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Статті в журналах з теми "Ionic mechanism"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Fox, Jeffrey J., Jennifer L. McHarg, and Robert F. Gilmour. "Ionic mechanism of electrical alternans." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): H516—H530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00612.2001.

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Although alternans of action potential duration (APD) is a robust feature of the rapidly paced canine ventricle, currently available ionic models of cardiac myocytes do not recreate this phenomenon. To address this problem, we developed a new ionic model using formulations of currents based on previous models and recent experimental data. Compared with existing models, the inward rectifier K+ current ( I K1) was decreased at depolarized potentials, the maximum conductance and rectification of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier K+ current ( I Kr) were increased, and I Kr activation kinetics were slowed. The slow component of the delayed rectifier K+current ( I Ks) was increased in magnitude and activation shifted to less positive voltages, and the L-type Ca2+ current ( I Ca) was modified to produce a smaller, more rapidly inactivating current. Finally, a simplified form of intracellular calcium dynamics was adopted. In this model, APD alternans occurred at cycle lengths = 150–210 ms, with a maximum alternans amplitude of 39 ms. APD alternans was suppressed by decreasing I Ca magnitude or calcium-induced inactivation and by increasing the magnitude of I K1, I Kr, or I Ks. These results establish an ionic basis for APD alternans, which should facilitate the development of pharmacological approaches to eliminating alternans.

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2

Gamini, A., G. Civitarese, A. Cesàro, F. Delben, and S. Paoletti. "Gelation mechanism of ionic polysaccharides." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 39, no. 1 (October 1990): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19900390113.

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3

Steenbergen, C., M. E. Perlman, R. E. London, and E. Murphy. "Mechanism of preconditioning. Ionic alterations." Circulation Research 72, no. 1 (January 1993): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.res.72.1.112.

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4

Suhail, Mohammad, Sofi Danish Mukhtar, Imran Ali, Ariba Ansari, and Saiyam Arora. "Theoretical DFT study of Cannizzaro reaction mechanism: A mini perspective." European Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.11.2.139-144.1975.

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In regards to the Cannizzaro reaction and its peculiar mechanism, some researchers have presented a free radical mechanism for the Cannizzaro reaction, while others have found that it is feasible through an ionic mechanism, but the actual mechanism has not been finalized yet. The researchers have given the proof of both the mechanisms through their papers published. Actually, Cannizzaro reaction may occur through both mechanisms depending on both molecular structure and different conditions which are yet to be explained. Recently published papers describe that free radical mechanism occurs only in a heterogeneous medium, while an ionic mechanism occurs in a homogeneous medium. We revealed no explanation of the molecular structure-based reason, responsible for a radical or an ionic mechanism. The present paper reviews not only homogeneous/heterogeneous medium conditions but also molecular structure-based facts, which may be responsible for the Cannizzaro reaction to occur through the radical or ionic mechanism, and that may be acceptable to the scientific society. Besides, Density Functional Theory study using Gaussian software was also involved in the explanation of the molecular structure, responsible for one of the two mechanisms. Also, the present paper specifies all points related to future perspectives on which additional studies are required to understand the actual mechanism with a definite molecular structure in the different reaction media.

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5

STOIMENOV, Boyko, Jonathan ROSSITER, and Toshiharu MUKAI. "1P1-H02 Self-actuated compliant mechanism made of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC)." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2007 (2007): _1P1—H02_1—_1P1—H02_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2007._1p1-h02_1.

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6

NAKAOKA, YASUO, TOHRU KUROTANI, and HIROKAZU ITOH. "Ionic Mechanism of Thermoreception in Paramecium." Journal of Experimental Biology 127, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.127.1.95.

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The localization of thermoreceptors in Paramecium, and the ionic basis of thermoreception, was investigated in posterior and anterior fragments of cells. Transverse section of the animals was used to obtain these fragments, which sealed up and swam actively. In the anterior fragment, an increase in the frequency of directional changes in swimming and depolarization of the membrane was produced by cooling below the temperature of the culture. In the posterior fragment, these effects were produced by wanning above culture temperature. Reversal potentials of these effects were found by injection of constant current to change membrane potential. In the anterior fragment, the reversal potential of the response to cooling was more negative than the resting potential and was potassium-dependent (52 mV/log[K+]o). In the posterior fragment, the reversal potential of the warming response was above resting potential and was primarily calcium-dependent (28 mV/log[Ca2+]o). It is concluded that cooling results in changes in the frequency of directional changes in swimming of Paramecium by causing a transient change in the membrane conductance for potassium, whereas warming produces its effects by a transient change in calcium conductance.

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7

Song, Di, Yuqi Wang, Ching-Fai Yip, and Quan Zuo. "Depolymerization for polymers with heteroatom-containing main chain: mechanism and applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2229, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2229/1/012008.

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Abstract With the flourishment of the polymer industry, many polymers have been produced and used. However, it has been acerbically criticized that most of the polymers, such as polyolefins, polyesters, cannot be naturally degraded or depolymerized, leading to polymer waste, which has exacerbated the growing global contamination. Therefore, it is essential to research and ameliorate depolymerization methods to diminish the polymer waste and recycle them. This article reviews a series of novel depolymerization methods in recent years, including pyrolysis, ionic liquids, hydrolysis, and biological methods, aiming to depolymerize the waste polymer with heteroatom-containing main chain, such as poly (ethylene terephthalate), polyamides, polyesters. The mechanisms and applications of these depolymerization methods are highlighted. Although traditional pyrolysis methods have relatively low yield, selectivity, and harsh conditions, some catalytical pyrolysis methods have better selectivity, energy consumption, etc. Besides, due to the good recyclability of ionic liquids, an excellent yield of monomers, and relatively moderate conditions, ionic liquids have been widely used in depolymerizing the polymers with heteroatom-containing main chain, which are processing a stepwise ionic depolymerization mechanism. Moreover, because water is economical and environmentally friendly, depolymerization via hydrolysis is also worthy of research. Finally, some biological methods are prevailing because of their high selectivity, high efficiency, and mild conditions, although the mechanisms are still obscure that there have been only a few uniform theories, such as oxidizing-degrading mechanism, hydrolysis mechanism.

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8

Memarian, Hamid R., and Behjat Barati. "Catalytic Effect of Basic Alumina in the Dehydrogenation of 1,4-Dihydropyridines with Tetrabutylammonium Peroxydisulfate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 65, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2010-0914.

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4-Alkyl- or 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were oxidized to the pyridine derivatives by tetrabutylammonium peroxydisulfate (n-Bu4N)2S2O8 (TBAPD) in combination with basic alumina in refluxing acetonitrile and also in the absence or presence of basic alumina under microwave irradiation. The presence of basic alumina plays an important role in the reaction mechanism. Whereas oxidation under thermal condition is assumed to occur through an ionic mechanism, ionic and also radical mechanisms are proposed for the reactions under microwave irradiation.

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9

Dyre, Jeppe C. "On the mechanism of glass ionic conductivity." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 88, no. 2-3 (December 1986): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(86)80030-8.

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10

Iwabuchi, Kosei, Toshiyuki Kaneko, and Munehiro Kikuyama. "Ionic Mechanism of Mechano-perception in Characeae." Plant and Cell Physiology 46, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pci204.

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11

Mancini, Maria Vincenza, Nicoletta Spreti, Pietro Di Profio, and Raimondo Germani. "Understanding mercury extraction mechanism in ionic liquids." Separation and Purification Technology 116 (September 2013): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.06.006.

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12

Baranovskii, S. D., and H. Cordes. "On the conduction mechanism in ionic glasses." Journal of Chemical Physics 111, no. 16 (October 22, 1999): 7546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480081.

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13

Bates, D. R., and W. Lowell Morgan. "New recombination mechanism: Tidal termolecular ionic recombination." Physical Review Letters 64, no. 19 (May 7, 1990): 2258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.64.2258.

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14

Cordes, H., and S. D. Baranovskii. "On the Conduction Mechanism in Ionic Glasses." physica status solidi (b) 218, no. 1 (March 2000): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3951(200003)218:1<133::aid-pssb133>3.0.co;2-b.

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15

Hayashi, Koichiro, and Seizo Okamura. "The mechanism of radiation-induced ionic polymerization." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 22, no. 1 (March 13, 2007): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070220103.

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16

Kawada, Shouhei, Seiya Watanabe, Ryo Tsuboi, Shinya Sasaki, and Braham Prakash. "Lubrication Mechanism of Halogen-Free Ionic Liquids." Tribology Online 12, no. 4 (2017): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2474/trol.12.155.

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17

Kiyohara, K., T. Sugino, and K. Asaka. "Molecular mechanism of ionic electroactive polymer actuators." Smart Materials and Structures 20, no. 12 (November 22, 2011): 124009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/20/12/124009.

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18

Perry, K. P. D., C. W. P. Finn, and R. P. King. "An ionic diffusion mechanism of chromite reduction." Metallurgical Transactions B 19, no. 4 (August 1988): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02659161.

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19

Singh, Onkar, Pei-Yin Lee, Silvina Matysiak, and Harry Bermudez. "Dual mechanism of ionic liquid-induced protein unfolding." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 35 (2020): 19779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp03138k.

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20

Liu, Chao, Youming Li, and Yi Hou. "Basicity Characterization of Imidazolyl Ionic Liquids and Their Application for Biomass Dissolution." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7501659.

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Alkalinity determination is of crucial significance for the applications of basic ionic liquids with imidazolyl. In this work, the ionization constant pKb value and acid function H- values of ionic liquids synthesized were calculated by pH method and UV spectrum-Hammett method. The dissolution ratio of biomass in these ionic liquids was measured at different temperatures. Finally, the relationship between the alkalinity and structure of these ionic liquids was discussed, and the relationship between the alkalinity of ionic liquid and the dissolution mechanism biomass was also discussed. The results show that the basicity of carboxylate ionic liquids is determined mainly by their anions, whereas cations take some finely tuned roles. Furthermore, cations and anions are equally important and are involved in dissolution mechanisms.

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21

Mrozik, Wojciech, Christian Jungnickel, Michał Skup, Piotr Urbaszek, and Piotr Stepnowski. "Determination of the adsorption mechanism of imidazolium-type ionic liquids onto kaolinite: implications for their fate and transport in the soil environment." Environmental Chemistry 5, no. 4 (2008): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en08015.

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Environmental context. The present paper looks at the possible spreading of a new class of chemicals, namely, ionic liquids in soils. These ionic liquids have gained increasing attention, and their environmental impact and fate needs to be determined before accidental release. The paper specifically focusses on the adhesion mechanisms of these chemicals onto a type of clay, kaolinite. It was found that a multilayer adhesion mechanism occurs. Sorption of ionic liquids on kaolinite indicates that these chemicals can modify the clay surfaces, which may lead to changes in its natural geochemical cycles. Abstract. In the present study, the mechanism of sorption of ionic liquids onto kaolinite clay mineral has been investigated in detail. Results obtained indicate a multilayer type of adsorption. At final saturations, the highest distribution coefficients were found for the long alkyl chain molecules. The mean free energy values obtained are below values of a typical ion-exchange process, which thus suggests that the adsorption mechanism is a combination of electrostatic interaction and physical sorption. At the beginning of the binding process (formation of a monolayer), ion-exchange and van der Waals interactions are predominantly responsible for the process, whereas at higher concentrations of ionic liquids, dispersive interactions become dominant. Thermodynamic parameters were also calculated from graphical interpretation of experimental data. Negative values of ΔG indicate a spontaneous sorption process for ionic liquids. Standard heats of adsorption were found to be exothermic and entropy contributions were negative in all cases studied.

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22

Shitara, Kazuki, Akihide Kuwabara, Keisuke Hibino, Kotaro Fujii, Masatomo Yashima, James R. Hester, Masanori Umeda, Naoyoshi Nunotani, and Nobuhito Imanaka. "Ionic conduction mechanism in Ca-doped lanthanum oxychloride." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 1 (2021): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02502j.

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23

McCutchen, Michael, Lang G. Chen, Harry Bermudez, and Silvina Matysiak. "Interplay of Dynamical Properties between Ionic Liquids and Ionic Surfactants: Mechanism and Aggregation." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 119, no. 30 (July 10, 2015): 9925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05151.

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24

Akemal Muhd Zailani, Nabilah, Famiza Abdul Latif, Ab Malik Marwan Ali, Mohd A. Azri Ab Rani, and Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya. "Ion Transport Mechanism in Flexible PMMAIL/LiTf Films." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27781.

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Acrylates such as poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been widely studied as polymer electrolyte film due to its good mechanical stability towards lithium electrode. However, commercial PMMAs even at high molecular weight are not able to produce flexible films due to their polar nature that prone to form interchain crosslinking via hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the formation of hydrogen bonding was hindered by incarcerating ionic liquid (IL) of 1-methyl-3-pentamethyldisiloxymethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [(SiOSi)C1C1im] [NTf2] during free radical polymerization of MMA. Interestingly, the synthesized PMMA containing IL (PMMAIL) produced flexible and free standing films with ionic conductivity of ~10-7 S cm-1. Though the ionic conductivity obtained is comparable with other doped PMMA film electrolytes that had been studied, it is still considered as low for application in energy storage devices. As an alternative, in this study, lithium triflate (LiTf) salt was added into the PMMAIL system and the highest ionic conductivity obtained was 2.65 ×10-4 S cm-1 with addition of 30 wt.% LiTf at ambient temperature. The temperature dependence conductivity and AC conductivity behaviour of PMMAIL/LiTf were further investigated in order to fully understand the ion transport mechanism that occurred in the system. It was found that the PMMAIL/LiTf system fits the Arrhenius behaviour and Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) model.

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25

Jain, Ravi K., Somajoyti Majumder, and Ashish Dutta. "Multiple path generation by a flexible four-bar mechanism using ionic polymer metal composite." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 23, no. 12 (May 28, 2012): 1379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12447290.

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This article presents a novel design of a flexible four-bar crank–rocker mechanism using ionic polymer metal composite for generating multiple paths, which can be applied in microassembly. In order to control the deflection of links and the resultant path, active ionic polymer metal composite patches are fixed on the coupler and are actuated by a voltage (0–3 V direct current). The main focus of this article is to determine the number, size, and location of the ionic polymer metal composite patches to be used on the coupler to get a desired path. A dynamic model of the mechanism is made in ADAMS software and the design parameters are identified. A mathematical model of ionic polymer metal composite patch is developed through experiments to achieve the bending moment relationship with voltage, and this is used while simulating its behaviors. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism can generate multiple paths, using different voltages for ionic polymer metal composite activation. The proposed mechanism is then fabricated, and experiments are carried out to compare the experimental and simulation results. It is proved that the proposed new mechanism is superior to earlier designs of four bars using ionic polymer metal composite, and the paths generated can more effectively be controlled.

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26

Tanaka, Yumi, Miho Nakamura, Akiko Nagai, Takeshi Toyama, and Kimihiro Yamashita. "Ionic conduction mechanism in Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite whiskers." Materials Science and Engineering: B 161, no. 1-3 (April 2009): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2009.01.016.

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27

Lei, Haiping, Jiguo Tu, Zhijing Yu, and Shuqiang Jiao. "Exfoliation Mechanism of Graphite Cathode in Ionic Liquids." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 42 (October 11, 2017): 36702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03306.

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28

Ballard, Andrew J., and Christoph Dellago. "Toward the Mechanism of Ionic Dissociation in Water." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 116, no. 45 (November 2012): 13490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp309300b.

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29

Jarvis, Emily A. A., and Emily A. Carter. "A Nanoscale Mechanism of Fatigue in Ionic Solids." Nano Letters 6, no. 3 (March 2006): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0525655.

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30

Kobryanskii, Valery M. "Mechanism of anionic (ionic) polymerization of acetylene monomers." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 67, no. 1 (March 1993): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19930670121.

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31

Fang, Bin, Xinling Wang, Xiaozhen Tang, and Pinfang Zhu. "Ionic interactions and transport mechanism in polyurethane electrolytes." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83, no. 4 (November 29, 2001): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10005.

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32

Batsanov, S. S. "Mechanism of metallization of ionic crystals by pressure." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry 80, no. 1 (January 2006): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024406010225.

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33

Budyka, M. F., M. G. Stunjas, O. D. Lauhina, and M. V. Alfimov. "An Ionic Mechanism in a “Free-Radical“ System." Journal of Photographic Science 38, no. 2 (March 1989): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223638.1989.11737071.

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34

Ries, Craig R., and Ernest Puil. "Ionic Mechanism of Isoflurane’s Actions on Thalamocortical Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1802.

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Ionic mechanism of isoflurane’s actions on thalamocortical neurons. We studied the actions of isoflurane (IFL) applied in aqueous solutions on ventrobasal neurons from thalamic brain slices of juvenile rats. By using the whole cell, patch-clamp method with current- and voltage-clamp recording techniques, we found that IFL increased a noninactivating membrane conductance in a concentration-dependent reversible manner. In an eightfold concentration range that extended into equivalent in vivo lethal concentrations, IFL did not produce a maximal effect on the conductance; this is consistent with a nonreceptor-mediated mechanism of action. TTX eliminated action potential activity but did not alter IFL effects. The effects on the membrane potential and current induced by IFL were voltage independent but depended on the external [K+], reversing near the equilibrium potential for K+. External Ba2+ or internal Cs+ applications, which block K+channels, suppressed the conductance increase caused by IFL. External applications of the Ca2+ channel blockers Co2+or Cd2+ or internal application of the Ca2+chelator 1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane- N, N, N′, N′-tetraacetic acid did not prevent the effects of IFL, implying little involvement of Ca2+-dependent K+ currents. A contribution of inwardly rectifying K+ channels to the increased steady-state conductance seemed unlikely because IFL decreased inward rectification. An involvement of ATP-mediated K+ channels also was unlikely because application of the ATP-mediated K+ channel blocker glibenclamide (1–80 μM) did not prevent IFL’s actions. In contrast to spiking cells, IFL depolarized presumed glial cells, consistent with an efflux of K+ from thalamocortical neurons. The results imply that a leak K+channel mediated the IFL-induced increase in postsynaptic membrane conductance in thalamic relay neurons. Thus a single nonreceptor-mediated mechanism of IFL action was responsible for the hyperpolarization and conductance shunt of voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ spikes, as reported in the preceding paper. Although anesthetics influence various neurological systems, an enhanced K+ leak generalized in thalamocortical neurons alone could account for anesthesia in vivo.

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35

Martrenchard, S., G. Grégoire, C. Dedonder-Lardeux, C. Jouvet, and D. Solgadi. "Proton transfer mechanism in the ionic methanol dimer." PhysChemComm 2, no. 4 (1999): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a903329g.

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36

INGRAM, M., M. MACKENZIE, W. MULLER, and M. TORGE. "Structural granularity and ionic conduction mechanism in glass." Solid State Ionics 40-41 (August 1990): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(90)90095-9.

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37

Gharbi, I., A. Oueslati, K. Guidara, and B. Louati. "Ionic conductivity and conduction mechanism of CsZnPO4 compound." Ionics 25, no. 8 (March 26, 2019): 3991–4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-02954-1.

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38

Ingram, M. D. "A new mechanism of ionic conduction in glass." Materials Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 1-2 (August 1989): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0254-0584(89)90016-3.

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39

Lee, Pei-Yin, Onkar Singh, Harry Bermudez, and Silvina Matysiak. "Dual Mechanism of Ionic Liquid-Induced Protein Unfolding." Biophysical Journal 120, no. 3 (February 2021): 201a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.1377.

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40

Wang, Zhipeng, Bin He, Xinhua Liu, and Qigang Wang. "Development and modeling of a new ionogel based actuator." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 15 (January 12, 2017): 2036–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16682841.

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Ionic electroactive polymer actuators are expected to be one of the most promising driving mechanisms in the future due to their extraordinary features such as their lightweight, flexibility, and low-energy consumption. Traditional ionic electroactive polymer actuators for example, ionic-polymer metal composites have a problem with durability in open air due to the evaporation of water contained in the polymer electrolytes, resulting in a corresponding loss of performance. Electrolysis of the water at relatively low operating voltages may cause deterioration of these materials. Ionic liquids are more thermally and electrochemically stable than water, with unique advantages including negligible volatility, low melting point and high ionic conductivity, therefore they can be used in the application of ionic electroactive polymer actuators. In this work, a new ionic electroactive polymer actuator based on ionogel is developed, which can be operated at low driving voltage with high electrochemical stability. In order to investigate the actuation mechanism of the actuator, a general model consisting of an equivalent electrical circuit, an electromechanical coupling term and a mechanical beam model is built up to characterize its interrelated electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This model explains the relationship between input voltage and bending displacement of the actuator. Theoretical and experimental results are demonstrated and documented to validate the conclusion that the model can effectively predict the actuation response of the material. The geometric scalability of the model is also investigated, giving support to the design of the soft mechanism based on ionogel.

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41

Luo, Xiao Hua, Xin Qiu, Yu Jie Wang, Jin Hong Wu, and Shang Lin Xiao. "Micro-Treatment Mechanism Study on Ionic Soil Stabilizer Improving Clay." Key Engineering Materials 667 (October 2015): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.667.370.

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In order to study the treatment mechanism of the ionic liquid soil stabilizer, a series tests were performed for a typical soil, the red-brown clay. The basic physical parameters of typical soil were conducted by variety of tests, including particle size analysis, crucial water content coefficient, loss on ignition, organic matter content, etc. Furthermore, the treatment mechanism of the ionic soil stabilizer was analyzed, involving PH, conductivity, plasma emission spectra, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and BET test. The results indicate: Firstly, the ionic soil stabilizer is a sulfonated oleoresin with the features of water soluble, high conductivity and strongly acidic, which exchanged with cations adsorbed on the surface of clay particles to reduce the thickness of hydrated film and the electric double layer thickness. Secondly, it reduced the mutual repulsion energy between soil particles and made the flaky particles of clay minerals contact closely. Finally, it made the particles of clay be close to each other and gradually formed larger particles. Hence, the clay became denser. Therefore, the research provided a theoretical foundation and practical basis for the wide application of the ionic soil stabilizer in China's highway construction.

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42

Chen, Shimou, Suojiang Zhang, Xiaomin Liu, Jinquan Wang, Jianji Wang, Kun Dong, Jian Sun, and Baohua Xu. "Ionic liquid clusters: structure, formation mechanism, and effect on the behavior of ionic liquids." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 13 (2014): 5893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53116c.

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Guo, Donglin, and Zhe Lu. "Mechanism of Irk1 Channel Block by Intracellular Polyamines." Journal of General Physiology 115, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 799–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.115.6.799.

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Intracellular polyamines inhibit the strongly rectifying IRK1 potassium channel by a mechanism different from that of a typical ionic pore blocker such as tetraethylammonium. As in other K+ channels, in the presence of intracellular TEA, the IRK1 channel current decreases with increasing membrane voltage and eventually approaches zero. However, in the presence of intracellular polyamines, the channel current varies with membrane voltage in a complex manner: when membrane voltage is increased, the current decreases in two phases separated by a hump. Furthermore, contrary to the expectation for a nonpermeant ionic pore blocker, a significant residual IRK1 current persists at very positive membrane voltages; the amplitude of the residual current decreases with increasing polyamine concentration. This complex blocking behavior of polyamines can be accounted for by a minimal model whereby intracellular polyamines inhibit the IRK1 channel by inducing two blocked channel states. In each of the blocked states, a polyamine is bound with characteristic affinity and probability of traversing the pore. The proposal that polyamines traverse the pore at finite rates is supported by the observation that philanthotoxin-343 (spermine with a bulky chemical group attached to one end) acts as a nonpermeant ionic blocker in the IRK1 channel.

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44

Arqué, Xavier, Xavier Andrés, Rafael Mestre, Bernard Ciraulo, Jaime Ortega Arroyo, Romain Quidant, Tania Patiño, and Samuel Sánchez. "Ionic Species Affect the Self-Propulsion of Urease-Powered Micromotors." Research 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2424972.

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Enzyme-powered motors self-propel through the catalysis of in situ bioavailable fuels, which makes them excellent candidates for biomedical applications. However, fundamental issues like their motion in biological fluids and the understanding of the propulsion mechanism are critical aspects to be tackled before a future application in biomedicine. Herein, we investigated the physicochemical effects of ionic species on the self-propulsion of urease-powered micromotors. Results showed that the presence of PBS, NaOH, NaCl, and HEPES reduced self-propulsion of urease-powered micromotors pointing towards ion-dependent mechanisms of motion. We studied the 3D motion of urease micromotors using digital holographic microscopy to rule out any motor-surface interaction as the cause of motion decay when salts are present in the media. In order to protect and minimize the negative effect of ionic species on micromotors’ performance, we coated the motors with methoxypolyethylene glycol amine (mPEG) showing higher speed compared to noncoated motors at intermediate ionic concentrations. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of urease-powered micromotors, study the effect of ionic media, and contribute with potential solutions to mitigate the reduction of mobility of enzyme-powered micromotors.

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45

Suhalim, Nur Syahirah, Norherdawati Kasim, Ebrahim Mahmoudi, Intan Juliana Shamsudin, Abdul Wahab Mohammad, Fathiah Mohamed Zuki, and Nor Laili-Azua Jamari. "Rejection Mechanism of Ionic Solute Removal by Nanofiltration Membranes: An Overview." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030437.

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The toxicity of heavy metals can cause water pollution and has harmful effects on human health and the environment. Various methods are used to overcome this pressing issue and each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Membrane filtration technology such as nanofiltration (NF) produces high quality water and has a very small footprint, which results in lower energy usage. Nanofiltration is a membrane-based separation technique based on the reverse osmosis separation process developed in the 1980s. NF membranes have a pore size of 1 nm and molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of 300 to 500 Da. The properties of NF membranes are unique since the surface charge of the membranes is dependent on the functional groups of the membrane. The rejection mechanism of NF membrane is unique as it is a combination of various rejection mechanisms such as steric hindrance, electric exclusion, dielectric effect, and hydration mechanism. However, these mechanisms have not been studied in-depth due to their complexity. There are also many factors contributing to the rejection of NF membrane. Many junior researchers would face difficulty in studying NF membrane. Therefore, this paper is designed for researchers new to the field, and will briefly review the rejection mechanisms of NF membrane by both sieving and non-sieving separation processes. This mini-review aims to provide new researchers with a general understanding of the concept of the separation process of charged membranes.

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46

Pavez, Paulina, Daniela Millán, Javiera Morales, Mabel Rojas, Daniel Céspedes, and José G. Santos. "Correction: Reaction mechanisms in ionic liquids: the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of O,O-diethyl (2,4-dinitrophenyl) phosphate triester with secondary alicyclic amines." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 4 (2016): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob90208h.

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Correction for ‘Reaction mechanisms in ionic liquids: the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of O,O-diethyl (2,4-dinitrophenyl) phosphate triester with secondary alicyclic amines’ by Paulina Pavez et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02128f.

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47

Dhar, Kalyan. "Mechanism of the Absorption of CO2 in Ionic Liquid Dimer." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 45, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v45i1.46575.

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The density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the modern continuum solvation model (IEFPCM-SMD) was used to study the mechanism of CO2 absorption at room temperature using ionic liquid such as, [EMIM][BF4] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) monomer and dimer ionic liquid [IL] dimer comprises two couple of anions and cations, so that more intermolecular interactions are established than in the single IL pair. In this paper, we determined the minimum energy structures and to determine the possible binding sites for CO2 absorption in [EMIM][BF4] monmer and dimer; by comparing the relative minimum energy of [EMIM][BF4] in the presence and in absence of CO2. It was found that CO2 is stabilized by the multiple interactions with several anions. When CO2 penetrates the IL monomer or dimer, through gas-to-liquid diffusion, the O-C-O (CO2)-BF4 intermolecular bond is likely to be formed immediately and bind the CO2 molecule. This result suggests that ionic liquid dimer is suitable for the absorption of CO2. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 45(1): 137-144, June 2019

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48

Schaeffer, Nicolas, Helena Passos, Matthieu Gras, Vijetha Mogilireddy, João P. Leal, Germán Pérez-Sánchez, José R. B. Gomes, Isabelle Billard, Nicolas Papaiconomou, and João A. P. Coutinho. "Mechanism of ionic-liquid-based acidic aqueous biphasic system formation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 15 (2018): 9838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00937f.

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49

Gray, Michael, Daniel H. Daudelin, and Jorge Golowasch. "Activation mechanism of a neuromodulator-gated pacemaker ionic current." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00743.2016.

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The neuromodulator-gated current ( IMI) found in the crab stomatogastric ganglion is activated by neuromodulators that are essential to induce the rhythmic activity of the pyloric network in this system. One of these neuromodulators is also known to control the correlated expression of voltage-gated ionic currents in pyloric neurons, as well as synaptic plasticity and strength. Thus understanding the mechanism by which neuromodulator receptors activate IMI should provide insights not only into how oscillations are initiated but also into how other processes, and currents not directly activated by them, are regulated. To determine what specific signaling molecules are implicated in this process, we used a battery of agonists and antagonists of common signal transduction pathways. We found that the G protein inhibitor GDPβS and the G protein activator GTPγS significantly affect IMI amplitude, suggesting that its activation is mediated by G proteins. Interestingly, when using the more specific G protein blocker pertussis toxin, we observed the expected inhibition of IMI amplitude but, unexpectedly, in a calcium-dependent fashion. We also found that antagonists of calcium- and calmodulin-associated signaling significantly reduce IMI amplitude. In contrast, we found little evidence for the role of cyclic nucleotide signaling, phospholipase C (PLC), or kinases and phosphatases, except two calmodulin-dependent kinases. In sum, these results suggest that proctolin-induced IMI is mediated by a G protein whose pertussis toxin sensitivity is altered by external calcium concentration and appears to depend on intracellular calcium, calmodulin, and calmodulin-activated kinases. In contrast, we found no support for IMI being mediated by PLC signaling or cyclic nucleotides. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuronal rhythmic activity is generated by either network-based or cell-autonomous mechanisms. In the pyloric network of decapod crustaceans, the activation of a neuromodulator-gated pacemaker current is crucial for the generation of rhythmic activity. This current is activated by several neuromodulators, including peptides and acetylcholine, presumably via metabotropic receptors. We have previously demonstrated a novel extracellular calcium-sensitive voltage-dependence mechanism of this current. We presently report that the activation mechanism depends on intracellular and extracellular calcium-sensitive components.

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50

Mao, James X., Janice A. Steckel, Fangyong Yan, Nilesh Dhumal, Hyung Kim, and Krishnan Damodaran. "Understanding the mechanism of CO2 capture by 1,3 di-substituted imidazolium acetate based ionic liquids." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 3 (2016): 1911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05713b.

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Efficient CO₂ capture by ionic liquids needs a thorough understanding of underlying mechanisms of the CO₂ interaction with ionic liquids, especially when it involves chemisorption.

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