Дисертації з теми "Islam and Muslims in Europe"
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Neumueller, Caroline. "The 21st century new Muslim generation : converts in Britain and Germany." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/8406.
Повний текст джерелаBoyce, Valerie. "Many Voices, Few Listeners: an analysis of the dialogue between Islam and contemporary Europe." Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2787.
Повний текст джерелаCohen, Yael R. "THE OBSTACLES TO THE INTEGRATION OF MUSLIMS IN GERMANY AND FRANCE: HOW MUSLIMS AND THE STATES IMPAIR THE SMOOTH TRANSITION FROM IMMIGRANT TO CITIZEN." John Carroll University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=jcu1304962476.
Повний текст джерелаStruss, Karsten. "Euro-Islam or Islam in Europe the role of Muslims and their organizations in Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5617.
Повний текст джерелаAlmost twenty million Muslims live in Europe. These Muslims make up diverse ethnic, linguistic, and cultural communities, many of which are struggling to define their role within Europe's secular societies and the role of their religion in this environment. The concept of Euro-Islam is one option to promote a new European form of Islam that helps Muslim citizens and immigrants integrate into Europe's civic and political fabric. This study shows that the concept of Euro-Islam is still under negotiation and diversity across Muslim communities complicates the negotiation process. Conceptions of Euro-Islam vary from a pure embrace of secularism to new forms of Islamism. The acceptance of core European values, such as democracy, tolerance, and pluralism, are essential prerequisites for acceptance of Euro-Islam by Europeans, but many Muslims view their situation as that of exclusion, characterized by low levels of education, high unemployment, and societal discrimination. They face governments that seek to dialogue with Muslims while simultaneously pursuing increasingly assimilative immigration policies. Muslims in Europe have developed organizational networks to represent their opinions and interests as well as to express their identity. On the one hand, these organizations naturally reflect the diversity of the communities they represent. On the other hand, these organizations are all but representative for all Muslims living in Europe. Therefore, their role in the promotion of Euro-Islam is limited. This thesis proposes a rethinking of current immigration policies, intensified discourse among Muslims over Euro-Islam, and open dialogue between Muslims and others, where secularism does not become an excuse for discrimination and integration is distinguished from assimilation. This policy requires Europeans to rethink their own identity and the role they want religion to play in society.
Kretz, Lauren Ashley. "Integration and Muslim identity in Europe." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33899.
Повний текст джерелаSamad, A. Yunas, and K. Sen. "Islam in the European Union: Transnationalism, Youth and the War on Terror." OUP Pakistan, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3561.
Повний текст джерелаThis book is about Muslims in Europe and the "War on Terror"--its causes and consequences for European citizenship and exclusion particularly for young people. The rising tide of hostility towards people of Muslim origin is challenged in this collection from a varied and multi national perspective. The book illustrates that Muslims are as diverse a group as those of any other religion; therefore to place all Muslims into one category is wholly unscientific and discriminatory. It shows that there are historical and ideological reasons for viewing Islam as a static, unchanging and regressive force. The chapters illustrate the diversity of societies with Muslim majority populations and challenge the dominant paradigm of what has become to be known since the War on Terror as "Islamophobia."
Varon, Ari David. "Islam and Europe : reflections on religion state relations by European Muslim intellectuals." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/7o52iohb7k6srk09o02c1ck3i.
Повний текст джерелаHow do Muslims intellectuals in Europe interpret religion state relations? The Ph. D. Dissertation performs a comparative discourse analysis (CDA) of four European Muslim intellectuals as each reflects upon religion state relations. The dissertation studies the multiple interpretations of Islam juxtaposed with the developing religion state relations since the Peace of Westphalia (1648) as well as the coordination between European Muslim communities and state institutions through Islamic policy networks relating to issues of Islam in Europe’s public sphere. The research compares the discourses of for Muslim intellectuals that are prominent in Europe’s public sphere: Bassam Tibi, Tariq Ramadan, Amr Khaled and Yusuf Qaradawi. The CDA compares the four intellectuals in a multi-dimensional framework comprising four categories. First is conceptual; second, institutional surrounding; third, social agenda; fourth, political action and political mobilization prescribed for Muslims in Europe. Studying the discursive presentations of Tibi, Ramadan, Khaled and Qaradawi the research reorganizes the principles of analyzing Islam and Europe opening the possibility of bridging potential obstacles and rigid interpretations of Islam and European identity. The research enlightens the study of religion state relations and the social establishment of Muslim as Europeans over the previous decades. Understanding the perceptions of Islam in Europe as simultaneously influenced by and influencing Europe’s religious discourse could elaborate the future development of European religions state relations for researchers, social organizers and policy makers
El-Bachouti, Mohammed Hicham. "Individualization of muslim religious practices: contextual creativity of second-generation Moroccans in Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402893.
Повний текст джерелаDadas las limitaciones que se plantean en algunas prácticas religiosas en contextos seculares, una tendencia de individualización, o una manera individual de abordar sobre las prácticas religiosas, ha salido a la superficie en la literatura que trata sobre el estudio de las minorías musulmanas y sus prácticas. Si bien el término se utiliza para los argumentos críticos, que carecen de datos empíricos, ésta investigación espera poder contribuir a ello a través del uso de entrevistas llevadas a cabo en profundidad. Se inicia el estudio mediante la asignación de los elementos básicos de una "teoría de la individualización", y el análisis de la literatura detrás de ella. A raíz de ésta teoría, se realizan entrevistas y se analizan, y tras estudiarlas se contextualiza la individualización en Europa, usando como marco a marroquíes de segunda generación de España, para entonces responder a la pregunta de investigación: ¿Cómo concilian los musulmanes sus deberes religiosos con su vida cotidiana en la sociedad española contemporánea? La literatura señala en repetidas ocasiones a la brecha generacional en el análisis de la individualización, y traza línea a la secularización. Sin embargo, los hallazgos empíricos de este proyecto ayudan a plantear que la individualización es producto de un proceso al cual me refiero como Creatividad Contextual. Así el estudio propone un reto contra el entendimiento de secularización en Europa. El conjunto limitado de opciones religiosas en un contexto demuestra que importan más que el efecto generacional. Igualmente, no se traducen a la secularización individual, sino una expresión de limitaciones en lugar de libertades. Con el fin de invitar a los entrevistados a compartir las formas de individualización y sus trayectorias, el proyecto invoca a dos prácticas específicas: las oraciones diarias y las interacciones sociales (escuela, trabajo, comunidad), ya que estos dos se destacan como lucha diaria continua para aquella persona que intente dar cabida a la vez a los derechos religiosos y las interferencias sociales.
Mohammed, Amjad M. "Muslims as Minorities in non-Muslim Lands with Specific Reference to the Hanafi Law School and Britain. A social and legal study of Muslims living as a minority in Europe, particularly Britain; focussing on how traditional Islam facilitates Muslims to practice their faith within this secular context." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5409.
Повний текст джерелаÇitak, Gökmen. "Approche historique de la fatwa et perspectives de son adaptabilité en Europe, la contribution du Conseil Européen de la Fatwa et des Recherches." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3081/document.
Повний текст джерелаIslam is a universal religion. It may not be hemmed in any limited boundaries, neither in a specific era. It has ability to extend to all the places. In the past this religion has proven its adaptability and compatibility to all the cultures and civilizations. Consequently, we can assure with certainty that Islam is completely flexible and adaptable to a given environment. The migratory flow to Europe from Muslim countries has established its roots gradually in a non-Muslim and secular environment. In this unprecedented context an innovative reflection has emerged englobing all the societal aspects. It consists in thinking out new viewpoints on creating models that are coherent for Muslims in Europe and are in accordance with the western society. This renewal depends essentially on the double capacity of combining reason and respect of the patrimony of the basis of Islamic jurisprudence. Yet, it also has to incorporate the analytical interpretations of this patrimony through the new tools of comprehension, meeting with the aims of Islamic laws.The aim of this research is about the concept of a Fatwa that allows adaptation bringing suitable solutions for the Muslims living in Europe. This research includes structuring of CEFR, its methodology of assessment as well as the categories of laws that are subjected to flexibility. The Fatwas issued by the Council consequently determine the mechanisms used to solve cases specific to European context where the Muslim communities are a minority. This allows us to evaluate the pertinence and the admissibility of embellishing of Fiqh which is meant to open new horizons, all the same without being totally detached from the existing legal patrimony
Mayer, Tamara M. "Islam in America why U.S. Muslims are less likely to radicalize than their European counterparts." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FMayer.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThesis Advisor(s): Kadhim, Abbas ; Shore, Zachary. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Islam, Muslim, radicalization, Germany, France, United Kingdom, terrorist, home-grown, immigration, integration. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-85). Also available in print.
Fazakarley, Jed. "Muslim communities in England, 1962-92 : multiculturalism and political identity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:65860f11-7b8d-4079-a998-783a8a69f9dc.
Повний текст джерелаElfersy, Daphna. "The Muslim civil ethic and the concerting of secularism : Islam in France and the Netherlands." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0002.
Повний текст джерелаThis study asserts that the vast majority of European Muslims endorse a concerted secularism, a concept pertaining to a non-hierarchic approach to religious and secular reason in democratic societies and states. This study asks what distinguishes these Muslims that show support for a concerted secularism from their European Muslim and non-Muslim counterparts that present different approaches to secularism. the primary hypothesis advanced in this study is that European Muslims that advocate concerted secularism have undergone a process of religious transformation in which Islam was ‘ethicized’ and conceptualized as a source for pluralistically fashioned familial and democratic values. This study refers to this pluralist constellation of social values as the Muslim civil ethic. This emerging ethicized civil Islam, it is argued, serves to explain Muslims’ distinct approach of concerted secularism. A scholarly review and historical analysis substantiates this study’s ambitious theoretical framework and ensuing working hypothesis, although the salience of the explored hypothesis is ultimately affirmed through the quantitative and qualitative fieldwork. to test the premise that a reformatted civil Islam engenders Muslims’ support for a concerted secularism, this study conducted 97 interviews with Muslims and 208 surveys with Muslims and non-Muslims in France and the Netherlands. These countries present compelling cases for a comparative research. the empirical evidence validates the theoretical framework and verifies the hypothesized relations between the reformatted civil Islam and the endorsement of concerted secularism. the findings of this study substantiate the germaneness and authority of weber’s meta-theory of religion and reveals its theoretical and methodological efficacy for general explorations into the relations between ethical religions and sociopolitical life, and in particular, the burgeoning civil Islam in present day Europe and its relation to the notion of concerted secularism
Saleemi, Asmara. "Electoral System Effects On Anti-muslim Sentiments In Western Europe." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103386/.
Повний текст джерелаTansey, Colin M. "Anti-radicalization efforts within the European Union : Spain and Denmark." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Mar/09Mar%5FTansey.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThesis Advisor(s): Yost, David S. ; Shore, Zachary. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 24, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: anti-radicalization, assimilation, Denmark, European Union, integration, Islam, multiculturalism, Muslims, Spain, terrorism, tolerance. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-77). Also available in print.
Amghar, Samir. "Salafis et Ahbâsh : réseaux, organisation, et socialisation d'un nouvel islam militant européen (France, Belgique et Suisse)." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0078.
Повний текст джерелаThe subsiding of the Islamic political movement that emerged from the matrix of the Muslim Brotherhood and Tablighi Jamaat's missionary organization coincides with the rise of the Salafi movement and the AI-Ahbash organization. These two movements appear in the context of a lessening of Islamism’s anti-establishment reach and a fading away of movements of young Muslims. By invoking Islam' s pious ancestors, they hope to use active preaching to reestablish the "real" tradition, in the face of what they perceive as excessive accommodation and even abandonment proposed by the Muslim Brotherhood and Tablighi Jamaat. For the men and women who choose these movements, the religious act (strictly defined) seems to be a strong part of the quest for an identity. Positioning oneself in opposition: this seems to be the slogan that commands the ensemble of their religious behavior. By incarnating self-affirmation in a break with dominant values, Salfism and the AI-Ahbash organization seem to delegitimize the system of Muslim beliefs by proclaiming them to be theologically outside of the law which, consequently, legitimizes contesting the social order than these beliefs symbolize
Suzana, Elisabete. "Performing islam in europe : a case study of Poetic Pilgrimage´s performance of empowerment in-between art and religion." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för historia och samtidsstudier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-25185.
Повний текст джерелаVEZZANI, GIOVANNI. "European Muslims and liberal citizenship: reconciliation through public reason: the case of Tariq Ramadan’s citizenship theory." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201103.
Повний текст джерелаSONA, FEDERICA. "NAVIGATING THE POLY-CENTRIC LEGAL ARCHIPELAGOES. A STUDY OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN EUROPE AND ISLAM UNVEILING MUSLIM FAMILIES' ROUTES AMONGST THE ITALIAN AND BRITISH "LEGAL ISLAND"." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/170940.
Повний текст джерелаKerzazi, Hocine. "Enseigner la langue arabe aux musulmans francophones : entre héritage mythique et défis de la modernité." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAK008.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis examines the discourse of islamic teaching aids of the arabic language marketed in France, used in religious circles and on the internet, and affirms that it is the vector of a more or less explicit religious discourse. As a result, we are exploring editorial projects and didactic content for both textbooks and online sites in order to analyze the proportion and typology of religious discourse that unfolds there. At the crossroads of historical and sociological approaches, we appreciate at the local, national and transnational scales the extent to which the ideas of textbook designers and methods are reflected in these contents, thus establishing that the designers have seized islamist doctrines, have them oriented towards Muslim minorities in the West and thus shaped a very specific muslim identity
Soliman, A. "Muslims in Europe : the public engagement of young German Muslims." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1467034/.
Повний текст джерелаPattinson, Peter M. "The Crusaders' views of Islam." Thesis, University of London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273772.
Повний текст джерелаBonura, Carlo J. "Political theory on location : formations of Muslim political community in Southern Thailand /." Thesis, Full text available, 2003. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/bonura.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKontarakis, C. "Muslims possessed : spirit possession and Islam in Cairo." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1463634/.
Повний текст джерелаKahani-Hopkins, Vered. "Political debates amongst British Muslims." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364967.
Повний текст джерелаManuel, David James. "Ahmadiyya movement in Islam." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.
Повний текст джерелаJahnke, Fredrik. "Va' vad det vi sa... : Representationer av sharia i Europaparlamentet och dess möjliga konsekvenser för EU:s mångfaldstänkande, enhetspolitik och muslimsk identitet i Europa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Religionshistoria, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-170148.
Повний текст джерелаAhmad, Mahmud bin. "Islam and economic growth in Malaysia." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FAhmad%5FMahmud.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThesis advisor(s): Robert M. McNab, Robert E. Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-112). Also available online.
Rådeby, Stefanie, and Moa Johansson. "Förenklade föreställningar och komplexiteten i muslimers levnadssätt : En diskursanalytisk studie om hur muslimer framställs och omtalas i serien Skam." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-36210.
Повний текст джерелаChoi, Gab Do. "A study on the spread of Islam in Korea and the Korean encounter with Islam." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.
Повний текст джерелаEchevarría, Ana. "The fortress of faith : the attitude towards Muslims in fifteenth century Spain /." Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : E. J. Brill, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370559002.
Повний текст джерелаReynolds, Saundra K. "Media Representation of Islam and Muslims in Southern Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2574.
Повний текст джерелаRickards, Donald R. "Suggested models in evangelizing Muslims." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.
Повний текст джерелаRahim-Barakzoy, Sultana. ""Islam is the blackman's religion" syncretizing Islam with black nationalist thought to fulfill the religio-political agenda of the Nation of Islam /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3979.
Повний текст джерелаØstebø, Terje. "Localising Salafism : religious change among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia /." Stockholm : Department of Ethnology, History of Religion and Gender Studies, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8367.
Повний текст джерелаHusein, Fatimah. "Muslim christian relations in the new order Indonesia : the exclusivist and inclusivist Muslims' perspectives /." Connect to thesis, 2003. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001903.
Повний текст джерелаAl-Jeran, Abdul Rahman. "Muslims in Britain : between reality and ambition." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1998. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7236/.
Повний текст джерелаHarwazinski, Assia Maria. "Islam als Migrationsreligion vom Umgang der Deutschen mit ihrer muslimischen Minderheit am Beispiel der Region Stuttgart /." Marburg : Tectum, 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9jXAAAAMAAJ.
Повний текст джерелаObaid, Hammood Khalid. "Topicality and representation : Islam and Muslims in two Renaissance plays." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578273.
Повний текст джерелаWain, Alexander David Robert. "Chinese Muslims and the conversion of the Nusantara to Islam." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:53a48196-ac0e-4510-b74d-794c48e976ed.
Повний текст джерелаAl-Qwidi, Maha. "Understanding the stages of conversion to Islam : the voices of British converts." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/485/.
Повний текст джерелаPedersen, Lars. "Newer islamic movements in Western Europe /." Aldershot ; Brookfield (Vt.) : Ashgate, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37737286z.
Повний текст джерелаNguruwe, Philo Joseph. "Called to Harmony : Christianity and Islam in Tanzania at the Crossroads." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2492.
Повний текст джерелаExamines Christian-Muslim relations in Tanzania
Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry
Discipline: Sacred Theology
Laroche, Patrice. "L'évangélisation des musulmans en France antécédents historiques et pastorale contemporaine /." Lille : Atelier national de reproduction des thèses, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/54542441.html.
Повний текст джерелаSiha, Anees Zaka. "Principles and methods of church growth in a North American Muslim context." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Blanc Marie Nathalie. "Youth, Islam and changing identities in Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317804/.
Повний текст джерелаKose, Ali. "Conversion to Islam : a study of native British converts." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1994. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/conversion-to-islam--a-study-of-native-british-converts(1d25f982-fc90-49c0-8a3b-dacdffddc178).html.
Повний текст джерелаRichardson, John Edward. "The discursive representation of Islam and Muslims in British broadsheet newspapers." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369893.
Повний текст джерелаMagalhaes, Margaux. "Les Etats-Unis, la Turquie et l’UE. Du soutien américain aux ambitions européennes d’Ankara au délitement de la relation triangulaire (1993-2017)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA051.
Повний текст джерелаIn the aftermath of the Cold War, the US has asserted a strong lobbying in favor of Turkey’s accession to the EU, and became the first supporter of this integration, before Ankara itself. How could we explain the US involvement since it doesn’t belong to the European continent? The new world order brought new challenges for the 21st century. Therefore, such an integration was perceived as a preventive strategy by Washington to deter upcoming threats facing the West, such as Russian resurgence, Iranian influence in the Muslim world, jihadism, or the « clash of civilizations ». Indeed, it would help bridging the growing gap between the West and the Muslim world by uniting under the same roof Christian countries within the EU, and the former Caliphate. It would also enable Turkey to be a Western projection force in its neighborhood — stretching from the Balkans to the Middle East — by becoming a model. To do so, Turkey has to become more liberal politically and economically. However, would it be possible without European prospects? From a US perspective, the normative power of the EU is necessary to see Turkey succeeding in proving that Islam, secularism and democracy are compatible and to spread Western values in its neighborhood while anchoring Ankara firmly in the West. 9/11 reinforced the significance of this strategy, which got integrated into the Freedom agenda and the global war on terror. Therefore, supporting Ankara’s accession became a top priority of Bush administrations. Barack Obama maintained this policy, even though the US lobbying slowed down, since it appeared this integration might never occur. The Arab awakening could have been the perfect occasion to bring closer together Turkey and the EU so that Ankara could become the model Arabs were calling for. However, instead of strengthening the US-Turkey-EU relations, those events damaged their alliance, which was already strained. At the end of Obama’s presidency, this triangular relation seemed on the verge to collapse
Nevius, Wesley A. "Leading Muslims to Christ in Dakar, Senegal." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p006-1482.
Повний текст джерела