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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 30 січня 2023

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1

Hod, Eldad A., Eric H. Ekland, Shruti Sharma, Boguslaw S. Wojczyk, David A. Fidock, Gary M. Brittenham, and Steven L. Spitalnik. "Effects of Iron Status and Iron Supplementation on Salmonella Typhimurium and Plasmodium Yoelii Infection In Mice." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2052.2052.

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Abstract Abstract 2052 To clarify the interactions between iron status, oral iron supplementation, and bacterial and malarial infections, we examined iron-replete mice and mice with dietary iron deficiency infected with Salmonella typhimurium, Plasmodium yoelii, or both, with and without oral iron administration. These studies were designed to identify potential mechanisms underlying the increased risk of severe illness and death in children in a malaria-endemic region who received routine iron and folic acid supplementation during a randomized, controlled trial in Pemba, Tanzania (Sazawal et al. Lancet 2006;367:133-43). To this end, weanling C57BL/6 female mice were fed an iron-replete or an iron-deficient diet, the latter of which resulted in severe iron deficiency anemia. Groups of mice were then infected by intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2, Plasmodium yoelii strain 17X parasites, or both. With Salmonella infection alone, iron-deficient mice had a median survival (7.5 days, N=8) approximately half that of iron-replete mice (13 days, N=10, p<0.0001). At death, the mean level of bacteremia was significantly higher in infected iron-deficient mice. In blood cultures performed at death, all iron-deficient mice were bacteremic, but bacteria were detected in only 4 of 10 iron-replete mice. Both iron-deficient and iron-replete Salmonella-infected mice had gross hepatosplenomegaly with hepatitis, distorted hepatic and splenic architecture, massive expansion of the splenic red pulp with inflammatory cells, and Gram-negative bacilli by tissue Gram stain. With P. yoelii infection alone, iron-deficient and iron-replete mice cleared the infection at similar rates (by ~13 days following infection, N=5 in each group) and no deaths due to parasitemia occurred. With Salmonella and P. yoelii co-infection, death was earlier than with Salmonella alone in iron-replete mice (median survival of 10 vs. 13 days; N=10 in each group; p=0.005), but not in iron-deficient mice (median survival of 7 vs. 7.5 days; N=10 and 8, respectively; p=0.8). To examine the effect of short-term oral iron supplementation with Salmonella infection alone, mice received daily iron (ferrous sulfate, 1 mg/kg) by gavage for 4 days before infection with Salmonella, and supplementation continued for a total of 10 days. After gavage, plasma non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) appeared at 1–2 hours with a mean peak level of approximately 5 μM. In iron-deficient mice, short-term oral iron supplementation did not fully correct the iron deficiency anemia or replenish iron stores. Oral iron supplementation reduced the median survival of both iron-deficient and iron-replete Salmonella-infected mice by approximately 1 day; the difference was significant only in the iron-replete group (N=5, p<0.05). In summary, these results indicate that iron deficiency decreases the survival of Salmonella-infected mice; the median survival of iron-deficient mice was approximately half that of those that were iron replete. These observations are similar to those in the Pemba sub-study in which iron-deficient children given placebo had a 200% increase in the risk of adverse events relative to iron-replete children. Iron deficiency had no apparent effect on the course of infection with P. yoelii but further studies with more virulent Plasmodium species are needed. Co-infection with Salmonella and Plasmodium significantly increased mortality as compared to single infections, but only in iron-replete mice. Oral iron supplementation of Salmonella-infected mice significantly decreased the median survival, but only of iron-replete animals; however, our study may have had insufficient power to detect an effect on iron-deficient mice. Systematic examination in mice of the effect of iron supplements on the severity of malarial and bacterial infection in iron-replete and iron-deficient states may ultimately help guide the safe and effective use of iron interventions in humans in areas with endemic malaria. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

2

`Zaman, Syed Qamar, Arshad Mahmood, Shabbir Ahmed, and Shahid Mahmud. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 04 (December 7, 2018): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.04.2423.

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Objective: To determine the association of breath holding spells with irondeficiency anemia in children. Study Design: Case control study. Place and Duration of Study:Military Hospital Rawalpindi from Jun 2012 to Dec 2012. Study Population: Sixty children ofeither gender meeting inclusion criteria aged 6 months to 5 years with 30 of breath holding spells incase group and 30 in control group as healthy children were included in the study after informedconsent from parents. Method: Complete blood picture and serum ferritin levels were performedof all children in both case and control groups. Tests were carried out at AFIP Rawalpindi. All datawas entered and analyzed using SPSS version 10. Frequencies and percentages were calculatedfor categorical (qualitative) variables like sex and children having iron deficiency anemia in casesand controls. Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) was calculated for numerical (quantitative)variable like Age. Odds ratio was calculated from the data of cases and controls. Regarding irondeficiency anemia p value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: In this study, werecorded 43.33% (n=13) cases were between 0.6-3 years and 56.67% (n=17) were between 4-5years while 53.33% (n=16) controls were between 0.6-3 years and 46.67% (n=14) were between4-5 years. Mean±SD was calculated as 3.3+1.46 years in cases and 2.93+1.48 years in controlgroup. Male children were 60% (n=18) in patient group and 46.67% (n=14) in controls group.Female children were 40% (n=12) in patient and 53.33% (n=16) in control group respectively.Association of breath holding spells with iron deficiency anemia in children revealed as 56.67%(n=17) in cases and 3.33% (n=1) in control group while remaining 43.33% (n=13) in cases and96.67% (n=29) in control group had no findings of this association. P value was calculated as<0.0001 and Odds Ratio was 37.92 which shows a significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions: The association of breath holding spells with iron deficiency anemia in children issignificantly higher than healthy controls. So, it is recommended that every child who present withbreath holding spells should be evaluated for iron deficiency anemia

3

Kishwar, Farzana, Tahira Ashraf, Islam Hanif, Asif Hanif, and Samia Kalsoom. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 09 (September 10, 2015): 1122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.09.1053.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of irondeficiency anemia in children of Lahore. Study Design: Cross sectional survey. Setting:Hospitals in different areas of Lahore. Period: 3 months. Methodology: A total sample of threehundred and sixty children was taken from different areas of Lahore. Simple random samplingtechnique was used. Data collection was done by using a cross sectional survey. An informedconsent was taken from the parents of children selected for including in the study and usingtheir data for research purpose. The complete demographic information like name, age, sex,address was obtained. Venous blood samples were obtained for analysis of their hemoglobin(Hb) level. All the data collected was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results:A total of 360 children were selected for the study. The mean age of respondents was 9.87 ±2.67. Among all subjects there were 158(43.89%) male and 202 (56.1%) were female patients.The mean Hb in all subjects was 9.82 ± 3.46. The overall prevalence of iron deficiency anemiawas 224(62.2%). Among anemic patients there 101 (45%) male and 123 (55%) female patientsin this study, we found no significant association between anemia and gender, p-value >0.05.Conclusion: Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is considerably higher in children of Lahoreunder study. We should take some defensive measure to cope with it as mathematical deficiencyaffect children’s health, mental and physical activities.

4

AHMED, SHAHEEN, Salman Ali, NAEEM FAREED, Mehboob Sultan, NADEEM SADIQ, and Umar Khurshid. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 16, no. 02 (June 10, 2009): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.02.2903.

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t r o d u c t i o n : The adherence to treatment of iron deficiency anemia often is poor in both developed and developingcountries. The current standard therapy is oral ferrous sulfate administered 3 times daily. It is possible that adherence would improve witha single-dose daily treatment regimen. O b j e c t i v e s : To compare single versus thrice daily ferrous sulfate for treatment of iron deficiencyanemia in young children. D e s i g n : Quasi experimental study Setting: Children Department Military Hospital Rawalpindi. P e r i o d : From (01Jan- to31 Mar 05 and 03 Jul to 02 Oct 05) Subjects and Methods: Total 250 patients of iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin values: 7.0to 9.9 gm/dl and serum ferritin values: 10 ng/ml or less) were identified. Children divided into two groups and matched on the basis of age;and gender. One group (n = 125) received ferrous sulfate once daily and the control group (n = 125) received ferrous sulfate thrice dailyat a total dose of 6 mg/kg/day of elemental iron for 2 months. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin values were measured as baseline and at theend of the study. R e s u l t s : Successful treatment of anemia (target hemoglobin > 10 gm/dl) occurred in 81.42 % of the single dose and in79.83 % of thrice daily dose groups and the side effects were minimal between the two groups. Conclusion: A single versus a 3 times dailydose of ferrous sulfate resulted in a similar rate of successful treatment of iron deficiency anemia, without significant side effects.

5

Pochinok, T. V. "Iron deficiency anemia in children." SOVREMENNAYA PEDIATRIYA 75, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/sp.2016.75.65.

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6

Queiroz, Suzana de Souza, and Marco A. de a. Torres. "Iron deficiency anemia in children." Jornal de Pediatria 76, no. 8 (November 15, 2000): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.167.

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7

Subramaniam, Girish, and Meenakshi Girish. "Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 82, no. 6 (February 1, 2015): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-014-1643-9.

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8

Khalid, Jawaria, Muhammed Mehboob Ahmed, Misbah Khalid, Muhammad Asghar Butt, and Khalid Mahmood Akhtar. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.04.334.

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Objective: To compare the efficacy of Ferrous sulfate with iron polymaltosecomplex in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children in terms of rise in hemoglobin. Studydesign: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: Department of Paediatric Medicine Unit I AlliedHospital Faisalabad. Study duration: 6 months. Methodology: All the children of age group6 month to 12year with hemoglobin level <10g/dl, MCV<70fl corrected for age, MCHC<32%,serum ferritin<8μg/l were included. All other cases of anemia other than iron deficiency anemiasuch as thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, lead poisoning etc, patients with severe anemia(hb≤6g/dl) because they need blood transfusion to correct anemia, those with decompensatedheart failure or acute infection were excluded. After enrolment patients were randomly dividedinto two groups by lottery method. Group A, patients were given ferrous sulphate. Group B,patients were given iron polymaltose complex (IPC). Both iron preparations were given inthe dose of 5mg/kg/day of elemental iron in three divided dosage 30 minutes before meals.Patients were assessed at one month interval after the start of treatment and hemoglobin waschecked at follow up visit by taking 2cc blood. Results: Sixty children were studied. Meanage was 2.5 ± 5.1 years, range 7 months to 12 years with 32 girls, 28 boys. The patients wereevenly distributed between the two treatment groups (IPC, n = 30, 50%; ferrous sulfate, n =30, 50%). All erythrocyte-related hematologic parameters after one month treatment showed asignificant improvement from baseline with both treatments. A significant improvement in Hbwas observed after one month treatment in the IPC group 9.5 ± 1.1g/dL to 10.6 ±1.0 g/dL andthe ferrous sulfate group 9.4 ± 1.6 g/dL to 11.2 ± 0.9 g/dL which was statistically significant.Conclusion: From this randomized study, it is concluded that both ferrous sulphate and ironpolymaltose complex have equal efficacy in treatment of iron deficiency anemia

9

Hussain, M. I., G. Ali, J. A. Sayle, B. Sprinkle, and J. H. Hcopes. "IRON-RESPONSIVE IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN." Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 11, no. 1 (1989): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043426-198921000-00042.

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10

Maheshwari, Nathumal, Omperkash Khemani, Bilawal Hingorjo, Mehmood Shaikh, Siri Chand, and Anjum Rehman. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 05 (May 10, 2018): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.05.304.

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Objectives: To evaluate the predictive value of Red blood cell distribution width(RDW) for the iron deficiency anemia in children. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Placeand Duration: Department of Paediatrics, Layari General Hospital Shaheed Muhtrama BenazirBhutto Medical College from December 2015 to March 2016. Methodology: A sample of 100children (53 male and 47 female) was selected through non- probability (purposive sampling). 5ml venous blood was collected, 3 ml was shifted to EDTA containing vacutainers and remainingwas processed and centrifuged to separate sera. Complete blood counts and iron profile wereperformed. Data of cases and controls was analyzed on Statistix 10.0 software (USA) (P ≤0.05).Results: Severe iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia were noted. Serum Iron, TIBC andFerritin were noted as 63.49±32.94 and 76.06±40.38 μg/dl, 468.7±142.2 and 445.5±135.2 μg/dl, & 36.2±14.12 and 43.2±13.5 ng/dl respectively. RDW proved a sensitivity and specificity of78% and 56% respectively (0.001). Conclusion: We observed severe iron deficiency anemia inchildren and Red blood cell distribution width showed high sensivity in predicting iron deficiencyanemia.

11

SIDDIQUI, SAEED, ATIF SITWAT HAYAT, M. KHALID SIDDIQUI, Naila Atif, and Hamayun Shah. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA:." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 02 (February 22, 2012): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.02.1998.

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Objectives: To estimate the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in a sample of population of pregnant women residingpermanently at high altitude of ≥5000 feet in different areas of district Abbottabad. Study Design: Cross sectional Study. Place & duration ofStudy: Northern Institute of Medical Sciences Abbottabad: From 17 August 2009 to 15 June 2010. Subjects and Methods: This study wascarried out on hundred pregnant women residing permanently at an altitude of ≥5000 feet above sea level in district Abbottabad. The agerange was fixed to 15-45 (child bearing age ) years. Suspected study participants having anemia were tested for iron status by serum ferritintest. Pregnant women having both anemia and iron deficiency were labeled as patients of Iron deficiency anemia. Results: The age range was15-41 years with a mean of + / - SD of 28.13 + / - 6.61. All women were of low and middle socioeconomic class with 74 % illiteracy. 60 % of womenhad birth spacing of two or less than two years. 64 % of pregnant women had three children. Anemia was detected in 74 % (X2 =9.42 p > 0.05),iron deficiency in 66 % (X2 = 14.76 p <0.01) and iron deficiency anemia in 60 % (X2 = 13.56 p < 0.01). Conclusions: High altitude residentpregnant women remain at high risk of developing iron deficiency anemia because of illiteracy, poverty and ignorance. With adequate nutritionand health education the problem can be addressed effectively.

12

Moshe, Galit, Yona Amitai, Gerard Korchia, Levana Korchia, Ariel Tenenbaum, Joseph Rosenblum, and Avi Schechter. "Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Children." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 57, no. 6 (December 2013): 722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182a80c42.

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13

Sidhu, Jasmeet, P. C. Goyal, and Raju Gupta. "Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children: Correspondence." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 83, no. 2 (October 8, 2015): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-015-1911-3.

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14

Ergul, Ayse Betul, Cem Turanoglu, Cigdem Karakukcu, Serap Karaman, and Yasemin Altuner Torun. "Increased Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children with Zinc Deficiency." Eurasian Journal of Medicine 50, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2018.17237.

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15

Maheshwari, Nathumal, Omperkash Khemani, Bilawal Hingorjo, Mehmood Shaikh, Sirichand, and Anjum Rehman. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 05 (May 7, 2018): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4348.

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16

Pala, Emin, Muferet Erguven, Sirin Guven, Makbule Erdogan, and Tulin Balta. "Psychomotor Development in Children with Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 31, no. 3 (September 2010): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482651003100305.

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17

Florescu, Laura, Oana-Raluca Temneanu, Nicolai Nistor, and Dana Elena Mindru. "IRON DEFICIENCY AND IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA – A GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 65, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2016.3.3.

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Iron deficiency is defined as a condition in which there is not an adequate iron level necessary to maintain the normal physiologic functions. Having the magnitude of epidemics, anemia is a global public health problem, which affects both the emerging countries and the developed ones, with major consequences for human health and for social and economic development. Nowadays, iron deficiency and especially iron-deficiency anemia, remains one of the most severe and important nutritional deficiencies. Each group of age is vulnerable. Infants, small children, pre-school children and teenagers show a higher risk of iron deficiency. Accordingly, the World Health Organization developed an ample package of public health measures that approaches all the aspects related to iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Trying to diminish the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) has synthesized in 2014 the recommendations used also at present for martial prophylaxis.

18

Abd El Reheem, Dalia Ali Mohamed, Nawal Mahmoued Soliman, and Ferial Fouad Melika. "Iron Deficiency Anemia among Children during Weaning." Egyptian Journal of Health Care 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2020.95140.

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19

Berezhniy, V. V., and V. V. Korneva. "Ferrotherapy of iron deficiency anemia in children." SOVREMENNAYA PEDIATRIYA 75, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/sp.2016.75.58.

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20

Kwiatkowski, Janet L., Therese B. West, Noushin Heidary, Kim Smith-Whitley, and Alan R. Cohen. "Severe iron deficiency anemia in young children." Journal of Pediatrics 135, no. 4 (October 1999): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70177-0.

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21

Subramaniam, Girish, and Meenakshi Girish. "Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children: Authors’ Reply." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 83, no. 2 (October 8, 2015): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-015-1912-2.

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22

Kabakus, N. "Reversal of Iron Deficiency Anemia-induced Peripheral Neuropathy by Iron Treatment in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 48, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/48.4.204.

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23

Qader, Mohammed, and Abbas Rabaty. "Impact of iron deficiency anemia on HbA1c level in non-diabetic children." Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences 25, no. 3 (December 23, 2021): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2021.027.

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Background and objective: HbA1c has been endorsed by the American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus. Its value is directly proportional to the blood glucose level. However, besides the blood glucose level, other factors like iron deficiency anemia can affect HbA1c level. We conducted this study to reveal the impact of iron deficiency anemia on HbA1c level and to assess whether HbA1c result changes after the correction of iron deficiency anemia. Methods: Twenty five non-diabetic children who were confirmed to have iron deficiency anemia were enrolled. HbA1c, hemoglobin, serum iron, and ferritin were measured and compared at baseline and post-correction of iron deficiency anemia with a three-month age-appropriate dose of iron therapy. The baseline results were compared with 25 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Results: Children with iron deficiency anemia had significantly higher HbA1c level (6.144±0.6312, P <0.001) than the control group (5.032±0.5558, P <0.001). After three months of treatment of iron deficiency anemia, HbA1c significantly dropped (from 6.144±0.6312, P <0.001 to 5.604±0.51, P <0.001). Conclusion: This study concluded that HbA1c is inversely proportional to iron deficiency anemia in non-diabetic children, and treatment of iron deficiency anemia led to a drop in HbA1c level. Due to this false elevation of HbA1c by iron deficiency anemia, iron deficiency anemia should be considered and excluded before making the diagnosis or deciding on any therapeutic change in diabetic children. Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia; HbA1c; Non-diabetic children.

24

Roganović, Jelena. "PARENTERAL IRON THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Paediatrics Today 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5457/p2005-114.106.

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25

Kaneva, Kristiyana, Erika Chow, Cathy G. Rosenfield, and Michael J. Kelly. "Intravenous Iron Sucrose for Children With Iron Deficiency Anemia." Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 39, no. 5 (July 2017): e259-e262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mph.0000000000000879.

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26

Roganovic, Jelena, and Elpis Mantadakis. "Parenteral iron therapy in children with iron deficiency anemia." World Journal of Pediatrics 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12519-016-0002-5.

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27

Mustafina, Z. Z. "Iron deficiency conditions in school children." Kazan medical journal 66, no. 2 (April 15, 1985): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj60932.

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Tenenbaum, Ariel, Sarah Malkiel, Isaiah D. Wexler, Floris Levy-Khademi, Shoshana Revel-Vilk, and Polina Stepensky. "Anemia in Children with Down Syndrome." International Journal of Pediatrics 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/813541.

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Background. Iron deficiency anemia impacts on cognitive development. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in children with Down syndrome and identify risk factors for anemia.Methods. We conducted a prolective cross-sectional study of children attending a multidisciplinary Down syndrome medical center. One hundred and forty nine children with Down syndrome aged 0–20 years were enrolled in the study. Information obtained included a medical history, physical and developmental examination, nutritional assessment, and the results of blood tests.Results. Of the patients studied, 8.1% were found to have anemia. Among the 38 children who had iron studies, 50.0% had iron deficiency. In a multivariate analysis, Arab ethnicity and low weight for age were significantly associated with anemia. Gender, height, the presence of an eating disorder, and congenital heart disease were not risk factors for anemia.Conclusions. Children with Down syndrome are at risk for anemia and iron deficiency similar to the general population. Children with Down syndrome should be monitored for anemia and iron deficiency so that prompt intervention can be initiated.

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Donahue Angel, Moira, Peter Berti, Kendra Siekmans, Pierrot Lundimu Tugirimana, and Erick Boy. "Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia in the Northern and Southern Provinces of Rwanda." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 38, no. 4 (August 22, 2017): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572117723134.

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Background: Anemia remains a public health problem in Rwanda, affecting 38% of young children and 17% of reproductive-aged women (Demographic and Health Survey [DHS] 2010). The importance of iron deficiency (ID) as a cause of anemia in Rwanda is not known. Objective: We aimed to estimate the prevalence of ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among young children and women in 2 provinces of Rwanda. Methods: We conducted a cluster randomized survey, selecting 408 rural households each in the Northern and Southern Provinces of Rwanda in 2010. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <110 g/L in children and <120 g/L in nonpregnant women after correction for altitude. We defined ID as (1) serum transferrin receptor (TfR) >8.3 mg/L or (2) serum ferritin (SF) <12 μg/L in children and <15 μg/L in nonpregnant women after correction for inflammation. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 30.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.4-35.8) in children (n = 577) and 11.2% (95% CI, 8.4-14.7) in women (n = 595). The prevalence of ID in children was 3.1% (95% CI, 1.8-5.1) as defined by high TfR and 5.9% (95% CI, 4.0-8.4) as defined by low SF. Similarly, 3.0% (95% CI, 1.8-4.8) of women had high TfR and 4.8% (95% CI, 3.2-7.2) had low SF. The prevalence of IDA (low SF with concurrent anemia) ranged from 1.4% (95% CI, 0.5-3.6) among women in the North to 5.6% (95% CI, 3.1-10.0) among children in the South. Conclusions: ID is likely not an important contributor to anemia in the Northern and Southern Provinces of Rwanda. This finding warrants further investigation into other causes of anemia.

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Santokh, Inderpreet, Bablu Kumar Gaur, Raghvendra Narayan, Baljeet Maini, and A. K. Bharadwaj. "Iron deficiency anemia among hospitalized children in a rural teaching hospital: a cross sectional study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (June 22, 2018): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20182579.

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Background: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in the world. The present study was conducted to know the prevalence and severity of iron deficiency anemia among of 6 months to 60 months old children. A large proportion of iron deficiency is preventable with appropriate and timely intervention.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 100 children clinically suggestive of anemia with hemoglobin level less than 11gm/dl admitted in pediatrics ward of tertiary care hospital. 5 ml of blood sample was taken and complete hemogram, peripheral blood film and serum ferritin estimation was done. Case were studied in reference to history, age, clinical examination, hemoglobin level and confirmation of iron deficiency anemia was done by serum ferritin levels.Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in present study was 56%. It was most prevalent in the age group of 6 to 24 months. Exclusively breastfed children showed higher prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in present study, however no statistical correlation was found. Low Serum ferritin levels have statistically significant result with socioeconomic status, with as many as 69.4% suffering from iron deficiency anemia belonging to low socioeconomic status.Conclusions: Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia remains alarmingly high and major health problem in our country. All anemia are not iron deficiency anemia. Low socioeconomic status is a huge hurdle in child health and greatly influences prevalence of iron deficiency anemia. Serum ferritin is a most sensitive marker of iron deficiency anemia, helps diagnose it early in its course, which can be missed on clinical or routine blood investigations.

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Carvalho, Antonio Geraldo Cidrão, Pedro Israel Cabral de Lira, Maria de Fátima Alcântara Barros, Maria Luiza Martins Aléssio, Marília de Carvalho Lima, Marie Annette Carbonneau, Jacques Berger, and Claude Louis Léger. "Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in children of Northeast Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 44, no. 3 (June 2010): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102010000300015.

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OBJECTIVE: To diagnose iron deficiency anemia in children. METHODS: The study was conducted with a sample of 301 children aged six to 30 months attending public daycare centers in the city of Recife, Northeast Brazil, in 2004. The diagnoses of anemia were based on a combination of different hematological and biochemical parameters: hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, ferritin, C-reactive protein, transferrin saturation and transferrin receptor. The chi-square test and ANOVA were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of all children studied, 92.4% had anemia (Hb <110 g/L) and 28.9% had moderate/severe anemia (Hb <90 g/L). Lower levels of hemoglobin were found in children aged 6-17 months. Iron deficiency was found in 51.5% of children using ferritin (<12 μg/L) as parameter. Taking into consideration the combination of hemoglobin level, ferritin and transferrin receptor, 58.1% had anemia with iron deficiency, 34.2% had anemia without iron deficiency and 2.3% had iron deficiency without anemia. Mean ferritin concentration was significantly higher in children with high C-reactive protein when compared with those with normal levels (22.1 vs. 14.8 µg/L). CONCLUSIONS: The use of several biochemical and hematological parameters allowed to diagnosing iron deficiency anemia in two thirds of children, suggesting a need to identify other determinants of anemia without iron deficiency.

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Khatiwada, Saroj, Madhab Lamsal, Basanta Gelal, Sharad Gautam, Ashwini Kumar Nepal, David Brodie, and Nirmal Baral. "Anemia, Iron Deficiency and Iodine Deficiency among Nepalese School Children." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 83, no. 7 (November 12, 2015): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-015-1924-y.

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Jefferds, Maria Elena D., Zuguo Mei, Yaw Addo, Heather C. Hamner, Cria G. Perrine, Rafael Flores-Ayala, Christine M. Pfeiffer, and Andrea J. Sharma. "Iron Deficiency in the United States: Limitations in Guidelines, Data, and Monitoring of Disparities." American Journal of Public Health 112, S8 (October 2022): S826—S835. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.306998.

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Iron deficiency and the more severe sequela, iron deficiency anemia, are public health problems associated with morbidity and mortality, particularly among pregnant women and younger children. The 1998 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for prevention and control of iron deficiency in the United States is old and does not reflect recent evidence but is a foundational reference for many federal, clinical, and program guidelines. Surveillance data for iron deficiency are sparse at all levels, with critical gaps for pregnant women and younger children. Anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia are often conflated but should not be. Clinical guidelines for anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia give inconsistent recommendations, causing nonsystematic assessment of iron deficiency. Screening for iron deficiency typically relies on identifying anemia, despite anemia’s low sensitivity for iron deficiency. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, more than 70% of iron deficiency is missed among pregnant women and children by relying on hemoglobin for iron deficiency screening. To improve assessment and diagnosis and strengthen surveillance, better and more complete data and updated foundational guidance on iron deficiency and anemia are needed that consider new evidence for measuring and interpreting laboratory results. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S8):S826–S835. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306998 )

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Gupta, Priya, Cria Perrine, Zuguo Mei, and Kelley Scanlon. "Iron, Anemia, and Iron Deficiency Anemia among Young Children in the United States." Nutrients 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2016): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8060330.

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Weiler, Hope A., Sonia Jean-Philippe, Tamara R. Cohen, Catherine A. Vanstone, and Sherry Agellon. "Depleted iron stores and iron deficiency anemia associated with reduced ferritin and hepcidin and elevated soluble transferrin receptors in a multiethnic group of preschool-age children." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 9 (September 2015): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0328.

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Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent in subgroups of the Canadian population. The objective of this study was to examine iron status and anemia in preschool-age children. Healthy children (n = 430, 2–5 years old, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) were sampled from randomly selected daycares. Anthropometry, demographics, and diet were assessed. Biochemistry included hemoglobin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), ferritin index, markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)), and hepcidin. Iron deficiency and anemia cutoffs conformed to the World Health Organization criteria. Differences among categories were tested using mixed-model ANOVA or χ2tests. Children were 3.8 ± 1.0 years of age, with a body mass index z score of 0.48 ± 0.97, and 51% were white. Adjusted intakes of iron indicated <1% were at risk for deficiency. Hemoglobin was higher in white children, whereas ferritin was higher with greater age and female sex. Inflammatory markers and hepcidin did not vary with any demographic variable. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 16.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 13.0–20.0). Three percent (95% CI, 1.4–4.6) of children had iron deficiency anemia and 12.8% (95% CI, 9.6–16.0) had unexplained anemia. Children with iron deficiency, with and without anemia, had lower plasma ferritin and hepcidin but higher sTfR, ferritin index, and IL-6, whereas those with unexplained anemia had elevated TNFα. We conclude that iron deficiency anemia is not very common in young children in Montreal. While iron deficiency without anemia is more common than iron deficiency with anemia, the correspondingly reduced circulating hepcidin would have enabled heightened absorption of dietary iron in support of erythropoiesis.

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NOBRE, Luciana Neri, Angelina do Carmo LESSA, Hilda Christiane de OLIVEIRA, Joel Alves LAMOUNIER, and Sylvia do Carmo Castro FRANCISCHINI. "Iron-deficiency anemia and associated factors among preschool children in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Revista de Nutrição 30, no. 2 (March 2017): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652017000200004.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Study the prevalence of iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia and their associated factors in preschool children. Methods: Cross-sectional study with five-year old preschool children from a birth cohort of the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Socioeconomic, demographic, and dietary characteristics were obtained through a questionnaire administered to each child mother or guardian. Iron depletion (normal hemoglobin and low serum ferritin levels) and iron-deficiency anemia (hemoglobin level than 11g/dL) were detected after collecting 5mL of venous blood of preschool children. Poisson regression was used to identify the factors associated with iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia. Results: A total of 228 preschool were evaluated, corresponding to 97.4% of the children from a cohort study followed-up up to the end of their first year of life. Iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia were detected, respectively, in 15.9% and 18.9% of the preschool children evaluated. Iron depletion was not associated with any variable studied, while low maternal education level was associated with iron-deficiency anemia (PR=1.83; P=0.03). Conclusion: Iron-deficiency anemia is considered as a mild public health problem among 5-year old children in the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Higher maternal education level was a protective factor against this deficiency, and therefore it is as an important marker for the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia in the population studied.

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Nazir, Fahad, Asim Khurshid, and Muhammad Abu Talib. "Intravenous iron sucrose in malnourished children with iron deficiency anemia." Professional Medical Journal 27, no. 09 (September 10, 2020): 1867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.09.4107.

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Objectives: To compare the mean hemoglobin level before and six weeks after giving intravenous iron sucrose therapy in malnourished children having iron deficiency anemia. Study Design: Quasi Experimental Study. Setting: Nutritional Stabilization Centre, Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan. Period: From July 2018 to December 2018. Material & Methods: A total of 80 patients were enrolled in the study. Hemoglobin level at baseline was recorded. IV iron sucrose therapy was divided into 3 equal doses and administered on 3 consecutive days. After 6 weeks of administration of iron sucrose, hemoglobin level was noted. Independent sample T-test was applied to compare Hb level before and after therapy with p-value≤0.05 as significant. Results: Overall, mean age was 13.39±6.11months. There were 54 (67.5%) males and 28 (32.5%) females. The mean weight of patients was 5.06±1.45kg and mean height was 64.59±8.72cm. The weight for height ratio was <-3SD in all patients (100%). The mean hemoglobin level of patients at baseline was 7.37±0.44g/dl, which was improved to 9.47±0.47g/dl after 6 weeks treatment. This was significant improvement (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus intravenous iron sucrose therapy can significantly improve the condition of child and rectify the IDA.

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Elsayed, Wagdy, and Eman Essa. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA , SERUM IRON IN CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIAL ASTHMA." Zagazig University Medical Journal 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/zumj.2017.4682.

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Zheng, Juan, Jie Liu, and Wenhan Yang. "Association of Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Non-Iron-Deficiency Anemia with Neurobehavioral Development in Children Aged 6–24 Months." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 3423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103423.

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(1) Background: Anemia has comprehensive adverse effects on the growth and development of children. In this study, we analyzed the potential effects of different types of anemia on early-life neurobehavioral development. (2) Methods: A total of 2601 children aged 6–24 months, whose parents agreed to participate in this study, underwent routine blood tests and neurobehavioral development assessment. The children’s parents or other primary caregivers were interviewed with a face-to-face questionnaire at the time of enrollment in the study. Anemia was determined by hemoglobin < 110 g/L and classified into iron-deficiency and non-iron-deficiency anemia according to the levels of serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Neurobehavioral development was assessed by the China Developmental Scale for Children and divided into five domains: gross motor, fine movement, adaptability, language, and social behavior. The development quotient (DQ) was used to measure the level of total neurobehavioral development and each domain of neurobehavioral development. (3) Results: The prevalence of anemia in children aged 6–24 months was 26.45%, of which iron-deficiency anemia only accounted for 27.33%. Compared with children without anemia, those with iron-deficiency anemia had a significantly lower developmental quotient (DQ) for total neurobehavioral development and gross motor and adaptability development. The partial regression coefficients were −1.33 (95% CI −2.36, −0.29; p = 0.012), −1.88 (95% CI −3.74, −0.03; p = 0.047), and 1.48 (95% CI −2.92, −0.05; p = 0.042), respectively. Children with non-iron-deficiency anemia had significantly lower DQ for total neurobehavioral development and gross motor and fine movement development than those without anemia. The partial regression coefficients were −0.94 (95% CI −1.64, −0.25; p = 0.008), −1.25 (95% CI −2.48, −0.03; p = 0.044), and −1.18 (95% CI −2.15, −0.21; p = 0.017), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in total neurobehavioral development and the five domains of neurobehavioral development between children with non-iron-deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. The partial β values were 0.40 (95% CI −1.53, 2.33; p = 0.684), 0.21 (95% CI −1.39, 1.81; p = 0.795), 0.63 (95% CI −1.03, 2.28; p = 0.457), 0.16 (95% CI −1.78, 2.10; p = 0.871), 0.35 (95% CI −1.32, 2.01; p = 0.684), and 0.34 (95% CI −0.77, 1.46; p = 0.545), respectively. (4) Conclusions: Both iron-deficiency anemia and non-iron-deficiency anemia were negatively correlated with the neurobehavioral development of children. Negative correlations were found between iron-deficiency anemia and gross motor and adaptability development and between non-iron-deficiency anemia and gross motor and fine movement development.

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Talarico, Valentina, Maria Concetta Galati, Paola Saracco, Giuseppe Raiol, and Roberto Miniero. "Absolute Iron Deficiency in Children: Review." International Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 10 (December 2, 2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8687.2022.10.3.

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Absolute iron deficiency (A-ID) is still the most common form of malnutrition and iron deficiency anemia (A-IDA) is the most frequent kind of anemia among children/adolescents in developed countries. Prematurity, decreased dietary source, malabsorption and blood loss represent the prevalent causes of iron deficiency. A-ID and A-IDA will present with a wide variety of symptoms involving multiple organs and systems. Recent literature highlights the association between chronic A-ID and possible delayed motor, cognitive development and decreased cognitive performance. Oral iron administration remains the main treatment. The dose of elemental iron is 2–6 mg/kg/day; recent reports demonstrate that iron administration every other day is equally effective at the doses administered daily with fewer side effects. When normal Haemoglobin (Hb) values are reached, treatment must be generally continued for 3 months in order to replenish iron stores. Rarely intravenous iron administration may be necessary in some selected patients; and the new commercial products based on parenteral iron have shown a good safety profile. Prevention of A-ID might be considered as an important issue of public health.

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Kishwar, Dr Farzana, Tahira Ashraf, Dr Islam Hanif, Asif Hanif, and Dr Samia Kalsoom. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; PREVALENCE IN CHILDREN OF LAHORE." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 09 (September 1, 2015): 1122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/tpmj/15.2999.

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Kose, Dogan, Derya Arslan, Fatma Kaya, Bulent Oran, and Yavuz Koksal. "Cardiac functions in children with iron deficiency anemia." Gaziantep Medical Journal 20, no. 4 (2014): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/gmj-30-161895.

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Surani, Muhammad Khalil, Muhammad Yousuf, Khalid Saleem, Sabiha Khan, Munir Ahmad, and Muhammad Shahzaib Altaf. "Iron deficiency anemia among children with febrile seizures." Professional Medical Journal 27, no. 09 (September 10, 2020): 1922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.09.4426.

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Objectives: This study was aimed to find out the frequency of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among children with febrile seizures (FS). Study Design: Descriptive, Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Children’s Hospital and The Institute of Child Health Multan. Period: from 31st July to 31st December 2017. Material & Methods: A total of 57children, age 6 months to 6 years of either gender presenting with FS were enrolled in the study. Demographic data included age, gender, residential area, maternal literacy and socio-economic status. Work-up for iron deficiency anemia included hemoglobin (Hb) level with serum ferritin levels. Mean and standard deviation were reported for age, disease duration, Hband ferritin levels whereas frequency and percentages are reported for categorical data. Results: A total of 57 children that included 66.7 % females (n=38) were enrolled. Mean Hb (g/dl) and ferritin (µg/L) level was 8.87±6.01 and 9.12±7.36 respectively. IDA was observed in 28.1% (n=16) of the patients. IDA was significantly higher in children 6 months to 3 years age (p-value 0.038), from rural origin (p-vale 0.005), with low income status (p-value 0.025) and children of illiterate mothers (p-value 0.004). Conclusion: IDA is not uncommon in children with FS. Children younger than 3 years, from rural origin, with low income status, and having illiterate mothers were more prone to IDA.

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Zaky, Effat, Marowa Abd El Wahab, Shima Kamal, and zeinab Khalf. "Language Disorders in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia." Egyptian Journal of Ear, Nose, Throat and Allied Sciences 22, no. 22 (January 1, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejentas.2021.60936.1315.

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Xinlan, Wu. "Clinical treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children." Frontiers of Clinical Medicine 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/fcm.0201001c.

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Sipahi, Tansu, Betül Tavil, and Yücel ünver. "NEUTROPHIL HYPERSEGMENTATION IN CHILDREN WITH IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 19, no. 4 (January 2002): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08880010252899398.

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Tsai, Shu-Fan, Shu-Jen Chen, Hsiu-Ju Yen, Giun-Yi Hung, Pei-Chen Tsao, Mei-Jy Jeng, Yu-Sheng Lee, Wen-Jue Soong, and Ren-Bin Tang. "Iron Deficiency Anemia in Predominantly Breastfed Young Children." Pediatrics & Neonatology 55, no. 6 (December 2014): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2014.02.005.

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Lim, Jae-Young. "Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children." Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 21, no. 2 (October 30, 2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15264/cpho.2014.21.2.47.

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Keikhaei, Bijan, Khodamorad Zandian, Ali Ghasemi, and Ramin Tabibi. "Iron-Deficiency Anemia among Children in Southwest Iran." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, no. 4 (December 2007): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650702800405.

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DeSouza, Sherwin, Anita Shet, Prasanna Kumar Kapavarapu, and Arun S. Shet. "Evaluating Biomarkers Of Iron Deficiency Anemia In Anemia Of Inflammation." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.948.948.

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Abstract Introduction Low middle income countries like India have a high prevalence of childhood anemia (74% in children <5years of age) (NFHS-3 survey 2006) and the predominant cause is iron deficiency anemia (IDA) (Pasricha et al, Pediatrics 2010). Additionally, in this setting there is a large burden of infectious diseases in children. Thus, several community dwelling Indian children have anemia and infection, where the use of standard markers such as ferritin to diagnose IDA is challenging. Using HIV infected children as a model for anemia of inflammation (AI), we explored the utility of zinc protoporphyrin/heme (ZPP/H) as a biomarker for the diagnosis of IDA superimposed on AI. Methods We prospectively enrolled 241 HIV-infected children in a multicentric study to assess anemia in HIV infected children. Of these, 221 children (aged 2-12 years, mean 7.86 years) had evaluable blood samples that were used to measure hematological and biochemical parameters. Stored samples of washed erythrocytes were used to measure Zinc protoporphyrin/Heme ratio (ZPP/H) with a hematofluorometer (AVIV Biomedical). Using standard biochemical assays, we measured serum ferritin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum transferrin receptor levels. Anemia was defined using WHO age specific hemoglobin-based criteria (2011). The soluble transferrin receptor log ferritin index (sTfR-F index ≥1.5) was used to identify those having pure IDA (index ≥ 1.5) and non-iron deficient AI (sTfR-F index < 1.5). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 21.0 for Mac). The performance of ZPP/H ratio was compared to sTfR-F index as a gold standard using Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC). Results Among 221 evaluable patients, the mean age was 7.9 ± 2.5 years with a range of 2-12 years. Based on an age-stratified hemoglobin criteria (WHO, 2011), 65 children (29.4%) were classified as anemic, of whom 56% were males. Comparisons between anemic and non-anemic children are presented in tables 1 and 2. Using previously published biochemical criteria (sTfR index > 1.5; Punnonen et al, Blood 1997); we found that the sTfR index detected pure IDA in 43% cases. Using an alternative algorithm based on the serum ferritin value (Goodnough et al, NEJM 2005), the patients were reclassified into pure IDA (46.2%, <30mg/l), pure AI (20.0%, >100mg/l) and mixed IDA and AI (33.8%, 30-100mg/l). High sensitivity CRP (>1.0mg/dl indicating inflammation) biochemically defined AI, in 35.4% patients. An ROC for ZPP/H levels was plotted using the sTfR index as a gold standard (n=65), with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80 and a standard error of 0.05. The ZPP/H cutoff value of 59.5μmol/mol heme, on the efficiency curve, identified IDA with 96.4% sensitivity and 78.4% specificity. Conclusion Our studies suggest that a ZPP/H cutoff value of 59.5 μmol/mol heme can diagnose IDA in anemic HIV infected children with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. In low middle-income countries, ZPP/H is a relatively cost efficient point of care test that can guide the use of iron supplements. However, further studies in a healthy pediatric population are needed to assess the validity of these cut off values. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.