Статті в журналах: "Iron-based model alloys"

1

Sugano, R., K. Morishita, and A. Kimura. "Helium Accumulation Behavior in Iron Based Model Alloys." Fusion Science and Technology 44, no. 2 (September 2003): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst03-a375.

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2

Lech-Grega, Marzena, and Sonia Boczkal. "Iron Phases in Model Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloys." Materials Science Forum 674 (February 2011): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.674.135.

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Iron phases present in alloys from the 6xxx series affect the workability behaviour of these alloys. Iron in these alloys occurs in the form of intermetallic phases and AlFe, α-AlFeSi, β- AlFeSi eutectics. The homogenisation treatment is carried out to induce the transformation of  phase into phase The aim of the studies was EDX and EBSD analysis by scanning microscopy of iron phases present in model alloys based on 6061 system, characterised by the silicon-iron ratio Si/Fe=0,5 and 1, examined in as-cast condition and after homogenisation, followed by a comparison of the detected phases with phases present in industrial ingots. In 6061 alloy, copper in the amount of 0,4wt.% occurred in the solid solution of aluminium. The EDX analysis proved that copper atoms were embedded also in iron precipitates, and scarce phases of an AlxCuy type were being formed. Different content of magnesium in the examined alloys (0,8 and 1,2wt.%) affected not only the quantitative content of Mg2Si phases, but also the presence of AlFe phases in alloy with small content of Si (0,4wt.%) and high content of Mg (1,2wt.%).

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3

Le, Cao Dang, Konstanchin D. Savelyev, and Valeri Mikhailovich Golod. "Structure Diagnostic of Iron-Based Out-of-Peritectic Alloys during Nonequilibrium Crystallization." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.3.

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The effect of the contribution of basic components (silicon, manganese, chromium, and nickel) in multicomponent iron-based alloys on critical point position of the peritectic reaction was studied by using the POLYTHERM software package. Obtained temperature and concentration values of critical points of peritectic transformation, depending on the content of iron-based alloy components (Si, Mn, Cr, Ni) were used to build summary equations, represented the change in temperature and concentration of critical points by variation of binary, ternary and quaternary alloy composition. Investigation of nonequilibrium crystallization of out-of-peritectic casting steels was performed by using a system of computer models describing thermodynamic, thermophysical, diffusion and capillary processes during solidification under coalescence of dendritic branches. The nonequilibrium crystallization regime was specified by suppression of diffusion in the solid phase, reflected by adding the inverse diffusion parameter to the system of the computer model. The application of these computer models not only allows to make calculations of the temperature course, the solid phase fraction and the composition of the components in the liquid phase but also the calculation of secondary arm spacing during crystallization with taking into account the coalescence process.

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4

Taylor, Christopher D. "Cohesive Relations for Surface Atoms in the Iron-Technetium Binary System." Journal of Metallurgy 2011 (October 16, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/954170.

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Iron-technetium alloys are of relevance to the development of waste forms for disposition of radioactive technetium-99 obtained from spent nuclear fuel. Corrosion of candidate waste forms is a function of the local cohesive energy () of surface atoms. A theoretical model for calculating is developed. Density functional theory was used to construct a modified embedded atom (MEAM) potential for iron-technetium. Materials properties determined for the iron-technetium system were in good agreement with the literature. To explore the relationship between local structure and corrosion, MEAM simulations were performed on representative iron-technetium alloys and intermetallics. Technetium-rich phases have lower , suggesting that these phases will be more noble than iron-rich ones. Quantitative estimates of based on numbers of nearest neighbors alone can lead to errors up to 0.5 eV. Consequently, atomistic corrosion simulations for alloy systems should utilize physics-based models that consider not only neighbor counts, but also local compositions and atomic arrangements.

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5

Kumar Singla, Yogesh, DK Dwivedi, and Navneet Arora. "Modeling the impact–sliding wear characteristics of rare earth additive iron-based hardfacing alloys." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 11 (March 10, 2017): 1486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117699302.

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This paper presents a systematic study of the effect of the cerium oxide content on the mechanical, microstructural and tribological properties of iron-based alloys. The results indicate that the microstructure of the hardfaced alloys is mainly composed of austenite, MC and M7C3 carbides. The primary austenite grain size was refined at first and then coarsened with the increase of the rare earth oxide additions. Meanwhile, the hardness of the hardfacing alloy was also increased. The increased area fraction of carbides was found to be beneficial for enhanced wear resistance. A statistical regression model was developed and verified with a number of test cases in order to evaluate the adequacy of the model. The optimal amount of rare earth was found to be less than 6 wt.%; below this composition, the microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties were excellent.

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6

Atulasimha, Jayasimha, Alison B. Flatau, and Eric Summers. "Characterization and energy-based model of the magnetomechanical behavior of polycrystalline iron–gallium alloys." Smart Materials and Structures 16, no. 4 (July 5, 2007): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/16/4/039.

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7

Fourlakidis, Vasilios, Ilia Belov, and Attila Diószegi. "Strength Prediction for Pearlitic Lamellar Graphite Iron: Model Validation." Metals 8, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090684.

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The present work provides validation of the ultimate tensile strength computational models, based on full-scale lamellar graphite iron casting process simulation, against previously obtained experimental data. Microstructure models have been combined with modified Griffith and Hall–Petch equations, and incorporated into casting simulation software, to enable the strength prediction for four pearlitic lamellar cast iron alloys with various carbon contents. The results show that the developed models can be successfully applied within the strength prediction methodology along with the simulation tools, for a wide range of carbon contents and for different solidification rates typical for both thin- and thick-walled complex-shaped iron castings.

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8

Dolatabadi, Neda, Moslem Shahverdi, Mehdi Ghassemieh, and Masoud Motavalli. "RC Structures Strengthened by an Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloy Embedded in a Shotcrete Layer—Nonlinear Finite Element Modeling." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 5504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235504.

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been widely used in civil engineering applications including active and passive control of structures, sensors and actuators and strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures owing to unique features such as the shape memory effect and pseudo-elasticity. Iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) have become popular in recent years. Use of iron-based SMAs for strengthening RC structures has received attention in the recent decade due to the advantages it presents, that is, no ducts or anchor heads are required, friction losses do not occur and no space is needed for a hydraulic device to exert force. Accordingly, Fe-SMAs embedded in a shotcrete layer have been used for pre-stressing RC beams at Empa. The aim of this study is to present an approach to model and analyze the behavior of RC members strengthened and pre-stressed with Fe-SMA rebars embedded in a shotcrete layer. The lack of research on developing finite element models for studying the behavior of concrete structures strengthened by iron-based shape memory alloys is addressed. Three-dimensional finite element models were developed in the commercial finite element code ABAQUS, using the concrete damaged plasticity model to predict the studied beams’ load–displacement response. The results of the finite element analyses show a considerably good agreement with the experimental data in terms of the beams’ cracking load and ultimate load capacity. The effects of different strengthening parameters, including SMA rebar diameter, steel rebar diameter and pre-stressing force level on the beam behavior, were investigated based on the verified finite element models. The results were compared. The load-displacement response of an 18-m concrete girder strengthened and pre-stressed with iron-based SMA bars was examined by the developed finite element model as a case study.

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9

Kamada, Y., J. N. Mohapatra, H. Kikuchi, S. Kobayashi, T. Murakami, and H. Watanabe. "Neutron Irradiation Effects on Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Pre-deformed Iron-based Model Alloys." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 37, no. 3-2 (2013): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/msjmag.1301r008.

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10

Fraś, E., K. Wiencek, M. Górny, and H. F. López. "Nodule count in ductile iron: theoretical model based on Weibull statistics." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 18, no. 3 (March 2005): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404605225023009.

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11

Mincheva, Desislava Yordanova, and Georgi Stefanov Antonov. "Artificial neural network (ANN) approach to predicting micro hardness profile values of iron-based sintered alloys." ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol1.iss1.23.

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Recent interest in artificial neural networks has considerably extended their use in the field of powder metallurgy. Advanced in the paper is a model for predicting the micro hardness of sintered compacts made from iron powders and powder mixtures through the process of sintering performed in different atmospheres. The proposed model is based on three layer neural network with backpropagation learning algorithm. Specially developed software has been used to provide for the proper functioning of the neural network. Moreover, it should also be noted that the training data used to carry out the research has been collected by a laboratory controlled experimental testing. Finally, the paper concludes that the presented neural network model is applicable for hardness profile prediction of iron-based sintered alloys as confirmed by the experimental results.

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12

di Lorenzo, Gianmaria, Fabio Rizzo, Antonio Formisano, Raffaele Landolfo, and Antonio Guastaferro. "Corrosion Wastage Models for Steel Structures: Literature Review and a New Interpretative Formulation for Wrought Iron Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.209.

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Damage due to atmospheric corrosion on metal structures is a significant aspect for both the design of new constructions and the maintenance of existing buildings. The paper discusses the corrosion depth trends for steel structures comparing an experimental campaign of measurements, given by Fratesi in 2002, with literature 2nd level models calibrated from experiments on immersed elements, literature models based on testing in atmosphere and standard codes (i.e. EN ISO 9224 and EN 12500). Results show a significant variability of values using different models and codes. In addition, the paper underlines that literature studies and codes neglect specific models for nineteenth-century “wrought iron” constructions, that are very sensitive to corrosion phenomena. Based on this, the paper discusses results obtained by a new interpretative model developed by authors for the prediction of corrosion depth on wrought iron structures.

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13

Chen, Haipeng, Lihua Gao, Wenlong Zhan, Zhijun He, and Junhong Zhang. "Application of the Molecular Interaction Volume Model for Calculating Activities of Elements in Ferromanganese Alloys: Mn-C, Mn-Fe, Fe-C, and Mn-Fe-C Systems." Crystals 12, no. 5 (May 9, 2022): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050682.

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The molecular interaction volume model (MIVM) developed by Tao is a fluid-based model derived from statistical thermodynamics and fluid phase equilibria. The MIVM was applied successfully to predict each element’s activity in Mn-based alloys, namely, Mn-C Mn-Fe, and Mn-Fe-C systems. The MIVM calculated binary parameters between metals (Fe, Mn) and nonmetal (C) in Mn-Fe-C alloys, confirming a strong interaction between Fe and Mn in Mn-Fe-C alloy. The MIVM indicated that iron has a great influence on the activity of Mn and little effect on the activity of carbon. A significant advantage of MIVM is its ability to explain the experimental phenomenon in the Mn-Fe-C ternary system, whereby the predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental data, showing that this model is reliable, convenient, and economic.

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14

Belkacemi, L. T., E. Meslin, J.-P. Crocombette, B. Radiguet, F. Leprêtre, and B. Décamps. "Striking effect of solute elements (Mn, Ni) on radiation-induced segregation/precipitation in iron-based model alloys." Journal of Nuclear Materials 548 (May 2021): 152807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.152807.

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15

Evstyukhina, I. A., V. P. Kolotushkin, V. Yu Miloserdin, S. G. Rudakov, S. V. Stepanov, A. L. Udovsky, M. V. Chercastchenko, and Yu V. Funtikov. "Use of nuclear physics methods for investigation of short-range ordering and defects in iron based simulatuing alloys." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 56, no. 1 (2020): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb190624002e.

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The changes of short range ordering and electron density were investigated by means of the nuclear gamma-resonance and the positron annihilation spectroscopies in model alloys containing tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium used as dopants. The change of the short-range ordering parameter sign was detected in alloys containing vanadium. Different ordering was also observed in binary and ternary iron alloys. It was shown that dislocations were the main defects in these materials after rolling.

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16

Pan, T. J., F. Gesmundo, and Y. Niu. "Corrosion behavior of three iron-based model alloys in reducing atmospheres containing HCl and H2S at 600°C." Corrosion Science 49, no. 3 (March 2007): 1362–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2006.06.014.

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17

Fourlakidis, Vasilios, Lucian Vasile Diaconu, and Attila Diószegi. "Strength Prediction of Lamellar Graphite Iron: From Griffith’s to Hall-Petch Modified Equation." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.272.

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Traditionally, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is used as the main property for the characterization of lamellar graphite iron (LGI) alloys under static loads. The main models found in the literature for predicting UTS of pearlitic lamellar graphite iron are based on either regression analysis on experimental data or on modified Griffith or Hall-Petch equation.In pearlitic lamellar graphite iron the primary austenite dendritic network, transformed to pearlite, reinforces the bulk material while the distance between those pearlite grains, defines the maximum continuous defect size in the bulk material. Recently the novel parameter of the Diameter of Interdendritic Space has been used to express the flow length in a modified Griffith equation for the prediction of the UTS in LGI. Nevertheless this model neglects the strengthening effect of the pearlite lamellar spacing within the perlite grains. A model based on modified Hall-Petch equation was developed in this work. The model considers the effect of both microstructure parameters and covers a broad spectrum of microstructure sizes typical for complex shape castings with various wall thicknesses.

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18

Konieczny, Robert, and Rafał Idczak. "Atomic short-range order in mechanically synthesized iron based Fe-Zn alloys studied by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy." Nukleonika 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0017.

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Abstract Mechanical alloying method was applied to prepare nanocrystalline iron-based Fe1−xZnx solid solutions with x in the range 0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.05. The structural properties of the materials were investigated with the Mössbauer spectroscopy by measuring the room temperature spectra of 57Fe for as-obtained and annealed samples. The spectra were analyzed in terms of parameters of their components related to unlike surroundings of the iron probes, determined by different numbers of zinc atoms existing in the neighborhood of iron atoms. The obtained results gave clear evidence that after annealing process, the distribution of impurity atoms in the first coordination spheres of 57Fe nuclei is not random and it cannot be described by binomial distribution. The estimated, positive values of the short-range order parameters suggest clustering tendencies of Zn atoms in the Fe-Zn alloys with low zinc concentration. The results were compared with corresponding data derived from Calphad calculation and resulting from the cellular atomic model of alloys by Miedema.

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19

Gokhman, Aleksandr R., F. Bergner, Andreas Ulbricht, and Uwe Birkenheuer. "Cluster Dynamics Simulation of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels under Irradiation." Defect and Diffusion Forum 277 (April 2008): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.277.75.

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The coupling between copper rich precipitates (CRP) and point defects in neutron irradiated iron alloys and VVER steels was investigated by means of cluster dynamics (CD) simulations. The consideration of the strain energy effect on CRP kinetics as well as the application of the regular solution model for the case of different fixed copper contents of CRP provides a good agreement between the simulation results and experimental data for complex iron based alloys with small (0.015 wt%) and high (0.42 wt%) copper content. It was found that the CD simulation is applicable to irradiated VVER steel with 0.07 wt% of copper.

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20

Vinogradov, K. O., and A. L. Smyslova. "Smyslova Simulation modeling of logistic system for liquid iron transportation at metallurgical plant." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-1-71-77.

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During the study of technological data of the process of liquid iron transportation, it was found that the number of locomotives and mixers depending on the duration of operations and especially on the inter-operational downtime does not always ensure normal rhythm of the main production. It leads to significant production losses, therefore, the work of the producing and transport complex is not effective enough. The authors have developed a simulation model of a logistics system for transporting liquid iron at a metallurgical plant. The study and construction of the model was performed using AnyLogic. Real data from production, namely the schedule of blast furnace smelting for a three-week period, was used as the initial data. To prove adequacy of the model, the results were compared with the actual tact of the mixers movement, as well as with the theoretical need of the converter shop. Values of the liquid iron weight delivered to the converter shop were obtained during the simulation and were related to the theoretical ones. Efficiency of the model is achieved by automatically collecting in real time of statistical values of the parameters of simulation objects. The system analyzes the collected data and makes decisions based on them for a short period of time (less than one second). In default operation mode of the simulation model, motion of the mixers is controlled automatically without participation of the dispatcher, which improves efficiency, as well as decision-making speed. Such model provides simulation of failures in operation of the converter shop. According to the simulation results, it can be concluded that the system delivers less liquid iron to a converter shop, but retains its rhythm. After resuming the operation of all converters, the tact of transportation reaches the required level.

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21

Rybenko, I. A., and E. V. Protopopov. "Thermodynamic modeling of iron recovery processes." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 11 (December 10, 2021): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-11-825-831.

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One of the promising directions in metallurgy is the use of iron-containing waste, such as converter production sludge, iron-containing concentrates, rolling scale, iron ore processing waste and others. Development of new resource-saving technologies using such waste requires preliminary research and accumulation of information in the field of iron recovery. The paper considers the processes of iron recovery from oxides under various conditions. The authors used the method of thermodynamic modeling based on the search for the entropy maximum. The thermodynamic modeling tool was TERRA software package created at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. TERRA complex is designed to calculate the thermodynamic properties and composition of the phases of equilibrium state of arbitrary systems with chemical and phase transformations. Using this software package, studies of the processes of iron recovery by various reducing agents (carbon, manganese, and silicon) in model thermodynamic systems were carried out, and optimal conditions for temperature and consumption of reducing agents were determined. The paper presents the results of a study of processes in the metal-slag system in equilibrium. The analysis of the metal-slag system equilibrium state was carried out for the temperature range of 1773 - 1973 K with different amounts of slag. Boundaries of the areas of redox processes were determined and the influence of metal components on conditions for iron oxides recovery from slag to metal was evaluated. The dependences of the system equilibrium composition on temperature at different ratios of metal and slag were obtained, as well as the optimal conditions for iron recovery.

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22

Konieczny, Robert, Rafał Idczak, and Jan Chojcan. "Interactions between osmium atoms dissolved in iron observed by the 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy." Nukleonika 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0016.

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Abstract The room temperature 57Fe Mössbauer spectra for binary iron-based solid solutions Fe1−xOsx, with x in the range 0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.05, were analyzed in terms of binding energy Eb between two Os atoms in the Fe-Os system. The extrapolated values of Eb for x = 0 were used for computation of enthalpy of solution of osmium in iron. The result was compared with that resulting from the cellular atomic model of alloys by Miedema. The comparison shows that our findings are in qualitative agreement with the Miedema's model predictions.

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23

Chen, Yu Zeng, Andreas Herz, and Reiner Kirchheim. "Grain Boundary Segregation of Carbon and Formation of Nanocrystalline Iron-Carbon Alloys by Ball Milling." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.265.

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Based on a novel defactants (defect acting agents) concept (R. Kirchheim, Acta Materialia 55 (2007) 5129 and 5139), a novel method of understanding and synthesizing NC material was proposed by introducing defactants (segregating solute atoms) into the materials to ease the formation of grain boundaries (GBs) and enhance the formation ability of nanocrystalline (NC) structures. The iron-carbon system was chosen as a model system where carbon acts as the so-called defactant. Iron powders mixed with different amount of graphite were ball milled to prepare NC iron-carbon alloys with different carbon concentrations (C0). After ball milling, the as-milled powder with relatively low carbon concentration was annealed at a certain temperature to achieve saturation of GBs by carbon atoms. The microstructures of the powders were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The mean grain sizes (D) of the powders were determined by analyzing TEM dark field images and X-ray line profiles. The results indicated that once the saturation of GBs is achieved, D of the NC iron-carbon powders will be strongly dependent on C0 and will follow a simple mass balance of carbon in a closed system, i.e. D=3ΓgbVm/(C0-Cg) with Cg the carbon concentration in grains, Γgb the grain boundary excess, and Vm the molar volume of iron. Based on the experimental results, the formation of NC iron-carbon alloys was treated in detail within the framework of the defactant concept. The increase of C0 significantly reduces the formation energy of GBs, leading to a substantial decrease of D.

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24

Martínek, Petr, Pavel Podaný, Ivana Poláková, and Jaroslav Tuček. "Rectifying Process Problems in Production of Thin Sheets of Special Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 739 (August 2013): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.739.148.

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The paper deals with solutions to particular process problems in production of thin sheets of special nickel and iron-based alloys. Experiments were focused on trial operation of a new melting furnace, on hot rolling of feedstock from experimental heats and on fine-tuning hot and cold rolling processes with the aid of numerical modelling in DEFORM 3D software. The paper also gives description of results of FEM simulation of cold rolling of strips. A FEM model of the cold rolling process with front and back tension was developed. In order to describe the behaviour of nickel alloys in the FEM simulation, a specific material model was proposed. This material model combines the material data obtained from Rastegaev compression test and the results of thermodynamical calculation from JMatPro software.

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25

Ma, Tingyu, Tao Wang, Jingwen Huang, Lepan Wang, Xin Liu, Yingxia Liu, Hanjiang Dong, and Dongsong Yan. "Optimization of “Deoxidation Alloying” Batching Scheme." Studies in Engineering and Technology 7, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v7i1.4801.

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In this paper, a mathematical model was established to predict the deoxidation alloying and to optimize the type and quantity of input alloys. Firstly, the GCA method was used to obtain the main factors affecting the alloy yield of carbon and manganese based on the historical data. Secondly, the alloy yield was predicted by the stepwise MRA, the BP neural network and the regression SVM models, respectively. The conclusion is that the regression SVM model has the highest prediction accuracy and the maximum deviation between the test set prediction result and the real value was only 0.0682 and 0.0554. Thirdly, in order to reduce the manufacturer's production cost, the genetic algorithm was used to calculate the production cost mathematical programming model. Finally, sensitivity analysis was performed on the prediction model and the cost optimization model. The unit price of 20% of the alloy raw materials was increased by 20%, and the total cost change rate was 0.7155%, the lowest was -0.4297%, which proved that the mathematical model established presented strong robustness and could be certain reference value for the current production of iron and steel enterprises.

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26

Yakout, Mostafa, M. A. Elbestawi, and Stephen C. Veldhuis. "A Review of Metal Additive Manufacturing Technologies." Solid State Phenomena 278 (July 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.278.1.

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Additive manufacturing is a layer based manufacturing process aimed at producing parts directly from a 3D model. This paper provides a review of key technologies for metal additive manufacturing. It focuses on the effect of important process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the resulting part. Several materials are considered including aerospace alloys such as titanium (TiAl6V4 “UNS R56400”), aluminum (AlSi10Mg “UNS A03600”), iron-and nickel-based alloys (stainless steel 316L “UNS S31603”, Inconel 718 “UNS N07718”, and Invar 36 FeNi36 “UNS K93600”).

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27

Cheng, Shanghua, Fangjie Cheng, Lidong Li, Fangliang Li, Zhujing Shao, Yiqi Zhang, and Shaojie Wu. "Relationship Analysis between Multi-Parameters and Ferrite Number in GTAW Based on ANN Model." Metals 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091429.

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Ferrite number (FN) is a crucial parameter for austenite steel-welding products, since it has a specific relationship with crack sensitivity and other important properties. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) models were built to predict FN, based on the GTAW tests of 304L plates produced by two different steelworks, Dongfang Special Steel hot-rolled sheet (DFSS) and Anshan Iron and Steel cold-rolled sheet (ASIS). The results show that a high performance, of more than 98% accuracy, can be achieved when the models of DFSS and ASIS are modeled separately, and that accuracy is also above 96% when an integrated model is built. The influences of nitrogen content and multiwelding parameters, such as travel speed, wire-feed rate, welding current and arc length, on FN are also analyzed through the FN-prediction model for DFSS. The results show that FN increases monotonously with the increase of nitrogen content, but the influences of either of the other two parameters on FN are nonlinear.

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28

Feng, Kai, An-jun Xu, Dong-feng He, and Lingzhi Yang. "Case-based reasoning method based on mechanistic model correction for predicting endpoint sulphur content of molten iron in KR desulphurization." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 47, no. 7 (June 6, 2019): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2019.1615307.

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29

Homolová, Viera, and Lucia Čiripová. "Experimental Investigation of Isothermal Section of the B-Cr-Fe Phase Diagram at 1353 K." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2703986.

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The isothermal section of the B-Cr-Fe ternary system was studied experimentally at 1353 K. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy equipped with EDX analyzer were used for determination of phase equilibria and composition of the coexisting phases in the B-Cr-Fe model alloys after long-term annealing (1500–2205 h). Two iron borides FeB and Fe2B, six chromium borides Cr2B, Cr5B3, CrB, Cr3B4, CrB2, and CrB4 and also iron and chromium solid solutions (α(Fe,Cr), α(Cr,Fe), γ(Fe,Cr)) and β-rhombohedral B were observed in the alloys. High solubilities of the third element in binary borides and no ternary phase were found. Based on the experimental results, isothermal section of the B-Cr-Fe system at 1353 K was determined.

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30

Osakue, Edward, Lucky Anetor, and Kendall Harris. "Pitting strength estimate for cast iron and copper alloy materials." FME Transactions 49, no. 2 (2021): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2102269o.

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An attempt is made to predict the pitting strength of cast iron and copper alloy materials from their compressive yield or compressive proof strength for a reliability of 99% at 107 load cycles. The compressive yield or compressive proof strength is related to the tensile strength of ductile cast iron and copper alloy materials by a proportionality factor. Two proportionality factors are used for brittle cast iron materials. The pitting strength formulation incorporates a nominal design factor at 99% reliability which is estimated from a probabilistic model based on the lognormal probability density function. Pitting strength estimates from the predictions are compared with those of American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) estimates and data from other sources. The predicted values for gray cast irons had variances in the range of -11.28% to 25%. Ductile cast iron pitting strength estimates deviated from those of AGMA by -30.28% to 1.73% and 16.76% to 36.34% for Austempered ductile irons. The variances obtained for cast bronze were from 11.17% and 14.73%, but the sample size was small. These variances appear to be reasonable due to the many factors that can influence pitting resistance. Since pitting strength data for many grades of cast iron and copper alloys are not available (especially in the public domain), they may be estimated by the expressions developed in this study for initial design sizing. Also, the pitting strength of new cast iron and copper alloy materials could likewise be estimated for initial design sizing. This will eliminate long and costly contact fatigue testing at the initial design phases, which of course is necessary for design validation.

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31

Burbelko, A. A., D. Gurgul, W. Kapturkiewicz, and M. Górny. "Modelling of Eutectic Saturation Influence on Microstructure in Thin Wall Ductile Iron Casting Using Cellular Automata." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0100-3.

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Abstract The mathematical model of the globular eutectic solidification in 2D was designed. Proposed model is based on the Cellular Automaton Finite Differences (CA-FD) calculation method. Model has been used for studies of the primary austenite and of globular eutectic grains growth during the ductile iron solidification in the thin wall casting. Model takes into account, among other things, non-uniform temperature distribution in the casting wall cross-section, kinetics of the austenite and graphite grains nucleation, and non-equilibrium nature of the interphase boundary migration. Calculation of eutectic saturation influence (Sc = 0.9 - 1.1) on microstructure (austenite and graphite fraction, density of austenite and graphite grains) and temperature curves in 2 mm wall ductile iron casting has been done.

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32

Seshadri, Varadarajan, Carlos Antonio da Silva, Itavahn Alves da Silva, and Paulo von Krüger. "A Kinetic Model Applied to the Molten Pig Iron Desulfurization by Injection of Lime-based Powders." ISIJ International 37, no. 1 (1997): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.37.21.

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33

Sallami, Achref, Walid Khalil, Tarak Bouraoui, and Tarak Ben Zineb. "A finite-strain thermomechanical behavior model for iron-based shape memory alloys accounting for coupling between phase transformation and plastic slip." International Journal of Plasticity 124 (January 2020): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.08.006.

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34

Taylor, J. A., G. B. Schaffer, and D. H. StJohn. "The role of iron in the formation of porosity in Al-Si-Cu-based casting alloys: Part III. A microstructural model." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 30, no. 6 (June 1999): 1657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-999-0103-z.

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35

Kujawińska, A., M. Rogalewicz, M. Diering, M. Piłacińska, A. Hamrol, and A. Kochańskib. "Assessment of ductile iron casting process with the use of the DRSA method." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 52, no. 1 (2016): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb150806023k.

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The paper introduces a concept of assessment of a ductile iron casting process with use of the rule-based approach, known as DRSA (dominance-based rough set approach). The research was conducted in a large Polish foundry. The collected data concern the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the used ductile cast iron. In the paper, a methodology of creating a rule-based moulding model for the tensile strength was proposed. The quality, sensitivity and accuracy of the model extracted from the data were examined. The studies proved its usefulness in the industrial practice and for aiding of the decision making process.

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36

Hellström, Kristina, Péter Svidró, Lucian Vasile Diaconu, and Attila Diószegi. "Density Variations during Solidification of Grey Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.155.

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As part of moving towards a sustainable production of diesel engines for heavy vehicle applications, the ability to predict casting defects has become ever so important. In order to model the solidification process for cast components correctly, it is of essence to know how the material will actually behave. To produce sound castings, often of complex geometry, the industry relies on various simulation software for the prediction and avoidance of defects. Thermophysical properties, such as density, play an important part in these simulations.Previous measurements of how the volume of liquid grey iron changes with temperature has been made with a conventional dilatometer. Measurements have also been made in the austenitic range, then on iron-carbon-silicon alloys with a carbon content lower than 1.5 wt%. Based on these measurements the density variations during solidification were calculated. The scope for this paper is to model the volume changes during solidification with the control volume finite difference method, using data from the density measurements.

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37

Ryabchikov, M. Yu, E. S. Ryabchikova, D. E. Shmanev, and I. D. Kokorin. "Strip cooling control for flexible production of galvanized flat steel." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 7 (August 28, 2021): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-7-519-529.

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The work is devoted to the problem of flexible small-scale production of galvanized steel of various sizes on a continuous hot-dip galvanizing unit with varying productivity. The main focus is on the heat treatment of steel strip, the requirements for which limit productivity. In conditions of disturbances, it is necessary to proactively control the heat treatment using models, or to reduce the speed of the strip to ensure that the requirements are met. Unlike most of the works that focus on heat control, this work focuses on strip cooling. Based on the analysis of production data of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, it is shown that violation of the cooling requirements leads to the appearance of defects in the zinc coating. Dependence of the probability of defects occurrence on the strip temperature is given. Problems of cooling predictive control are formulated using models in the absence of temperature control of the cooling section cavity. For each of the tasks, the model structure and the method of its tuning are determined according to the data accumulated over a significant period of the unit operation under conditions of uncontrolled systematic disturbances. The structure of the cooling control system is proposed by estimation of the cooling section cavity temperature as a controlled variable. The temperature estimate is determined from the model. The lack of measurement of the cooling section cavity temperature is not a problem then varying productivity. The results of the models tuning are presented according to the data of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works continuous hot-dip galvanizing unit. The proposed structures of the models and methods for their adjustment can be applied in the development of models for metal heating in furnaces.

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38

Cholewa, Mirosław, Tomasz Wróbel, Czesław Baron, and Marcin Morys. "Surface Phenomena at the Interface between Silicon Carbide and Iron Alloy." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 6762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226762.

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The paper discusses a potential composite produced using the casting method, where the matrix is gray cast iron with flake graphite. The reinforcement is provided by granular carborundum (β-SiC). The article presents model studies aimed at identifying the phenomena at the contact boundary resulting from the interaction of the liquid matrix with solid reinforcement particles. The scope of the research included, primarily, the metallographic analysis of the microstructure of the resulting composite, carried out by using light (LOM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The occurrence of metallic phases in the boundary zone was indicated, the contents and morphology of which can be optimized in order to achieve favorable functional properties, mainly the tribological properties of the composite. In addition, the results obtained confirm the possibility of producing similar composites based on selected iron alloys.

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39

FRAŚ, E., K. WIENCEK, M. GÓRNY, and H. F. LÓPEZ. "Graphite Nodule and Eutectic Cell Count in Cast Iron: Theoretical Model Based on Weibull Statistics and Experimental Verification." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 38, no. 2 (February 22, 2007): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9045-x.

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40

Delbridge, Brent, and Miaki Ishii. "Seismic Wave Speeds Derived from Nuclear Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering for Comparison with Seismological Observations." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040331.

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Nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) experiments have been applied to Earth materials, and the Debye speed is often related to the material’s seismic wave speeds. However, for anisotropic samples, the Debye speed extracted from NRIXS measurements is not equal to the Debye speed obtained using the material’s isotropic seismic wave speeds. The latter provides an upper bound for the Debye speed of the material. Consequently, the acoustic wave speeds estimated from the Debye speed extracted from NRIXS (Nuclear Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering) measurements are underestimated compared to the material’s true seismic wave speeds. To illustrate the differences, the effects of various assumptions used to estimate the Debye speed, as well as seismic wave speeds, are examined with iron alloys at Earth’s inner core conditions. For the case of pure iron, the variation of the crystal orientation relative to the incoming X-ray beam causes a 40 % variation in the measured Debye speed, and leads to 3% and 31% underestimation in the compressional and shear wave speeds, respectively. Based upon various iron alloys, the error in the inferred seismic shear wave speed strongly depends upon the strength of anisotropy that can be quantified. We can also derive Debye speeds based upon seismological observations such as the PREM (Preliminary Reference Earth Model) and inner core anisotropy model. We show that these seismically derived Debye speeds are upper bounds for Debye speeds obtained from NRIXS experiments and that interpretation of the Debye speeds from the NRIXS measurements in terms of seismic wave speeds should be done with utmost caution.

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41

Cissé, Cheikh, Wael Zaki, and Tarak Ben Zineb. "Development and implementation of an effective constitutive model for architected cellular iron-based shape memory alloys: Pressure dependency and transformation-plasticity interaction." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 12 (May 6, 2019): 1789–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19843192.

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42

Bondarenko, A. I., M. M. Savin, and A. V. Subbotin. "Model of Combined Hardening of Crystalline Materials by Coherent and Incoherent Precipitates in Application to Irradiated Iron-Based Alloys with BCC Structure." Atomic Energy 98, no. 5 (May 2005): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10512-005-0211-9.

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43

Higginson, R. L., G. D. West, and M. A. E. Jepson. "The Characterisation of Oxide Scales Grown on Nickel Containing Steel Substrates Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4482.

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The oxidation of steels is critically influenced by its constituent alloying elements. These alter the classical three-phase model of the external oxide scales and in addition can introduce internal oxidised regions. This paper considers the oxidation of a number of nickel containing Fe based alloys of varying compositions, including stainless steel. These have been oxidised under different conditions to produce a number of scale morphologies, which have been characterised using two SEM based techniques; Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Results have shown that nickel promotes the formation of a fibrous internal scale, consisting of iron oxide particles (or iron/chromium oxide in the case of stainless steel) along grain boundary regions. Nickel is rejected from these oxide particles and consequently nickel content is enriched in neighbouring metallic areas.

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44

Wu, Shengli, Xiaobo Zhai, and Tiankai Song. "A sintering burden blending model based on one-step optimization method and high-temperature characteristics of iron ore." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 2 (2019): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018080.

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A sintering burden blending model is an intelligent system used to obtain the optimal blending proportions of burdens with minimal sintering burden cost. In this study, micro-sintering and sinter pot tests were first carried out to clarify the quantitative relationship between the shatter index (SI) of the sinter and high-temperature characteristics (HTCs) of the ore blends. The result shows that the lowest assimilation temperature (LAT) plays a dual role in SI, whereas the index of liquid phase fluidity (ILF) and compressive strength of the bonding phase (CSB) have positive effects on SI. The effect of the ILF is the largest. Based on the one-step optimization method, suitable ranges of room-temperature characteristics (RTCs) of ore blends, obtained relationship between sinter strength and HTCs of ore blends, sintering theory, and bisection and simplex algorithms, the proposed sintering burden blending model is established. The validation for the model shows that it is effective at utilizing iron ore resources, maintaining high strength of the sinter, while reducing burden costs.

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45

Nakajima, Kenichi, and Shinichiro Nakamura. "Material Flow Analysis of Metals Based on the Waste Input-Output Model(WIO-MFA Model): Application to Material Cycle of Iron and Steel." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 70, no. 8 (2006): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.70.618.

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46

Cissé, Cheikh, Wael Zaki, and Tarak Ben Zineb. "Numerical simulation of the behavior of steel T-stubs connected by Fe-based shape memory alloy bolts." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 16 (June 22, 2018): 3284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18781263.

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The article focuses on the numerical simulation of the thermomechanical behavior of steel T-stubs connected by iron-based shape memory alloys bolts. The three-dimensional macroscopic model used in this work was previously developed by the authors considering different thermomechanical properties between austenite and martensite, and coupling between phase transformation and plasticity. The model is implemented in a UMAT code using an implicit time-discrete integration scheme that follows a “multisurface plasticity”-like approach. The numerical results show that the shape memory effect can be used to preload the bolt if the initial length of its shank is less than the total thickness of the flanges. For an initial shank length of 21.38 mm and a total flange thickness of 21.4 mm, the shape memory effect produced average contact forces of 101 N between the bolt head and the flange, and 37 N between the two flanges. The resulting average contact pressures were 210 and 25 MPa, respectively. The average bolt force after preload was approximately 22.6 kN. Subsequent application of 2 mm normal displacements at the top and bottom faces of the upper and lower webs induced local plastic deformation around the flange holes and phase transformation in the bolt. The reversibility of martensitic transformation and the confinement of the plastic deformation in a limited zone around the holes allowed nearly complete shape recovery by heating. The obtained results highlight the advantage of using low-cost iron-based shape memory alloys as alternatives to steel bolts for connecting T-stubs.

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47

Sagadin, Christoph, Stefan Luidold, Christoph Wagner, Christoph Pichler, Daniel Kreuzer, Alfred Spanring, Helmut Antrekowitsch, Amy Clarke, and Kester Clarke. "Thermodynamic Refractory Corrosion Model for Ferronickel Manufacturing." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 1052–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02077-x.

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AbstractA thermodynamic model, based on SimuSage, was developed to simulate refractory corrosion between a magnesia-based refractory material and ferronickel (FeNi) slags. The model considers a theoretical cross-section of a refractory material to simulate a ferronickel smelter application. The current model is structured into 10 zones, which characterize different sectors in the brick (hot to cold side) perpendicular to the refractory surface with an underlying temperature gradient. In each zone, the model calculates the equilibrium between the slag and a specified amount of refractory material. The emerging liquid phases are transferred to subsequent zones. Meanwhile, all solids remain in the calculated zone. This computational process repeats until a steady state is reached in each zone. The simulation results show that when FeNi slag infiltrates into the refractory material, the melt dissolves the magnesia-based refractory and forms silicates (Mg,Fe,Ca)2SiO4 and Al spinel ((Mg,Fe)Al2O4). Furthermore, it was observed that iron oxide from the slag reacts with the refractory and generates magnesiowustite (Mg,Fe)O. Practical lab-scale tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) characterization confirmed the formation of these minerals. Finally, the refractory corrosion model (RCM) ultimately provides a pathway for improving refractory lifetimes and performance.

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48

Liberski, Piotr, Adam Tatarek, and Jacek Mendala. "Investigation of the Initial Stage of Hot Dip Zinc Coatings on Iron Alloys with Various Silicon Contents." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.121.

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In this work tests on the course of zinc coating formation on model iron alloys with diversified silicon additions in molten zinc, with short times of contact at the solid-liquid border have been presented. The experiments were carried out at the temperature of 440°C. The assumed time of contact between solid and liquid phases was: 1, 4, 9, 14, 29, 59 seconds. The test stand was designed. The structure and thickness of coatings obtained on steel without silicon, on Sandelin steel and on high-silicon steel was defined. Based on the results we may ascertain that in the first stadium of the galvanizing process the impact of silicon upon the intensity of coating growth is small. Increased reactivity of silicon is already observed after about 29-59 seconds of the process.

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49

Huang, X. B., X. X.W., J. J. Song, C. G. Bai, R. D. Zhang, and M. J. Zhou. "Contact angle of water on iron ore fines: Measurement and analysis." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 51, no. 1 (2015): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb140903010h.

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The relative contact angle (?RCA) for seven iron ore fines was measured by using Washburn Osmotic Pressure method under laboratory conditions. By choosing cyclohexane as the reference that can perfectly wet iron ore particles, the relative contact angles were measured and varied from 57? to 73?. With the volume % of goethite (?G) as the variable, a new model for relative contact angle was developed. The expected relative contact angle for pure goethite is about 56?, while that for goethite free samples is about 77?. Physical properties, such as surface morphology (SMI) and pore volume (Vpore) can influence the relative contact angle. The ?G can be expressed as a function of SMI and VPore. Thus, we inferred that the relative contact angle is a function of ?G for the iron ores used. The measured relative contact angles were found to be in good agreement (Radj 2 >0.97) with the calculated ones based on the research from Iveson, et al. (2004). Comparing with the model developed by Iveson et al.(2004), the new model for contact angle proposed in this paper is similar, but more detailed with two meaningful physical parameters. The modification of physicochemical properties on iron ores would be another topic in the further study on granulation.

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50

Helle, Mikko, Henrik Saxén, Bart de Graaff, and Cornelis van der Bent. "Wear-Model-Based Analysis of the State of Blast Furnace Hearth." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 53, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02399-w.

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AbstractThe condition and state of the hearth of the blast furnace is of considerable importance since the life length of the refractories governs the campaign length of the furnace, but it is also of significance as it affects the drainage of iron and slag and the hot metal temperature and composition. The paper analyses the hearth of a blast furnace using a model of the lining wear based on the solution of an inverse heat conduction problem, studying the changes in the lining state throughout the campaign. Different operation states are detected, characterized by smooth and efficient hot metal production and by erratic behavior with large disturbances in the hearth state. During the periods of poor performance, the hearth exhibits a cycling state with stages of excessive skull growth on the unworn refractory, followed by periods of dissolution of the skull and lining erosion. An explanation of the transitions is sought by a stating and solving a force balance for the deadman with the aim to clarify whether it is floating or sitting. A connection between the thermal cycles in the hearth and the hot metal sulfur content is finally demonstrated.

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