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1
Kadalie, Emile. "Development of multi-parametric human MRI at 3T." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0493.
Анотація:
L'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) est une méthode de choix pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le suivi de pathologies des tissus mous. En effet, les forts contrastes entre les tissus peuvent être modulés à la demande. Cette technique n’a jusqu’à présent montré aucune influence néfaste, permettant des examens répétitifs à haute résolution.L’IRM quantitative (IRMq) est extrêmement intéressante, car elle fournit des cartes dans lesquelles chaque pixel contient une mesure d’un paramètre physique. Contrairement aux images conventionnelles, cette quantification aide à l’interprétation objective des images et fournit une échelle de comparaison entre examens et entre les patients.Parmi les paramètres physiques quantifiables, les temps de relaxation longitudinale (T1) et transversale (T2) sont les plus courants.La séquence Dual Echo Steady State (DESS) est utilisée en IRM ostéoarticulaire pour obtenir rapidement des images anatomiques et une cartographie T2 3D. En acquérant deux échos distincts, deux images à contrastes différents sont reconstruites. Leur rapport est utilisé pour obtenir des cartes T2, en le faisant correspondre à un dictionnaire calculé à partir de nombreux signaux simulés. Néanmoins, la séquence est sensible au mouvement, générant des artefacts et des variations dans les mesures de T2. Par conséquent, l’objectif principal de mon travail a été de développer une séquence DESS 3D rapide pour l’imagerie cérébrale permettant une estimation précise de T2 et une répétabilité élevée à 3T.Pour cela, j'ai d'abord identifié la cause de l'artefact présent sur les images cérébrales, grâce à l'insertion d'un module d’auto-synchronisation (SG). Sa phase étant corrélée au signal d'une ceinture respiratoire, les variations de B0 dues à la respiration ont ainsi été identifiées comme la source des artefact.Pour corriger cet artefact, une trajectoire spécifique à la technique Compressed Sensing (CS) a été optimisée pour regrouper rétrospectivement les données en plusieurs phases respiratoires et reconstruire les espaces de Fourier sous-échantillonnés en images de haute qualité. Pour augmenter la répétabilité de la méthode, l’encodage cartésien conventionnel a été remplacé par un encodage cartésien spiralé, qui répartit l'artefact sous forme de bruit sur les images. Des cartes 3D T2 ont ensuite été acquises avec une résolution spatiale isotrope de 1,2 mm, et étaient de haute qualité et reproductibles sur tous les volontaires.J’ai prouvé que la méthode d’acquisition couplée à la méthode de reconstruction mises en place au cours de cette thèse pouvait être utilisée sur des images obtenues à partir de différents imageurs, et de différents champs magnétiques (1,5T et 7T).Malgré ces améliorations, les valeurs de T2 sont courtes par rapport à une séquence Spin-Echo. Des simulations ont mis en évidence l’influence des variations de B0 sur les erreurs de T2, ainsi que la forte sensibilité de la DESS aux composantes à T2 courts. Pour corriger les mesures, un dictionnaire incluant des variations de B0 a été créé dans le cas où la séquence DESS serait appliquée sur un organe en mouvement comme le foie.Comme le T1 et le B1 doivent être mesurés pour corriger les mesures de T2, une estimation simultanée du T1 et T2 a été étudiée. Les trains d'écho de gradient au sein de la séquence MP2RAGE ont ainsi été remplacés par des trains DESS. L'optimisation des paramètres de séquence a été explorée via la méthode Cramer Rao Lower Bound afin d'obtenir des cartes T1 et T2 précises.En conclusion, grâce à l’implémentation d'un module d'auto-synchronisation, d'un encodage cartésien spiralé et d'une reconstruction Compressed-Sensing, la nouvelle séquence DESS permet une estimation rapide et répétable du T2 dans l'ensemble du cerveau, en 3D, à plusieurs champs magnétiques.Des améliorations sont nécessaires pour améliorer la précision du T2 et quantifier simultanément plusieurs paramètres via l'application d'une seule séquenceMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a method of choice for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of pathologies in soft tissues. Indeed, strong contrasts between tissues are obtained and can be modulated on demand. This imaging technique has not shown any harmful influence, enabling repetitive high-resolution exams.Quantitative MRI (qMRI) has become incredibly interesting these last ten years, as it provides maps in which each pixel contains a measurement of a physical parameter. As such, contrarily to conventional images obtained on a gray scale, this MR quantification can be employed to obtain objective interpretations of the images, and to provide a scale for comparing time points and patients.Among the physics parameters that can be quantified, the longitudinal (T1) and the transversal (T2) relaxation times are the most common.The Dual Echo Steady State (DESS) sequence has often been used in musculo-skeletal MRI to rapidly obtain high-contrast morphological images and 3D quantitative T2 mapping. By acquiring two distinct steady-state free precession echoes, two images with different contrasts are built, whose ratio can be used to procure T2 maps by matching it to a computed dictionary of many simulated signals. Nonetheless, the sequence has often been described as sensitive to physiological motion, generating artifacts as well as discrepancies in T2 values. Consequently, the main objective of my work was to implement a rapid 3D DESS sequence for brain imaging that enables T2 estimation accurately and with high repeatability at 3T.To do so, I first identified the cause of the ghosting artifact present in the DESS brain images, through the insertion of a Self-Gating (SG) module. As, its phase was correlated to the signal retrieved from a respiratory belt, B0 variations due to breathing were consequently identified as the source of the ghosting on the brain images.To correct this artifact, a Compressed Sensing dedicated trajectory was implemented so as to retrospectively bin the data into multiple respiratory phases, and reconstruct undersampled k-spaces into images with high quality. To increase the repeatability of the method, the conventional Cartesian encoding was replaced by a Spiral Cartesian encoding, which further distributed the artifact as noise on the images. 3D T2 maps were then acquired with a spatial resolution of 1.2mm isotropic, and were of high quality and repeatable on all the volunteers.The new methodology was then implemented on a 1.5T and a 7T Siemens scanners. This proved that the corrected DESS method set in place during this PhD can be used on images obtained from different scanners, and different magnetic fields.Despite these improvements, the brain T2 values remained short compared to a Spin-Echo sequence. To investigate this issue, several simulations were performed and highlighted the influence of B0 variations in the T2 errors, as well as the high sensitivity to short T2 components. To correct the measurements, a dictionary taking into account multiple B0 variations was created. This will be useful in the case where the DESS sequence is applied on a moving organ like the liver.Also, as additional sequences have to be inserted into the protocol to correct the T2 measurements, a simultaneous T1 and T2 estimation was investigated. To reach this goal, the gradient echo trains within the MP2RAGE sequence were replaced by DESS trains. Sequence parameter optimization was explored via the Cramer Rao Lower Bound method so as to obtain both accurate T1 and T2 maps.In conclusion, through the implementation of a self-gating module, a spiral Cartesian encoding and a Compressed-Sensing acceleration, the new DESS sequence allows a rapid and repeatable estimation of T2 in the whole brain in 3D at multiple magnetic fields.Further improvements are needed to improve the T2 accuracy, and to simultaneously measure multiple quantitative parameters though the application of one sequence
2
Renauld, Emmanuelle. "Les morphologies du thalamus, du corps géniculé latéral et de la radiation optique n'influencent pas les ondes alpha EEG." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6810.
Анотація:
Résumé : Au repos, l'activité du cerveau d'un humain sain est caractérisée par de larges fluctuations dans la bande de fréquences de 8-13 Hz d'un électroencéphalogramme (EEG), connue sous le nom de bande alpha. Bien qu'il soit établi que son activité varie d'un individu à l'autre, peu d'études se sont intéressées à la façon dont elle peut être reliée aux variations morphologiques des structures du cerveau. Entre autres, on pense que le corps géniculé latéral (CGL) et ses fibres efférentes (la radiation optique) jouent un rôle clé sur l'activité alpha, bien qu'il n'est pas certain que leur forme ou leur grosseur contribuent à sa variabilité inter-individuelle. Considérant l'utilisation courante d'EEG dans la recherche fondamentale ou clinique, ce sujet est important, mais difficile à traiter vu les problèmes associés à une bonne segmentation du CGL et de la radiation optique. Pour cette raison, nous avons utilisé la résonance magnétique de diffusion (IRMd), la résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) et l'EEG sur 20 sujets sains pour mesurer la structure et la fonction, respectivement. L'analyse de la structure a nécessité une nouvelle approche semi-automatique pour segmenter le CGL et la radiation optique, qui nous a permis de mesurer plusieurs variables, telles que le volume et la position. Ces mesures correspondent bien aux connaissances sur la morphologie de ces structures basées sur des études post-mortem, et pourtant, nous avons trouvé que leur variabilité inter-sujet n'influençait pas la puissance des ondes alpha ou leur fréquence-type (p>0.05). Ces résultats suggèrent que la variabilité alpha soit médiée par d'autres sources structurelles. Notre méthodologie pourra servir pour de futures recherches sur l'influence de l'anatomie sur la fonction en IRMf, tomographie par émission de positron (TEP), EEG, etc., ou pour améliorer les recherches cliniques sur la radiation optique.Abstract : At rest, healthy human brain activity is characterized by large electroencephalography (EEG) fluctuations in the 8-13 Hz range, commonly referred to as the alpha band. Although it is well known that EEG alpha activity varies across individuals, few studies have investigated how this may be related to underlying morphological variations in brain structure. Specifically, it is generally believed that the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and its efferent fibres (optic radiation, OR) play a key role in alpha activity, yet it is unclear whether their shape or size variations contribute to its inter-subject variability. Given the widespread use of EEG alpha in basic and clinical research, addressing this is important, though difficult given the problems associated with reliably segmenting the LGN and OR. For this, we employed a multi-modal approach and combined diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and EEG in 20 healthy subjects to measure structure and function, respectively. For the former, we developed a new, semi-automated approach for segmenting the OR and LGN, from which we extracted several structural metrics such as volume, position and diffusivity. Although these measures corresponded well with known morphology based on previous post-mortem studies, we nonetheless found that their inter-subject variability was not significantly correlated to alpha power or peak frequency (p > 0.05). Our results therefore suggest that alpha variability may be mediated by an alternative structural source and our proposed methodology may in general help in better understanding the influence of anatomy on function.
3
Vigneau-Roy, Nicolas. "Structure et fonction du cerveau : lien entre la densité vasculaire régionale et l'amplitude du signal BOLD." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6370.
Анотація:
Résumé: L’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle est devenue un des outils principaux pour mesurer l’activité cérébrale chez l’Homme de façon non-invasive. Le type de séquence plus fréquemment utilisé à ces fins est le signal dépendant du niveau d'oxvgène sanguin (BOLD signal) car il reflète les changements hémodynamiques associés à l’activité cérébrale et offr l’avantage d'être relativement facile à mesurer. Cependant, cette mesure est dépendante du niveau de désoxyhémoglobine, présent dans les veines. L'architecture structurelle de ces dernières varie considérablement d'une région du cerveau à l'autre et cela fait en sorte qu'il est ardu de savoir si les différences inter-régionales sont dues à des différences au niveau de l’activité neuronale ou de la structure vasculaire. C'est pour répondre à cette question que nous avons observé la relation entre les variations régionales de densité vasculaire (VAD) et l’amplitude du signal BOLD au repos et en présence d'un stimulus. Nous avons implémenté une méthode de segmentation des veines pour des images en pondération de susceptibilité (SWI). Nous avons également utilisé une méthode de segmentation des tissus (Morphométrie Basée sur les Voxels (VBM )) pour séparer les tissus et calculer une mesure de densité de matière. Nous avons trouvé qu'indépendamment de la taille des voxels, les variations régionales d'amplitude du signal BOLD au repos et du signal évoqué par une tâche sont mieux corrélées avec la VAD qu'avec la densité de matière grise. En utilisant un modèle linéaire général, nous avons observé qu'une grande partie des variations régionales au repos pouvait être modélisée par la VAD. En somme, nos résultats suggèrent que le signal BOLD au repos est intimement relié à la structure vasculaire. Utiliser la densité vasculaire afin de calibrer les mesures d'amplitude du signal BOLD au repos nous permettra d'interpréter de façon plus précise et d'obtenir de meilleures informations sur les différences observées entre plusieurs groupes de sujets et de patients. // Abstract: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has become one of the primary tools used for non-invasively measuring brain activity in humans. For the most part, the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast is used, which reflects changes in heinodynamics associated with active brain tissue. The main advantage of the BOLD signal is that it is relatively easy to measure and thus is often used as a proxy for comparing brain function across population groups (i.e. control vs. patient). However, it is particularly weighted towards veins whose structural architecture is known to vary considerably across the brain. This makes it difficult to interpret whether differences in BOLD between cortical areas reflect true differences in neu-ral activity or vascular structure. We therefore investigated how regional variations of vascular density (VAD) relate to the amplitude of resting-state and task-evoked BOLD signals. To address this, we first developed an automated method for segmen-ting veins in images acquired with susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), allowing us to visualize the venoms vascular tree across the brain. In 19 healthy subjects, we then applied Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBNI) to Ti-weighted images and compu-ted regional measures of gray matter density (GNID). We found that, independent of spatial scale. regional variations in resting-state and task-evoked fNIRI amplitude was better correlated to VAD compared to GRID. Using a general linear model (GLNI). it was observed that the bulk of regional variance in resting-state activity could be modelled by VAD. Taken together, our results suggest that resting-state BOLD signals are signifi-cantly related to the underlying structure of the brain vascular system. Calibrating resting BOLD activity by venous structure may result in a more accurate interpreta-tion of differences observed between cortical areas and/or individuals.
4
Atherton, Karen. "Irma." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/647.
5
Bradley, Judah C. "Iraq Reconstruction." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11492.
Анотація:
The invasion planning, execution and ongoing reconstruction operations in Iraq are extremely complex. Using research, personal experience and experience of deployed members, this paper documents reconstruction events which led to the current situation in Iraq, discusses reconstruction lesson learned and offers alternative approaches which may decrease time and budget requirements for future reconstruction operations.
6
Brewer, Joshua J. "Iraq, Reconsidered." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/27.
Анотація:
This paper sets itself upon analyzing the Iraq War of 2003 through the lens of modern Just War Theory. We will begin with a curt summary of Iraq’s history, focusing particularly on its determinedly odious leader, Saddam Hussein. Thereon, we will be analyzing a pro-war security argument, the aim of which is to assess the threat of Hussein’s weaponry ambitions and what that threat meant to the world. Next, we will be going over the tenets of Just War Theory itself, tracing its history from Rome to the modern doorstep, and applying the security argument to its dictum. Afterwards, we move into the anti-war segment and shall unpack the subject of Iraq's oil resources and whether or not the United States' actions disqualify the intervention from achieving Just War status. Then, our next section shall be addressing the same question of potential disqualification, only this time from the angle of the war’s questionable legality. Finally, we shall conclude on the ultimate query of this paper: was the U.S. decision to intervene in 2003’s Iraq compatible with the modern principles of Just War Theory?
7
Al-Ali, Dhurgham Fadhil Hussein. "Modernising Iraq : a legislative proposal to regulate timesharing agreements in Iraq." Thesis, Bangor University, 2017. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modernising-iraq-a-legislative-proposal-to-regulate-timesharing-agreements-in-iraq(ebdf5d1b-ca86-4f12-b00d-a302441e6425).html.
Анотація:
This thesis seeks to provide the Iraqi legislature with a proposal to regulate the timesharing industry in Iraq. The aim of the primary research question of the thesis is to ascertain what features of legal regimes for timeshare are likely to provide the optimal system of a timeshare operation in any jurisdiction, from which a legislative proposal for Iraq will be suggested. In answering this research question, the thesis has analysed the problems associated with the timeshare market. The analysis of the problems has been done by consulting the European Timeshare Directives, European timeshare policy documents, key cases and relevant literature. This is to establish an evaluative framework from which a set of questions has been derived. These questions have then been used to carry out a functional analysis in respect of timeshare models which are in use in the common law jurisdictions of England and Wales and some of the States in America because a significant proportion of the world’s timesharing projects occur in these jurisdictions. The thesis has also considered the timeshare models which are in use in the civil law jurisdictions of France and Egypt as timeshare projects are prevalent in those countries, and also the Iraqi civil code is based upon the civil codes of France and Egypt. This is to determine the features of legal regimes which are likely to lead to the optimal system of timeshare in any jurisdiction. Once this has been achieved, the thesis will then move to assess the extracted optimal features in terms of compatibility to Iraqi law in order to make a legislative proposal for Iraq in respect of timeshare. This thesis is a doctrinal legal research, and it has largely used the comparative law methodology, as it is extremely useful for law reform in developing countries.
8
Kadhum, Oula. "Diasporic interventions : state-building in Iraq following the 2003 Iraq war." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/93250/.
Анотація:
This study addresses how the UK and the Swedish Iraqi diaspora mobilised towards state-building in Iraq following the 2003 US led intervention. It explores why some diaspora mobilised towards state-building processes through institution-building and governance while others through civil society. While the literature has explored diasporic development and peace-building, it has not systematically addressed diaspora mobilisation for state-building. Neither has it paid sufficient attention to the factors that shape diasporic political choices in intervention and conflict settings. My thesis contributes to this body of literature and argues that an overlooked dimension of state-building, is that of civil society. State-building involves top-down approaches of institution-building but also bottom-up approaches of participatory politics that encourage democratic practices. I thus develop a new two-category operationalization of state-building to capture the interventions and transnational fields of different diaspora groups and individuals. My findings show that during different time periods, three factors have shaped the mobilisation of the UK and Swedish Iraqi diaspora towards state-building; diaspora profiles, hostland foreign policies towards the homeland and links to homeland political parties in Iraq. Theoretically these findings demonstrate that diaspora's socio-economic profiles and networks are key to understanding the type of politics that diaspora can engage in. Meanwhile, hostland foreign policies can shape diasporic interventions by creating different relationships with homelands and thus different opportunities for engagement. Furthermore, in divided societies, diaspora connected to homeland political parties, or represented by them, are more likely to be involved in the apparatus of the state, where as those excluded are more likely to engage outside the structures of power through civil society. Finally, my study demonstrates that temporal vii dimensions are crucial for understanding, which factors mattered, when and why. Empirically, this thesis also contributes original knowledge about the UK and Swedish Iraqi diaspora. It sheds new light into the myriad ways that diaspora in these two countries have been attempting to rebuild the country after the 2003 intervention by illustrating their efforts and experiences, and how it has informed their current relationship to Iraq.
9
AL, Baldawi Wisam Qusay Majeed. "Translating Iraq: The “Unknown Soldiers” of the US Occupation of Iraq." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1308165447.
10
Al-Bidery, Sinan Abdulhamza. "Modernising Iraq : a vision for a comprehensive petroleum arbitration regime in Iraq." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modernising-iraq--a-vision-for-a-comprehensive-petroleum-arbitration-regime-in-iraq(de87888f-2890-4104-bcdf-091c8c488561).html.
Анотація:
This PhD research is concerned with the legal system for the settlement of petroleum disputes according to Iraqi law. It deals with international commercial arbitration as a means of resolving such disputes under Iraqi law, since Iraq does not have an adequate legal system for resolving disputes arising from petroleum agreements. It has not yet enacted specific legislation regulating or governing international commercial arbitration in general, and petroleum arbitration in particular. It is still dependent on the Code of Civil Procedure of 1969, which does not suffice to attract international investment. In addition, Iraq has not yet ratified or signed the leading international conventions concerning arbitration, such as the New York Convention of 1958 or the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The thesis of this PhD is that Iraq needs special rules for the arbitration of petroleum disputes. These rules should achieve the balance between the needs of Iraq in its transitional period and foreign investors’ interests. The promulgation of a petroleum arbitration laws is an important legal guarantee which can attract international petroleum companies to Iraq. Both referencing and black- letter analysis methodology is followed in this thesis. The referancing approach consists of referance to the laws of selected developing countries, especially China and the United Arab Emirates, which have experience and expertise in investment and arbitration. The black- letter analysis approach is also deployed to analyse Iraqi attitudes towards arbitration, the legal nature of petroleum agreements and the challenges facing Iraq causing reluctant and hesitation in developing a comprehensive petroleum arbitration regime. This study tests, and finds it convincing that petroleum agreements are, indeed a special kind of investment agreement. The subject matter of this agreement is of exceptional monetary value and belongs to the Iraqi people. Article 111 of the Iraqi Constitutional of 2005 provides that “Oil and Gas are owned by all the people of Iraq in all regions and governorates”.1 Therefore, these agreements should be treated differently by subjecting them to a specialised arbitration regime rather than ordinary international commercial arbitration. The author’s vision, set out in this work, is that Iraq should promulgate petroleum arbitration laws and develop a specialised system to support this. These laws would lend weight to the application of Iraqi national law, and make the country more attractive for foreign investment. An independent petroleum arbitration centre should be established along the lines of Dubai’s International Arbitration Center and the Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission. Its awards should be considered as final and enforced in the same manner as domestic awards. 1 Iraqi Constitution of 2005 publishes in Official Gazette issue 4012 of 28 May 2005. An English Language translation of the 2005 Constitution is available at http://investpromo.gov.iq/policies-and-laws/ (accessed on 10 April 2014).
11
Danet, Lola. "Recollection et familiarité chez 12 patients présentant un infarctus thalamique gauche : étude comportementale, en imagerie structurale et fonctionnelle de repos." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30335/document.
Анотація:
La mémoire de reconnaissance nous permet à la fois de détecter rapidement un stimulus précédemment perçu (familiarité), et de récupérer des informations relatives au contexte de notre rencontre avec ce stimulus (recollection). Les modèles neuro-anatomiques d'Aggleton et Brown (1999) puis d'Aggleton et al. (2011) postulent que le noyau antérieur (NA) du thalamus et le tractus mamillo-thalamique (TMT) du fait de leurs connexions avec l'hippocampe font partie du circuit de la recollection tandis que le noyau dorso-médian (DM) participerait à la familiarité en raison de ses connexions avec le cortex périrhinal. Dans cette thèse nous avons testé cette hypothèse d'indépendance. 12 patients avec un infarctus thalamique gauche ont été recrutés ainsi qu'un groupe de sujets contrôles appariés. Tous les participants ont été soumis à un bilan neuropsychologique, à trois tâches expérimentales de mémoire de reconnaissance et à un examen d'IRM morphologique et d'IRM fonctionnelle de repos. Selon les tâches nous avons estimé la contribution de la recollection et de la familiarité à la réponse sur la base de la verbalisation de la source, du degré de confiance dans la réponse ou de la catégorisation des réponses. Les lésions thalamiques ont été quantifiées et localisées automatiquement grâce à une nouvelle approche méthodologique que nous avons développée. Le profil neuropsychologique des patients a mis en évidence une amnésie antérograde verbale et un trouble exécutif modéré (Etude 1). Les lésions atteignaient principalement le DM alors que le NA était intact chez tous. Le TMT était lésé chez les 7 patients les plus amnésiques (Etudes 1 et 2). La recollection était altérée chez les patients quelle que soit la tâche alors que la familiarité était préservée. De plus l'indice de recollection corrélait avec la lésion du DM (Etude 2). Enfin, des corrélations ont été trouvées dans l'étude en connectivité fonctionnelle entre la disconnexion thalamo-frontale et la recollection (Etude 3). En somme, ces résultats signifient i\ qu'une lésion du NA n'est pas nécessaire pour causer une amnésie ii\ qu'une lésion du DM est suffisante pour causer un défaut de recollection mais pas nécessaire pour atteindre la familiarité iii\ qu'une lésion du TMT prédit une amnésie sévère, enfin iv\ que le réseau reliant fonctionnellement le DM au cortex préfrontal semble être impliqué dans l'expérience subjective de la mémoire de reconnaissance plutôt que dans ses contenus. Ils suggèrent de plus que le modèle d'Aggleton et al (2011) devrait être révisé en ce qui concerne la relation familiarité / DMRecognition memory allows determining whether a stimulus has been previously encountered based on either a rapid detection process (familiarity) or a longer retrieval of the context associated with the stimulus (recollection). Aggleton and Brown's model (1999) and Aggleton and colleagues (2011) postulated that recollection and familiarity are anatomically and functionally independent. They hypothesized that the anterior nucleus (AN) / mamillothalamic tract (MTT) complex of the thalamus would be critical for recollection due to its connections with the hippocampus. The Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus would support familiarity owing to its links with the perirhinal cortex. In this thesis we tested this independence hypothesis. The 12 subjects with a pure left thalamic infarction were included along with a healthy matched control group. Every subject underwent a neuropsychological assessment, three experimental verbal recognition memory tasks, a high-resolution structural volumetric MRI scan and resting state functional imaging. Recollection and familiarity estimations were derived from subjective reports or responses categorization. We specifically developed the methods used to automatically analyse the volume and localization of the lesions. Patients performed worse than controls on verbal memory and to a lesser extent on executive tasks (Study 1). Most of the lesions were located in the MD while no lesion of the AN was found. The seven patients exhibiting MTT damage had the lowest memory performance (Studies 1 and 2). Recollection was lower in patients than in controls in all the three tasks whereas familiarity was systematically normal. In addition we found a significant correlation between the recollection index and the DM damage, suggesting that DM is directly involved in recollection (Article 2). Finally the functional connectivity results showed a correlation between recollection and a pattern of thalamofrontal disconnection in the patients, helping to understand the DM-recollection relationship. Overall, the findings of the different studies mean that i\ AN damage is rare and is not necessary to cause an amnesia, ii\ MD damage is sufficient to cause a recollection impairment but not necessary to impair familiarity, iii\ MTT damage predicts the severity of the amnesia, iv\ the network linking functionally the MD with the prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in the subjective experience associated with recognition memory
12
Ciolponea, Constantin A. Iancu Cristian A. "Alternative strategies for Iraq." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Jun%5FCiolponea.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Douglas Borer. "June 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 31, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87). Also available in print.
13
Iancu, Cristian A. "Alternative strategies for Iraq." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3387.
Анотація:
This thesis explores strategically viable options for dealing with the Iraq conflict with a new perspective on the dynamics of insurgency in Iraq and basic guidelines for an unconventional counterinsurgency effort. The thesis presents an overview of the Iraq situation, describing the actors in the conflict, their political objectives, and the consequences of their actions. The thesis explores the theoretical concepts of the Mystic Diamond model developed by Gordon H. McCormick, which identifies the component variables of insurgencies and the dynamics of conflict between the state and counter-state. The thesis uses the Mystic Diamond model to interpret the Iraqi situation and explores steps for implementing an unconventional strategy in Iraq, including the skill sets that would be needed by unconventional forces tasked to carry out the proposed strategy. The conclusion emphasizes that the coalition forces have used a conventional strategy to stabilize a totally unconventional and increasingly uncontrollable environment. Political and military leaders are advised to consider the benefits of an unconventional approach when dealing with a counterinsurgency environment.
14
Hawley, K. M. "Strategic resources of Iraq." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27287.
15
Müller-Karpe, Michael. "Die Metallgefässe in Iraq /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356951682.
16
Cass, Stephen John Robert. "The US takes sides : US policy towards Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386486.
17
Nicolodi, Sabrina. "Estudo do Exchange Bias em filmes de IrMn/Al2O3/Co e IrMn/Cr/Co." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/30991.
Анотація:
Neste trabalho estudamos a interação de troca entre a camada antiferromagnética (AFM) de IrMn, e a ferromagnética (FM) de Co, no sistema IrMn/Co através de uma camada espaçadora. Usamos dois materiais com propriedades distintas como espaçador, ou o Cr (um material antiferromagnético com anisotropia fraca) ou a alumina (Al2O3, material isolante, não-magnético), para analisarmos o alcance dessa interação. Caracterizamos o sistema através de diferentes técnicas, ou seja, medidas de magnetização estática, ressonância ferromagnética, difratometria e refletividade de raios-X, microscopia de força atômica e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Tratamentos térmicos na presença de campo magnético foram feitos a fim de maximizar o efeito de exchange bias. Inicialmente, investigamos como utilizar adequadamente os diversos modelos fenomenológicos na interpretação de dados experimentais. Mostramos, através da utilização de dois modelos e de um simples experimento, a importância de considerarmos a distribuição de eixos fáceis e a anisotropia uniaxial do material FM. Negligenciar essas considerações pode ser a causa, ou pelo menos parte, das grandes diferenças relatadas em trabalhos experimentais referente à avaliação da interação FM/AFM obtida por meio de diferentes técnicas de medida. Também mostramos que, mesmo quando o modelo descreve corretamente uma bicamada que apresenta exchange bias, nenhuma das técnicas convencionais de caracterização, reversíveis ou irreversíveis, aplicadas à mesma amostra, é capaz de distinguir entre os campos de acoplamento de troca e o de anisotropia AFM, se a razão entre estes for suficientemente grande ou pequena. Demonstramos que o valor do acoplamento FM/AFM pode ser determinado a partir da variação da coercividade com a espessura da camada AFM. Dos resultados experimentais (tanto nas medidas de magnetização quanto nas de ressonância ferromagnética) obtidos para as tricamadas IrMn/Al2O3/Co, é ressaltada a variação do campo de exchange bias com o aumento da espessura da camada isolante e nãomagnética de alumina. Foi observado que a intensidade do acoplamento entre Co e IrMn diminui exponencialmente com o aumento da espessura da camada de alumina, sendo esta supressão muito abrupta, com decaimento pelo menos quatro vezes mais rápido que os anteriormente relatados. Estes resultados foram explicados em termos da perda do contato direto entre as camadas AFM e FM com o aumento da espessura da alumina. A série de IrMn/Cr/Co apresentou um comportamento oscilatório das grandezas campo de exchange bias e coercividade em função da espessura da camada de cromo, bastante peculiar. O valor do campo de anisotropia rodável, obtido a partir das simulações de FMR, tem sinal oposto ao do caso clássico, indicando que este campo é antiparalelo ao campo magnético externo aplicado. Ainda observa-se uma tendência geral de aumento do campo de anisotropia rodável com a espessura de Cr sugerindo que, nestas amostras, há uma grande contribuição proveniente da camada de Cr para esse campo.The present work reports on the exchange interaction between an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer, i.e., IrMn, and a ferromagnetic (FM) one, Co, in IrMn/Co systems across spacer layers. Two materials with distinct properties were used as spacers, namely Cr (weak anisotropy antiferromagnet) and alumina (Al2O3, a non-magnetic insulator material), in order to investigate the intensity of this coupling. The systems were characterized using several different techniques, i.e., static magnetic characterization, ferromagnetic resonance, X-ray diffractometry and small-angle reflectivity, atomic force microscopy as well as highresolution transmission electron microscopy. Magnetic annealing was used in order to maximize the exchange-bias effect. First, it was investigated how to correctly employ different phenomenological models for experimental data interpretation. It was demonstrated, through two models and a straightforward experiment, that it could be very important to consider the easy-axis distributions and the uniaxial anisotropy of the FM material. Neglecting these distributions or underestimating the FM anisotropy could be the reason, at least in part, for the significant differences in the evaluation of the AFM/FM exchange coupling obtained via different measurement techniques reported in experimental works. It was also shown here that even when the adopted model describes correctly the EB system, none of the conventional reversible or irreversible techniques, applied to the same sample, is capable to distinguish between the exchange coupling and the AFM anisotropy fields if their ratio is sufficiently high or low. It is demonstrated that the values of AFM/FM coupling can be properly determined with the help of the variation in the coercivity with the AFM layer thickness. In the experimental results (obtained here using both static magnetic characterization and ferromagnetic resonance) of the IrMn/Al2O3/Co trilayers, special attention was paid on the EB field variation with the thickness of the non-magnetic insulator alumina spacer. It was observed that the IrMn/Co coupling strength decreases exponentially with the alumina spacer thickness, being the exponential decay length at least four times smaller than the values previously reported for exchange-bias systems. Such a rapid suppression of the coupling is explained in terms of the prompt loss of the direct contact between the antiferromagnet and the ferromagnet with the alumina layer's thickness. The IrMn/Cr/Co series presented an oscillatory behavior of both exchange bias and coercive fields as a function of the Cr layer thickness, which is rather peculiar. The value of the rotatable anisotropy field, estimated from the ferromagnetic resonance measurements, shows a sign oppose to that normally obtained, indicating that this field is antiparallel to the external applied magnetic field. Moreover, the general tendency for enhancement of the rotatable anisotropy field with the Cr spacer thickness suggests that, in these samples, there exists a considerable contribution coming from the Cr layer to this field.
18
Lilly, Marshall L. "Messopotamia [sic] the future of democracy in Iraq /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1127336784.
19
Grau, Ingeborg, and Walter Schicho. "In memoriam Irmi Maral-Hanak." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-90295.
20
Aziz, Ibrahim Muhammad. "Consociationalism in Iraq after 2003." Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/77158/.
Анотація:
This thesis explores whether Iraq was a consociational democracy both formally as well as in practice from 2003 to 2014. Consociational theories suggest that democracies that encompass the consociational principles of proportional representation, autonomy, power sharing government, and the protection of key community interests by mutual veto provisions are more stable. Consequently, consociational principles have frequently been promoted in conflict-affected environments, including in Iraq. The thesis examines how and to what extent each of these elements is reflected in the constitution, and in government practice in Iraq. The analysis is divided chronologically into three parts: the US-led occupation and drafting of the constitution (2003 – 2005), the first election and the continued US military presence (2005-2010), and the period after the second election and the withdrawal of coalition forces (2010-2014). The thesis examines the consociational character of Iraq’s institutions and the degree of its implementation in the period in question through the analysis of key legal texts, and process tracing informed by primary documentary and news sources, as well as extensive elite interviews. On the basis of this empirical investigation, it finds four things. First, consociationalism is only partially reflected in the formal, constitutional provisions for Iraq’s governing institutions. Important practices, such as power sharing, have no constitutional basis in Iraq, and are at best implicit. Despite this, they are at times a prominent aspect of governance practice in Iraq, but at other times (e.g. during the second Maliki government for 2010 and 2014) are undermined in practice. Second, there is strong path dependence in the interpretation and implementation of consociational provisions in Iraq. Thus, the way in which consociational provisions were formalised in the constitution and later implemented cannot be understood without reference to the consociational practices of the occupation regime, for example. Third, the degree to which consociationalism has been implemented depended on the political willingness of the political leadership of the country’s major communities, and the political leverage of the US. When US forces withdrew, and commitment in particular of the Shiite political leadership around Prime Minister Maliki to power sharing and other consociational elements declined, the consociational character of the institutions was increasingly compromised. Fourth, the partial application of, and weak commitment to, consociationalism in Iraq meant that the institutional provisions implemented could not effectively work as a conflict resolution tool. While partially reflected in the constitution and in some legislation, it could only ever be partially implemented. Thus, it did not lead to peace, stability, and sustainability. The gap between communities widened, resulting in the Sunnis’ emphasis on the creation of their own region, while the Kurds decided to hold an independence referendum in September 2017.
21
Sousa, Marcos Antonio de. "Estudo do fenômeno de exchange bias em bicamadas NiFe/IrMn e tricamadas NiFe/IrMn/Co." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3619.
Анотація:
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This work reports the study of the phenomenon of exchange bias in NiFe/IrMn bilayers and NiFe/IrMn/Co trilayers. In the NiFe/IrMn bilayers, ferromagnetic resonance experiments at X and Q bands microwave frequencies reveal that spin wave and NiFe resonance modes are excited by the oscillating microwave field. Angular variations of the absorption fields in the plane of the films for both resonance modes shows the effect of the unidirectional anisotropy field, whose intensity is twice larger for the spin wave mode, due to an additional contribution of an unidirectional surface anisotropy. The experiments also indicate the presence of a uniaxial anisotropy of the NiFe layer, apparently dependent on the applied magnetic field. The magnetic parameters of both resonance modes were deduced considering a generalized phenomenological model which also includes the contribution of a rotatable anisotropy. In the NiFe/IrMn/Co trilayers, the angular variations of the resonance field in the plane of the films reveal the effect of the unidirectional anisotropy field for both independent resonance modes of NiFe and Co layers. The ferromagnetic resonance results combined with magnetometry data show that the exchange bias phenomenon at the NiFe/IrMn interface influences the same phenomenon at the IrMn/Co interface, and that this effect must be mediated by a spiral structure of spins across the IrMn antiferromagnetic layer. For both systems studied, the values of the exchange bias field deduced from the ferromagnetic resonance experiments are consistent with the values given by magnetization measurements.
Este trabalho relata o estudo do fenômeno de exchange bias em bicamadas NiFe/IrMn e tricamadas NiFe/IrMn/Co. Nas bicamadas NiFe/IrMn, experimentos de ressonância ferromagnética, em Bandas X e Q de frequência de micro-ondas, revelam que um modo de ressonância de ondas de spin e o modo de ressonância da camada de NiFe são excitados pelo campo oscilante de micro-ondas. Variações angulares dos campos de absorção no plano dos filmes mostram para os dois modos de ressonância o efeito do campo de anisotropia unidirecional, cuja intensidade é duas vezes maior para o modo de onda de spin, devido a uma contribuição adicional de uma anisotropia de superfície unidirecional. Os experimentos indicam também a presença de uma anisotropia uniaxial da camada de NiFe, aparentemente dependente do campo magnético aplicado. Os parâmetros magnéticos dos dois modos de ressonância foram deduzidos considerando um modelo fenomenológico generalizado que inclui também a contribuição de uma anisotropia rodável. Nas tricamadas NiFe/IrMn/Co, as variações angulares de campo de ressonância no plano dos filmes revelam o efeito do campo de anisotropia unidirecional sobre os modos de ressonância independentes das camadas de NiFe e Co. Os resultados de ressonância ferromagnética combinados com os dados de magnetometria, mostram que o fenômeno de exhange bias na interface NiFe/IrMn influencia o mesmo fenômeno na interface IrMn/Co, e que esta influência deve ser mediada por uma estrutura espiral de spins através da camada antiferromagnética de IrMn. Para os dois sistemas estudados, os valores do campo de exchange bias dados pelos experimentos de ressonância ferromagnética estão de acordo com os valores fornecidos por medidas de magnetização.
22
Al, Shammari Alyaa Abdulhussein Naser. "Iraq in contemporary drama : a study of selected plays of and about Iraq, 1990-2013." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13977/.
23
Saleem, Maysoon Fouad Saleem. "Collaboration between Academic Libraries in Australia and Iraq to Address the Information Gap in Iraq." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/81688.
Анотація:
Recent wars in Iraq have caused a loss of scholars and library collections resulting in significant information gaps. This thesis examines collaborative approaches between academic libraries in Australia and Iraq aimed at restoring and modernising information systems. The qualitative methodology involves interviews with librarians in both countries as well as researchers from developing nations. Recommendations include the development of compatible library systems between Iraq and Australia, use of social networking and open access.
24
Haider, Hind A. "Nationalism, archaeology and ideology in Iraq from 1921 to the present." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32913.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the use of archaeology in the development of national identity in Iraq from the period before the establishment of the Hashimite monarchy in 1921 to the present Ba'th regime and S&dotbelow;addam H&dotbelow;usayn. During King Faysal I's period (1921--1933), archaeology was used to highlight the 'Arabness' of the ancient Mesopotamians so as to keep the nation on a pan-Arabist course and steer away from developing a regional identity. Iraq's pre-Islamic heritage was approached with much reserve since the government feared alienating the majority Muslim population by glorifying the country's achievements before the advent of Islam. In contrast, 'Abd al-Karim Qasim's regime (1958--1963) focused unbridled attention to the Mesopotamian heritage in an effort to distance the newly established republic from the pan-Arabists' call to join with the United Arab Republic. Between the two poles of identifying the national identity with either the Arab or Mesopotamian character, the Ba'th regime embarked on a cultural campaign that used both identities in defining the modern Iraqi man and woman. While the campaign was relegated strictly to the cultural sphere of the nation, the intent was political in that the regime shifted to stressing the Muslim-Arab identity of Iraq when appealing to support from other Arab nations; and to the pre-Islamic Mesopotamian identity when dealing with the religious and ethnic cleavages in Iraqi society.
25
Lockwood-Drummond, V. O. (Violet Olga). "The role of religion in Iraqi nationalism, 1918-1932 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26693.
Анотація:
This thesis proposes to deal with the Iraqi Nationalist movement from its emergence after the First World War to the establishment of an independent Iraq in 1932. During these years the British controlled Iraq under a mandate granted by the League of Nations. This, in spite of the simultaneous creation of an Iraqi monarchy. Neither the new monarch nor the people were content with the political arrangement, based as it was on foreign control, but the drive for independence emanated from a small group of political activists. Both major religious sects of Islam, Sunni and Shi'a, played a leading role in the nationalist movement; in fact, the movement cannot be understood without an appreciation of Islam, and its major variations, in Iraqi life.A historical background highlights the conditions which allowed Iraqism to take precedent over Arabism after the war and examines the reactions of Iraqis to the invasion by modern conquerors and their later occupation. Additionally, it provides a chronological account of the important events during the mandate period and the buildup of Iraqi resentment of foreign control which precipitated their demand for self-government.
This thesis is a broad study of the nascent nationalist movement in postwar Iraq which engaged in a desperate battle to transform a mandated territory into a sovereign state. Focus is on the role religion played in its beginnings and on the contribution of both Shi'is and Sunnis whose combined and independent efforts led to the formation of modern Iraq.
26
Mati, Evan. "Natural Dyeing Plants in Kurdistan, Iraq." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Systematisk biologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-141816.
27
Talalaj, Janusz Joseph. "Soviet relations with Iraq and Iran /." Title page and contents only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09art137.pdf.
28
Stanley, Paige Graye. "Project report on Ajax in Iraq." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523223.
Анотація:
This paper is presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts in Theatre Lighting Design. This paper examines the lighting design of Ajax in Iraq. This gives the point of view of the production, the approach taken and self-evaluation of the success and failures therein.
29
Cetinsaya, Gokhan. "Ottoman administration of Iraq 1890-1908." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510047.
30
Hussain, N. H. "The regional planning process in Iraq." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371474.
31
Al-khalidi, Ali. "The Failure of Democracy in Iraq." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Statsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33317.
Анотація:
The motivation of the bachelor thesis is to provide an understanding of democracy in Iraq from 2003 until present. After the fall of Saddam’s regime, there have been general elections but there is still an unstable democracy in Iraq. What are the reasons behind the failure of democracy in Iraq? Of course, there are many reasons behind this but my choice is to focus on three specific ones. How do these three variables that I have chosen, affect the possibility of democracy in Iraq? These two questions will be answered in this bachelor thesis, using Path Dependence Theory and Dahl’s Polyarchy Model and its Criteria that help to analyze and answer the research questions. Iraq has many major problems but the three I have focused on are ethnic and religious divides between Shia and Sunni, the violent environment and the presence of terrorist groups.
32
Fiacconi, M. "Cave pollen taphonomy in Kurdish Iraq." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6712/.
Анотація:
This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms involved in pollen transport and deposition in cave environments and the influence of different factors on the composition of the pollen assemblage, with special reference to the problem of the Neanderthal ‘Flower burial’ at Shanidar Cave, Kurdish Iraq. Limited systematic taphonomic work has been done in cave environments, with most of the studies on an ad hoc basis. However, the number of interconnected factors acting on pollen transport, deposition and accumulation in this kind of environments implies that models used for open-air sites are inadequate and demonstrates the need for further taphonomic studies. Surface samples from six caves located in the Zagros Mountains of Kurdish Iraq were collected along front-back transects and outside for comparison in order to evaluate the distribution of anemophilous and entomophilous taxa in relation to the sample location. Additional surface samples were collected from Shanidar Cave along a side to side and perimeter transects to better evaluate the pollen distribution. Water, airfall and animal dung samples were also collected to investigate the influence of those factors in pollen transport. Finally, stratigraphic samples collected during the excavation at the site were analysed for pollen and for particle size distribution. Results show that simple sac-like caves with little or no influence of factors such as water, humans and animals are characterised by broadly predictable patterns of pollen distribution with a positive correlation between anemophilous pollen and vicinity to the cave entrance and entomophilous pollen and distance from the cave entrance. Caves with active biotic vectors and/or more complex geomorphology show instead more irregular patterns. Cave SLS203 presents an inverse anemophilous/entomophilous distribution that is likely to be related to its geomorphological complexity (a second entrance at the back of the cave influencing the air circulation) and to the presence of animals. Shanidar Cave presents a very irregular distribution which is likely to reflect a combination of factors such as the mixing of surface sediments caused by the tourists visiting the site, the pollen transported by animals and that moved by the wind. Other factors, such as water input and cave entrance flora, seem not to play an important role in ii Kurdish Iraq, while they appear to strongly influence pollen distribution in caves elsewhere (e.g. Coles, 1988; Simpson, 2006). The stratigraphic samples were sterile or contained few pollen grains, probably because the aeolian nature of the sediments, deposited during stadials, with low pollen deposition and high sediment influx. Finally, clumps of pollen of both anemophilous and entomophilous taxa have been found for different taxa in all the caves. Leroi-Gourhan (1975) had suggested that similar clumps found in the vicinity of Shanidar IV remains were evidence for burial with flowers but their presence on the surface demonstrates that they can occur naturally and that other explanations should be considered. Moreover, the high amount of Lactuceae and the presence of older pollen grains in her samples suggest a strong taphonomic imprint not necessarily resulting from anthropogenic activity.
33
Steliga, Mark A. "Why they hate us : disaggregating the Iraqi insurgency." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FSteliga.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Anne Marie Baylouny, James Russell. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-86). Also available online.
34
Jones, Ian A. "Withering Iraq| A case-study of the history of state failure in Iraq under a constructivist lens." Thesis, Webster University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10587521.
Анотація:
The popular coined term "state failure," has been used in a variety of ways to explain states that may have not lived up to the Western model of statehood. Many theorists have concluded a variety of reasons for this occurrence, but have usually looked at it through one lens and failed to acknowledge others. This paper proposes that one lens is sufficient in analyzing state failure, that of constructivism. Iraq is a country frequently considered synonymous with state failure. This paper analyzes the history of Iraq based on constructivist ideas of identity and institutions to explain state failure and determine solutions that could benefit the state.
35
Chowdhury, Rashed. "Negotiating identity : the Shī'ite ulama and the colonial state in Iraq, 1914-1924." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99581.
Анотація:
This thesis deals with the political role of the Shi`te ulama in Iraq between the British invasion of 1914 and the expulsion of leading Shi`ite mujtahids from Iraq by King Fayṣal I in 1924. The thesis argues that the conception of identity propagated by the Shi`te mujtahids underwent a transformation during this period. Whereas the mujtahids stressed the need for Islamic unity and encouraged an Iraqi national identity in the early years of this period, in later years some of them formulated a sect-based Iraqi Shi`ite identity in response to discrimination in favour of Sunnis by the monarchy.
36
Bush, Michael R. "The invited Leviathan in Iraq and Afghanistan: strong-men, the Afghan local police, and the Sons of Iraq." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27803.
Анотація:
Despite robust scholarship on the general themes of state-building, little scholarship exists on the strategies of exogenous powers on the construction of developing states. Further complicating these strategies is the influence of strong men, local elites who seek to mitigate the influence of both the developing state and the exogenous state on local modes of power and influenceoften through the development of armed militias. Appropriating the construct of Barnett and Zurchers peacebuilders construct and utilizing the Sons of Iraq and the Afghan Local Police as case-studies, this thesis seeks to explore the current relationship between local strong men, developing state governments, and the exogenous state (or the invited leviathan) in two states where U.S. policy has dictated the deployment of hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops. Powerful arguments can be made regarding U.S. policy in support of, and against, these militias. This thesis will show that U.S. empowerment of these militias can not only improve local security conditions, but it can empower disenfranchised groups at the state level. Understanding the dynamics at play in these circumstances can help inform the nature of future interaction with strong men, militias, and developing governments.
37
Shang, T., H. L. Yang, Q. F. Zhan, Z. H. Zuo, Y. L. Xie, L. P. Liu, S. L. Zhang, et al. "Effect of IrMn inserted layer on anomalous-Hall resistance and spin-Hall magnetoresistance in Pt/IrMn/YIG heterostructures." AMER INST PHYSICS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622466.
Анотація:
We report an investigation of anomalous-Hall resistance (AHR) and spin-Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) in Pt/Ir20Mn80/Y3Fe5O12 (Pt/IrMn/YIG) heterostructures. The AHR of Pt/IrMn/YIG heterostructures with an antiferromagnetic inserted layer is dramatically enhanced as compared to that of the Pt/YIG bilayer. The temperature dependent AHR behavior is nontrivial, while the IrMn thickness dependent AHR displays a peak at an IrMn thickness of 3 nm. The observed SMR in the temperature range of 10-300 K indicates that the spin current generated in the Pt layer can penetrate the IrMn layer (<= 3 nm) to interact with the ferromagnetic YIG layer. The lack of conventional anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) implies that the insertion of the IrMn layer between Pt and YIG could efficiently suppress the magnetic proximity effect (MPE) on induced Pt moments by YIG. Published by AIP Publishing.
38
Graef, Marc de. "IRM de l'endométriose externe." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11100.
39
Silbermann-Hoffman, Olivia. "IRM et corps calleux." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR1M155.
40
Goursaud, Olivier. "La pelvimetrie par irm." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STR1M070.
41
Oldrini, Guillaume. "Dépistage en IRM mammaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0282/document.
Анотація:
L’IRM mammaire a une place prépondérante dans l’imagerie mammaire. Son utilisation plus large est limitée notamment par son coût et le nombre limité de machines. Nous avons travaillé sur plusieurs aspects de cette problématique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons modifié le positionnement en passant du procubitus au décubitus. Ceci a permis de montrer que le décubitus permettait une meilleure corrélation topographique des lésions avec l’échographie et était mieux toléré par les patientes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié les facteurs de réduction du temps d’acquisition par l’intermédiaire des séquences à haute résolution temporelle et d’un protocole abrégé. Ces changements devraient permettre de faciliter l’accessibilité de l’IRM aux patientes, de réduire son coût tout en conservant les mêmes valeurs de sensibilité et spécificité que le protocole standardBreast MRI has a prominent place in breast imaging. Its wider use is limited in particular by its cost and the limited number of machines. We have worked on several aspects of this problem. In a first step, we changed the positioning from procubitus to decubitus. This showed that the decubitus allowed a better topographic correlation of the lesions with the ultrasound and was better tolerated by the patients. In a second step, we studied the factors of reduction of the acquisition time via the sequences with high temporal resolution and an abbreviated protocol. These changes should make it easier for patients to access MRI, reduce costs while maintaining the same sensitivity and specificity values as the standard protocol
42
Lilly, Marshall L. "“Mess” O’ Potamia: The Future of Democracy in Iraq." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1127336784.
43
Alburaas, Theyab M. Stockdale Nancy L. "The Anglo-Iraqi relationship between 1945 and 1948." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9802.
44
Dumlupinar, Nihat. "Regulation of private military companies in Iraq." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FDumlupinar.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Bruneau, Thomas ; Ear, Sophal. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Private military companies, Private security companies, Civil-military relations, Regulation of private military companies, Contractors. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-100). Also available in print.
45
Haussler, Nicholas I. "Third generation gangs revisited : the Iraq insurgency /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FHaussler.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): James Russell, Anne Marie Baylouny. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-111). Also available online.
46
Kraner, Timothy A. "Al Qaeda in Iraq : demobilizing the threat. /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Dec%5FKraner.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): James Russell, Karen Guttieri. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-154). Also available online.
47
Talay, Brian J. "Preventing ballistic missile proliferation : lessons from Iraq /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA326672.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1996.Thesis advisor(s): Peter R. Lavoy. "December 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100), Also available online.
48
Kaplan, Muharrem. "Ethnic And Religious Identities In Northern Iraq." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609215/index.pdf.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of the religion and language, Islam Kurdish, in the process of Kurdish identity formation in Northern Iraq and to find out the most imperative factor/s in the existing identification of Kurdish identity by relying on the field research conducted in Erbil.
The current discussions in the literature generally either emphasized the role of religion by focusing on the tariqat relations, and/or the role of feudal structure of the Kurdish society by focusing on the tribal relations, and/or the role of the culture by specifically focusing on the language as way of identification. In this study, the results of the field research conducted in Erbil are being compared to the arguments in the existing literature that explain the Kurdish identity in relation to the religion and the language.
The study aims to discuss whether there is a shift from the religion, which had a significant role in history regarding the Kurdish identification, to the language, as a marker of modern Kurdish identity formation in Erbil. The research that conducted for this thesis has indicated that while the role of religion lost its historical role, the Kurdish language became the indicator of the identity of the Kurds in Erbil. In addition, this study will examine, in historical context, how the Kurdish language became the core issue of the Kurdish identity. The findings of the field research have been analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software program.
49
Zakaria, Saleh. "Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) North of Iraq." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26570.
Анотація:
Rainwater harvesting is one of the methods that can ensure availability of water for winter crop in Iraq. Using this technique the excess rainwater (runoff) is stored in reservoirs of dams of different sizes. The water from these reservoirs can be used later when required to satisfy the crops requirements. It is believed that rainwater harvesting will be one of the solutions to overcome water shortages problem in Iraq.This work includes four parts dealing with macro rainwater harvesting modeling. The study area includes selected sites at three Governorates located north of Iraq (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Nineveh). In part one of the work, three selected sites at south, north and east of Sinjar district (Nineveh Governorate) were used. The slope of the study area at Sinjar district is less than 5%. The technique was first applied on southern Sinjar Mountain. Linear programming technique was adopted to optimize the irrigated area of barley crop for irrigation scenario of supplemental irrigation (SI) 100% of full irrigation requirements. Two scenarios of reservoir operation were considered for each main basin. In the first, each reservoir was operated as a separate unit while in the second all reservoirs in main basin were operated as one system. Both scenarios gave encouraging results. Scenario two however, was relatively better. The technique was applied again on the northern and eastern Sinjar Mountain area but with different catchments area and scenarios of irrigation (supplemental irrigation (SI) 100%, deficit irrigation (DI) 50%, and deficit irrigation (DI) 25% of full irrigation requirements). Wheat crop was considered as the main crop grown in the area. A linear programming technique was adopted to optimize the irrigated area for the above three scenarios of irrigation. The results of the three scenarios used indicated that, using deficit irrigation (DI) of 50% can be more beneficial than SI of 100% and DI of 25% of full irrigation requirements. Part two of the work includes application of Macro RWH technique at mountain areas in Northeastern part of Iraq. In these areas, all selected basins having slope more than 5 % and located at the rain-fed farms of Kurdistan region of Iraq, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates. The annual rainfall is greater than what was available at Nineveh Governorate. Part three of the work focused about the ability of Macro RWH technique to support wheat crop yield production in dry rain-fed farms at north Sinjar district, north west of Iraq, using wheat crop yield-water relationship that conducted by International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). Three scenarios of supplemental irrigation (100%, 75% and 50%) of full irrigation. requirements with, various rainfall conditions were used, two types of wheat (bread and durum) were considered. Part four of the work focused on climatic change and future prospects for Macro RWH technique. Box-Jenkins methodology for time series analysis and forecasting (ARIMA model) was used to study future rainfall for 4 main rainfall stations surrounding Sinjar area in order to forecast expected rainfall for the period 2012-2016. Future rainfall depths were forecasted with adoption of a confidence level of 95%. The future rainfall was employed for RWH technique. This part also includes a review of the impact of climatic change on countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region). The climatic model CGCM3.1 (T47) 2 was used to explain the changes in the average temperatures and rainfall on MENA region with special emphases on Iraq. Long term future seasonal rainfall during the period 2020-2099 at east Sinjar (Nineveh Governorate) showed a clear negative trend reflecting the reduction in total seasonal rainfall amount. For these future rainfall depths, the maximum, minimum and average harvested runoff volumes were estimated. The comparison of the runoff results between future and historical recorded rainfall for the same study area was carried out to show the future validity of rainwater harvesting. In order to estimate the amount of runoff that can be harvested from a given catchment area at eastern Sinjar, an attempt was made to provide set of charts that are easy to be used in order to estimate the equivalent harvested runoff depth (mm) for different selected rainfall depths under different hydraulic conditions for the catchment area. Macro rainwater harvesting (RWH) technique had been tested for future rainfall data that predicted by two emission scenarios of climatic change (A2 and B2) for the period 2020-2099 at Nineveh and Sulaymaniyah Governorates north of Iraq. The results of the four parts of the thesis reflect useful values for RWH and its influence to increase the irrigated area and then the crop yield in the studied region when combined with an effective system like supplemental irrigation. Rain-fed land in the studied areas requires effective technique in terms of saving significant runoff water for irrigation purposes and this might be achieved by rain-water harvesting (RWH) technique.Godkänd; 2014; 20140310 (andbra); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Saleh Mohammed Saleh Zakaria Ämne: Geoteknik/Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Avhandling: Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) North of Iraq Opponent: Professor Ahmed Hachum, Dams and Water Resources Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq Ordförande: Professor Sven Knutsson, Avd för geoteknik, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Tisdag den 29 april 2014, kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
50
Hanson, Christopher M. "Long-range operational military forecasts for Iraq." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FHanson.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Meterology)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Tom Murphree, Karl Pfeiffer. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-59). Also available in print.