Дисертації з теми "IRM fonctionelle de repos"
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Carboni, Lucrezia. "Graphes pour l’exploration des réseaux de neurones artificiels et de la connectivité cérébrale humaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALM060.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objective of this thesis is to explore brain and artificial neural network connectivity from agraph-based perspective. While structural and functional connectivity analysis has been extensivelystudied in the context of the human brain, there is a lack of a similar analysis framework in artificialsystems.To address this gap, this research focuses on two main axes.In the first axis, the main objective is to determine a healthy signature characterization of the humanbrain resting state functional connectivity. To achieve this objective, a novel framework is proposed,integrating traditional graph statistics and network reduction tools, to determine healthy connectivitypatterns. Hence, we build a graph pair-wise comparison and a classifier to identify pathological statesand rank associated perturbed brain regions. Additionally, the generalization and robustness of theproposed framework were investigated across multiple datasets and variations in data quality.The second research axis explores the benefits of brain-inspired connectivity exploration of artificialneural networks (ANNs) in the future perspective of more robust artificial systems development. Amajor robustness issue in ANN models is represented by catastrophic forgetting when the networkdramatically forgets previously learned tasks when adapting to new ones. Our work demonstrates thatgraph modeling offers a simple and elegant framework for investigating ANNs, comparing differentlearning strategies, and detecting deleterious behaviors such as catastrophic forgetting.Moreover, we explore the potential of leveraging graph-based insights to effectively mitigatecatastrophic forgetting, laying a foundation for future research and explorations in this area
Baronnet-Chauvet, Flore. "IRM fonctionnelle au repos après un accident ischémique : de la connectivité fonctionnelle au handicap." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066229/document.
Повний текст джерелаResting-state functional MRI is increasingly used to investigate brain networks in stroke patients. Most studies focused specifically on motor, attentional and language deficits. Here we have investigated the relationships between global post-stroke disability and functional connectivity of seven major cortical networks in subacute ischemic stroke patients. We have studied 50 patients with first-ever unilateral hemispheric stroke (29 men, 22 left strokes, 57 ± 14 years) with a median post-stroke delay of 4.5 weeks and 75 healthy volunteers (27 men, 55 ± 15 years). Seven cortical networks were characterized with a seed-based approach and for each network we distinguished inter-hemispheric, ipsi- and contra-lesional functional connectivity. The 22 patients without disability (modified Rankin’s scale 0-1) had normal functional connectivity in all networks whereas the 28 disabled patients had widespread and bilateral decreases in functional connectivity explaining 22 % of the variance. Secondary analyses showed that abnormalities mainly differentiate no disability from mild disability and may predominate in default-mode and top-down control networks. We have computed for each subject a functional connectivity index that summarizes all these abnormalities. This simple tool was strongly predictive of residual disability with a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 86%. In conclusion, widespread and bilateral alterations in cortical connectivity occur in disabled subacute stroke patients, whereas normal indicate excellent global outcome
Bulteau-Peyrie, Christine. "Déconnexion hémisphérique et plasticité cognitive développementale : Étude neuropsychologique et par IRM fonctionelle de langage d'une population d'enfants traités par hémisphérotomie." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H034.
Повний текст джерелаChildren with catastrophic epilepsy associated with extensive lesions of one hemisphere are the best candidates for hemispheric disconnection in order to cure epilepsy. The topic of this research is based on developmental cognitive plasticity, peculiarly in the field ef toguage &om the amazing siteation e£ living with one hemisphere in order to analyse hemispheric dominance according to the brain development. Post-operative neuropsychological evaluation was done for the first time in a large population of childr-ea who underwent surgery during infancy, sometimes during the month of the life. We firstly demonstrated a bad neuropsychological outcome in 2, population of 83 children when epilepsy onset early in life. Thirty children participated to a detailed neuropsychological assessment which pointed out more difficulties in linguistic abilities when patients underwent left hemispheric disconnexion; this results ace ia favour of a left hemispheric specialisation for language. We also found impairment in short term memory although normal verbal long term memory in situation of learning and recalling a list of words was normal. Functional MRI of language was finally performed in thirteen children in order to analyse cerebral map implicated in language on the right or left hemisphere in the post-operative course. Homologous cerebral regions were exhibited suggesting controlateral reorganisation of language networks; moreover, activations were found in the dorso-lateral frontal cortex when children were operated on their dominant hemisphere and have to reorganize their language on the controlateral hemisphere
Termenon, Conde Maite. "Analyse par graphes de la connectivité fonctionnelle de repos par IRM : vers de nouveaux biomarqueurs de la récupération fonctionnelle dans l'AVC." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS023/document.
Повний текст джерелаDanet, Lola. "Recollection et familiarité chez 12 patients présentant un infarctus thalamique gauche : étude comportementale, en imagerie structurale et fonctionnelle de repos." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30335/document.
Повний текст джерелаRecognition memory allows determining whether a stimulus has been previously encountered based on either a rapid detection process (familiarity) or a longer retrieval of the context associated with the stimulus (recollection). Aggleton and Brown's model (1999) and Aggleton and colleagues (2011) postulated that recollection and familiarity are anatomically and functionally independent. They hypothesized that the anterior nucleus (AN) / mamillothalamic tract (MTT) complex of the thalamus would be critical for recollection due to its connections with the hippocampus. The Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus would support familiarity owing to its links with the perirhinal cortex. In this thesis we tested this independence hypothesis. The 12 subjects with a pure left thalamic infarction were included along with a healthy matched control group. Every subject underwent a neuropsychological assessment, three experimental verbal recognition memory tasks, a high-resolution structural volumetric MRI scan and resting state functional imaging. Recollection and familiarity estimations were derived from subjective reports or responses categorization. We specifically developed the methods used to automatically analyse the volume and localization of the lesions. Patients performed worse than controls on verbal memory and to a lesser extent on executive tasks (Study 1). Most of the lesions were located in the MD while no lesion of the AN was found. The seven patients exhibiting MTT damage had the lowest memory performance (Studies 1 and 2). Recollection was lower in patients than in controls in all the three tasks whereas familiarity was systematically normal. In addition we found a significant correlation between the recollection index and the DM damage, suggesting that DM is directly involved in recollection (Article 2). Finally the functional connectivity results showed a correlation between recollection and a pattern of thalamofrontal disconnection in the patients, helping to understand the DM-recollection relationship. Overall, the findings of the different studies mean that i\ AN damage is rare and is not necessary to cause an amnesia, ii\ MD damage is sufficient to cause a recollection impairment but not necessary to impair familiarity, iii\ MTT damage predicts the severity of the amnesia, iv\ the network linking functionally the MD with the prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in the subjective experience associated with recognition memory
Bournonville, Clément. "Identification de marqueurs IRM prédictifs de troubles cognitifs post-AVC." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S023/document.
Повний текст джерелаAfter a stroke, nearly 50% of the patients are prompt to develop cognitive disorders in the first 6 months. These deficits can be various, affecting distinct cognitive functions and sometimes simultaneously. Using specific cognitive battery, these disorders can be well described and characterized. However, the mechanisms leading to the development of these cognitive impairments are poorly understood.In that sense, magnetic resonance imaging offers many possibilities for the detection of occurring cognitive disorders after a stroke. The aim of this study of to better define imaging markers that could help to better understand the physiopathology and potentially, using advances methods, predict the long-term outcome of stroke patients.First, a translational study highlighted morphological deformations of hippocampus and structural changes of entorhinal cortex in patients with a cognitive disorder 6 month after stroke compared to patients without. These alterations have also been found in a rat model of ischemia, that presented deformations of hippocampus 6 months after the ischemia compared to control animals.Second, many imaging studies reported that the post-stroke cognitive disorders could be more associated with spread dysfunctions rather than focal alteration at the lesion site. In that sense, we analyzed the functional alterations that could exist in patients with a cognitive disorder 6 months post-stroke compared to patients without. We then identified a functional network that seemed to be organized around regions in superior frontal and temporal lobes. Moreover, each cognitive function presented specific pattern of correlated connections in this network.Lastly, using machine learning algorithms, we showed that this identified functional network 6 months post-stroke can predict the diagnosis of cognitive impairment 30 months later, and also predict alterations of specific cognitive domains at the same time.Then, morphological measures of the medial temporal lobe and the global functional connectivity analyses appeared to be complementary MRI markers for the characterization of patients developing a cognitive disorder after stroke. All these results suggest then that specific physiopathological mechanisms could be involved in the appearance of post-stroke cognitive disorders, permitting to imagine potential new personalized care of post-stroke cognitive disorders
Faivre, Anthony. "Etude de la réorganisation de la connectivité cérébrale au repos dans la sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5022/document.
Повний текст джерелаResting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) may provide important clue concerning disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) by exploring the spontaneous BOLD fluctuations at rest in the whole brain. The aim of this work is to depict the functional reorganization of resting-state networks in MS patients and to assess its potential relationships with disability.In the first part, we performed an fMRI protocol combining a rs-fMRI and task-associated fMRI during a motor task, in a group of early MS patients. This study evidenced a direct association between reorganization of connectivity at rest and during activation in the motor system of patients. In the second rs-fMRI study, we evidenced an increased of the global level of connectivity in most of the rs-networks, strongly associated with the level of disability of patients. In the third part, we evidenced in a 2-year longitudinal study using graph theoretical approach that MS patients exhibited a dynamical alteration of functional brain topology that significantly correlated with disability progression. In the last part, we evidenced that the transient clinical improvement following physical rehabilitation in MS patients is associated with reversible plasticity mechanisms located in the default mode network, the central executive network and in the left fronto-orbital cortex. These works evidence that MS patients exhibit a complex and dynamical functional reorganization of rs-networks, significantly associated with disability progression. This PhD thesis confirms that rs-fMRI is a relevant biomarker of pathophysiology leading to disability in MS and represents a promising tool for therapeutic assessment of MS patients in the future
Abraham, Alexandre. "Apprentissage d'atlas fonctionnel du cerveau modélisant la variabilité inter-individuelle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS159/document.
Повний текст джерелаRecent studies have shown that resting-state spontaneous brain activity unveils intrinsic cerebral functioning and complete information brought by prototype task study. From these signals, we will set up a functional atlas of the brain, along with an across-subject variability model. The novelty of our approach lies in the integration of neuroscientific priors and inter-individual variability in a probabilistic description of the rest activity. These models will be applied to large datasets. This variability, ignored until now, may lead to learning of fuzzy atlases, thus limited in term of resolution. This program yields both numerical and algorithmic challenges because of the data volume but also because of the complexity of modelisation
Pierre, Louapre Céline. "Corrélats structuraux et fonctionnels de l'atteinte cognitive précoce au cours de la sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066423/document.
Повний текст джерелаSevere cognitive impairment involving multiple cognitive domains can occur early during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated resting state functional connectivity changes in large-scale brain networks and related structural damage underlying cognitive dysfunction in patients with early MS.We included MS patients with 3 to 5 years of disease duration, either without cognitive impairment (n=20), or with cognitive impairment (n=15), and 20 controls. After a standardized neuropsychological evaluation, all subjects underwent a multimodal 3T MRI including anatomical T1 and T2 images, diffusion imaging to assess anatomical connectivity and resting state functional MRI to assess functional connectivity.Patients with cognitive dysfunction were impaired in all cognitive domains tested except for mnesic storage. Functional connectivity was altered in patients with cognitive impairment only, within associative networks relevant for cognition, especially the default mode and the attentional networks. This functional disconnection did not parallel diffusion abnormalities in white matter tracts. In patients with cognitive impairment, atrophy was localized in cortical regions connecting the default mode network. Disconnection in these networks may deprive the brain of compensatory mechanisms required to face widespread structural damage
Yordanova, Yordanka Nikolova. "Un éclairage nouveau sur les bases neurales de la mentalisation : une étude combinant cartographie multimodale et IRM fonctionnelle de repos chez des patients atteints d’un gliome diffus de bas grade." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT052/document.
Повний текст джерелаMentalizing, or the ability of human beings to make assumptions about other people’s mental states, has been the subject of many studies over the last 20 years. The neural bases and especially the white matter connectivity of this complex cognitive function is still poorly understood. Recently, an anatomo-functional organization into two neural pathways has been proposed. According to this model, it is assumed that the reflective, inferential aspects of mentalizing is underpinned by the cingulum. The reflexive, identificatory aspects of mentalizing are thought to be mediated, for their part, by the arcuate fascicle and the lateral part of the superior longitudinal fascicle. The main purpose of this scientific work is to provide original data on the anatomo-functional organization of the neural network involved in the face-based mentalizing. We used as a pathophysiological study model diffuse low-grade gliomas. These primary brain tumors are particularly interesting for the study of the functional role of the white matter for two reasons: (i) the tumor cells propagate preferentially along the white matter fibers; (ii) the surgical resection is often performed in awake condition with intraoperative functional mapping to identify, and thus to preserve functional structures, including the white matter.In our first study, using intraoperative electrical stimulation, we were able to identify a large cortico-subcortical mentalizing network. The analysis of the disconnections induced by the stimulation of the white matter allowed us to clearly highlight, for the first time, the role of the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle. We also confirmed the already established role of the superior longitudinal fascicle in mentalizing. In a second study, using lesion mapping analyses in patients operated on for a diffuse low-grade glioma, we demonstrated that the long-term, non-compensatory mentalizing deficit was explained by the involvement of the arcuate fascicle. Finally, in a third study combining resting-state functional MRI and the cortical sites unmasked during surgery, we were able to identify a large cortical mentalizing networks, which were very similar to those identified by classical task-based functional imaging.In general, our findings suggest that the face-based mentalizing would require the integrity of at least two associative white matter fascicles. They also validate the combined use of resting-state functional MRI and direct cortical stimulations as an original approach to map neurocognitive networks.In addition to these fundamental considerations, our results have also clinical implications, especially regarding the intraoperative functional mapping. They also provide a better understanding of brain pathologies characterized by both mentalizing deficit and white matter impairment
Cavedo, Enrica. "Neuroimaging markers in clinical trials for pre-dementia stages of Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066703/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of new drugs and the validation and standardization of neuroimaging and biological markers for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) clinical treatment trials is expected to be one of the major goals of AD research in the upcoming years. The present thesis aims to adress these critical issues. The first part of the thesis is focused on the proper application of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the structural neuroimaging protocols of acquisition and the implementation of neuroimaging markers in 10 Italian Memory Clinics. The second part of the thesis deals with the application of several structural and functional neuroimaging markers in the context of clinical trials investigation in mild cognitive impairment individuals. Results revealed that the implementation of SOPs at multicentre level reduces the variance of neuroimaging markers measurement detected by different scanners. Moreover, results from the employment of neuroimaging markers in pre-dementia trials in mild cognitive impairment individuals showed a significant impact of anticholinesterase therapies in reducing the hippocampal rate of atrophy, the cortical thinning as well as in increasing the activation of brain areas related to functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) face and location macthing tasks. These promising results support the hypothesis that structural and functional neuroimaging markers applied in a standardized manner migh be utilized as candidate surrogate outcomes in future pre-dementia trials for AD
Garin, Clément. "Characterization of Mouse Lemur Brain by Anatomical, Functional and Glutamate MRI." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS174/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is a primate that has attracted attention within neuroscience research. Its cerebral anatomy is still poorly described and its cerebral networks have never been investigated. The first objective of this study was to develop new tools to create a 3D digital atlas of the brain of this model and to use this atlas to automatically follow-up brain characteristics in cohorts of animals. We then implemented protocols to analyze connectivity in mouse lemurs so we could evaluate for the first time the cerebral networks in this species. We revealed that the mouse lemur brain is organised in local functional regions integrated within large scale functional networks. These latter networks were classified and compared to large scale networks in humans. This multispecies comparison highlighted common organization rules but also discrepancies. Additionally, Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer imaging of glutamate (gluCEST) is a method that allows the creation of 3D maps weighted by the glutamate distribution. In a third study, we compared local neuronal activity, functional connectivity and gluCEST contrast in various brain regions. We highlighted various associations between these three biomarkers. Lastly, the impact of aging on local neuronal activity, functional connectivity and gluCEST has been analyzed by comparing two cohorts of lemurs
Lagadec, Saioa. "Dépression post-AVC : apport d’une double approche de neuroimagerie et enquête en vie quotidienne." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21927/document.
Повний текст джерела30% of stroke survivors will experience Post-Stroke Depression (PSD) that is associated to a poor quality of life. PSD is still under-diagnosed due to the absence of clear diagnostic criteria and its pathophysiology remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify early imaging and psychiatric risk factors of depression 3 months after stroke. Patients with a first ischemic stroke, without any neurologic and psychiatric history were included. Daily-life symptoms were evaluated using ESM 10 days after stroke. Brain MRI acquisition was performed at 10 days after stroke including DWI, FLAIR/T2, resting state fMRI and anatomical sequences. We explored the association between 1/ the severity of depressive symptoms and MRI data 2/ the severity of depressive symptoms and ESM data 3/ the severity of depressive symptoms measured by ESM and MRI data.Results revealed a modification of the functional connectivity between posterior structures of the DMN (Default Mode Network) and between the middle temporal cortex and the DMN. In the acute phase, depressed patients presented either high fatigue and anhedonia or another profile including high anxiety, negative thoughts and emotional reactivity which is associated to the risk of depression 3 months after stroke. Moreover, we demonstrated that functional connectivity modifications within the DMN and the cerebellum grey matter were respectively associated to emotional reactivity and the frequency of positive and negative thoughts.In conclusion, modifications of the DMN were implicated in the physiopathology of PSD in the same way that major or vascular depression, with a specificity represented by the new contribution of the middle temporal cortex within the DMN. Furthermore, this study suggests that more than a stroke lesion, anterior psychobiological vulnerabilities of an individual patient could mediate PSD occurrence
Sabbah, Norman. "Réorganisation cérébrale consécutive à la perte tardive d'une partie ou de la totalité du champ visuel et à la restitution sensorielle : approche comportementale et par IRM fonctionnelle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066532/document.
Повний текст джерелаCerebral plasticity processes developing from late visual deficit are not fully understood. Insights into these mechanisms could improve the rehabilitation programs, provide the patients with new sensory substitution devices, and even predict the outcome of some vision restoration treatments. A variety of combined approaches should allow to better define these mechanisms. On the one hand, we investigated the functional connectivity (FC) of the brain by a resting-state fMRI analysis, and on the other hand we carried out a behavioral study. The selected subjects (1) had lost the peripheral visual field due to a pigmentary retinopathy and therefore holding a “tunnel vision”, (2) had lost the central visual field i.e. subjects suffering from central scotoma resulting from a Stargardt macular dystrophy, (3) became lately blind, as the result of pigmentary retinopathy terminal stage and (4) potentially visually-restored by a retinal prosthesis.(A) Resting-state functional connectivity studiesStudy 1. In subjects suffering from peripheral or complete visual loss, we studied the FC of visual and language areas. We found an increased FC in Broca’s and specific visually deprived areas in both groups of patients as compared to sighted controls. Therefore, the plasticity between the visual and language systems can develop in the adult brain i.e. long after the end of a developmental sensitive period, following not only total but also partial visual deprivation. These data also contribute to the debate about the development of such plasticity in the late blind. Furthermore, they reshape the conditions of vision and language systems plasticity, which is (1) constrained to visually deafferented regions and (2) possible even in presence of a residual vision.Study 2. In subjects with converse central or peripheral visual field defects, we studied the FC of V1 subregions – onto which the central visual field (cV1) and the peripheral visual field (pV1) are projected, with the rest of the brain. The results showed an increased FC of (1) tunnel vision subjects afferented region (cV1) with regions involved in space, scene processing and multisensory integration and (2) central scotoma subjects afferented region (pV1) with regions involved in face perception. Moreover, an increased FC was observed between deafferented regions and regions involved in high-order functions and top-down mechanisms. These findings suggest that the afferented regions of V1 strengthen the connections with regions involved in deficient visual functions, whereas the sensory-deafferented V1 tunes-up preexisting high-order mechanisms to assist vision. These data bring new information about the plasticity in sub-regions of V1 that develops to process various functions, following partial visual loss.(B) Behavioural study of blind subjects fitted with a retinal prosthesis Study 3. We finally examined the adaptive behavior of subjects suffering from pigmentary retinopathy fitted with a camera-connected retinal prosthesis for 4 years. Such a device can potentially lead to dissociation between eyes and head-mounted camera; this is incompatible with physiological mechanisms of the spatial localization of visualized images, which depend on the gaze direction. This kind of dissociation is expected to alter the visuomotor coordination in subjects fitted with the considered retinal prosthesis device. We observed that misalignments between gaze and head (i.e. camera) positions occur during visual search, and could not be prevented when following vestibulo-ocular reflexes. This misalignment leads to the illusion of a visual target movement, and affects the visuo-motor coordination that was quantified in this study. After 4 years of current use of their device, the subjects develop compensatory strategies that partially solve these issues
DATIN, CHRISTINE. "Etude fonctionnelle du muscle squelettique au repos par rmn in vivo : vieillissement musculaire chez la souris en srm, parametres de relaxation et composition intramusculaire en irm selon l'activite physique et la maladie chez l'homme (doctorat : biophysique)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CLF1MM03.
Повний текст джерелаRoquet, Daniel. "Etude et application de la connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale chez le sujet sain et dans la pathologie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ100/document.
Повний текст джерелаBrain areas are functionally connected in networks, even at rest. Since such connectivity networks could be impaired in several pathologies, they could potentially serve for diagnosis and treatment. Based on four studies, spatial independent component analysis has shown sufficient sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity to produce reliable healthy as well as pathological networks at the individual level. Therefore, the network underlying auditory hallucination could define the brain areas to treat by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Among the common resting-state networks, the ones involving the posterior cingular cortex and the precuneus seem deeply altered in disorders of consciousness, and so could be used as a diagnostic tool to distinguish the locked-in syndrome from the vegetative state. We can now map, at the individual level, the functional relationships between brain areas. Further studies on the dynamic and on the level of activity of the functional connectivity networks might provide relevant information about their functions and their involvement in the pathology
Carrière, Nicolas. "Troubles du contrôle des impulsions au cours de la maladie de Parkinson, étude électro-encéphalographique de l’intégration de la récompense et modifications de la connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale de repos en imagerie par résonance magnétique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S060/document.
Повний текст джерелаBackgroundIn Parkinson’s disease, dopamine agonists are associated with an increased risk of impulse control disorders (ICD). Their occurrence is supposed to be related with a deregulation of the dopaminergic meso-limbic pathway, involved in the processing of the consequences of previous action to adapt future behaviors. Dopamine agonists, through a tonic stimulation of the dopamine receptors would lead to an overestimation of the positive consequences of actions, and therefore, continuation of a harmful behavior.Method:We investigated (i) the resting-state striato-cortical functional connectivity using functional MRI, and (ii) electro-encephalographic (EEG) markers of feedback processing during a gambling task : the feedback related negativity (FRN), the feedback related positivity, (FRP), and the theta band oscillations (4-7 Hz) in 20 Parkinson’s disease patients with an active ICD, 19 Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD, and 19 healthy subjects.Functional MRI: The ventral striatum, dorsal caudate, and anterior and posterior putamen were semi-automatically segmented. For each region of interest, a seed-based connectivity analysis was performed on preprocessed fMRI data mapped on the ipsilateral cortical surface.Neurophysiological approach: The subjects underwent an EEG while performing a gambling task. The EEG was averaged for each condition and each subject. The FRP amplitude was measured in Cz, and the FRN amplitude was measured in Fz on the difference wave between the potential evoked by losses and by gains. The power spectra were computed by using a sinusoidal Morlet wavelet transform and averaged by condition. The maximum power in the theta frequency band was computed for each participant and each condition.Results:Cortico-striatal connectivity analysis: The presence of an ICD in patients with PD was associated with functional disconnection between the left anterior putamen and both the left inferior temporal and anterior cingulate gyrus. ICD patients also displayed a trend toward a functional disconnection between (i) the left anterior putamen and the inferior frontal gyrus, (ii) the posterior putamen and the inferior temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and medial frontal gyrus on the left, as well as the medial frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus on the right, (iii) the dorsal caudate and the gyrus rectus and orbitofrontal cortex, and the middle frontal and inferior temporal gyrus on the left.Evoked potentials: In Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD and healthy controls, the FRP was greater after gains that after losses following a non-risky choice. There was no difference in FRP amplitude after losses and gains in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD.Time-frequency analysis: At Cz, positive outcomes (gains) were associated with greater theta power than negative outcomes (losses) in Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD and in healthy controls, but not in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD. There was an increase in theta power after unexpectedly high outcomes, at Fz in healthy controls and in FCz in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD, whereas theta power was not modulated by the magnitude of the outcome in PD patients without ICDs.Conclusions:Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD have an alteration in EEG markers of reward in line with an altered discrimination of gains and losses and a greater sensitivity to unexpectedly high outcomes, supposed to lead to a significant activation in the dopaminergic meso-limbic pathways. These findings are in line with a dysfunction in reward processing in ICD in Parkinson’s disease. This dysfunction is associated, at rest, with an alteration in striato-cortical connectivity that goes beyond a pure dopaminergic meso-limbic dysfunction
Dondé-Coquelet, Clément. "Caractérisation du fonctionnement du système auditif central associé aux performances d’appariement tonal chez les sujets atteints de schizophrénie : approches psychophysiques et neurophysiologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1162.
Повний текст джерелаSchizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic brain disorder with outcome primarily driven by deficits in cognition. These have been related to impaired discrimination of basic auditory information such as pitch, as assessed in tone-matching behavioral paradigms in which subjects are asked to actively discriminate between two short pure tones (300-ms) following a brief delay (500-ms). More specifically, tone-matching indexes early, pre-attentive comparison mechanisms occurring in the central auditory system (CAS, divided into thalamic medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), early auditory (EA) and association auditory (AA) cortical areas). Therefore, characterisations of the CAS functioning associated with tone-matching abilities in SZ individuals may be useful drivers for pathophysiology understanding and therapeutic development. First, we aimed at exploring tone-matching abilities in SZ across major acoustic features (length, pitch, intensity) and different levels of complexity (2-tones, 3-tones, emotional sentences) using psychophysical testing. We predicted that patients would display differential deficits across acoustic features, and present a mediated relationship between tone-matching levels of complexity. Second, we investigated the CAS functioning associated with tone-matching at a neurophysiological level, using resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rsFC-MRI) and CAS-targeted transcranial electrical stimulation (left fronto-temporal tES, 2mA, random noise current, ten 20-min twice-daily sessions). We predicted that functional dysconnectivity within the CAS would be associated with tone-matching impairments, and that tES would significantly modulate these impairments in patients. As complementary, we reviewed historical aspects of basic auditory explorations in SZ and studies investigating basic auditory-training approaches as a potential remediative treatment. Psychophysical studies demonstrated more prominent deficits for length than pitch and, in turn, than intensity (n=29), and showed that 3-tones discrimination mediates the correlation between 2-tones and auditory emotion recognition deficits (n=27). Neurophysiological approaches showed that tone-matching performances are bimodally distributed across SZ subjects (n=310), with one group (SZ-) showing significant reductions in both tone-matching and rsFC-MRI in regions of the bilateral CAS (i.e., between MGN and both EA and AA, as well as reductions between EA and AA, particularly involving parcels which are immediately adjacent to EA), and one group (SZ+) showing intact tone-matching and significant reductions only in EA-AA connectivity. The investigation of CAS-targeted tES impact on tone-matching abilities in patients is still ongoing, but preliminary results demonstrated significant modulations of tone-matching scores after the tES procedure (n=2). Our results demonstrate that SZ individuals present with different patterns of tone-matching deficits across acoustic features, but similar yet hierarchical levels of impairments for processing of simple vs. more complex auditory stimuli. Nevertheless, both feature- and complexity- dependant tone-matching deficits might be associated with different types of anatomo-functional underpinnings in the CAS. In addition, we showed that tone-matching measure segregates between discrete SZ subgroups presenting distinct topographic patterns of functional dysconnectivity in the CAS. Finally, tone-matching deficits might be related to neuronal excitability and plasticity mechanisms in the SAC that are modulated by tES. As tone-matching paradigms can be readily implemented within routine clinical settings, these experimental results may be useful to permit differentiation of discrete subtypes of SZ and to develop both non-invasive brain stimulation and remediative approaches
Malherbe, Caroline. "Imagerie des faisceaux de fibres et des réseaux fonctionnels du cerveau : application à l'étude du syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980572.
Повний текст джерелаBor, Julie. "Une nouvelle approche de la physiopathologie de la schizophrénie : imagerie des modifications cérébrales biochimiques et fonctionnelles induites par des thérapeutiques non pharmacologiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10147.
Повний текст джерелаDespite the development of new generation antipsychotic drugs, some symptoms of schizophrenia do not respond to these treatments. Based on the pathophysiological hypothesis underlying these symptoms, new therapies such as cognitive remediation therapy and neurostimulation techniques have been developed. This approach remained essentially clinical. In this work, the study of biological mechanisms tending benefits of these non-pharmacological treatment has allowed us to test these pathophysiological hypotheses. Functional MRI (fMRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were used to investigate the effects of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We demonstrated (1) that CRT modifies cerebral activations during a working memory task in patients with schizophrenia, (2) that TMS modifies brain biochemistry of the stimulated area and of deep brain regions in a patient with schizophrenia and (3) that tDCS modifies the functional connectivity in resting state networks of healthy volunteers
Oujamaa, Lydia. "Evolution topologique des hubs dans l'état de conscience altérée post-traumatique : un marqueur de récupération fonctionnelle." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALS013.
Повний текст джерелаThis work takes part in the field of translational research. Our aim was to explore thepost-lesional brain plasticity necessary to recover consciousness after a traumatic coma.The study of resting state functional connectivity, meaning the temporal correlation ofBOLD signal (blood oxygenation level dependent) between remote cerebral areas, wasapplied to severe traumatic brain injured (sTBI) patients.Using graph method, we explored the diagnosis and prognosis value of resting statefunctional connectivity during recovery of consciousness after a traumatic coma.Thirty six sTBI patients were studied in a cross sectional and a longitudinal design.We recorded a resting state functional MRI sequence while sTBI patients were eitherconscious or in altered state of consciousness when discharged from intensive care unit(ICU). A second fMRI was recorded after one month spent in a post-ICU rehabilitationunit.Our analysis focused on a hub disruption index (HDI) which expresses the reallocationof functional connections inside the graph. In the brain network, the hubs, which are definedas highly connected to the brain network in healthy subjects, have been characterizedwith integration, segregation and centrality metrics for information transfer.Our results suggest that the topological disruption of functional hubs is an objectivemapping of the brain network changes that correlates with post-TBI neurological recovery.Indeed, in our group analysis, the hub disruption index of the post TBI brainnetwork was sensitive to the state of consciousness and to its recovery during a onemonth follow-up. This index was also relevant to predict the level of disability 6 monthsafter injury.The computation of connectivity data in a metadata, the hub disruption index ofthe brain network, enhances the classical approach describing the post-traumatic brainplasticity as a loss and recovery of connectivity in one or several cortical networks. Therecovery of the brain network ability to compute local information in the functionalhubs could be necessary to recover consciousness after a traumatic coma. This resultis original as the recent litterature, based on the information integration theory andthe global workspace theory of consciousness, is considering severe TBI as a long rangeconnectivity disruption inducing a functional integration impairment.This pilot study was necessary prior to the assessment of the HDI on a single-subjectlevel and to quantifie the response of brain injured patients with disorder of consciousnessto several therapeutic options (psychostimulant drugs, electrical stimulation..)
Delion, Matthieu. "La chirurgie éveillée chez l'enfant Specifities of awake craniotomy and brain mapping in children for resection of supratentorial tumours in the language areas." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0073.
Повний текст джерелаIntraoperative cortical and subcortical direct stimulation surgery while awake (CSCSSA) is rarely used to operate in functional areas of the brain in children. Only small series have been published regarding children. However, this procedure is considered to be a gold standard for identifying and preserving the eloquent cortical and subcortical sites. Indeed the child’s survival and the quality of life depend on the quality of the tumor resection. The unifying idea of my thesis was the transfer of the CSCSSA from adults to children.The first work of this thesis was to study the feasibility of the CSCSSA in children through our clinical experience. We also showed that CSCSSA could be applied in children in a safe way with good clinical and radiological results. Some precautions should also be observed, notably concerning the preparation of these young patients. The second step of this thesis was to evaluate the psychological impact of this kind of procedure in children, thanks to the cooperation of the child psychiatrists. The child’s experience was good in every case. None of our patients presented symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after the surgery. The third objective was to evaluate the use of resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) in children for the preoperative planning. We demonstrated not only the strong correlation between rsfMRI and brain electrical mapping, but also the superiority in terms of sensibility and specificity of rsfMRI compared to task based functional MRI. Indeed rsfMRI allowed us to isolate the attentional networks, which interfere with the results of task based functional MRI
Moreau, Clara. "Mapping genome-wide neuropsychiatric mutation effects on functional brain connectivity : c opy number variants delineate dimensions contributing to autism and schizophrenia." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24592.
Повний текст джерелаResearch on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ) has mainly adopted a ‘top-down’ approach, starting from psychiatric diagnosis, and moving to intermediate brain phenotypes and underlying genetic factors. Recent cross-disorder studies have raised questions about diagnostic boundaries and pleiotropic mechanisms. By contrast, the recruitment of groups based on the presence of a genetic risk factor allows for the investigation of molecular pathways related to a particular risk for neuropsychiatric conditions (NPs). Copy number variants (CNVs, loss or gain of a DNA segment), which confer high risk for NPs are natural candidates to conduct such bottom-up approaches. Because CNVs have a similar range of adverse effects on NPs, we hypothesized that entire classes of CNVs may converge upon shared connectivity dimensions contributing to mental illness. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies have provided critical insight into the architecture of brain networks involved in NPs, but so far only a few studies have investigated networks modulated by CNVs. We aimed at 1) Delineating the effects of neuropsychiatric variants on functional connectivity (FC), 2) Investigating whether the alterations associated with CNVs are also found among idiopathic psychiatric populations, 3) Testing whether deletions reorganize FC along general dimensions, irrespective of their localization in the genome. We gathered rsfMRI data on 502 carriers of eight NP-CNVs (high-risk), four CNVs without prior association to NPs as well as carriers of eight scarcer NP-CNVs. We also analyzed 756 subjects with idiopathic ASD, SZ, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 5,377 controls. Connectome-wide analyses showed a positive gene dosage effect for the 22q11.2 and 1q21.1 CNVs, and a negative association for the 16p11.2 CNV. The effect size of CNVs on relative FC (mean-connectivity adjusted) was correlated with the known level of NP-risk conferred by CNVs. Consistent with results on cognition, we also reported that deletions had a larger effect size on FC than duplications. We identified similarities between high-risk CNV profiles and the connectivity architecture of individuals with NPs. The level of similarity was associated with mutation severity and was strongest in SZ, followed by ASD, and ADHD. The similarity was driven by the thalamus, and the posterior cingulate cortex, previously identified as hubs in transdiagnostic psychiatric studies. These results raised questions about shared mechanisms across CNVs. By comparing deletions at the 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 loci, we identified similarities at the connectivity, and at the gene expression level. We extended this work by pooling all deletions available for analysis. We asked if connectivity alterations were associated with the severity of deletions scored using pLI, a measure of intolerance to haploinsufficiency. The haploinsufficiency profile involved the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, and somatomotor network and was correlated with lower general intelligence and higher autism severity scores in 3 unselected and disease cohorts. An exploratory factor analysis confirmed the contribution of these regions to three latent components shared across CNVs and NPs. Our results open new avenues for understanding polygenicity in psychiatric conditions, and the pleiotropic effect of CNVs on cognition and on risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.