming axial planar cleavage. The detachment zone between the two members is transitional over tens of meters. Moving up-section, tight to isoclinal folds with steeply inclined axial surfaces are replaced by folds with low-angle axial planes, thrusts, and thrust wedging, bed-parallel shearing, and by pressure solution along bedding-parallel seams (that reduce fold amplitude). In outcrops 100–300 m long, reduction of line-length shortening on folds from >50% to <10% shortening upwards indicates that deformation in the NPM is being accommodated differently from the KYM, probably predominantly by shortening on longer wavelength and/or spacing folds and thrusts, given the low amount of strain observed within the NPM, which excludes widespread layer-parallel thickening.
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SRIVASTAVA, DEEPAK C. "Geometrical similarity in successively developed folds and sheath folds in the basement rocks of the northwestern Indian Shield." Geological Magazine 148, no. 1 (August 20, 2010): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000610.
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AbstractAn intensely deformed gneiss–migmatite terrane and a relatively undeformed granulite–granitoid terrane constitute the bulk of Precambrian basement in the northwestern Indian Shield. This article traces the structural evolution in the gneiss–migmatite terrane, where traditional methods of structural analysis are difficult to apply, and shows how successively developed folds can assume identical geometry and orientation at an advanced stage of progressive ductile shearing. The gneiss–migmatite terrane exemplifies a regional-scale ductile shear zone that preserves the history of polyphase folding and sheath folding. Geometrical similarity between individual/domain-scale sheath folds and mesoscopic/regional-scale folds implies that sheath folding is common at all scales in the gneiss–migmatite terrane. As the mylonite foliation that traces successive folds is curviplanar, the successively initiated hinge lines were curvilinear from their inception in the shear zone. At the advanced stage of ductile shearing, the hinge line curvatures were accentuated due to their rotation towards subvertically directed maximum stretching (X), and variably oriented fold axial planes were brought into approximate parallelism with the upright principal plane (XY) of the bulk strain ellipsoid. Eventually all the folds, irrespective of their relative order of development, became strongly non-cylindrical, extremely tight, isoclinal and approximately co-planar with respect to each other. It is due to the above geometrical modifications during ductile shearing that folds, irrespective of their order of development, now appear identical with respect to isoclinal geometry, axial plane orientation and hinge line curvilinearity. Evidence from the fold orientations, the deformed lineation patterns and the sheath fold geometry suggest that the shearing occurred in a general shear type of bulk strain, and NNW–SSE-directed subhorizontal compression resulted in subvertically directed stretching in the gneiss–migmatite terrane.
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Hicock, Stephen R., and Aleksis Dreimanis. "Deformation till in the Great Lakes region: implications for rapid flow along the south-central margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 1565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Structural and lithologic data indicate that, while deposited under actively moving ice, considerable portions of three muddy calcareous subglacial tills in the Great Lakes region probably experienced some component of ductile deformation. Viscous till flow and ductile shear are invoked to explain a combination of features such as recumbent isoclinal folds, unlithified sediment clasts, mixed ostracode shells, reversed stone lee ends, girdle and transverse fabrics, irregular stone pavements, fine striae following stone curves, and inconsistent stone striae and a-axes. Deforming, fine-textured subglacial till is considered as a subhorizontal shear zone, rheologically layered with associated structures (in descending order): ductile (e.g., isoclinal folds), brittle–ductile (e.g., fissility), and brittle (e.g., till wedges). Rheology would be controlled mainly by till pore water content, matrix texture, and stone content. Spatial and temporal superposition of rheologies and subglacial processes probably occurred while some fine tills were forming. Fine deformation till may be especially common around areas of the Great Lakes region where proglacial mud and weak bedrock were remoulded as ice travelled along major basins and troughs. In such areas, under a wet-based glacier, resulting till would have been too weak to sustain a large shear stress or inhibit rapid ice flow over it. Instead, in these places, the till was probably water saturated, accounting for most of the glacial flow, and protected the substrate from extensive deformation while effectively acting as a lubricant to overriding ice. Areas of fine deformation till probably represent areas of former low subglacial fluid conductivity and rapid glacial flow. In other areas, subglacial sheet flow of meltwater may have accelerated glacial flow. These two types of areas may have been connected at times under zones of ice streaming and (or) surging.
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Borradaile, G., P. Sarvas, R. Dutka, R. Stewart, and M. Stubley. "Transpression in slates along the margin of an Archean gneiss belt, northern Ontario—magnetic fabrics and petrofabrics." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Archean slates along the northern boundary of the Quetico subprovince of the Superior Province show marked variations of the structural facing direction within coplanar primary cleavage surfaces. These are interpreted as being due to sheath folds near the faulted east–west boundary of the slates with the metavolcanic Wabigoon Belt. Sheath folds with axial traces nearly parallel to the belt boundary are macroscopic, primary, and isoclinal and are believed to result from pervasive dextral transpression of the northern margin of the Quetico subprovince. Magnetic fabrics confirm the presence of a single penetrative flattening tectonic microfabric and considerable north–south shortening on the scale of hand specimens and outcrops. The magnetic fabric is due to the alignment of metamorphic sheet silicates, with a subordinate contribution due to the preferred dimensional orientation of detrital magnetite grains. In some low-strain environments at the hinges of sheath folds and at the sandy bases of graded beds relict sedimentary magnetic fabrics are preserved. However, a tectonic magnetic fabric is usual, with flat susceptibility ellipsoids parallel to axial planes and with variably oriented maximum susceptibility directions. To the south, farther into the interior of the Quetico subprovince, the primary folds become more homoaxial and the metamorphic grade rises rather steeply, and still farther south, small-scale polyphase deformation becomes evident especially where the rocks are remobilized.
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ΑΥΓΕΡΙΝΑΣ, Α., Α. ΚΙΛΙΑΣ, Α. ΚΟΡΩΝΑΙΟΣ, Δ. ΜΟΥΝΤΡΑΚΗΣ, W. FRISCH, I. DUNKL, and Τ. MOST. "Cretaceous structural evolution of the Pelagonian crystalline in western Voras Mt (Macedonia, Northern Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16952.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The kinematic of the Cretaceous deformation and the relationship between deformation and metamorphism of the Pelagonian crystalline was studied in Voras Mt (northern Greece). The Pelagonian crystalline in this area has been subdivided into a lower, core part, consisting mainly of gneissic rocks and schists and an upper, cover part, consistine of schists and quartzites with marble intercalations. Intensely deformed granitic rocks of Upper Paleozoic age intrude the Pelagonian crystalline basement. An S j foliation is the oldest fabric recognized in the Pelagonian crystalline. Sj is mainly defined by syn-Sjgarnet(Gr1), biotite(Btj), white mica (Wnij), chloritoid, kyanite and plagioclase in the metapelitic rocks and green amphibole, epidote, plagioclase, and biotiteiBtj) in the amphibolite. Garnet grows also in some cases post-kinematically. Ilmenite and tourmaline are often found in the pelitic rocks as well. S is overprinted by an S2 foliation that developed as a crenulation cleavage. In most places, however, S2 has destroyed all earlier fabrics and a single S2 fabric is present related to, isoclinal or sheath folds intrafolial in places. S2 in the metapelitic rocks is characterized by the syn-S2 development of chlorite, white mica(Wm2) and plagioclase. In the amphibolite S2 is mainly defined by the syn-kinematic development of actinolite, plagioclase, biotite(Bt2), white mica(Wm2) and chlorite. During D2 garnet(Gr1) and biotiteiBtj) are partially replaced by chlorite, while green amphibole is replaced by actinolite and chlorite. Chloritoid remains generally stable along the S2-planes but in some places transforms to chlorite and sericite. Furthermore, D2 was locally followed by a static post-kinematic annealing indicated by polygonal quartz microfabrics with equilibrated grain boundaries and triple points. The overall orientation of S2 is dome shaped with a gentle SW-ward and NE-ward dip in the southwestern and northeastern flanks of the dome respectively. Syn-S2 minerals defined a very well exposed NW-SE trending stretching lineation. Kinematic indicators show a main top to the SE sense of movement. An S3 crenulation cleavage associated with asymmetric NW-SE trending folds is also present in most parts of the core and cover rocks, possibly, related to a constrictional type of deformation. A well developed, S4 shear band cleavage is mainly present in the upper parts of the metamorphic dome and formed under cooler conditions. S4 shear bands are associated with a NW-SE developed stretching lineation defined by elongated and dynamically recrystallized quartz grains and a preferred orientation of white mica and chlorite. Along the S4 shear bands a transformation of garnet, biotite, chloritoid and amphibole into chlorite is always observed. S4 shear bands indicate a main top to the SE sense of movement. The P-T metamorphic conditions were derived from textural equilibria and mineral assemblages, as well as from the spatial distribution of the metamorphic minerals. Syn-Dj metamorphism reached the conditions of the boundaries between greenschist and amphibolite facies. Syn-D2 retrogression took place under greenschist facie conditions. K/Ar radiometric datings on coarse-grained syn-St and younger fine-grained syn-S2 micas define an Early Cretaceous cooling age ('135Ma) for the older event and a Mid- to Late Cretaceous age ('90-80Ma) for the second event. A white mica age of ca. 65Ma correlates with S4 shear band clevage. Furthermore, the intrusion age of a granitic body into the Pelagonian crystalline is dated using the Pb/Pb single zircon evaporation method. The estimated intrusion age of 300±3Ma suggests that the Pelagonian crystalline was affected by a pre-kinematic magmatic activity relative to its Cretaceous deformation.
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Beura, D., S. K. Nanda, A. Parida, and L. Pattanayak. "Deformation Episodes in Iron Formation of Eastern Province of North Odisha Iron Ore Craton, Eastern India." Journal of Geosciences Research 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56153/g19088-022-0090-18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Banded Iron Formation (BIF), a bi-component rock of the Precambrian period is exposed along with iron ore in distinct geographical entities encircling the North Odisha Iron Ore Craton (NOIOC) in Odisha – Jharkhand states, eastern India. Iron formation of the eastern province is confined to Badampahar-Gorumahisani-Sulaipat belt. The litho assemblages belonging to this Iron Ore Group comprise of banded cherty quartzite, banded magnetite quartzite, banded magnetite grunerite quartzite, tremolite-actinolite schist and fuchsite quartzite. Deformations in phases affected the BIF members and associated rocks of the area resulting in successive fold structures. The first generation folds (F1) are characteristically tight and isoclinal having NE plunging axes. The second phase fold (F2) structures in the area with reference to first fold are co-axial, upright and tight to open in nature profusely overprinting the F1 folds are parallel to the general trend (NE-SW) of the belt. Axial plane of the third phase folds (F3) are gentle and broad warps having NW-SE trending axial planes and are found to be the last traceable ones in the area. trending in NW-SE direction are found to be the last traceable ones in the area having gentle and broad warps. The co-axial F1 and F2 folds along the general trend (NE-SW) of the belt are superposed by NW-SE trending F3 fold, which exhibits a geometric configuration as F1 // F2 F3. Such type of multiphase deformed terrain has produced many interference fold patterns in minor scale out of superposition i.e. dome and basin structures, hook shaped patterns, eyed fold and S, Z, and M shaped folds. The paper discusses the episodes of structural events and their signatures in the interference fold patterns in the eastern province of the NOIOC. Keywords: Banded Iron Formation, Badampahar-Gorumahisani-Sulaipat Belt, Deformation Episodes, NOIOC
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Salve, Vinay V., and Durga P. Mohanty. "Structural Analysis and Petrography of High-Grade Gneisses and Associated Mafic / Ultramafic Dikes Around Salem, Southern India." Journal of Geosciences Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56153/g19088-023-0165-45.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) of India preserves extensive high-grade granulite facies rocks of Archaean and Proterozoic age. The SGT is divided into number of blocks by several suture/shear zone. Structural investigations on the basement gneisses and younger mafic/ultramafic dikes have been carried out within the Salem block which is part of Northern Granulite Block (NGB), north of the Cauvery Suture Zone (CSZ). The present work emphasizes various scale fold styles and other structural patterns of the area, which includes regionally metamorphosed high-grade rocks as basement for the multiple ultramafic intrusions to the north of Cauvery Suture Zone (CSZ) which highlights the finite strain geometry, complex deformation pattern and high-grade metamorphism. Structural map of the study area is prepared showing two generations of folding, namely F1 whose axial trend is NE-SW, subparallel with general trend of gneissic foliation and are tight isoclinal folds while F2 which are open folds with axial trend NW-SE.E-W structural cross section across the foliation planes, characterizes antiformal and synformal fold patterns of the basement due to varying dip directions which also reflects type-3 interference pattern of folding. Mesoscopic scale shear zones of dextral kinematics in response to E-W collision during Paleo-Meso Archean time, delta type porphyroclasts, S-C fabrics with the dextral movement of CSZ system, Riedel shear, thrust imbricates implying duplex structures, rotation of mafic boudins along shear zones are the most prominent ductile structural features of this area. Brittle structures like different sets of cross cutting joints and faults indicate younger deformation as well. Petrography of major lithologies has classified them into amphibolite gneiss, migmatite gneiss, charnockites, granulites and mylonites as basement rocks to the younger pyroxenite intrusions. Typical textures like, perthite, granulose, reaction rims, sieve textures and microstructures like S-C fabrics, kink bands, rotated porphyroclasts, etc are observed within the basement rocks. Coarse grained textures with fractured porphyroclasts of garnets indicating the water interactions and retrogradations within the granulite facies rocks. Reaction rims observed in charnockites and granulites are indicative of retrogression during shearing. The coarse grained cummulate nature of pyroxenites neither represent deformation nor metamorphism. Keywords: Southern Granulite Terrane, Salem, Structural Analysis, Mafic/Ultramafics, Dikes, Petrography
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Hnylko, O. M., A. V. Murovska, and M. I. Bohdanova. "STRUCTURAL POSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE LOWER CRETACEOUS BLACK SHALE DEPOSITS WITHIN THE SILESIAN NAPPE OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS." Geological Journal, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2024.1.287312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the results of studying the structural position and distribution of potentially oil-generating, organic-enriched Lower Cretaceous black shale deposits of the Shypot Formation, developed within the Silesian Nappe, using the methods of geological mapping and structural analysis. We concluded, that these deposits, which are exposed in the Vicha River basin near the town of Volovets among a continuous field of Oligocene flysch, are the part of the stratigraphic succession of the Silesian Nappe, and they are not a large olistolith or an allochthonous tectonic remnant of another, more internal nappe. Shypot Formation fills a large (1 × 3 km) subvertical tectonic lens. The rocks of the Shypot Formation are represented here by medium-rhythmic flysch: sandstone beds alternating with dark gray and black foliated mudstone (black shale) layers. They are lithified products of both medium-density turbidite flows and hemipelagic deposition of clayey material with a significant amount of organic matter. In the contact zone of the tectonic lens with the surrounding rocks, the deposits are intensively deformed, almost isoclinal folds with subvetrical hinges are observed, which suggest the strike-slip movements. A tectonic mélange is recorded here, which is represented by small blocks (clastolites) of brittle sandstones, sometimes similar to Shypot sandstones, placed in a silt-pelitic ductile matrix. Foliation of the mélange matrix is also subvertical and close to the meridional and/or subcarpathian direction. The structural studies carried out show that in the zone of this contact there were compressive stresses perpendicular to the Carpathian orogen, and stress fields that caused strike-slip movements, most likely right-lateral along the Carpathian thrusts. The tectonic lens is located within the broad Latorytsa-Stryi shear zone, and probably extruded out from deep horizons by transpressive movements (compression and strike-slip) and forms a “positive flower structure”. The vertical foliation in the mélange suggests that small blocks of Shypot sandstones were extruded up together with the ductile mélange matrix during diapirism. Similar processes probably led to the rise of a large lens of Shypot sandstones as the positive flower structure. The studies suggests that the black shale deposits of the Shypot Formation, enriched with organic matter, are widespread at some depth within the Silesian Nappe, and in some places are pushed up to the level of the Oligocene flysch. As a result, the Shypot Formation and Oligocene flysch are now in direct contact along faults/mélange zones. The presence of Lower Cretaceous potentially oil- and gas-generating black shale deposits within the Silesian Nappe significantly increases the prospects for oil and gas exploration in this area.
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Cornell, D. H. "Lithostratigraphy of the Copperton Formation, Areachap Group." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The type area of the Copperton Formation is on the farms Vogelstruisbult 104, Somuspan 105 and Dooniespan 108 in Prieska District. Outcrop is poor and the type material is preserved in exploration borehole cores from the Prieska Copper Mines and the Annex Cu-Zn deposits. It is highly deformed and variably metamorphosed. Thus it is a lithodemic unit, but interpreted as a supracrustal sequence and described as a formation including lithologically distinct members. The Copperton Formation comprises a wide range of rock types including metabasic and intermediate gneisses with minor amounts of metapelitic and calc-silicate rocks. Metamorphic parageneses generally reflect amphibolite facies metamorphism, but granulite and retrograde greenschist facies zones also occur. The protoliths are interpreted as an arc-related volcano-sedimentary package and the Smouspan Member metadacite is dated at 1284 ± 9 Ma. Members are distinguished as follows: The Magazine Member is dominated by calc-silicate rocks which are dominant in outcrop but rarely found in borehole cores. The Smouspan Gneiss is a fairly homogeneous hornblende-biotite intermediate gneiss which is up to 400 meters thick in an isoclinal fold structure. It comprises the footwall to the Prieska Copper Mines Member, in which the massive sulphide orebody occurs, enclosed in an alteration assemblage comprising dark gedrite fels and strongly foliated, leucocratic quartz-perthite-sillimanite gneiss. The ore is interpreted as a volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit formed in a Mesoproterozoic island arc system. The Vogelstruisbult Member is the hanging wall unit, comprising mainly laminated amphibolites and metapelites, but also containing a variety of rock types including hornblende gneiss, biotite gneiss, chlorite schist, and calc-silicate gneiss. Away from the Prieska Mines orebody, a similar variety of rock types is found, and not subdivided but classified as Copperton Formation, a mappable unit. The same assemblage of rock types, including massive sulphide mineralization, was intersected in drill holes on the farms Kielder (portion of Doonies Pan 108), Eierdop Pan and Kantienpan to the north. The Copperton Formation is the southernmost unit of the Areachap Group which is exposed between Prieska Copper Mines and Areachap Mine north of Upington, where the Jannelsepan and Bethesda formations occur. The Copperton Formation is partly obscured in many places by Dwyka Group tillite cover which thickens southwards. A sequence of structural and metamorphic events affected the Copperton Formation and Areachap Group during the 1.2 to 1.0 Ga Namaqua-Natal orogeny. These involved collision of the Areachap Terrane with the Kaapvaal-Rehoboth Craton at about 1220 Ma, a thermal and deformational event coeval with the continental-scale Umkondo mantle event at about 1100 Ma, followed by uplift, erosion and the development of right-lateral shear zones of the Doornberg Lineament, with cooling below 300°C by 920 Ma. A Cambrian peneplain developed in the region which was first covered by Nama Group sandstones, then glaciated and covered by Permian Dwyka Group tillites which are presently being eroded to expose the Copperton Formation.
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Et-Taoui, Boumediene. "Equi-isoclinic planes in Euclidean even dimensional spaces." Advances in Geometry 7, no. 3 (January 20, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/advgeom.2007.023.
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Betka, Paul, Sharon Mosher, and Keith Klepeis. "Progressive Development of a Distributed Ductile Shear Zone beneath the Patagonian Retroarc Fold-Thrust Belt, Chile." Lithosphere 2022, no. 1 (May 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/2022/3820115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The southern Patagonian Andes record Late Cretaceous–Paleogene compressional inversion of the Rocas Verdes backarc basin (RVB) and development of the Patagonian fold-thrust belt (FTB). A ductile décollement formed in the middle crust and accommodated underthrusting, thickening, and tectonic burial of the continental margin (Cordillera Darwin Metamorphic Complex (CDMC)) beneath the RVB. We present new geologic mapping, quartz microstructure, and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) fabric analyses to document the kinematic evolution and deformation conditions of the décollement. Within the CDMC, the décollement is defined by a quartz/chlorite composite schistose foliation (S1-2) that is progressively refolded by two generations of noncylindrical, tight, and isoclinal folds (F3–F4). Strain intensifies near the top of the CDMC, forming a >5 km thick shear zone that is defined by a penetrative L-S tectonite (S2/L2) and progressive noncylindrical folding (F3). Younger kink folds and steeply inclined tight folds (F4) with both north- and south-dipping axial planes (S4) overprint D2 and D3 structures. Quartz textures from D2 fabrics show subgrain rotation and grain boundary migration recrystallization equivalent to regime 3, and quartz CPO patterns indicate mixed prism <a> and [c] slip systems with c-axis opening angles indicative of deformation temperatures between ~500° and >650°C. Approximately 40 km toward the foreland, the shear zone thins (~1 km thick) and is defined by the L-S tectonite (S2/L2) and tightening of recumbent isoclinal folds (F3). Quartz textures and CPO patterns indicate subgrain rotation recrystallization typical of regime 2 and dominantly basal <a> slip, and c-axis opening angles are consistent with deformation temperatures between ~375° and 575°C. Deformation occurred under greenschist and amphibolite facies conditions in the foreland and hinterland, respectively, indicating that the shear zone dipped shallowly toward the hinterland. The Magallanes décollement is an example of a regional ductile shear zone that accommodated distributed middle to lower crustal thickening below a retroarc FTB.