Дисертації з теми "Island of Elba"

Low-angle normal faults have been extensively documented in areas of regional extension, in both continental and oceanic lithosphere, but their existence as seismically active structures remains controversial. Low-angle normal faults do not conform to 'traditional’ frictional fault theory, and large earthquakes on low-angle normal faults appear to be rare. Their enigmatic nature suggests that they may hold important clues regarding the rheology of fault zones in general, controls on frictional behaviour, and the deformation histories of the mid- to upper-crust. In this study, I investigate the internal structure, mechanical properties, and fluid flow conditions along a large-displacement low-angle normal fault exposed on the Island of Elba, Italy. Using field relationships, microstructural analysis, stable isotope geochemistry, and rock deformation experiments, I document the most important characteristics of the fault zone, and test hypotheses concerning the mechanical behaviour and evolution of low-angle normal faults. The Zuccale low-angle normal fault crosscuts and displaces a lithologically heterogeneous sequence of wall rocks. Field relationships suggest that it was active in the upper crust during the emplacement of large plutonic complexes. On a regional-scale, the Zuccale fault appears to have a long-wavelength domal morphology, which may have resulted from the intrusion of an upper-crust igneous pluton in to the shallow footwall of the fault. Pluton intrusion strongly influenced the fluid flow regimes and fault rock evolution along the Zuccale fault. Geometric and kinematic relationships between the Zuccale fault and a network of minor footwall faults suggest that the Zuccale fault slipped at a low-angle throughout most of its history. The footwall faults were active broadly contemporaneously with movement along the Zuccale fault, and controlled the distribution and connectivity of different fault rock components. This imparted a distinct mechanical structure to the fault core, potentially influencing fault zone rheology. The central core of the Zuccale fault contains a sequence of fault rocks that deformed by a variety of deformation mechanisms, and formed during progressive exhumation of the fault zone. Triaxial deformation experiments indicate that the frictional strength of many of the fault rocks is too high to explain slip along the Zuccale fault. However, several potential mechanisms of fault zone weakening have been identified, including fluid-assisted dissolution-precipitation creep, grain-size sensitive creep in calcite mylonites, frictional sliding within phyllosilicate-rich areas of the fault core, high fluid pressures, and particulate flow accommodated by fine-grained clay minerals. Fluids associated with the Zuccale fault were derived from two main sources. During the relatively early stages of movement, and particularly during the intrusion of plutonic complexes, fluids were of meteoric-hydrothermal origin. During the late stages of exhumation, fluids were derived from a seawater source that infiltrated downwards through faulted and fractured wall rocks. Sub-horizontal tensile veins carrying both fluid signatures are found adjacent to and within the fault core, suggesting that supra-lithostatic fluid pressures were able to develop throughout the exhumation history. One of the consequences of high fluid pressures was the development of a suite of fluidized fault breccias, a newly recognized type of fault rock that may be indicative of the interseismic stage of the earthquake cycle.

Syftet med den här studien är att göra en fördjupad undersökning om lärares uppfattningar och förhållningssätt inom skolan beträffande mötet mellan begreppen skolplikt och religionsfrihet i relation till islam. I förhållande till detta vill vi undersöka exemplet slöjan, samt lärarnas uppfattning om vem som bär ansvaret för att skolplikt och religionsfrihet infrias i verksamheten. I studien använder vi oss av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. I undersökningen gör vi intervjuer med elva lärare, verksamma på fyra kommunala högstadieskolor i en och samma kommun. Studiens resultat visar att lärarna till största del uppfattar att skolplikt, religionsfrihet och islam går att förena utan stridigheter inom skolan. Lärarna tar upp praktiska situationer där en kollision kan uppstå, men de flesta anser att det är situationer som går att lösa. En förutsättning för ett fungerande möte vad gäller barnens religionsfrihet i skolan är enligt lärarna goda relationer mellan rektor, lärare, elev och föräldrar.

La thèse est consacrée aux relations entre le monde méditerranéen et la Corse (IXe-Ve s. av. J.-C.). Il s’agit d’affronter la vacuité notoire du dossier corse en termes d’échanges au cours de l’âge du Fer. Avec Aleria comme seul point lumineux, ce mutisme contrastait avec le cadre effervescent de la Méditerranée archaïque : réalité, ou état des recherches ? Dans la tradition franco-italienne, on opère une entrée au sein des sociétés protohistoriques corses par le biais du marqueur exogène, puis de mettre en évidence les connexions reliant l’île à son environnement méditerranéen. La recherche implique l’assimilation du background théorique autour de la notion d’ « échange », processus dynamique générateur d’identités, appréhendé dans ses implications économiques, culturelles, sociales et politiques. En Corse, il se traduit par l’évolution de la culture matérielle, l’intégration des biens exogènes dans les mécanismes de distinction sociale, et par une certaine subordination économique et politique à ces trafics. Au-delà, c’est l’insertion précoce de l’île au sein du réseau méditerranéen qui apparait. Les communautés septentrionales entretiennent un dialogue privilégié avec le monde étrusque. Un certain clivage existe toutefois entre les sociétés corses du nord et celles du sud dans la participation aux trafics. L’étude invalide la réputation d’une Corse isolée au sein du bouillonnement à l’œuvre en Méditerranée archaïque. Elle permet d’ouvrir une large palette de questionnements futurs concernant les modalités de cette participation, dans le but d’aborder plus sereinement la question de l’articulation existant entre phénomènes endogènes et dynamiques méditerranéennes
The thesis deals with exchanges between Western Mediterranean islands and Greek, Etruscan and Phoenician cities during the first Millenium BC. Corsica's island stands for the main target of the survey. There's no doubt that "exchanges" between human communities can cause deep changes on lifestyles and identities. Therethore, they are considered in relation with four aspects : culture, social identity, economics and political power. The survey permit to conclude to an intensive dialogue between Northern Corsica and Etruria. Certainly motivated by metal's trade, those relationships begin about the IXth century BC and concern in first Populonia's district, then Southern Etruria's poleis as Vulci and Caere. Southern Corsica doesn't really seem to participate to this trade, unless we stand there in presence of a different archaeological translation of the contacts. As a consequence of those relationships, some changes are visible in Northern Corsican material culture, social expression and settlements. It became also possible to perceive the native population in Aleria. Moreover, the thesis offers the opportunity to present Cozza Torta's excavation (in Porto-Vecchio), which is the only example of indigenous foundation with imported pottery from Massalia, Etruria and Athenes (VIth c. BC). At last, imported goods permitted a chronological discussion. To go further, it would be necessary to carry out more archaeological surveys in Northern Corsica, especially on protohistoric settlements. The Corsican material culture must be revisited too. In order to know better the Islander metals (copper and iron), we should find a way to practice analysis on some artefacts

Se plantea abrir una ventana a uno de los sitios arqueológicos subacuáticos más importantes del Mediterráneo, proponiendo hacer accesible los restos romanos sumergidos, a través de la musealización ¿in situ¿, transmitiendo sus imágenes y características mediante cámaras. La nave oneraria romana naufragada, procedente de la Península Ibérica, se remonta al primer período Imperial del siglo I, entre los años 30-50 d.c. y se encuentra bien conservada con toda su carga, formada por ánforas de gran tamaño del tipo ¿Beltrán Ib¿ producidas en Cádiz, unas ovales de 37 cm de ¿boca¿ y 190 cm de altura, y otras más grandes globulares de 52 cm de diámetro de boca y 3-4 m de altura, para transportar vino, aceite y otros productos alimenticios. En nuestro caso tenemos el naufragio sumergido a pocos centenares de metros de la costa, pero a una profundidad de 65 m. que sugiere la construcción de un museo ¿in situ¿, con el fin de evitar los gastos de recuperación, construcción de un nuevo museo para situar la nave y los restos, inmueble que no existe actualmente en Marciana Marina y en fin, pero no menos importantes y costosos, los gastos para la restauración y para la conservación.
Venturini, D. (2014). Valorización y gestión de los sitios arqueológicos sumergidos en el Archipiélago Toscano. (El caso del naufragio romano en la Localidad "Il Nasuto" de Marciana Marina en la Isla de Elba) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/43587
TESIS

Bakalauro darbe teorinėje dalyje „Islamo kanonų pėdsakais” analizuojami islamo kanonų principai, moters padėtis islamo religijoje ir ryšys su vakarų pasauliu. Pirmuose trijuose bakalauro darbo „Islamo kanonų pėdsakais“ skyriuose analizuojama moters padėtis islamiškame pasaulyje, jos dvasinis ir socialinis vaidmuo, pagrindiniai rengimosi ir galvos dengimo būdai, svarbiausi Korano kanonai, apibrėžiantys moters aprangą, bei ryšys ir skirtumai su Europos ir vakarų moterimisš Ketvirtame darbo skyriuje pateikiamos įvairių krypčių lietuvių ir užsienio menininkų kūrybinės interpretacijos islamo tematika. Išskiriami pagrindiniai bruožai, būdingi islamo dizainerių kūryboje. Projektuoti kolekciją taip pat buvo analizuojamos islamo kanonų interpretacijos šiuolaikinėje aprangos madoje, siekiant kuo daugiau pažinti pagrindinius užsienio ir Lietuvos dizainerių vaizduojamus islamo bruožus bei savybes. Penktame skyriuje pristatomos drabužių kolekcijos „Islamo kanonų pėdsakais“ meninio ir technologinio sprendimo paieškos bei vykdymo eiga. Drabužių kolekcija skirta paneigti susidariusiems stereotipams apie islamo moterį. Dauguma vakarų moterų vis dar laiko musulmones „juodais maišais apsirengusiomis teroristėmis po vyro padu“. Musulmonės nesiekia savo apranga ar nuogu kūnu sužavėti, atkreipti vyrų dėmesį ar sukelti netinkamas seksualines fantazijas. Islamo moteris suvokia aprangą, kaip dengianti kūną audinį, kuris ją apsaugo nuo nuogumo ir nepagarbos sau. Moters kūnas tai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In this bachalas work „ Trace of islamic canons“ are "analyzes the principles of islamic canonical position of women in islam, and the relationship with the western world. The first three bachelor's „ Trace of islamic canons“ chapters "section discusses the situation in the Islamic world a woman, her spiritual and social role of the main pre-and head-covering techniques, the most important quran canons defining women's clothing and the relationship and differences between the european and western women.The fourth chapter presents various strands Lithuanian and foreign artists' creative interpretations of Islamic themes. Identifies the key features characteristic of the islamic designers works. It is also designed for the collection of analyzed islamic canonical interpretations of contemporary fashion apparel, to the more basic knowledge of foreign and Lithuanian designers depicted the islamic features and characteristic.The fifth chapter presents the clothing collections of „ Trace of islamic canons“ artistic and technological solutions, and execution speed. Collection of clothing designed to deny arise from stereotypes about muslim women. Most western women still consider muslims "black bag wearing terrorist under her husband's thumb." Islamic women perceive clothes as covering the body tissue, which protects it from the nudity and disrespect yourself. A woman's body is a temple creates life and protecting home and hearth. She has a husband captivate your mind, behavior... [to full text]

Magistro darbo objektas – „islamo grėsmės“ įvaizdis televizijoje. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti islamo grėsmės įvaizdžio formavimą televizijoje. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai: Apibrėžti islamo sampratą ir jo „funkcijas“ islamiškose kultūrose, bei apžvelgti šiuolaikinį islamą; įvertinti, kaip yra kuriami įvaizdžiai televizijoje; išsiaiškinti ar yra ryšys tarp islamo ir terorizmo; bei išanalizuoti islamo, kaip grėsmės, įvaizdžio formavimą televizijoje. Išsamiau susipažinus su islamu ir musulmonų požiūriu į pasaulį bei trumpai apžvelgus terorizmo istoriją, Korano ir terorizmo sąryšį bei naujai atsiradusį terminą „islamo fobija“, o galiausiai atlikus detalią Amerikos kabelinio naujienų kanalo CNN reportažų analizę, prieita prie išvados, kad televizija ne tik kuria įvaizdžius, bet daro didelę įtaką žmonių supratimui apie vieną ar kitą objektą, šiuo atveju islamo, kaip grėsmės, įvaizdžio sukūrimą vakariečių ne musulmonų akyse. Po rugsėjo 11- osios musulmonai yra priversti aiškinti požiūrį į šią tragediją ir ar islamas yra šios tragedijos priežastis, islamo ir dvasinio džihado santykį. Daugelis islamo vertinimų, reakcijų į musulmonų doktriną ir musulmonų – krikščionių susidūrimų dažnai vis dar apibūdinami tos dienos įvykių šviesoje. Šiuo metu, praėjus šešiems metams po įvykusių teroristinių išpuolių Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, už kurią atsakomybę prisiėmė musulmoniškoji teroristinė organizacija Al-Qaeda, musulmonams skiriamas išskirtinis dėmesys jų didžiajai religijai islamui... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Today exclusive attention focuses on Muslims, their religion Islam, exclusive and distinctive lifestyle and the ever growing threat – terrorism. Now is obviously, a time in which Islam to Muslims is not only religion, it is law and morality, culture and mind rule of life. this is Muslims political ideology. The power of religion has always been strong in the Muslim world, but in these last decades, Islam as political ideology has become very strong and in some places has become radical. Strong processes of globalization, Israel’s rise and western culture expansion within the Muslim world, has been resisted by its people, this resistance is still growing and growing. In this place Islam is already not only the religion, but political ideology, which exists to represent and to protect Muslims, as strong players in world religions and region maps. We can’t forget that every fifth person in the world is Muslim: in fifty seven countries they are the majority. The main purpose of the paper was to detect „islam threat“ in television (CNN television), so the main attention is to detect how ”Islam threat” images are made in television. To detect why Islam is represented as a threat, when Muslims say, that Islam is a religion of peace. To detect these dimensions (aspects) the main object of the paper is to measure “Islam threat” in television. Paper tasks are: to characterize Islam and its functions in Islamic cultures and to present the modern Islam; To rate and to understand how... [to full text]

Magistro darbe "Sala šiuolaikinėje moterų prozoje" analizuojama salos tema pasirinktuose trijuose mterų romanuose - Birutės jonuškaitės "Didžioji sala", Sue Monk Kidd "Undinės krėslas", Victoria Hislop "Sala". Remiantis feministinės kritikos, hermeneutiniu ir lyginamuoju metodu buvo siektina atskleisti salos erdves - geografinę, dvasinę ir mitinę, bei jos funkcijas, prasmes moterų gyvenime. Klasikiniuose vyrų romanuose sala atsiskleidžia kaip veikėjų prieglobstis, kalėjimas, išbandymų vieta ar idealusis pasaulis.Darbo analizė atskleidžia gilesnį salos kontekstą - jos geografinė erdvė ir laikas susilieja su moters pasąmone, atveria moteriai vidinio pasaulio erdves. aiškinamasi, kokiu būdu moterų proza per įvairius mitinius simbolius analizuoja moters tapatybės, saviidentifikacijos problemą, kuri išsprendžiama tik salos kontekste.
In the Master’s degree work called „An Island in Women’s Contemporary Prose” it is analyzed the theme of an island. To analyze the following theme there were chosen three novels written by women―writers, i. e. Birutė Jonuškaitė „The Great Island”, Sue Monk Kidd „The Mermaid Chair” and Victoria Hislop „The Island”. The aim of the work is to reveal spiritual, mythological and geographical spaces of the island, as well as its funkctions and meanings in women’s life. The aim of revealing spaces was reached with the help of feminist criticism, as well as hermeneutic and comparative methods. In classical novels written by men―writers the island is show as the main character’s shelter, prison, challenge place or perfect world. Whereas, work analysis presents us another island’s concept in the novels written by women―writers. The island’s geographical space and time merge together with woman’s subconsciousness revealing spaces of inner world for the woman. In the work it is analyzed in which way women’s prose with the help of various mythological symbols analizes woman’s identity and self―identity problem which is solved only in the context of the island.

The thesis is divided into five sections. Section 1 introduces the main topic for the analysis. Section 2 consists of three sub-sections. In Sub-section 2.1, etymology definitions are provided and the purpose of etymology, as a branch of linguistics, is presented. Then, in Sub-section 2.2, the concept of religion is analyzed, by emphasizing etymology and providing definitions from different sources. Sub-section 2.3 deals with the analysis of the significance and place of religion in human life in the modern world. Then, in Sub-section 3.1 and 3.2 the major world religions – Christianity/Catholicism and Islam are examined separately, providing the definitions of religions, giving special attention to the etymology and the basic aspects in both religions. Sub-section 3.3, the main similarities and differences between Christianity and Islam are provided. Section 4 has three sub-sections, too. In Sub-section 4.1 and 4.2, the main Catholic and Islamic religious festivals are presented, giving emphasis on etymology, their basic aspects and customs. In Sub-section 4.3, the comparison of the main Catholic vs Islamic religious feasts is presented, giving special attention to their diffences and similarities. Finally, the conclusion, which is given in Section 5, briefly generalizes the major ideas presented and discussed in the analysis.
Darbas padalintas į penkis skyrius. Pirmajame skyriuje pristatoma darbo tema. Antrasis skyrius susideda iš trijų poskyrių. 2.1 poskyryje pateikiamos etimologijos definicijos ir jos, kaip lingvistikos srities, paskirtis. 2.2 poskyryje nagrinėjama religijos sąvoka, pateikiant skirtingų šaltinių definicijas, akcentuojant etimologiją bei analizuojama religijos vieta ir įtaka žmogaus gyvenimui šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje. Trečiojo skyriaus 3.1 ir 3.2 poskyriuose atskirai nagrinėjamos pagrindinės pasaulio religijos pasaulyje: krikščionybė(katalikybė) ir islamas, pateikiant religijų definicijas, etimologiją ir esminius religijų bruožus. 3.3 poskyryje pristatomi pagrindiniai religijų panašumai ir skirtumai. Ketvirtas skyrius taip pat susideda iš trijų poskyrių. 4.1 ir 4.2 poskyriuose atskirai pristatomos pagrindinės katalikų ir krikščionių religinės šventės: jų etimologija, pagrindiniai bruožai ir papročiai. 4.3 poskyryje lyginamos pagrindinės katalikų ir musulmonų religinės šventės, akcentuojami skirtumai ir panašumai. Penktajame skyriuje, darbo išvadose, trumpai apibendrinamos pagrindinės mintys, kurios buvo išdėstytos ir aptartos analitinėje dalyje.

Viešosios erdvės – visuomenės kultūrinės, dvasinės ir ekonominės būklės atspindys. Viešosios erdvės funkcija – burti skirtingų interesų piliečius, skatinti bendrauti ir kurti. Tačiau kokia viešųjų erdvių situacija šiandienos miestuose ir kaip juose reiškiasi kūrybiškumas? Magistro darbe nagrinėjama Kauno centrinė viešoji erdvė – Nemuno sala kaip potenciali visuomenės komunikacijos vieta. Darbe tyrinėjama pačios vietos kaip centrinės miesto viešosios erdvės potencialas ir jos svarba miestui bei visuomenei. Teorinėje magistro darbo dalyje, remiantis kūrybingos aplinkos teorija, viešoji erdvė pristatoma kaip miesto struktūros dalis. Nagrinėjamos viešųjų miesto erdvių planavimo problemos, kūrybiškas vietos planavimas, vietos įvaizdžio formavimo ir kūrimo procesai. Viešosios erdvės koncepcija traktuojama ieškojimų, eksperimentavimo, siurprizų ir nuotykių vieta. Antroje ir trečioje darbo dalyse Nemuno sala nagrinėjama kaip sociokultūrinių sąlygų suformuotas miesto centrinis parkas. Ji analizuojama Kauno miesto geografiniu ir urbanistinės strategijos aspektu, taip pat viešajame diskurse. Empirinėje darbo dalyje pateikiamas Nemuno salos viešosios erdvės potencialas kūrybinėms iniciatyvomis. Kiekybis ir kokybinis tyrimas remiasi psichogeografijos ir kūrybingo miesto perspektyvomis. Nagrinėjama geografinės aplinkos poveikis žmonių elgesiui ir emocijoms, tarpusavio komunikacijai. Nemuno sala, teorinėje dalyje dėl savo geografinės padėties ir fizinės būklės traktuojama deaktyvuota... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Public space is a reflection of society cultural, spiritual, and economic conditions. Public spaces are designed to bring together the different interests of the citizens, encouraging them to interact and engage them in creative work. But what is the situation today with the public spaces in cities and how they are developing creativity? The Island of Nemunas, which is the main public space of Kaunas, is a potential place for meetings and inter-communications between different social groups. Master thesis analize the public space as a potencial city center place for inspiration and relevance for the city. Master of theoretical work, based on the theory of creative environment, public space is presented as an urban structure, it also explains problems of public spaces of the city planning issues, creative urban planning, design and place branding tool. Here public space is seen as place of explorations, experimentation, surprises and adventure. In the second and third parts of the work Nemunas Island is analyzed as the city central park, which was shaped by socio-cultural conditions. Public space in the Kaunas city was analyzed as geographical area, as area in social discourse and urban strategy of Kaunas city. The empirical part of work talks about Island of Nemunas as a public space for the creative initiatives. The research is based on psycho geographic and creative urban perspectives. Geographic environment impact on human behavior and emotions, peer communication is... [to full text]

Šioje disertacijoje tyrinėjami keltų ir skandinavų kalbų ir kultūriniai kontaktai Vikingų laikotarpiu, atnešę esminių permainų abiems kultūroms. Vikingų epochos Meno salos runų įrašai savo forma, turiniu bei kalbos ypatybėmis skiriasi nuo skandinaviškų runų korpuso. Šios salos runų įrašams įtakos turėjo Ogamo įrašų tradicija, dėl kurios runų tradicija suklestėjo Meno saloje Vikingų laikotarpiu. Vienas iš unikaliausių bruožų yra taip vadinamieji dvikalbiai runakmeniai, kur greta runų įrašo yra Ogamo įrašas, išraižytas ant akmens tuo pat metu kaip ir runos. Svarbus Meno salos runų įrašų skiriamasis bruožas – jų kalbiniai ypatumai. Viena vertus, runose gausu keltiškų vardų, antra vertus, galima pastebėti, jog senosios skandinavų kalbos gramatika gerokai pakitusi. Ištyrus runų įrašus matyti, kaip skandinavų kalbos gramatika keičiasi dvikalbėje visuomenėje. Antroje disertacijos dalyje aptariami keltiški elementai vienintelėje išlikusioje norn kalba užrašytoje „Baladėje apie Hildiną“, kuri buvo sukurta nuolat besikeičiančioje kalbinėje, socialinėje ir kultūrinėje aplinkoje. Jūrinės Šetlando ir Orknio salų visuomenės generavo įvairius pasakojimus, kurių motyvai ir elementai atkeliaudavo iš įvairių kraštų. „Baladė apie Hildiną“ yra neabejotinai vakarų skandinavų kilmės, tačiau joje aptinkama keltiškų motyvų. Baladės teksto analizė rodo, jog pasakojimo lygmenyje ji yra nemažai pasiskolinusi iš keltų pasakojamosios tradicijos. Ypač ryški „karaliaus ir deivės tema“. Tačiau jei ir būta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
This dissertation deals with Viking Age Celtic and Scandinavian language and cultural contacts which resulted in profound changes in both societies. Viking Age rune-stones found in the Isle of Man contain some exceptional features and in many ways diverge from the rest of the Scandinavian runic corpus. Presence of the Ogam tradition in the Isle of Man might have been one of the factors why rune-stones were so well accepted and flourished in the isle during the Viking Age. One of the most unique features is the presence of bilingual runic-Ogam inscriptions which were carved at the same time as runic inscriptions and not earlier. Linguistic research of the Manx rune-inscriptions revealed the influence of Celtic upon Scandinavian language. First of all, rune-inscriptions contain a lot of Celtic personal names. Besides, there are many cases of inflectional confusion that is likely to arise in a bilingual society. The second part of the dissertation discusses Celtic elements in the only surviving ballad in Norn language Hildinavisen, which seems to have been created in continually changing linguistic, social and cultural conditions. The marine societies of Shetland and Orkney Islands generated various stories, where motifs and elements traveled from various directions. Hildinavisen is certainly of West Scandinavian origin, but it contains or rather is adorned with Celtic motifs. The analysis of the text of Hildinavisen seems to indicate that in the level of the story Hildinavisen... [to full text]

Šiame darbe analizuojama valstybės teroro samprata akademiniame, teisiniame ir politiniame lygmenyse. Tyrimo metu atsiskleidė, jog analizuojant valstybės terorą susiduriama su trimis problemomis: a) konceptualizacijos problema - valstybė gali teisėtai naudoti jėgą, siekdama įgyvendinti priimtus sprendimus, todėl sudėtinga nubrėžti ribą tarp legalių ir neteisėtų valstybės veiksmų. b) emocinė problema – tarptautinei bendruomenei sunku suprasti arba vengia suprasti valstybės teroro idėją, t.y. pripažinti, kad moralinį autoritetą tarptautinių santykių sistemoje įgijusios šalys gali būti susijusios su valstybės terorizmu; c) informacijos trūkumas - informacija apie vidinės represijas yra slapta arba sunaikinama, o išorinių asmenų vykdomi tyrimai traktuojami kaip kišimasis į šalies vidaus reikalus Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad valstybės teroras iki šiol nėra aiškiai apibrėžtas nei viename iš minėtų diskursų, konstruojamas konceptualus valstybės teroro apibrėžimas. Magistro darbe teigiama, jog dėl nepakankamo teisinio valstybės teroro konceptualizavimo trūksta mechanizmų neutralizuoti valstybės terorą, todėl kovos su terorizmu kontekste valstybės teroro legitimizacija tampa itin lanksti. Valstybės teroro teisinio apibrėžimo problema nėra išspręsta ne tik kad nacionaliniu, bet ir tarptautiniu lygmeniu: teisiškai neapibrėžta, kas yra valstybės teroras, kas turi su juo kovoti, kaip ir kokiomis priemonėmis kovoti ir t.t. Valstybės teroro atvejais kyla pagrindiniai klausimai: kodėl... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In the times of global war on terror there are no paid considerable attention for a state terror, even if this term is used more and more in political discourse defying a single states as being terroristic. Therefore the main research question is why in the era of global war on terror the international community are not fighting with a state terror, which undermines the same human lifes, rights and values as „terrorism“ does? In this study, titled “State Terror in the Context of Global War on Terror: Case Study of US relations with Egypt and Uzbekistan”, the author analyses the concept of state terror in academic, political and juridical level. The main goal of this study is to analyze, why in the context of global war on terror the states are divided into separate categories: some states become enemies, others avoid criticism, even if they can be treated as state terror systems.. In order to carry out the tasks set, the study has been divided into six chapters: In the first chapter there was determined a problem of state terror conceptualization. It was concluded that there are three main reasons: conceptualization, emotional and lack of information or data about state terror. The second chapter analyzed a juridical definition of state terror. The analysis of UN conventions and other counter terrorism law data proved that there is no legal definition of state terror and therefore any preventive instruments of fighting against it become neutralized. The study has thus... [to full text]

L’Isola d’Elba (Mar Tirreno Settentrionale) è collocata in posizione intermedia tra la Toscana (Appennino Settentrionale) e la Corsica (Corsica Alpina). Il complesso edificio tettonico dell’Isola d’Elba, è ben noto per gli evidenti rapporti tra la messa in posto di corpi magmatici acidi mio-pliocenici e le ultime fasi tettoniche. Tali plutoni granitoidi, oltre a provocare il termo metamorfismo nelle unità incassanti (oceaniche liguri e piemontesi e continentali toscane), hanno alterato con strutture sia a basso che ad alto angolo l’originale impilamento delle falde tettoniche avvenuto a partire dal Cretaceo Superiore fino al Neogene e provocato deformazioni sia in regime duttile che in quello fragile. In particolare plutone del Monte Capanne, che domina la parte occidentale dell’isola, mostra alla propria base gli effetti della propria risalita forzata in quello che rimane dell’originale copertura incassante. Il plutone ha le caratteristiche di un laccolite complesso, formato del diverse iniezioni di magma che hanno fatto rigonfiare il corpo intrusivo fino a far scollare e scaricare lateralmente le unità di copertura. Le unità dell’aureola sono costituite da successioni ofiolitiche (serpentiniti, gabbri e la copertura sedimentaria e vulcanica attribuita al periodo compreso tra il Giurassico superiore ed il Cretaceo inferiore) in gran parte ricristallizzate, all’interno delle quali si sono intrusi prima i dicchi e i laccoliti (come le Apliti di Capo Bianco, il Porfido di Portoferraio e il Porfido di San Martino) e di seguito il corpo magmatico del Monte Capanne. Le rocce di tale aureola mostrano, nelle diverse zone dell’anello, gradi metamorfici differenti che vanno dall’alto al basso grado, in funzione della distanza dal plutone e della circolazione di fluidi “magmatici”. Successivamente tali rocce sono state dislocate a causa di movimenti tettonici che hanno portato in contatto direttamente sul plutone rocce di basso grado. Inoltre i rapporti primari tra i corpi intrusivi e le coperture incassanti sono spesso evidenti, come anche i segni della tettonica polifasica sia duttile che fragile legata alle diverse fasi evolutive del sistema in risalita. Nell’anello termometamorfico del Capanne infatti sono ben note le fasce di taglio fragili, con la sviluppo di set di fratture ben documentati. Tuttavia talvolta sono evidenti localizzati aumenti del grado metamorfico legati ad incrementi relativi di permeabilità delle rocce incassanti (dovute ad esempio a fenomeni di idrofratturazione) che hanno favorito la risalita di fluidi metasomatizzanti e la formazione di fasce di taglio duttili milonitiche soprattutto a carico delle litologie calcaree. Invece le litologie pelitiche hanno reagito in maniera tendenzialmente fragile, come avviene generalmente in un contesto di metamorfismo di contatto. Il lavoro presenta i dati relativi alla zona di taglio duttile presente nelle zone di Cavoli-Colle Palombaia e Spartaia, con lo sviluppo di miloniti calcaree di spessore da decimetrico a plurimetrico (in quelle che prima delle deformazione e del metasomatismo erano i Calcari a Calpionelle) con elementi, da centimetrici a metrici, sia metapelitici che meta-basaltici inglobati all’interno della foliazione milonitica. Lo scopo della tesi era: Ricostruzione di dettaglio della litostratigrafia e della zoneografia metamorfica Correlazione delle formazioni dell’aureola Caratterizzazione dell’assetto geologico-strutturale per risalire ad un modello evolutivo dell’Isola d’Elba occidentale Carta geologica di dettaglio (1:5000) The Elba Island is located in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea at midway between Tuscany (Northern Apennines Chain) and Corsica (Alpine Corsica structural pile). The complex Elba Island stack of nappes, which is considered the innermost outcrop of the Northern Apennines Chain, is also well known for its Fe-ore bodies and the relationships between the emplacement of the Mio-Pliocene magmatic bodies and tectonics. These granitoid plutons, in addition to causing the thermal metamorphism in the host units (oceanic Ligurian and Piedmontese and continental Tuscan), have modified the original tectonic stacking of the nappes. Overlapping occurred from the Upper Cretaceous to Neogene, and in combination with the emplacement of granitoids causing deformation both fragile and ductile regime. (e.g. detachements). The plutonic complex of Monte Capanne (6.9 Ma), which dominates the western part of the island, produce the effects of his forced ascent in the host units, in large part termo-metamorphosized. In particular, the aureole units consist of ophiolitic sequences of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, inside which are intruders before acidic dikes and laccoliths (“Christmas-tree” laccolithic complex, Capo Bianco Aplite (8-8.5 Ma), Portoferraio Porphyry (8 Ma) and San Martino Porphyry (7.4-7.2 Ma)) and then the magmatic body of Monte Capanne. The rocks of this aureole show, in different parts of the ring, different metamorphic grades ranging from high to low grade, as a function of distance from the pluton and circulation of fluids. Sometimes they are evident localized increases of metamorphic grade likely related to amplifications in relative permeability of the host rocks (e.g. due to phenomena of hydro-fracturation) that have favored the ascent of metasomatic fluids. Furthermore in the area the Promontory of Fetovaia, in present the not metamorphic Eocene turbidite unit of Punta le Tombe which lies tectonically above the ophiolitic units. Subsequently, these rocks have been displaced as a result of tectonic movements that led in direct contact the pluton with metamorphic rocks of medium and low-grade (e.g. S.Piero). In addition, the primary relationships between intrusive bodies and their covers are often evident, as well as the signs of polyphase tectonic activity, both ductile and brittle, due to the different evolutive stages of emplacement of the pluton. Ductile deformation occurring especially on carbonate lithologies, while the pelitic lithologies have reacted basically so as fragile, more coherently with contact metamorphism. Important set of fractures with fragile shear zone are well known in the termometamorphic ring. The paper presents for the first time data on the ductile shear zone present in the outcrops of ophiolitic units of Cavoli-Colle Palombaia and Spartaia, with the development of mylonites in thickness from decimeter to plurimetric (probably derived from the Calpionelle Limestones), consisting mainly of crystalline carbonate foliated body in which are present elements, from centimetric to metric, made of meta-pelitic and meta-basaltic embedded within the mylonitic isorientation. The analysis was performed on the kinematic indicators and fold structures; the main direction of the milonitic foliation and the senses of shear observed by kinematic indicators (sigma and delta type porphyroclasts, asymmetric folds and domino structures) show a trend of transport generally toward the outside of the intrusive massif of Monte Capanne. The direction of movement indicated by kinematic indicators in the analyzed area, since the location of the outcrops with respect to the main body of the pluton of Monte Capanne is consistent with a radial pattern of the stress field. This radial trend is typical feature of the discharge phenomena related to a sub-circular up-rising central body. In several outcrops is evident the presence of different deformation regimes, both simple shear and pure shear. Locally the occurrence of the combination of the two end-member (sub-simple shear) testify the extreme variability and complexity of the processes at the time of the development of deformation. Furthermore, the data resulting from the microscopic analysis indicate that the foliation and the microstructures are associated with metamorphic events of medium to high grade (HT-LP), consistent with the dynamo-thermal effect due to the emplacement of the Monte Capanne pluton.

This study focuses on the detailed investigation of the brittle/plastic transition in quartz-feldspathic rocks at upper-middle crustal conditions and aims to better understand the role of fluids and temperature during deformation. The Calamita Unit (Elba Island, Italy) is a high metamorphic grade unit (T ~ 650 °C) that has been intruded by a monzogranite body at shallow crustal level (P < 0.2 GPa) and coevally deformed during regional shortening for a limited time span (< 1 Ma). These conditions outline the Calamita Unit as an ideal case study to investigate the brittle/plastic transition at approximately constant pressure (i.e. depth) during temperature decrease, reproducing upper-middle crustal conditions. The Calamita Schists are a metapsammitic complex exposed in the lower part of the Calamita Unit. Pseudosection modelling and Ti-in-biotite thermometry constrain the peak metamorphic assemblage, marked by andalusite + cordierite + biotite + K-feldspar, at upper amphibolite facies conditions (T ~ 600 – 700 °C; P ~ 0.2 GPa), with microstructures suggesting partial melting. The retrograde path is constrained by chlorite geothermometry in the 300 – 500 °C temperature range. Detailed field mapping and structural analysis have revealed at map-scale a pattern of heterogeneous deformation characterized by west-dipping high-strain domains localizing eastward-directed deformation interleaved with relatively low-strain domains. In high-strain domains, mylonitic fabrics are, in turn, overprinted in the brittle regime by non-Andersonian subhorizontal faults associated with Riedel shears networks, formed subparallel to C’ shear bands. Microstructural analysis highlights that temperature decrease and fluid influx controlled the mechanical evolution of the investigated rocks, which are marked by the transition from a high-metamorphic grade foliation to shear bands and mylonites with widespread S-C and S-C’ fabrics, characterized by retrograde, synkinematic white mica and chlorite. Quartz microfabric displays an evolution from fast grain boundary migration, developed close to peak metamorphic conditions, to subgrain rotation and bulging recrystallization, tracking decreasing temperature during deformation. During decreasing temperature, deformation localized in mylonitic quartz ribbons at amphibolite facies conditions (450 °C < T < 600 °C), where recrystallization was accommodated by dislocation creep of quartz under dominant prism slip, causing the development of strong Y-maximum crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO). Secondary rhomb and acute rhomb slip assisted the recrystallization of grains unfavorably oriented for prism slip, with the activation of slip systems whose misorientation axis lies close to the vorticity axis. At greenschist facies conditions (300 °C < T < 450 °C), deformation localized in phyllonitic domains, producing phase mixing of phyllosilicates and tiny quartz grains. Relic, large quartz grains hardened and fractured along synthetic and conjugate shear bands. The propagation of shear bands occurred under fluid-rich conditions and was controlled by cyclic fracturing and precipitation of new quartz and phyllosilicate grains, deposited by circulating fluids. Precipitated new quartz grains developed a CPO parallel to shear bands controlled by the opening of dilatant sites. The nucleation of fine-grained quartz and ‘soft’ phyllosilicates enhanced strain softening and assisted strain partitioning into localized C’ shear bands at the brittle/plastic transition. In the brittle regime (T ~ 300 °C), deformation localized on previously formed C’ shear bands, favorably oriented for reactivation, that acted as ductile precursors for misoriented non-Andersonian faults. Brittle deformation in fault zones was controlled by the cyclical interaction between fracturing, taking advantage of weak crystallographic planes in quartz such as the rhombs, and fluid infiltration, assisting the precipitation of new quartz and phyllosilicate grains, lacking a clear preferred orientation. The data presented in this thesis highlight the role played by fluids during deformation of quartz-feldspathic rocks at the brittle/plastic transition, that efficiently control (1) strain softening of ‘stiff’ domains and (2) strain localization into shear bands that have the potential to act as precursors for non-Andersonian fault zones. The proposed model predicts the development of brittle structures discordantly overprinting ductile fabrics developed in the same kinematic regime, which bears implications for the tectonic evolution of rock volumes (i.e. tectonic units and/or metamorphic complexes) exhumed though the brittle/plastic transition.