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1
Neubauer, Jeremy. The impact of lithium availability on vehicle electrification. Golden, Colo.]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.
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2
Guan, Ximing. Organic matter influences on soil-solution chemistry, ion transport and nutrient availability in forest soils. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för ekologi och miljövård, 1995.
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3
Evstaf'eva, Elena, Svetlana Zinchenko, Svetlana Tymchenko, Ol'ga Zalata, Ol'ga Moskovchuk, Aleksandra Slyusarenko, and Yuliya Boyarinceva. Human physiology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1085526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The textbook reflects modern ideas about the physiological functions of the human body. The necessary and sufficient information on normal physiology, which is the basic discipline for a future doctor, is presented.
The structure of the textbook provides for the presentation of the main provisions of the sections of physiology, the availability of practical tasks to consolidate the material, as well as topics for self-preparation.
It is intended for independent preparation of students for practical classes in the course of normal physiology in medical universities.
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Krebs, Stefan, and Heike Weber, eds. The Persistence of Technology. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839447413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Repair, reuse and disposal are closely interlinked phenomena related to the service lives and persistence of technologies. When technical artefacts become old and worn out, decisions have to be taken: is it necessary, worthwhile or even possible to maintain and repair, reuse or dismantle them - or must they be discarded? These decisions depend on factors such as the availability of second-hand markets, repair infrastructures and dismantling or disposal facilities. In telling the stories of China's power grid, Canadian telephones, German automobiles and India's shipbreaking business, among others, the contributions in this volume highlight the persistence of technologies and show that maintenance and repair are not obsolete in modern industries and consumer societies.
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Semenova, Elena. Actual problems of designing the educational process. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1013701.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The textbook is an author's development formed on the basis of actual achievements of several areas of scientific knowledge related to various aspects of intellectual activity and implemented in the practice of professional pedagogical activity of different educational groups and forms of education (both higher and additional professional education). Structure of the study involves theoretical facts, the availability of practical tasks, allowing to assess the level of dynamics of development of the future specialist and workshop, contributing to the expansion of personal pedagogical tools. Compiled in accordance with the requirements of the society for socially oriented professions of the future, presented on the portal of new professions atlas100.ru. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is addressed to students, undergraduates, postgraduates studying in pedagogical directions, teachers of educational organizations.
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Salisbury, Steven Earl. Ion exchange membranes and agronomic responses as tools for assessing nutrient availability. 1999.
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7
Segal, David. The Preparation of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804079.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 8 covers aspects of materials preparation. It stresses that the availability of high-purity silicon was essential for the semiconductor industry as were high-purity thin films. Availability of critical materials is mentioned. Specific techniques that are mentioned include the polymerase chain reaction, ion implantation, chemical vapour deposition, plasma spraying and sol-gel processing. Polymer synthesis is also described.
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Kusumawardhani, Niken, Rezanti Pramana, Nurmala Saputri, and Daniel Suryadarma. Heterogeneous impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes in an emerging economy: Evidence from Indonesia. 49th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/987-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Greater female labour market participation has important positive implications not only for women’s empowerment and the well-being of their families but also for the economy they live in. In this paper, we examine the various effects of internet availability on women’s labour market outcomes in Indonesia. As each worker subgroup tends to respond differently to changes in technology, examining the heterogeneity in the impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes is central to our research. By constructing a district-level longitudinal dataset covering the period 2007–18, we find that internet availability has only a small significant effect on the female labour force participation rate and no statistically significant effect on the employment rate. However, internet availability increases the probability of women having a full-time job, especially for women aged 15–45 and those with a low level of education. Our study shows that internet availability does not always bring favourable labour market outcomes for women. We find that internet availability lowers the probability of women with a low level of education working in a high-skilled job and in the formal sector. Our results are robust to several robustness checks. Analysis of our qualitative interviews with a subsample of recent mothers supports the conclusion that the ability to be prepared for and attain flexible working conditions are two important values provided by the internet. We argue that a women-friendly working environment and adequate IT infrastructure are crucial elements in maximizing the role of the internet in helping women to achieve more favourable labour market outcomes.
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Greenstein, Shane, Chris Forman, and Avi Goldfarb. How Geography Shapes—and Is Shaped by—the Internet. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The literature on the geographical implications of the Internet are reviewed, both those studying the adoption and use of the Internet, as well as those examining the Internet’s economic consequences for productivity, wealth, innovation, trade, and consumer behavior. The chapter emphasizes that the Internet reduces three key interrelated economic frictions: communication costs, transportation costs, and search costs. The impact of reducing these frictions varies across locations because it depends on three factors that vary locally: preferences, the availability of substitutes, and the availability of complements. Thus, the diffusion of the Internet benefits some locations more than others. The chapter concludes by discussing directions for future research.
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Combs, Todd B., Laura Brossart, Kurt M. Ribisl, and Douglas A. Luke. Implementation Science in Retail Tobacco Control Policy. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This case study considers how expanding implementation science in retail tobacco policy can help reduce the availability and accessibility of tobacco products and ultimately decrease the burden of smoking and tobacco use on public health. Tobacco control strategies are increasingly focused on the retail environment, in which policies can be categorized into four domains: place, price, promotion, and product availability. This case study provides a brief overview of retail tobacco policy in the United States and then examples and guidance for (1) assessing tobacco retailers in communities, (2) connecting specific retail tobacco problems with policies, and (3) translating and disseminating evidence to various stakeholders and policymakers. It concludes with a discussion of emerging opportunities for D&I research in tobacco retail policy.
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Benesh, Sara C. The Use of Observational Data to Study Law and the Judiciary. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study of courts has been tremendously advanced via the availability of data, key to an empirical, scientific analysis of the decision-making of the political actors that make up the judiciary. Data availability has also enabled a rich and complete description of the courts’ work. This chapter considers the evolution of the study of the subfield of political science that considers judges and courts with particular focus on the role of data therein. It concludes that the Spaeth database, and other, similar multi-user publicly available databases, have had a huge influence on the evolution of public law into mainstream political science. While some argue over the specifics of the plethora of coding decisions made in the creation of such databases, the positive impact they have had on the scholarship about courts cannot be overstated.
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Corder, Professor Hugh, and Dr Terhemen Andzenge. Regulation as a Catalyst for the Electrification of Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Availability and access to electricity is central to the economic and social development of any nation. The state provided electricity as a social infrastructure thus expanding the role of the state as owner, manager, and regulator. This route has, however, failed given the mounting budgetary crisis triggered by global financial dislocations and oil market meltdowns which affected state revenues and impacted upon the ability of states to own, manage, and operate electricity infrastructure. The huge electricity deficits in Africa call for hitherto unexplored solutions beyond those of public sector funding. Private sector participation became inevitable and with it the imperativeness of balancing the interests of consumers, investors, and the state that are always mutually exclusive. Regulation offers itself as a veritable tool to moderate the differing interests to ensure the availability of electricity at sustainable and affordable levels.
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Prior, Markus. Conditions for Political Accountability in a High-Choice Media Environment. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.63.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Communication technology has increased availability of public affairs information, but many citizens ignore it. How do greater availability and less widespread consumption of news affect political accountability? Not all citizens have to follow the news for media coverage to improve accountability. Under some conditions, higher levels of news exposure and political knowledge in a relatively small subset of the population could strengthen accountability, even when other citizens follow the news less than in the past. For this to work, news junkies must effectively represent the interests of those who are tuning out. If news junkies have different interests than the rest of the population, their efforts to monitor officials and raise concerns may lead to less representative government and lower accountability. As a result of more media choice, the task of holding elected officials accountable rests increasingly on a small segment of the population.
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Hanson, Ardis, Carol A. Ott, and Bruce Lubotsky Levin. Behavioral Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190238308.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seven of the top 20 disorders affecting morbidity are mental illnesses: major depressive disorders, drug use disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia. Behavioral health disorders are important determinants of work role disability and quality of life. Behavioral health disorders also have generally stronger “cross-domain” effects, exacerbating the diagnosis and treatment of many physical disorders and chronic medical conditions. In addition to the persistent stigma surrounding behavioral health disorders, there are issues of reimbursement, costs of care, availability of care based on provider and/or geographic availability, policy limitations, formulary restrictions, transportation, provider knowledge, patient knowledge, attitudinal/evaluative barriers, medication compliance, family support (or lack of it), inconvenience or inability to obtain an appointment, and refusal of treatment. This chapter provides an overview of the issues surrounding behavioral health care from a population health perspective, including pharmaceutical treatment and competencies for community-based pharmacists.
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Ian, Paterson. 3 Australia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses the law of set-off and netting in Australia as well as the key restrictions on the availability of set-off under Australian law. In Australia, set-off and netting arrangements are often used as a means of reducing operational and credit risk. In the context of reducing credit risk involving financial rights and obligations (for example, deposits and loans), set-off and netting arrangements depend on one or more of: contract, section 553C of the Corporations Act 2001, and the Payment Systems and Netting Act 1998 (Netting Act). The chapter first considers set-off between solvent parties and set-off against insolvent parties before explaining set-off under section 553C of the Corporations Act. It also examines issues that may arise in cross-border transactions under Australian law with respect to the availability of set-off in section D of the Corporations Act, with emphasis on the choice of law and set-off in insolvency.
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Rajagopal, M. R., and Reena George. Providing palliative care in economically disadvantaged countries. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A public health approach is the most sustainable way to provide palliative care for the majority of the world’s people who live in economically disadvantaged nations. With only 7% of the world’s medical morphine currently being used in these countries, much remains to be done to implement the World Health Organization’s recommendations on policy, drug availability and education. International expertise is crucial for planting palliative care. Local efforts have to propagate it by creating feasible and acceptable models. Partnerships should advocate for palliative care to become an integral part of the national health-care system. For those who are considering starting small projects with very limited resources, this chapter provides practical guidance on strategy, needs assessment, training, and implementation at the grassroots. The Wisconsin Pain and Policy Studies Group and the Palliative Care Toolkit are also presented as resources for advocacy, drug availability, and education. The chapter concludes by discussing ways to prevent burnout and routinization in the face of overwhelming need.
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Ferreira, Ines A., Rachel M. Gisselquist, and Finn Tarp. On the impact of inequality on growth, human development, and governance. 34th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/972-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Countering recent rises in many countries of inequality in income and wealth is widely recognized as a major development challenge. This is so from an ethical perspective and because greater inequality is perceived to be detrimental to key development aims. Still, an informed debate on the effects of inequality requires clear evidence. This review contributes to the literature by taking stock and providing an overview of current knowledge of the impact of income inequality on three important outcomes: economic growth, health and education as two dimensions of human development, and governance, with a focus on democracy. Drawing on the insights from different disciplines and considering recent work, it reveals that existing evidence provides somewhat mixed results and argues for a need for further in-depth empirical work. It also points to explanations for the lack of consensus embedded in data quality and availability, measurement issues, and the shortcomings of the different methods employed. Finally, we point to promising future research avenues relying on experimental work for micro level analysis, more region- and country-specific studies, and reiterate the need for improvements in the availability and reliability of data.
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Charest, Lysiane. Punching above your weight: how small studios can leverage data for an unfair advantage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter is aimed at small-to-medium-sized studios wanting to introduce analytics into their development process. It focuses on concepts and techniques that are most useful for smaller studios, and that require minimal skills. While money is always an issue, plenty of free analytics tools exist, whether they are third-party tools or simple in-house solutions. The chapter details how the most important factor is the availability of human resources.
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Hatton, TJ. Catchment Scale Recharge Modelling - Part 4. CSIRO Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper addresses the need to model recharge to groundwater systems at the scale of whole catchments. It looks at developing the right conceptual model of how water moves through a given landscape for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catchments. One-dimensional recharge models and three-dimensional recharge models are considered. Discussion of which recharge modelling approach to use take in consideration of the availability of data, the nature of the questions being asked, and the expertise of the investigators.
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Bharucha, Zareen Pervez, and Jules Pretty. Wild Foods. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines the role of wild foods in food security. It discusses the continuum between “wild” and domesticated food; the management of nonagricultural environments; the nutritional and economic value of wild foods and the drivers of change in wild food availability and use. It argues that the emphasis on the contributions of cultivated species to food security has downplayed the importance of wild food species, which form a large part of the total food basket for households from agricultural, hunter, gatherer, and forager systems.
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Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell. SANS. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a specialized application of solution scattering limited by source availability and intensity. While not routinely used for structural studies of biological samples in general, it does have unique characteristics that make it attractive to determining the individual positions of components of complexes. This is due to the scattering properties of hydrogen and deuterium allowing the technique of contrast matching. SANS is highly complementary to SAXS and provides unique information not available by other techniques. This chapter discussed SANS, instrumentation, and application.
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Penet, Pierre, and Juan Flores Zendejas, eds. Sovereign Debt Diplomacies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866350.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This volume offers two important contributions to the literature on sovereign debt. First, it provides a unique genealogy of debt collection practices in terms of their availability, acceptability and efficacy. We argue that creditors’ tactics and methods to enforce debt repayment emerged and solidified to a large extent in relation to the threads of colonial history, from the building of empires to the decolonisation era. Second, this volume reflects critically on the relevance of neo-colonial interpretations in recent cases of sovereign debt disputes
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Canfield, Donald Eugene. What Is It about Planet Earth? Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145020.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter begins by highlighting the three basic ingredients for life: energy, the chemical components that make up cells, and water. It then shows that the availability of each of these is linked by special properties of planet Earth. It concludes that Earth is a pretty terrific place for life. It sits comfortably within the habitable zone of the Sun. In addition, its active tectonics both control the temperature of the surface environment, providing a continuous supply of liquid water, and recycle the basic components required to fuel abundant life. The same tectonics may have also provided optimal conditions for the earliest biosphere.
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Blanchard, Thomas, and Jonathan Schaffer. Cause without Default. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Must causal models distinguish default from deviant events? Yes, say Menzies (2004, 2007), Hitchcock (2007), Hall (2007), and Halpern (2008), inter alia. No, argues this chapter. It argues that adding defaults into causal models (1) generates complicating and under-constrained unclarities, (2) fails to solve the problems it has been claimed to solve, and (3) fails to fit the most psychologically plausible accounts of how norms influence cognition generally. Instead of adding defaults into causal models, it recommends clarifying the background constraints on what counts as an apt causal model, and attending to background cognitive biases about the availability of alternatives.
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Surveillance of Bacterial Pneumonia and Meningitis in Children Aged Under 5 Years: Field Guide. Second Edition. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275121894.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The field guide on Surveillance of Bacterial Pneumonia and Meningitis in Children Aged Under 5 Years has become an important reference manual for health professionals in the Region of the Americas involved in epidemiological surveillance. It provides information on diseases, principal etiologic agents, available vaccines, laboratory procedures, and surveillance activities to detect and monitor cases, as well as data analysis to generate relevant information. This second edition describes some new developments as well as updating procedures to reflect advances in molecular testing for laboratory diagnoses and the availability of new vaccines.
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Burke, Natasha L., Anna Karam, Marian Tanofsky-Kraff, and Denise E. Wilfley. Interpersonal Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a focused, time-limited treatment that targets interpersonal problem(s) associated with the onset and/or maintenance of eating disorders. It is supported by substantial empirical evidence documenting the role of interpersonal factors in the onset and maintenance of eating disorders. Interpersonal psychotherapy is a viable alternative to cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The effectiveness of IPT for the treatment of anorexia nervosa requires further investigation. The utility of IPT for the prevention of obesity is promising. Future research directions include enhancing the delivery of IPT for eating disorders, increasing the availability of IPT in routine clinical care settings through dissemination and implementation efforts, exploring IPT adolescent and parent-child adaptations in diverse and high-risk groups, and further exploring IPT for the prevention of eating and weight-related problems that may promote full-syndrome eating disorders or obesity.
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Coeliac disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Who to investigate 234How to investigate 236Diagnosis 238Treatment 240Follow-up and support 242Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy caused by a permanent sensitivity to gluten which is present in wheat, barley, and rye. It occurs in genetically susceptible children and adults. The classical presentation is with chronic diarrhoea, abdominal distension, and failure to thrive. The widespread availability of antibody screening has considerably changed the clinical spectrum of cases seen. The testing of children with less classical symptoms and screening of children at high risk has brought increasing recognition of the varied presentation and increased prevalence of this now very common condition....
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Arias, Jalayne J., Bryan Kibbe, and Paul J. Ford. Ethical Considerations in Cognitive Enhancement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cognitive enhancing modalities continue to be developed to target a variety of attributes, including memory, attention, reasoning, processing speed, and affect. The availability of cognitive enhancing modalities raises important ethical questions and considerations, particularly for the treating physicians. For example, is it ethically permissible or prohibited to prescribe a healthy patient a drug that would increase cognitive functioning? What arguments might justify the prescription or application of a cognitive enhancement for a patient? What arguments and considerations justify prohibiting cognitive enhancements or imposing various restrictions and guidelines for use? This chapter provides physicians with ethical resources needed to address these questions.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. The evolution of community outreach. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter traces the origin of the multidisciplinary team as a response to the wide range of needs of deinstitutionalized and ‘never institutionalized’ patients as care has become established in the community. It charts the early pragmatic and local evolution of CMHTs and case management and care management. It outlines how this was followed by a radical change around 1980 with the first published studies of assertive community treatment (ACT) in the US. A more rigorous, theoretically informed, and international research driven approach has become the norm. This has explored the relevance or otherwise of several of the underlying principles such as the team approach and 24-hour availability.
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Fábregas, Antonio. Word Order and Nanosyntax. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores how the size of stored exponents can account for word order facts in the nanosyntactic framework. Three Spanish varieties are considered; these varieties differ in the availability of preverbal subjects in interrogative sentences. The most restrictive one, European Spanish, disallows them all; Mérida (Venezuela) Spanish allows some under restrictive conditions, whereas Dominican Spanish allows them all. It is argued that the differences follow from the size of the subject agreement exponent and, crucially, whether it is the element that spells out the interrogative force of the sentence: The smaller the stored exponent is, the more available preverbal subjects in interrogative sentences are.
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Williams, Erica Lorraine. Racial Hierarchies of Desire and the Specter of Sex Tourism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037931.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores the complexities of the racial hierarchies of desire in Salvador by articulating what it calls the specter of sex tourism. It examines the Brazilian ideologies of race that shape the sexual economies of tourism by introducing the concepts of racial democracy, whitening, and mestiçagem (racial and cultural mixing). It also considers the racialized erotics of tourism propaganda and the construction of the mulata (a woman of mixed black and white ancestry) as Brazil's national erotic icon. Finally, it discusses the ways in which Bahian women of African descent who are not engaged in sex work are implicated in the sexual economies of tourism because of assumptions about their licentiousness and availability.
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Nair, Aruna. Claims to Traceable Proceeds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813408.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book explains the rational basis of the law of tracing, and why and when English law makes claims to traceable proceeds available. Tracing enables a claimant to make a proprietary claim to an asset acquired by a defendant from a third party, on the grounds that that asset represents the ‘traceable proceeds’ of another asset that belonged to the claimant. The book argues that the rules that allow this connection between assets to be established—the rules of tracing—aim to strike a balance between preserving the autonomy of defendants in making decisions to acquire or retain assets and preventing them from exploiting their power to deprive claimants of rights by such decisions. This account of tracing explains its historical development and its application in modern contexts. It also explains the availability of claims to traceable proceeds: an exploitation of power, of the kind that tracing is concerned with, can take place only in the context of a prior relationship of ‘control of assets’, whereby one person has a legal power to vary the legal rights of another with respect to some assignable right, owes that other a duty in respect of the exercise of that power, and is able to validly exercise the legal power in breach of that duty. These relationships, which exist both at law and equity, overlap with the categories of ‘fiduciary duties’ or ‘property rights’, but share additional and distinctive characteristics that justify the availability of tracing.
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Thu, Ye, and Naiel Nassar. HIV-1 Resistance to Antiretroviral Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Numerous epidemiologic studies of antiretroviral resistance in both treatment-experienced and treatment-naive individuals have been performed in the potent combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. The development of antiretroviral resistance depends on previous antiretroviral exposure, compliance with the medication, and availability of a fully active antiretroviral regimen for the individual patient. The previous exposure to ART medications plays significant role in developing drug resistance, especially in patients who are noncompliant with medications. Drug resistance testing should be done in the setting of treatment failure because it can help achieve better virologic response. There is extensive cross-resistance with first-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and first-generation integrase strand inhibitors.
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Emlet, Lillian L., and James M. Dargin. Airway Equipment (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Patients frequently require airway management during rapid response team (RRT) activations. Airway management during RRT activations frequently occurs in locations that are not well equipped or prepared to perform airway procedures. Therefore, it is important that RRTs arrive with the proper equipment and medications to safely secure the airway whenever necessary. An “airway bag” that is stocked by a hospital’s central supply department and carried by RRTs ensures the availability of functioning equipment and helps to standardize the process of airway management during RRT activation. In this chapter, we will review recommendations for equipment required in emergency airway management, including portable routine and difficult airway equipment and medications.
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Davies, John K. State Formation in Early Iron Age Greece. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter attempts to delve into the prehistory of the Greek citizen-state, in order to identify the sources of human energy and experience that contributed most to shape that institution as a complex construct. Using two early literary portrayals as initial signposts, it lists the six principal inputs of force and energy as those exerted by the exceptional individual, by population, by the natural environment, by ideas of the supernatural, by the availability of convertible resources, and by memory, imagination, and a sense of identity. Each is explored at some length, though a final emphasis is laid on a 400-year absence of invasion.
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Ellis, Steven J. R. The Archaeology of Roman Retail Outlets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769934.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter begins with a brief overview of the ways in which shops and, especially, food and drink outlets have been identified on Roman archaeological sites. It then provides a detailed account of the archaeological remains of food and drink outlets, with a particular focus on the shop counters and the architectural and spatial configurations of the properties themselves. A typology of food and drink outlets is proposed, one that is necessarily flexible but which also allows for a series of questions and observations to be made about the types of buildings in which we find bars, and of the availability of various spatial and structural resources to their retail networks.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Model variance and model fidelity: The lessons from ACT. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0004.
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This chapter takes the assertive community treatment (ACT) model of community outreach as a starting point and examines what can and what cannot be varied and still achieve good results. ACT has a special place in community outreach as it was the first model of care confirmed by research, and controversy has raged about the need, or otherwise, for ‘model fidelity’. The chapter identifies the core ingredients—small caseloads, in vivo psychosocial treatments, mainstreaming, flexibility, 24/7 availability—and examines the evidence for and against them. It pays particular attention to the roles of support workers and the medical member of the team. Later developments such as flexible assertive outreach (FACT) are also described.
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Saltzman, W. Mark. Tissue Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141306.001.0001.
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Tissue or organ transplantation are among the few options available for patients with excessive skin loss, heart or liver failure, and many common ailments, and the demand for replacement tissue greatly exceeds the supply, even before one considers the serious constraints of immunological tissue type matching to avoid immune rejection. Tissue engineering promises to help sidestep constraints on availability and overcome the scientific challenges, with huge medical benefits. This book lays out the principles of tissue engineering. It will be a useful reference work for those associated with this field and as a textbook for specialized courses in the subject. It is a companion volume to Saltzman's OUP book on drug delivery.
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Davies, Carole Boyce. Women, Labor, and the Transnational. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038020.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on Caribbean domestic labor. It argues that the economics of slavery and colonialism that accompanied the rise of European modernity, created the conditions for contemporary American economic globalization, which serve as the larger backdrop for Caribbean women's labor in migration. The sexual division of labor in feminist political economy assumes the control of women's time and work as normal. Additionally, a segmented pattern of labor based on gender and class creates assumptions about the value and availability of certain women's work. In particular, the labor of women of color is assigned lower value, while it is multiply extracted and linked, therefore precisely, to that long history of imperialist exploitation that began in enslavement to plantation economies.
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Liponis, Mark, and Bettina Martin. An Integrative Approach to the Assessment and Treatment of Inflammatory Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0017.
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The past two decades have seen great progress in recognizing the importance of inflammation in medicine. Increased focus on inflammation in both prevention and treatment has improved outcomes and quality of life in chronic diseases. Science has improved our understanding of inflammation’s many causes and effects on health, and many advances have been made in the availability of targeted therapeutic options for treating inflammation. This chapter gives an overview of recognizing the many causes of inflammation, its many targeted treatments strategies, and the questions that still surround it. It discusses several integrative approaches to reducing inflammation, including exercise, diet, and different strategies for managing sleep, mood, and stress, such as meditation and massage.
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Anheier, Helmut K. Governance Indicators. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.003.0001.
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This chapter provides an introduction to the volume and an overview of the emergence of the field of governance indicators over more than two decades. It takes stock of the field’s advancement in terms of the breadth and depth of indicators and indices covering a range of governance-related topics from democracy to corruption to basic rights, as well as and in terms of data availability and quality, methods, and analytical tools. The outcome has been the establishment of a veritable indicators industry. At the same time, the chapter highlights some of the key challenges facing the field as it develops further, particularly with regard to the connections between indicators and theory and between producers and users.
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Chakravorty, Sanjoy. Clusters and Regional Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.124.
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Industrial clusters have existed since the early days of industrialization. Clusters exist because of the fact (or perception) that competing firms in the same industry derive some benefit from locating in proximity to each other. These benefits are external to the firm and accrue to similar firms in proximity. Examples include the cotton mills of Lancashire, automobile manufacturing in Detroit, and information technology firms in Silicon Valley. At the firm level, the presence of firms in the same industry, which are located in proximity (in the same region), are expected to increase internal productivity. At the industry level, it is possible to see quantifiable localized benefits of clustering which accrue to all firms in a given industry or in a set of interrelated industries. The sources of this productivity increase in regions where an industry is more spatially concentrated: knowledge spillovers, dense buyer–supplier networks, access to a specialized labor pool, and opportunities for efficient subcontracting. At the metropolitan area level, productivity increases from access to specialized financial and professional services, availability of a large labor pool with multiple specializations, inter-industry information transfers, and the availability of less costly general infrastructure. At the interregional scale, these gains are expected to lead to industry concentration in metropolitan and other leading urban regions. To obtain a complete picture of clustering, one must also consider its absence. If manufacturing and service clusters are associated with regional economic growth, the absence of productive clusters suggests the absence of growth and lagging regions.
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Bashford, Alison. Internationalism, Cosmopolitanism, and Eugenics. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0009.
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The strong connection between eugenics and nationalism is now a clear interpretive strand in the historiography. This article discusses various studies of eugenics and emphasizes the international dimension. The long-standing historiographical interest in this aspect of eugenics stems partly from the availability of the proceedings of early international conferences. It also deals with the most ambitious consideration of eugenics and internationalism that involves consideration of apparently universal principles of evolution and inheritance for humanity as a whole. It also presents a close consideration of the role of eugenics in regulating and monitoring international human movement. Finally, it concludes that eugenics is fundamentally about the devastating implications of a science of human differentiation and needs to be understood through the modern history of universalism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism.
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Kastler, Bruno, and Adrian Kastler. Lumbar Sympathetic Block and Neurolysis: Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0031.
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Lumbar sympathetic block and neurolysis are accepted treatment procedures in patients with sympathetic mediated lower limb pain and patients with advanced peripheral arterial disease. The use of imaging guidance is highly recommended in order to achieve best possible results and to avoid complications. The high image resolution (as opposed to fluoroscopy) and high availability (as opposed to MRI) offered by CT makes it the imaging guidance technique preferred. This chapter reviews the indications of lumbar sympathetic chain blockade and neurolysis and the basic anatomical background. Then it demonstrates how CT guidance allows a step-by-step control of positioning the needle tip at the target for either lumbar blockade or alcohol neurolysis and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are summarized.
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Danaj, Sonila, Erka Çaro, Laura Mankki, Markku Sippola, and Nathan Lillie. Unions and Migrant Workers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791843.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the relationship between migrant workers and trade unions in different host countries. Based on a series of biographic interviews with Estonian migrant workers in Finland and Albanian workers in Italy and Greece, it makes the case that when migrants join unions, it is usually a result of an individual movement out of precarious and sometimes informal work into secure, formal work relations. The availability of such secure jobs for migrants is a result of inclusive national institutions of labour market regulation, and a strong trade union workplace presence. Although in all three countries the migrants were quite passive and instrumentalist in their relations to unions, they nonetheless generally joined when working in unionized contexts, as a way of conforming to workplace norms.
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Boczkowski, Pablo J. Abundance. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197565742.001.0001.
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The book examines the experience of living in a society that has more information available to the public than ever before. It focuses on the interpretations, emotions, and practices of dealing with this abundance in everyday life. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork and survey research conducted in Argentina, the book inquiries into the role of cultural and structural factors that mediate between the availability of information and the actual consequences for individuals, media, politics, and society. Providing the first book-length account of the topic in the Global South, it concludes that the experience of information abundance is tied to an overall unsettling of society, a reconstitution of how we understand and perform our relationships with others, and a twin depreciation of facts and appreciation of fictions.
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Doug Jones, AO. 18 Sydney. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199655717.003.0019.
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This chapter evaluates the merits of Sydney as a venue for international arbitration proceedings. It discusses the history and development of arbitration in Australia; the processes and rules involved as well as the role of courts in the conduct of arbitration proceedings; and rules for arbitral awards. It concludes that Sydney has a robust legal framework that adheres to internationally accepted standards. Its judiciary is independent and supportive of arbitration, and Sydney offers affordable and convenient facilities for arbitration, as well as effective institutional support and the availability of specialized legal advice. Given its proximity to some of the world's economic hubs, Sydney is an ideal option for parties who are interested in an affordable, independent, and supportive seat for international arbitrations.
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Mačák, Kubo. Normative Underpinnings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819868.003.0006.
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This chapter considers the normative underpinnings of the present-day regulation of combatancy. It argues that a wholesale denial of combatant status to fighters in internationalized armed conflicts would be incongruous with the principles of distinction and equal application of the law. The chapter then considers specific objections against the extension of combatant status to non-state actors from the perspective of internationalized armed conflicts. It argues that although some of the objections carry certain weight in the context of traditional civil wars, their effect in internationalized armed conflicts is significantly weaker. The chapter thus shows that in principle, the availability of combatant status to fighters in internationalized armed conflicts is in accordance with the normative underpinnings of International Humanitarian Law.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 23. Regulating leases and protecting occupiers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0023.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter reviews the statutory protection potentially available to B if he or she has a lease. It is shown that, in some cases, B can be seen as having a lease (at least, in the sense used by a particular statute) even if B has no property right. A lease can give B status: the status of a party qualifying for statutory protection. As the Law Commission has noted, however, it is questionable whether the availability of such protection should continue to turn on whether B has a lease rather than a licence.
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Plotkin, Scott R., Jaclyn A. Biegel, David Malkin, Robert Martuza, and D. Gareth Evans. Familial tumour syndromes: neurofibromatosis, schwannomatosis, rhabdoid tumour predisposition, Li–Fraumeni syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, and Cowden syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0015.
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‘Familial tumour syndromes’ reviews some of the genetic syndromes associated with an increased incidence of nervous system tumours, including neurofibromatosis 1, neurofibromatosis 2, schwannomatosis, rhabdoid tumour predisposition, Li–Fraumeni syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, and Cowden syndrome. The chapter reviews the epidemiology of these rare conditions with discussion of current diagnostic criteria. It reviews the genetic basis and pathogenesis of the conditions as well as the availability of genetic testing. It covers the clinical aspects of these conditions, including clinical presentation, associated nervous system tumours, and recommended management of these syndromes with a discussion of the role of imaging. The review is written for the practising neuro-oncologist and other specialists who care for patients with genetic syndromes affecting the nervous system.