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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Perelomova, Anna. "Hysteresis curves for some periodic and aperiodic perturbations in gases." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 11 (November 2014): 1324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0666.

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Evolution of sound in a medium whose properties irreversibly vary in the course of wave propagation, is studied. For example, a gas that is a particular case of a Newtonian fluid is considered. Hysteresis curves, pictorial representations of irreversible attenuation of the sound energy, in the plane of thermodynamic states are plotted. The irreversible losses in internal energy are proportional to the total attenuation and depend on the intensity and shape of sound waveform. Curves and loops for some periodic (including the sawtooth wave) and aperiodic impulse sounds are discussed and compared.

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2

Ripl, W., and M. Eiseltová. "Sustainable land management by restoration of short water cycles and preventionof irreversible matter losses from topsoils." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 9 (October 14, 2009): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/133/2009-pse.

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Sustainable land management requires that water and matter (nutrients and base cations) are efficiently recycled within ecosystems so that irreversible losses of matter from topsoils are minimised. Matter losses are connected to water flow. The division of water into evapotranspiration that is loss-free, and seepage to groundwater or surface water flow that both carry material losses, is decisive in determining total losses of dissolved matter in a given catchment. Investigations of areal matter losses confirmed the instrumental role of vegetation cover. Areal matter losses measured in agricultural catchments in Germany were on average between 1–1.5 tons of dissolved matter per ha per year, i.e. some 50 to 100 times higher than those from unmanaged land in a virgin forest. Such high losses continuously reduce soil fertility and can hardly be compensated by fertilisation. Some suggestions on how to achieve sustainable management of agricultural land and maintain high soil fertility are presented – the priority is to close water and matter cycles through the incorporation of more natural vegetation cover into our landscapes and to restore the energy-dissipative properties of ecosystems.

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3

el Haj Assad, Mamdouh. "Effect of Feedwater Temperature Rise in Heaters on Regenerative Rankine Cycle Performance." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 25, no. 2 (April 1997): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030641909702500203.

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In this article, the performance of regenerative power plants in terms of second law of thermodynamics is discussed. The performance of the cycle is improved with the addition of backward cascaded-type and open-type feedwater heaters. This improvement is obtained by the reduction in irreversible losses as the number of feedwater heaters increases. A conventional energy-balance approach is used to calculate the irreversible losses in the cycle. The irreversible losses of each component of the cycle is given in a dimensionless ratio and from that ratio one can easily see the fraction of the irreversible losses of each component with respect to the power output, which means the irreversible losses can be obtained directly from the power output. The boiler causes the maximum fraction of the total irreversible losses among the components of the cycle. These losses are reduced by introducing feedwater heaters into the cycle. The irreversibilities in the cycle are examined according to the effect of varying the total temperature rise across the feedwater heaters.

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4

YEO, L. M. W., D. S. A. SWABY, R. D. SITUNAYAKE, and P. I. MURRAY. "IRREVERSIBLE VISUAL LOSS IN DERMATOMYOSITIS." Rheumatology 34, no. 12 (1995): 1179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/34.12.1179.

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5

Liu, Michael, Antonia Alafris, Anthony J. Longo, and Henry Cohen. "Irreversible Atorvastatin-Associated Hearing Loss." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 32, no. 2 (January 24, 2012): e27-e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phar.1040.

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6

Liss, Leopold, and Nancy S. Raptou. "Irreversible Loss of Cognition? A Caveat." Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 4, no. 4 (1990): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002093-199040400-00005.

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7

Sengupta, Debanjan, Paul R. Estrada, Jeffrey N. Cuzzi, and Munir Humayun. "Depletion of Moderately Volatile Elements by Open-system Loss in the Early Solar Nebula." Astrophysical Journal 932, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6dcc.

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Abstract Rocky bodies of the inner solar system display a systematic depletion of “moderately volatile elements” (MVEs) that correlates with the expected condensation temperature of their likely host materials under protoplanetary nebula conditions. In this paper, we present and test a new hypothesis in which open-system loss processes irreversibly remove vaporized MVEs from high nebula altitudes, leaving behind the more refractory solids residing much closer to the midplane. The MVEs irreversibly lost from the nebula through these open-system loss processes are then simply unavailable for condensation onto planetesimals forming even much later, after the nebula has cooled, overcoming a critical difficulty encountered by previous models of this type. We model open-system loss processes operating at high nebula altitudes, such as resulting from disk winds flowing out of the system entirely, or layered accretion directly onto the young Sun. We find that mass-loss rates higher than those found in typical T-Tauri disk winds, lasting short periods of time, are most satisfactory, pointing to multiple intense early outburst stages. Using our global nebula model, incorporating realistic particle growth and inward drift for solids, we constrain how much the MVE-depletion signature in the inner region is diluted by the drift of undepleted material from the outer nebula. We also find that a significant irreversible loss of the common rock-forming elements (Fe, Mg, Si) can occur, leading to a new explanation of another long-standing puzzle of the apparent “enhancement” in the relative abundance of highly refractory elements in chondrites.

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8

YAVUZ, Haluk. "Valproic Acid-induced Bilateral Irreversible Hearing Loss." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Case Reports 28, no. 4 (2020): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/caserep.2020-75906.

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9

Coulston, J. "Irreversible sensorineural hearing loss due to clarithromycin." Postgraduate Medical Journal 81, no. 951 (January 1, 2005): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2004.020412.

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10

Hänninen, Ismo K., Craig S. Lent, and Gregory L. Snider. "Quantifying Irreversible Information Loss in Digital Circuits." ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems 11, no. 2 (November 18, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2629523.

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11

Lanfermann, H., and O. Schober. "Imaging of Irreversible Loss of Brain Function." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 188, no. 01 (December 1, 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-108202.

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12

Attili, Venkata Satya Suresh, P. P. Bapsy, G. Anupama, and D. Lokanatha. "Irreversible sensorineural hearing loss due to Imatinib." Leukemia Research 32, no. 6 (June 2008): 991–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2007.11.039.

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13

Keen, A. D., and B. L. Drinkwater. "Irreversible bone loss in former amenorrheic athletes." Osteoporosis International 7, no. 4 (July 1997): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01623770.

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14

Koumpa, Foteini Stefania, Cillian T. Forde, and Joseph G. Manjaly. "Sudden irreversible hearing loss post COVID-19." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 11 (October 13, 2020): e238419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-238419.

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Sudden onset sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is frequently seen by otolaryngologists. The exact pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown, with the most likely causative factor being following a viral infection. Immediate steroids are the best treatment to improve prognosis. Despite a plethora of papers in the literature describing SSNHL, there are only a few reported cases of hearing loss following COVID-19, none of which have been reported in the UK. This paper presents the first UK case of SSNHL following COVID-19. Physical examination and imaging excluded any other cause of hearing loss. A literature review showed that four other cases have been previously described. Hearing loss can be a significant cause of morbidity and can easily be missed in the intensive care setting. Being aware and screening for SSNHL following COVID-19 enables an early course of steroids, which offers the best chance of recovering hearing.

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15

Yan, Xiaotong, Kan Kan, Yuan Zheng, Huixiang Chen, and Maxime Binama. "Entropy Production Evaluation within a Prototype Pump-Turbine Operated in Pump Mode for a Wide Range of Flow Conditions." Processes 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10102058.

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Inside the pump-turbine, energy is irreversibly lost due to turbulent pulsations in the high Reynolds number zone and actions of viscous forces close to the wall. The conventional differential pressure method cannot obtain specific details of the hydraulic loss within the machine’s flow passages; on the other hand, the entropy production method can provide accurate information on the location of irreversible losses and the spatial distribution of energy dissipation. Therefore, based on the entropy production theory, this study investigates the composition and distribution of hydraulic losses under different flow conditions for a prototype pump-turbine in pump mode. Study results indicated that total hydraulic losses significantly decreased, then slowly increased with an increase in flow rate. The entropy production rate caused by turbulence dissipation (EPTD), direct dissipation (EPDD), and wall shear stress (EPWS) displayed the same variation patterns as that of total hydraulic losses, with EPTD and EPDD being the most dominating. The location of hydraulic loss within the pump-turbine’s flow domain strongly depended on flow conditions. High hydraulic losses primarily occurred in the guide vanes (GV) and draft tube under low flow rates. Under high flow conditions, however, high hydraulic losses were mostly concentrated in the stay vanes (SV), spiral casing, and GV. Hydraulic losses at low flow rates were primarily caused by flow separation within the GV flow channels, vortices in the vaneless region, and inlet flow impacts on the runner blade’s leading edge. On the other hand, large vortices within the GV and SV flow channels, GV wake flow, and unsteady flow at the spiral casing were the main contributors to hydraulic loss under high flow conditions. EPDD was mainly caused by strain rate, so it was closer to the main vortex regions, whereas EPTD was affected by turbulence intensity and had a wider distribution range in the unsteady flow.

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16

Bondar, V. P. "CONDITIONS OF MINIMAL LOSS OF EXERGY IN NON-EQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES OF ACTUATING MEDIUMS HEAT EXCHANGE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2017.04.

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Heat exchange of actuating mediums in heat-exchanging apparatuses runs non-equilibrium (irreversibly), causing loss of operational part of heat. Two types of non-equilibrium process are distinguished: external and internal. External irreversibility is function of average temperature difference (irreversibility degree) and relation of incomplete recuperation on heat exchange boards of actuating mediums. Nature of internal non-equilibrium processes is related to friction work of actuating mediums that are practically impossible to be taken into account and described analytically. In this article, in order to define conditions of change of current temperature difference by exponential law, external and internal irreversibility are reviewed both mutual and separately. Change of current temperature difference by exponent is one of conditions of minimal numeric value of entropy production of system in non-equilibrium processes of actuating mediums heat exchange existence. Analysis, performed in article, along with example, are evidence that at all types of irreversible processes of actuating mediums heat-exchange, exist conditions of gaining the numeric value of minimum entropy production and exergy losses. Bibl. 8, Fig. 1.

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17

Damera, Gautam, and Reynold A. Panettieri. "Irreversible airway obstruction in asthma: What we lose, we lose early." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 35, no. 2 (March 7, 2014): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2013.34.3724.

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18

Anderson, Neal G. "Irreversible information loss: Fundamental notions and entropy costs." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 33 (January 2014): 1460354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603548.

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Landauer's Principle (LP) associates an entropy increase with the irreversible loss of information from a physical system. Clear statement, unambiguous interpretation, and proper application of LP requires precise, mutually consistent, and sufficiently general definitions for a set of interlocking fundamental notions and quantities (entropy, information, irreversibility, erasure). In this work, we critically assess some common definitions and quantities used or implied in statements of LP, and reconsider their definition within an alternative “referential” approach to physical information theory that embodies an overtly relational conception of physical information. We prove an inequality on the entropic cost of irreversible information loss within this context, as well as “referential analogs” of LP and its more general restatement by Bennett. Advantages of the referential approach for establishing fundamental limits on the physical costs of irreversible information loss in communication and computing systems are discussed throughout.

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19

Senra, Hugo, Fernando Barbosa, Patrícia Ferreira, Cristina R. Vieira, Paul B. Perrin, Heather Rogers, Diego Rivera, and Isabel Leal. "Psychologic Adjustment to Irreversible Vision Loss in Adults." Ophthalmology 122, no. 4 (April 2015): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.10.022.

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20

Balcerak, Ernie. "Study suggests Arctic sea ice loss not irreversible." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 92, no. 42 (October 18, 2011): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011eo420007.

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21

Lenaerts, Jan T. M., Jan H. van Angelen, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Alex S. Gardner, Bert Wouters, and Erik van Meijgaard. "Irreversible mass loss of Canadian Arctic Archipelago glaciers." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 5 (March 7, 2013): 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50214.

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22

Inglese, Matilde, Angelo Ghezzi, Stefania Bianchi, Simonetta Gerevini, Maria Pia Sormani, Vittorio Martinelli, Giancarlo Comi, and Massimo Filippi. "Irreversible Disability and Tissue Loss in Multiple Sclerosis." Archives of Neurology 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.59.2.250.

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23

Tarazi, A. E., and A. H. Shikani. "Irreversible Unilateral Visual Loss due to Acute Sinusitis." Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 117, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1400–1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1991.01870240092015.

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24

Kleerebezem, Robbert, Look W. Hulshoff Pol, and Gatze Lettinga. "The Role of Benzoate in Anaerobic Degradation of Terephthalate." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.3.1161-1167.1999.

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ABSTRACT The effects of acetate, benzoate, and periods without substrate on the anaerobic degradation of terephthalate (1,4-benzene-dicarboxylate) by a syntrophic methanogenic culture were studied. The culture had been enriched on terephthalate and was capable of benzoate degradation without a lag phase. When incubated with a mixture of benzoate and terephthalate, subsequent degradation with preference for benzoate was observed. Both benzoate and acetate inhibited the anaerobic degradation of terephthalate. The observed inhibition is partially irreversible, resulting in a decrease (or even a complete loss) of the terephthalate-degrading activity after complete degradation of benzoate or acetate. Irreversible inhibition was characteristic for terephthalate degradation only because the inhibition of benzoate degradation by acetate could well be described by reversible noncompetitive product inhibition. Terephthalate degradation was furthermore irreversibly inhibited by periods without substrate of only a few hours. The inhibition of terephthalate degradation due to periods without substrate could be overcome through incubation of the culture with a mixture of benzoate and terephthalate. In this case no influence of a period without substrate was observed. Based on these observations it is postulated that decarboxylation of terephthalate, resulting in the formation of benzoate, is strictly dependent on the concomitant fermentation of benzoate. In the presence of higher concentrations of benzoate, however, benzoate is the favored substrate over terephthalate, and the culture loses its ability to degrade terephthalate. In order to overcome the inhibition of terephthalate degradation by benzoate and acetate, a two-stage reactor system is suggested for the treatment of wastewater generated during terephthalic acid production.

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25

Wyss, Markus, Luis Pasamontes, Roland Rémy, Josiane Kohler, Eric Kusznir, Martin Gadient, Francis Müller, and Adolphus P. G. M. van Loon. "Comparison of the Thermostability Properties of Three Acid Phosphatases from Molds: Aspergillus fumigatusPhytase, A. niger Phytase, and A. nigerpH 2.5 Acid Phosphatase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 4446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.11.4446-4451.1998.

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ABSTRACT Enzymes that are used as animal feed supplements should be able to withstand temperatures of 60 to 90°C, which may be reached during the feed pelleting process. The thermostability properties of three histidine acid phosphatases, Aspergillus fumigatus phytase,Aspergillus niger phytase, and A. niger optimum pH 2.5 acid phosphatase, were investigated by measuring circular dichroism, fluorescence, and enzymatic activity. The phytases ofA. fumigatus and A. niger were both denatured at temperatures between 50 and 70°C. After heat denaturation at temperatures up to 90°C, A. fumigatus phytase refolded completely into a nativelike, fully active conformation, while in the case of A. niger phytase exposure to 55 to 90°C was associated with an irreversible conformational change and with losses in enzymatic activity of 70 to 80%. In contrast to these two phytases,A. niger pH 2.5 acid phosphatase displayed considerably higher thermostability; denaturation, conformational changes, and irreversible inactivation were observed only at temperatures of ≥80°C. In feed pelleting experiments performed at 75°C, the recoveries of the enzymatic activities of the three acid phosphatases were similar (63 to 73%). At 85°C, however, the recovery of enzymatic activity was considerably higher for A. fumigatusphytase (51%) than for A. niger phytase (31%) or pH 2.5 acid phosphatase (14%). These findings confirm that A. niger pH 2.5 acid phosphatase is irreversibly inactivated at temperatures above 80°C and that the capacity of A. fumigatus phytase to refold properly after heat denaturation may favorably affect its pelleting stability.

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26

Jin, Yan, Juan Du, Zhiyuan Li, and Hongwu Zhang. "Second-Law Analysis of Irreversible Losses in Gas Turbines." Entropy 19, no. 9 (September 4, 2017): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e19090470.

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27

Allcorn, Eric, Teal Harbour, Jill Langendorf, and Linda Johnson. "Operando Microcalorimetry Study on Irreversible Losses in Silicon Anodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 6 (November 23, 2020): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-0261066mtgabs.

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28

Chen, Lingen, Junlin Zheng, Fengrui Sun, and Chih Wu. "Power Density Optimization for an Irreversible Closed Brayton Cycle." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 08, no. 03 (September 2001): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1014073105663.

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In this paper, the power density, defined as the ratio of power output to the maximum specific volume in the cycle, is taken as objective for performance optimization of an irreversible closed Brayton cycle coupled to constant-temperature heat reservoirs in the viewpoint of finite time thermodynamics (FTT) or entropy generation minimization (EGM). The analytical formulas about the relations between power density and pressure ratio are derived with the heat resistance losses in the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers and the irreversible compression and expansion losses in the compressor and turbine. The maximum power density optimization is performed by searching the optimum heat conductance distribution corresponding to the optimum power density of the hot- and cold- side heat exchangers for the fixed heat exchanger inventory. The influence of some design parameters on the optimum heat conductance distribution, the maximum power density, and the optimum pressure ratio corresponding to the maximum power density are provided. The power plant design with optimization leads to a higher efficiency and smaller size including the compressor, turbine, and the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers.

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29

Plans, Gerard, Alberto Torres, Enrique Ferran, Alberto Aparicio, and Juan J. Acebes. "CONTRALATERAL HEARING LOSS AFTER VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA SURGERY." Neurosurgery 61, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): E878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000298920.39872.62.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe a case of contralateral hearing loss (CHL) in vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery and to discuss the factors potentially related with this complication. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 48-year-old man awakened with complete bilateral hearing loss after an uneventful retrosigmoid excision of a 20 mm left-sided VS. The patient had no complaints of vertigo or facial palsy on the contralateral side. The hearing loss proved to be endocochlear in origin and no improvement was observed after a 24-month follow-up period. DISCUSSION CHL in VS surgery is not commonly reported but can occur frequently as a subclinical phenomenon if it is specially addressed. The cause is a compensatory endolymphatic hydrops generated by the loss of cerebrospinal fluid. In this circumstance, the hearing loss is usually reversible within 3 months, but irreversible cases have been described. Vascular damage to the cochlea can be another explanation in irreversible cases. The significance of other potential factors described in the literature as a cause of CHL in VS surgery is less clear. CONCLUSION A case of CHL after VS surgery is presented. The hearing loss proved to be endochlear in origin and irreversible in nature. Irreversible damage to the cochlea resulting from loss of cerebrospinal fluid or vascular injury is probably related in this case reported.

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30

Tanawade, Rajeev G., Reshma S. Thampy, Scott Wilson, I. Chris Lloyd, and Jane Ashworth. "Tuberculous Orbital Apex Syndrome with Severe Irreversible Visual Loss." Orbit 34, no. 3 (April 16, 2015): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01676830.2015.1014505.

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31

Zhang, Shuoqing, Nicolai Sage Andreas, Ruhong Li, Nan Zhang, Chuangchao Sun, Di Lu, Tao Gao, Lixin Chen, and Xiulin Fan. "Mitigating irreversible capacity loss for higher-energy lithium batteries." Energy Storage Materials 48 (June 2022): 44–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.03.004.

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32

Boyle, John F. "Loss of apatite caused irreversible early-Holocene lake acidification." Holocene 17, no. 4 (May 2007): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683607077046.

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33

George, Mathew K., James C. Tsai, and Nils A. Loewen. "Bilateral Irreversible Severe Vision Loss From Cosmetic Iris Implants." American Journal of Ophthalmology 151, no. 5 (May 2011): 872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2010.11.010.

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34

Zaghib, Karim, Gabrielle Nadeau, and Kimio Kinoshita. "Effect of Graphite Particle Size on Irreversible Capacity Loss." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 147, no. 6 (2000): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1393493.

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35

Matsukawa, Yuko, Fabian Linsenmann, Maximilian Arthur Plass, George Hasegawa, Katsuro Hayashi, and Tim-Patrick Fellinger. "Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (August 14, 2020): 1217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.106.

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Hard carbons are promising candidates for high-capacity anode materials in alkali metal-ion batteries, such as lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. High reversible capacities are often coming along with high irreversible capacity losses during the first cycles, limiting commercial viability. The trade-off to maximize the reversible capacities and simultaneously minimizing irreversible losses can be achieved by tuning the exact architecture of the subnanometric pore system inside the carbon particles. Since the characterization of small pores is nontrivial, we herein employ Kr, N2 and CO2 gas sorption porosimetry, as well as H2O vapor sorption porosimetry, to investigate eight hard carbons. Electrochemical lithium as well as sodium storage tests are compared to the obtained apparent surface areas and pore volumes. H2O, and more importantly CO2, sorption porosimetry turned out to be the preferred methods to evaluate the likelihood for excessive irreversible capacities. The methods are also useful to select the relatively most promising active materials within chemically similar materials. A quantitative relation of porosity descriptors to the obtained capacities remains a scientific challenge.

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36

Yang, Hui Shan, Jin Mei Wu, Li Shuang Wu, and Zhi Wei Wu. "Thermoeconomic Optimization for a Ferroelectric Stirling Refrigeration-Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.175.

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Using the finite-time thermodynamics, an irreversible cycle model of the Stirling refrigeration-cycle, using a ferroelectric material as the working substance, is established. Several irreversibilities due to thermal resistances between the working substance and the heat reservoirs, regenerative losses in two regenerative processes are taken into account. The influence of these irreversible losses on the performance of the ferroelectric Stirling refrigeration-cycleis analyzed. The thermoeconomic optimization for ferroelectric Stirling refrigeration-cycle is reported. The cooling load for the refrigerator per unit total cost is proposed as objective functions for the optimization. The optimum performance parameters which maximize the objective functions are investigated. Since the optimization technique consists of both investment and energy consumption costs, the obtained results are more general and realistic.

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37

Camberos, Jose A., David J. Moorhouse, and Charles F. Suchomel. "Quantifying Irreversible Losses for Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Analysis and Design Integration." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 19, no. 1 (January 2005): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.5547.

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38

Sels, Dries, and Anatoli Polkovnikov. "Minimizing irreversible losses in quantum systems by local counterdiabatic driving." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 20 (May 1, 2017): E3909—E3916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619826114.

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Counterdiabatic driving protocols have been proposed [Demirplak M, Rice SA (2003) J Chem Phys A 107:9937–9945; Berry M (2009) J Phys A Math Theor 42:365303] as a means to make fast changes in the Hamiltonian without exciting transitions. Such driving in principle allows one to realize arbitrarily fast annealing protocols or implement fast dissipationless driving, circumventing standard adiabatic limitations requiring infinitesimally slow rates. These ideas were tested and used both experimentally and theoretically in small systems, but in larger chaotic systems, it is known that exact counterdiabatic protocols do not exist. In this work, we develop a simple variational approach allowing one to find the best possible counterdiabatic protocols given physical constraints, like locality. These protocols are easy to derive and implement both experimentally and numerically. We show that, using these approximate protocols, one can drastically suppress heating and increase fidelity of quantum annealing protocols in complex many-particle systems. In the fast limit, these protocols provide an effective dual description of adiabatic dynamics, where the coupling constant plays the role of time and the counterdiabatic term plays the role of the Hamiltonian.

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39

Molina Piper, Daniela, Seoung-Bum Son, Jonathan J. Travis, Younghee Lee, Sang Sub Han, Seul Cham Kim, Kyu Hwan Oh, Steven M. George, Se-Hee Lee, and Chunmei Ban. "Mitigating irreversible capacity losses from carbon agents via surface modification." Journal of Power Sources 275 (February 2015): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.032.

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40

Doorn, Neelke. "Distributing Risks: Allocation Principles for Distributing Reversible and Irreversible Losses." Ethics, Policy & Environment 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2018.1448041.

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41

Leonowicz, M., W. Kaszuwara, S. Wojciechowski, and H. A. Davies. "Irreversible losses of magnetisation in FeNdB type magnets." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 157-158 (May 1996): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(95)01128-5.

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42

Strauss, Todd, and Shmuel Oren. "Priority Ordering in Interruptible Electric Power Service with Irreversible Early Notification." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 1994): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800003405.

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A multi-period model of interruptible electric power service that includes early notification may be described as a stochastic control problem: whom to notify when. When customer interruption losses are multiplicative or submodular, an optimal priority ordering exists, allowing for a simple notification policy.

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43

Hutchinson, J. P., T. S. el-Thaher, and A. D. Miller. "Refolding and recognition of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase by Escherichia coli chaperonins cpn 60 (groEL) and cpn10 (groES)." Biochemical Journal 302, no. 2 (September 1, 1994): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3020405.

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In vitro refolding of pig mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase is investigated in the presence of Escherichia coli chaperonins cpn60 (groEL) and cpn10 (groES). When the enzyme is initially denatured with 3 M guanidinium chloride, chaperonin-assisted refolding is 100% efficient. C.d. spectroscopy reveals that malate dehydrogenase is almost unfolded in 3 M guanidinium chloride, suggesting that a state with little or no residual secondary structure is the optimal ‘substrate’ for chaperonin-assisted refolding. Malate dehydrogenase denatured to more highly structured states proves to refold less efficiently with chaperonin assistance. The enzyme is shown not to aggregate under the refolding conditions, so that losses in refolding efficiency result from irreversible misfolding. Evidence is advanced to suggest that the chaperonins are unable to rescue irreversibly misfolded malate dehydrogenase. A novel use is made of 100 K Centricon concentrators to study the binding of [14C]acetyl-labelled malate dehydrogenase to groEL by an ultrafiltration binding assay. Analysis of the data by Scatchard plot shows that acetyl-malate dehydrogenase, which has previously been extensively unfolded with guanidinium chloride, binds to groEL at a specific binding site(s). At saturation, one acetyl-malate dehydrogenase homodimer (two polypeptides) is shown to bind to each groEL homooligomer with a binding constant of approx. 10 nM.

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44

Tang, Chenqi, Lingen Chen, Huijun Feng, and Yanlin Ge. "Four-Objective Optimizations for an Improved Irreversible Closed Modified Simple Brayton Cycle." Entropy 23, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030282.

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An improved irreversible closed modified simple Brayton cycle model with one isothermal heating process is established in this paper by using finite time thermodynamics. The heat reservoirs are variable-temperature ones. The irreversible losses in the compressor, turbine, and heat exchangers are considered. Firstly, the cycle performance is optimized by taking four performance indicators, including the dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency, dimensionless power density, and dimensionless ecological function, as the optimization objectives. The impacts of the irreversible losses on the optimization results are analyzed. The results indicate that four objective functions increase as the compressor and turbine efficiencies increase. The influences of the latter efficiency on the cycle performances are more significant than those of the former efficiency. Then, the NSGA-II algorithm is applied for multi-objective optimization, and three different decision methods are used to select the optimal solution from the Pareto frontier. The results show that the dimensionless power density and dimensionless ecological function compromise dimensionless power output and thermal efficiency. The corresponding deviation index of the Shannon Entropy method is equal to the corresponding deviation index of the maximum ecological function.

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45

Li, J., E. A. Bergin, G. A. Blake, F. J. Ciesla, and M. M. Hirschmann. "Earth’s carbon deficit caused by early loss through irreversible sublimation." Science Advances 7, no. 14 (April 2021): eabd3632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3632.

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Carbon is an essential element for life, but its behavior during Earth’s accretion is not well understood. Carbonaceous grains in meteoritic and cometary materials suggest that irreversible sublimation, and not condensation, governs carbon acquisition by terrestrial worlds. Through astronomical observations and modeling, we show that the sublimation front of carbon carriers in the solar nebula, or the soot line, moved inward quickly so that carbon-rich ingredients would be available for accretion at 1 astronomical unit after the first million years. On the other hand, geological constraints firmly establish a severe carbon deficit in Earth, requiring the destruction of inherited carbonaceous organics in the majority of its building blocks. The carbon-poor nature of Earth thus implies carbon loss in its precursor material through sublimation within the first million years.

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46

Nowak, Piotr Grzegorz. "Brain death as irreversible loss of a human’s moral status." Ethics & Bioethics 8, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2018): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebce-2018-0013.

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Abstract Singer claims that there are two ways of challenging the fact that brain-dead patients, from whom organs are usually retrieved, are in fact biologically alive. By means of the first, the so called dead donor rule may be abandoned, opening the way to lethal organ donation. In the second, it might be posited that terms such as “life” and “death” do not have any primary biological meaning and are applicable to persons instead of organisms. This second possibility permits one to acknowledge that brain-dead patients are deceased because they are irreversibly unconscious. In the commentary which follows, I will argue that Singer’s second option is preferable since it (a) provides a higher amount of organs available for transplant, and (b) is better suited to the meaning of “death” which occurs in ordinary language. I will also defend such a concept of death against the objections raised by Michael Nair-Collins in the article Can the brain-dead be harmed or wronged? On the moral status of brain death and its implications for organ transplantation.

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47

Ress, Bradford D., and Eric M. Gross. "Irreversible Sensorineural Hearing Loss as a Result of Azithromycin Ototoxicity." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 109, no. 4 (April 2000): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940010900416.

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48

Nakagawa, Y., S. Wang, Y. Matsumura, and C. Yamaguchi. "Study on irreversible capacity loss in lithium ion rechargeable batteries." Synthetic Metals 85, no. 1-3 (March 1997): 1343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(97)80263-9.

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49

Yuqin, Chang, Li Hong, Wu Lie, and Lu Tianhong. "Irreversible capacity loss of graphite electrode in lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 68, no. 2 (October 1997): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02549-9.

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50

Aktan, Gulderen, and Robert M. Mandelkorn. "Irreversible visual loss after an attack of central serous retinopathy." Annals of Ophthalmology 33, no. 4 (December 2001): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12009-001-0048-3.

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