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Статті в журналах з теми "Irish grassland soils"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

MCDONALD, N. T., C. J. WATSON, R. J. LAUGHLIN, S. T. J. LALOR, J. GRANT, and D. P. WALL. "Soil tests for predicting nitrogen supply for grassland under controlled environmental conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, S1 (April 22, 2014): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000264.

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SUMMARYMineralized soil nitrogen (N) is an important source of N for grassland production. Some soils can supply large quantities of plant-available N through mineralization of soil organic matter. Grass grown on such soils require less fertilizer N applications per unit yield. A reliable, accurate and user-friendly method to account for soil N supply potential across a large diversity of soils and growing conditions is needed to improve N management and N recommendations over time. In the current study, the effectiveness of chemical N tests and soil properties to predict soil N supply for grass uptake across 30 Irish soil types varying in N supply potential was investigated under controlled environmental conditions. The Illinois soil N test (ISNT) combined with soil C : N ratio provided a good estimate of soil N supply in soils with low residual mineral N. Total oxidized N (TON) had the largest impact on grass dry matter (DM) yield and N uptake across the 30 soil types, declining in its influence in later growth periods. This reflected the high initial mineral N levels in these soils, which declined over time. In the current study, a model with ISNT-N, C : N and TON (log TON) best explained variability in grass DM yield and N uptake. All three rapid chemical soil tests could be performed routinely on field samples to provide an estimate of soil N supply prior to making N fertilizer application decisions. It can be concluded that these soil tests, through their assessment of soil N supply potential, can be effective tools for N management on grassland; however, field studies are needed to evaluate this under more diverse growing conditions.

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2

Daly, K., D. Jeffrey, and H. Tunney. "The effect of soil type on phosphorus sorption capacity and desorption dynamics in Irish grassland soils." Soil Use and Management 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2006): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00003.x.

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3

Karpinska, Anna, Demi Ryan, Kieran Germaine, David Dowling, Patrick Forrestal, and Thomais Kakouli-Duarte. "Soil Microbial and Nematode Community Response to the Field Application of Recycled Bio-Based Fertilisers in Irish Grassland." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 12342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212342.

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Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient routinely applied to soils as an agricultural fertiliser, frequently in non-renewable, inorganic forms. Finite reserves and growing demand for agricultural phosphorus mean alternative P resources need to be explored. Recycling-derived fertilisers (RDF) recovered from specific waste streams, using nutrient recovery technologies, have the potential to replace conventional phosphorus fertilisers used in agriculture. Healthy functioning soil microbial and nematode communities are essential players in maintaining soil health and nutrient status. Thus, it is important to assess the responses of these communities to RDF application. We compared soil microbial and nematode communities of conventional fertiliser and RDF treated soil, in the form of struvite and ash, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in a phosphate-fertiliser replacement value (P-FRV) field trial. Bacterial and nematode communities displayed significant changes under the different P fertilisation treatments, while fungal communities were relatively unaffected. Bacterial diversity was higher among RDF treatments than conventional treatments, while nematode diversity was reduced by one ash treatment. Available potassium and phosphate were the main drivers of bacterial community changes when analysed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), while available phosphate alone was the driver of nematode community shifts. Of the RDF, struvite products yielded the highest crop biomass, maintained microbial diversity and were associated with the least disturbed nematode communities.

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4

Cahalan, E., E. Minet, M. Ernfors, C. Müller, D. Devaney, P. J. Forrestal, and K. G. Richards. "The effect of precipitation and application rate on dicyandiamide persistence and efficiency in two Irish grassland soils." Soil Use and Management 31, no. 3 (July 14, 2015): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sum.12194.

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5

Jordan, Philip, Wayne Menary, Karen Daly, Gerard Kiely, Gerard Morgan, Paul Byrne, and Richard Moles. "Patterns and processes of phosphorus transfer from Irish grassland soils to rivers—integration of laboratory and catchment studies." Journal of Hydrology 304, no. 1-4 (March 2005): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.021.

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6

Kramers, G., K. G. Richards, and N. M. Holden. "Assessing the potential for the occurrence and character of preferential flow in three Irish grassland soils using image analysis." Geoderma 153, no. 3-4 (November 2009): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.08.021.

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7

Brennan, D., B. Coulter, G. Mullen, and R. Courtney. "Evaluation of Mehlich 3 for Extraction of Copper and Zinc from Irish Grassland Soils and for Prediction of Herbage Content." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39, no. 13-14 (July 2008): 1943–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620802134743.

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8

Schulte, Rogier P. O., Iolanda Simo, Rachel E. Creamer, and Nicholas M. Holden. "A note on the Hybrid Soil Moisture Deficit Model v2.0." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 54, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2015-0014.

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Abstract The Hybrid Soil Moisture Deficit (HSMD) model has been used for a wide range of applications, including modelling of grassland productivity and utilisation, assessment of agricultural management opportunities such as slurry spreading, predicting nutrient emissions to the environment and risks of pathogen transfer to water. In the decade since its publication, various ad hoc modifications have been developed and the recent publication of the Irish Soil Information System has facilitated improved assessment of the spatial soil moisture dynamics. In this short note, we formally present a new version of the model (HSMD2.0), which includes two new soil drainage classes, as well as an optional module to account for the topographic wetness index at any location. In addition, we present a new Indicative Soil Drainage Map for Ireland, based on the Irish Soil Classification system, developed as part of the Irish Soil Information System.

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9

Bourke, David, Paul Dowding, Hubert Tunney, John E. O'Brien, and David W. Jeffrey. "THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOSITION OF AN IRISH GRASSLAND SOIL." Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 108B, no. 1 (2008): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bae.2008.0018.

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10

Bourke, David, Paul Dowding, Hubert Tunney, John E. O'Brien, and David W. Jeffrey. "THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOSITION OF AN IRISH GRASSLAND SOIL." Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 108, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2008.108.1.17.

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11

Kurz, I., H. Tunney, and C. E. Coxon. "The impact of agricultural management practices on nutrient losses to water: data on the effects of soil drainage characteristics." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2005): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0577.

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Against the background of increasing nutrient concentrations in Irish water bodies, this study set out to gain information on the potential of agricultural grassland to lose nutrients to water. Overland flow, flow from artificial subsurface drains and stream flow were gauged and sampled during heavy rainfall events. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), potassium (K), total ammonia (TA), and total oxidised nitrogen (TON) were measured in water samples. When the nutrient concentrations in water were examined in relation to the grassland management practices of the study catchments it emerged that soil P levels, the application of organic and inorganic fertilisers before heavy rainfall and the presence of grazing animals could all influence nutrient concentrations in surface and subsurface drainage water. Overall, the drainage characteristics of soil were found to have a considerable influence on the potential of land to lose nutrients to water.

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12

Novikova, Lubov Aleksandrovna, Vladimir Mikhailovich Vasjukov, Anna Andreevna Mironova, and Liya Aleksandrovna Gordeeva. "Halophytic vegetation of the Lopatinsky District in the Penza Region." Samara Journal of Science 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.55355/snv2022113111.

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The halophytic vegetation of the Lopatinsky District in the Penza Region was studied on the example of five solonets (Litvinovsky, Lipovsky, Staro-Vershautsky, Olginsky and Belogorsky). Halophytic meadows (44,0%) slightly prevail over halophytic steppes (36,0%) on all of these salt lakes. 550 species of vascular plants have been identified in the Lopatinsky District of the Penza Region, 29 rare species have been identified, 2 species (Iris aphylla, Stipa pennata) are protected at the federal level and 29 species (Adenophora liliifolia, Adonanthe vernalis, Allium lineare, Allium podolicum, Allium praescissum, Amygdalus nana, Artemisia santonica, Astragalus varius, Bupleurum falcatum, Dianthus volgicus, Galatella linosyris, Galatella rossica, Galatella villosa, Gelasia ensifolia, Hippochaete ramosissima, Iris aphylla, Jacobaea erucifolia, Plantago maxima, Plantago salsa, Potentilla alba, Pulsatilla patens, Rosa corymbifera, Salvia nutans, Silaum silaus, Spiraea crenata, Stipa borysthenica, Stipa pennata, Stipa tirsa, Syrenia montana) are protected regionally. In all of these five solonets, perennial grasslands predominate among halophytic meadows (36,0%), and semi-shrubby grasslands predominate among halophytic steppes (23,0%). The main stages of halophyte vegetation demutation in various ecological conditions have been established. Halophytic meadows are formed in saline and moist soils: annuals, perennials, turf and slag. On the contrary, in the conditions of saline and dry soils, halophytic steppes are formed: annual grasslands, perennial grasslands, semi-shrubby. Of the studied salt shakers of the Penza Region the salt shakers of the Lopatinsky District are the closest to the salt shakers of the Maloserdobinsky District in their structure and dynamics.

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13

Abalori, Theophilus Atio, Wenxia Cao, Conrad Atogi-Akwoa Weobong, Wen Li, Shilin Wang, and Xiuxia Deng. "Spatial Vegetation Patch Patterns and Their Relation to Environmental Factors in the Alpine Grasslands of the Qilian Mountains." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116738.

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Globally, grasslands are affected by climate change and unsustainable management practices which usually leads to transitions from stable, degraded and then to desertification. Spatial vegetation patch configurations are regarded as key indicators of such transitions. Understanding the relationships between this grass-land vegetation and its environment is key to vegetation restoration projects. Spatial vegetation patch patterns were chosen across different soil and topographic conditions. Patch numbers, perimeter, and cover of each patch were measured along transects of each patch type. Using field surveys and multivariate statistical analysis, we investigated the differences in vegetation biomass and distribution and soil properties of four typical alpine plant species patches along with a range of environmental and topographic conditions. It was found that topographic conditions and soil properties, particularly soil moisture explained most of the variation in spatial patch vegetation characteristics and thus control vegetation restoration in the alpine grassland. The Kobresia humilis, Blysmus sinocompressus and Iris lactea patches under the drylands recorded small patch sizes, large patch numbers, low connectivity, and large total perimeter per unit area. Generally, species within the high moisture sites recorded small patch numbers, a large fraction of vegetation cover and a small total perimeter per m2. Patches in limited soil moisture areas recorded patch configurations indicating they are unstable and undergoing degradation and therefore need urgent restoration attention to forestall their further degradation and its resultant effect of desertification. These results would provide quantitative easy-to-use indicators for vegetation degradation and help in vegetation restoration projects.

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14

Graça, Jessica, Karen Daly, Giulia Bondi, Israel Ikoyi, Fiona Crispie, Raul Cabrera-Rubio, Paul D. Cotter, and Achim Schmalenberger. "Drainage class and soil phosphorus availability shape microbial communities in Irish grasslands." European Journal of Soil Biology 104 (May 2021): 103297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2021.103297.

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15

Quinn, Gerry A., Alyaa M. Abdelhameed, Nada K. Alharbi, Diego Cobice, Simms A. Adu, Martin T. Swain, Helena Carla Castro, et al. "The Isolation of a Novel Streptomyces sp. CJ13 from a Traditional Irish Folk Medicine Alkaline Grassland Soil that Inhibits Multiresistant Pathogens and Yeasts." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010173.

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The World Health Organization recently stated that new sources of antibiotics are urgently required to stem the global spread of antibiotic resistance, especially in multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria. Although it was thought that many of the original sources of antibiotics were exhausted, innovative research has revealed promising new sources of antibiotic discovery in traditional medicine associated with Streptomyces. In this work we investigated the potential of a specific limestone grassland soil, associated with Irish folk medicine, as a new source of antimicrobial discovery. Using selective enrichment and isolation techniques on a limestone grassland soil sample obtained from Boho, West Fermanagh, we isolated Streptomyces sp. CJ13. This bacterium inhibited the growth of a broad range of pathogens in vitro including Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA 43300) and Gram negative multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01), as well as the anaerobic bacteria Propionibacterium acnes and the yeast Starmerella bombicola. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed Streptomyces sp. CJ13 to be closely related to an unclassified Streptomyces sp. MJM1172, Streptomyces sp. Mg1 and two species known as Streptomyces sp. ICC1 and ICC4 from a karst region in British Columbia. The closest type species to Streptomyces sp. CJ13 was Streptomyces lavendulae subspecies lavendulae. Analysis of Streptomyces sp. CJ13 whole genome sequence using the secondary metabolite prediction tool antiSMASH revealed similarities to several antibiotic gene synthesis clusters including salinichelin, mediomycin A, weishanmycin, combamide, heat stable antifungal factor and SAL-2242. These results demonstrate the potential of this alkaline grassland soil as a new resource for the discovery of a broad range of antimicrobial compounds including those effective against multiresistant Gram negative bacteria.

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16

O’Donnell, Ciarán, Denise Barnett, Joe Harrington, and Niamh Power. "The Extended Effect of Top-Dressed Recovered Struvite Fertiliser on Residual Irish Grassland Soil Phosphorus Levels Compared to Commercial Phosphorus Fertiliser." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010008.

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Phosphorus (P) is an essential growth-limiting nutrient that cannot be synthetically produced. Mineral P fertilisers are typically applied to crops to sustain modern farming practice and food production. These fertilisers are generally derived from finite phosphate ore, for which there is much concern over long-term sustainability. To address these concerns, various technologies have been developed to recover P from municipal wastewater treatment plants. One product recovered from these processes is struvite, which is a precipitate formed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. To analyse the fertilisation value of the recovered struvite, field trials were conducted on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) over three growing seasons, analysing the dry matter yield of recovered struvite fertiliser. The trial was based on a three-crop silage system designed to mimic typical Irish agricultural practice. This research highlights that recovered struvite as a fertiliser provides additional benefits including increasing the soil P levels. The struvite test case produced a statistically significantly increased soil P level from the baseline of Morgan’s extractable P content of 6.4 mg/L to the optimum Morgan’s soil P level of 11.13 mg/L. The findings of this research provide insight into the added benefits of recovered struvite fertiliser as a sustainable renewable P fertiliser.

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17

Deveautour, C., P. A. Rojas-Pinzon, M. Veloso, J. Rambaud, A. M. Duff, D. Wall, R. Carolan, et al. "Biotic and abiotic predictors of potential N2O emissions from denitrification in Irish grasslands soils: A national-scale field study." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 168 (May 2022): 108637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108637.

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18

Schulte, R. P. O., and M. Herlihy. "Quantifying responses to phosphorus in Irish grasslands: Interactions of soil and fertiliser with yield and P concentration." European Journal of Agronomy 26, no. 2 (February 2007): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.09.003.

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19

Arroyo, Julio, Audrey O'Grady, Heather Vance, and Thomas Bolger. "The mite (Acari: Oribatida, Mesostigmata) assemblages associated with Lasius flavus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests and surrounding soil in an Irish grassland." Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 115B, no. 1 (2015): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bae.2015.0020.

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20

Kim, Dong-Gill, Rashad Rafique, Paul Leahy, Mark Cochrane, and Gerard Kiely. "Estimating the impact of changing fertilizer application rate, land use, and climate on nitrous oxide emissions in Irish grasslands." Plant and Soil 374, no. 1-2 (August 11, 2013): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1862-2.

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21

Liliensiek, Ann-Kathrin, Dwipendra Thakuria, and Nicholas Clipson. "Influences of Plant Species Composition, Fertilisation and Lolium perenne Ingression on Soil Microbial Community Structure in Three Irish Grasslands." Microbial Ecology 63, no. 3 (December 10, 2011): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-011-9985-6.

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22

Peyton, D. P., M. G. Healy, G. T. A. Fleming, J. Grant, D. Wall, L. Morrison, M. Cormican, and O. Fenton. "Nutrient, metal and microbial loss in surface runoff following treated sludge and dairy cattle slurry application to an Irish grassland soil." Science of The Total Environment 541 (January 2016): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.053.

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23

Popović, Zorica, and Vera Vidaković. "Ecophysiological and Growth-Related Traits of Two Geophytes Three Years after the Fire Event in Grassland Steppe." Plants 11, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11060734.

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Deliblato Sands is the single largest expanse of sand in Europe. It is the most fire-prone area of Serbia due to the absence of surface water, sandy soils, specific microclimate conditions, and vegetation composition. Post-fire regeneration is a long-term process that includes many aspects of vegetation regrowth and habitat recovery. In the third year following one of the disastrous fires, the growth dynamics of two geophyte species in unburned and burned sites were studied. During the growing season, burned and unburned populations of Crocus reticulatus Steven ex Adam and Iris pumila L. were assessed for growth parameters (biomass production, specific leaf area, leaf area index) and leaf-level ecophysiological traits (photosystem II efficiency, chlorophyll amount, relative water content). Species acclimated differently to changed abiotic and biotic site conditions after the fire event. C. reticulatus burned and unburned populations differed significantly in terms of flowering phenology and ecophysiological traits, whereas I. pumila burned and unburned populations differed significantly in terms of growth parameters. The findings support the assertion that geophytes are generally well adapted to environmental disturbances. Species, however, responded differently to fire-induced changes in the physicochemical and biotic environment, depending on their ecological requirements and adaptive capacity.

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24

Augustenborg, Cara A., Owen T. Carton, Rogier P. O. Schulte, and I. H. Suffet. "Silage Dry‐Matter Yield and Nitrogen Response following Land Application of Spent Timber Residue from Out‐Wintering Pads to Irish Grassland." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39, no. 7-8 (March 26, 2008): 1122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620801925711.

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25

Arroyo, O'Grady, Vance, and Bolger. "The mite (Acari: Oribatida, Mesostigmata) assemblages associated with Lasius flavus Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests and surrounding soil in an Irish grassland." Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 115B, no. 1 (2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2015.03.

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26

Fox, Aaron, Israel Ikoyi, Rachel Creamer, Gary Lanigan, and Achim Schmalenberger. "Microbial community structure and function respond more strongly to temporal progression than to the application of slurry in an Irish grassland." Applied Soil Ecology 120 (November 2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.07.032.

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27

Prado, Agustin del, Lorna Brown, Rogier Schulte, Michael Ryan, and David Scholefield. "Principles of Development of a Mass Balance N Cycle Model for Temperate Grasslands: An Irish Case Study." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 74, no. 2 (February 2006): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-005-5769-z.

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28

Tymochko, Ihor, Оlha Bezrodnova, Volodymyr Solomakha, and Valentyna Maliarenko. "Forest Typology and Settlement Characteristics of the Emerald Network “The Lower Part of the Uda River Valley” in the Kharkiv Region." Scientific Horizons 24, no. 6 (November 24, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(6).2021.41-49.

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The importance and significance of the conservation of the Emerald Object “The lower part of the Uda River Valley” (UA0000295) in botanical and general ecological aspects is discussed in detail. It is located on the outskirts of Kharkiv with an area of 13,381.0 ha. The studied area combines floodplains of regions occupied by meadows, shrub fragments and forest vegetation, and pine forests with artificial pine plantations. Areas of the loess plateau with arable land and deciduous forests, as well. List of the leading plant species, area's, main ecological and biotic features of identified habitats under Resolution 4 of the Berne Convention, in particular, C1.222, C1.32, C1.33, C3.34, D5.2, E1.2, E2.2, E3.4, F9.1, F3.247, G1.11, G1.21, G1.41, G1.8, G3.4232, G1.A4, G1.A1 for the Emerald Object are presented. The largest areas are occupied by biotops of lowland bogs with sedge and reed thickets without stagnant water (D5.2). There are plain hay fields (E2.2) and wet and moist meadows with a predominance of grasslands (E3.4) and deciduous forests in medium rich and rich soils (G1.A1), fresh and dry forests, and Sarmatian-type forests (G3.4232). The typological diversity of the forest of the territory, the area covered with forest vegetation is 11,585.0 ha, were outlined. Oak (Quercus robur L.) (8,091.5 ha, 69.83%) with a predominance in its plantations of fresh maple-linden oak and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (2,529.8 ha, 21.84%) with a predominance of fresh oak-pine sedge are the main forest-forming species. Some species have appropriate conservation status in Ukraine (Botrychium lunaria (L.) SW., Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soo s.l., Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz, Anacamptis coriophora (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase (Orchis coriophora L.), A. palustris (Jacq.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase (Orchis palustris Jacq.), and several species are protected at the regional level (Centaurium erythraea Rafn., C. pulchellum (Sw.) Druce, Dianthus stenocalyx Juz., Inula helenium L., Iris pseudacorus L., Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., Caltha palustris L., Geum rivale L., Parnassia palustris L., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Valeriana officinalis L.)

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Vero, S. E., N. T. McDonald, G. McGrath, and P. E. Mellander. "The Beast from the East: impact of an atypical cold weather event on hydrology and nutrient dynamics in two Irish catchments." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, November 21, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15212/ijafr-2020-0108.

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A historic lack of continuous stream nutrient monitoring at the catchment scale limits understanding of the effects of snowstorms. The most significant snowstorm since 1985, nicknamed “the Beast from the East”, occurred in February–March 2018. High-frequency stream outlet monitoring in two close but hydrologically and agriculturally contrasting catchments (<1,200 ha) captured phosphorus (total and reactive), total oxygenated nitrogen (TON), temperature and discharge dynamics during and after the event. The grassland catchment consists of poorly drained gley soils and exhibits overland flow pathways, while the arable catchment consists of well-drained brown earths and is dominated by subsurface pathways. Nitrate (NO 3 -N) concentrations were initially elevated (3.50 and 7.89 mg/L for poorly drained grassland and well-drained arable catchments, respectively) before becoming diluted by meltwater. Total reactive phosphorus (TRP) displayed a distal (anti-clockwise) concentration-discharge hysteresis in the poorly drained grassland catchment suggesting low mobilisation from the soil. Conversely, the well-drained arable catchment displayed proximal (clockwise) hysteresis, indicative of the mobilisation from stream and bank sediment. These relatively infrequent snow events behave similarly to heavy rainfall as regards nutrient losses, albeit subject to a time-lag induced by the speed of snowmelt and the soil moisture deficit (SMD) prior to snowfall. Antecedent land management is crucial to mitigate risk. The current absence of records and analyses of catchment response, particularly nutrient dynamics, to atypical cold weather events in Ireland limits understanding of their effects on water quality. The present study provides the first such baseline information from which land management strategies and the implications for attaining environmental targets can be explored.

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Madigan, Andrew P., Jesko Zimmermann, Dominika J. Krol, Michael Williams, and Michael B. Jones. "Full Inversion Tillage (FIT) during pasture renewal as a potential management strategy for enhanced carbon sequestration and storage in Irish grassland soils." Science of The Total Environment, September 2021, 150342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150342.

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Moffat, A., M. T. Gaffney, F. Brennan, L. Cole, G. Jackson, A. Konkolewska, and L. McNamara. "Identification and distribution of leatherjackets (Tipula spp.) in the Republic of Ireland." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, December 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15212/ijafr-2022-0107.

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Abstract The soil-dwelling larval stage of crane flies, commonly known as leatherjackets, are classified as agricultural pests in Europe, and pests of turf in North America and Canada. They cause significant damage and yield loss in many cropping systems through their feeding on plant roots and stems at ground level. The effective chemical control for these pests, chlorpyrifos (available since 1965), was prohibited across Europe in 2019. This has left severely restricted control options for growers. Unlike Northern Ireland and Great Britain, no leatherjacket surveys or routine identifications have been conducted across Ireland. Therefore, the leatherjacket species of agronomic importance has not been confirmed. Since lifecycles, feeding behaviour and damage periods differ between species, identifying the most common species is a vital first step in any pest management strategy. Here we report key findings from a 2-yr structured survey of Irish crops, conducted in 2019 and 2021, where 135 sites were sampled. Both grassland and cereal crops were inspected. Soil cores and soil samples were collected and larval abundance determined. The European crane fly, Tipula paludosa Meigen, accounted for approximately 70% of larvae collected and identified (n = 337). In 2019, 40% of grasslands exceeded the threshold of 1 million larvae/ha, while only 3.3% of cereal fields were over the threshold of 600,000 larvae/ha. These results indicate that agricultural grasslands in Ireland have the potential to be significantly impacted by leatherjacket damage, although this may vary temporally and geographically across the island. Without effective control options, yield losses will be highly probable.

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O’Donovan, M., D. Hennessy, and P. Creighton. "Ruminant grassland production systems in Ireland." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, November 30, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15212/ijafr-2020-0118.

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In Ireland grazing systems provide the basis of sustainable livestock production, as grazed grass is the cheapest feed source of nutrients for ruminants. The main future objective for these systems is to achieve high grass utilisation, ensure system sustainability and maintain extremely high animal health and welfare. There is no reason why all three cannot be combined together. Ireland’s national farm policy targets growth in exports to €19 billion per annum by 2025. This figure represents an 85% increase from the current 3-yr average. There are major improvements required in the areas of grassland management and its conversion into milk and meat to fulfil such a target. While every farm situation is unique due to varying soil types, climatic conditions, stocking rates and management capabilities, herbage production and utilisation is below optimum on most farms. Irish farms, especially dairy farms, are expanding and will continue to do so over the next number of years. Increasing stocking rates and more compact calving and lambing has resulted in increased spring feed demand. Extra grass needs be grown and utilised in this period to minimise the use of supplementary feed. This paper outlines the importance of grassland on Irish farms, and where farms can improve grassland management, to increase output, lower farm costs and improve further farm system sustainability.

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Mantoani, Maurício Cruz, Fawzah Talal Alhakami, Hannah Fearon, Margherita Gioria, Olaf Schmidt, and Bruce Arthur Osborne. "Gunnera tinctoria invasions increase, not decrease, earthworm abundance and diversity." Biological Invasions, July 18, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02873-9.

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AbstractInvasive plants often modify soil biotic communities through changes in soil physicochemical characteristics or the amount and/or quality of litter inputs. We assessed the impacts of Gunnera tinctoria invasions on soil and the earthworm community, on Achill Island, Co. Mayo, Ireland. We compared replicated (n = 5) areas invaded by G. tinctoria with uninvaded semi-natural grasslands, as well as with areas subjected to mechanical removal or herbicide treatment. Modifications in physiochemical properties included lower soil temperatures and higher soil pH during the summer in invaded areas, yet little effect on C and N stocks, or soil moisture. Marked differences in litter were observed, however, with invaded areas having c. 20-fold higher (above-ground) litter input than uninvaded ones, as well as lower C:N ratio (17 vs. 29). This was associated with a significantly higher overall abundance and biomass of earthworms in invaded plots (375 individuals m–2, 115 g biomass m–2), compared to the uninvaded control (130 individuals m–2, 45 g biomass m–2), with removal treatments having intermediate values. Earthworm communities comprised 10 species, typical for Irish grasslands, dominated by the common endogeic species Allolobophora chlorotica, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Aporrectodea rosea. Both earthworm species richness and Shannon diversity were significantly higher in invaded areas, but only in spring samples. Based on this new information, plant invaders may increase the abundance and diversity of earthworms, mainly due to much larger litter inputs, increased soil pH and possibly lower soil temperatures in the summer.typical of Irish grasslands

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O’Donovan, M., P. Dillon, P. Conaghan, and D. Hennessy. "Irish Grassland Research — main achievements and advancements in the past 60 yrs and where to progress to next." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, February 9, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15212/ijafr-2020-0152.

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Abstract In the last 60 yr Irish grassland production has increased substantially in no small part due to high-quality fundamental grassland research. Increased production from grassland has arisen from improved understanding (research and practice) of soil and plant nutrition, plant physiology and variety improvement, while improved understanding of feed evaluation, ruminant nutrition, grazing management and silage technology has contributed to increased utilisation of grassland. Annual grass DM production varies from 12.7 to 15.0 t DM/ha based on Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine grass variety trials. More recent data from PastureBase Ireland indicate that average annual grass production (2020) on efficient dairy and dry stock farms is 13.5 and 10.0 t DM/ha, respectively. Ireland is now one of the world leaders in grassland research, particularly in the area of grazing utilisation, the development and use of grassland databases, decision support systems and grass selection indices for grass varieties. Future pasture-based systems must extend beyond food production to deliver additional benefits to farmers, to consumers and the wider society. Future systems will require more robust grazing animals with healthier functional traits, more diverse swards supporting improved animal performance and require fewer fertiliser and chemical inputs, and will support more biodiversity and enhanced carbon storage.

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Deveautour, Coline, Paula A. Rojas-Pinzon, Murilo Veloso, James Rambaud, Aoife M. Duff, David Wall, Rachel Carolan, et al. "Biotic and Abiotic Predictors of Potential N2o Emissions from Denitrification in Irish Grasslands Soils: A National-Scale Field Study." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4004965.

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