Статті в журналах: "Ion coloration"

1

Saito, Yukinori, and Shinji Suganomata. "Coloration of LiNbO3by Metal Ion Implantation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, Part 1, No. 11 (November 20, 1987): 1941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.26.1941.

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2

Saito, Yukinori, Hideo Kumagai, and Shinji Suganomata. "Coloration of Quartz by Metal-Ion Implantation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24, Part 1, No. 8 (August 20, 1985): 1115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.24.1115.

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3

Saito, Yukinori, Hideo Kumagai, and Shinji Suganomata. "Coloration of Sapphire by Metal-Ion Implantation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24, Part 2, No. 11 (November 20, 1985): L880—L882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.24.l880.

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4

Yukinori, Saito, Horie Hajime, and Suganoma Shinji. "Coloration of sapphire by Co ion implantation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 59-60 (July 1991): 1173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(91)95788-f.

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5

KANEDA, Takahiro. "Metal ion-selective coloration with crown ether dyes." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 46, no. 2 (1988): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.46.96.

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6

Khaibullin, R. I., O. N. Lopatin, F. G. Vagizov, V. V. Bazarov, A. I. Bakhtin, I. B. Khaibullin, and B. Aktas. "Coloration of natural beryl by iron ion implantation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 206 (May 2003): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(03)00744-4.

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7

Li, Xin, Yanger Li, Xiaoman Yang, Chaoyue Yan, Kai Zhang, Xiaoxiao Liang, Jinli Zhang, Yanli Gai, and Kecai Xiong. "Cationic coordination polymers with thirteen-fold interpenetrating dia networks: selective coloration and ion-controlled photochromism." Chemical Communications 57, no. 93 (2021): 12496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc05255a.

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8

Zhi, Maoyong, Wanxia Huang, Qiwu Shi, Mingzhe Wang, and Qibin Wang. "Sol–gel fabrication of WO3/RGO nanocomposite film with enhanced electrochromic performance." RSC Advances 6, no. 72 (2016): 67488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13947g.

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9

Uday Kumar, K., and A. Subrahmanyam. "Electrochromic Properties of Reactive Magnetron Sputtered WO3 Thin Films Prepared by Neon as Sputter Gas." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 3724–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17519.

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Electrochromic phenomenon is an emerging technology for renewable energy applications. Several material oxides used for the electrochromic application, the tungsten oxide (WO3) has shown good coloration efficiency (CE). Present manuscript, we are reporting the results of the coloration efficiency of DC magnetron sputtered WO3 films for electrochromic applications (thicknesses 190 nm to 700 nm) with sputter gas neon at 300 K. Hydrogen and Lithium ions have been intercalated into WO3 lattice for coloration. The CE value is increasing with increase of thickness of WO3 thin films; CE for 700 nm thick films are: 87 cm2/C and 137 cm2/C for H+ and Li+ respectively. The coloration efficiency (CE) observed to be increasing with wavelength. The maximum efficiency of the hydrogen intercalated neon sputtered films achieved at 860 nm wavelength is about 129.9 cm2/C and for the lithium intercalatedWO3 films the maximum efficiency achieved at 780 nm with 238.5 cm2/C. These neon sputtered WO3 thin films show good stability of coloration efficiency even after 500 cycles of coloring and bleaching cycles. The work function of the colored and transparent states of WO3 thin films are 4.513 eV and 4.755 eV respectively. Finally we have fabricated the electrochromic device (ECD) prepared with nafion thin film as an ion conducting layer and the ECD has shown a maximum coloration efficiency (CE) of 112.1 cm2/C.

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10

Kumar, Ashwani, and Chullikkattil P. Pradeep. "Aromatic sulfonium polyoxomolybdates: tuning the photochromic properties through substitutions on the counter ion moiety." CrystEngComm 20, no. 19 (2018): 2733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ce00345a.

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A series of aromatic sulfonium Keggin hybrids have been developed which exhibited excellent photochromic properties under UV irradiation. The photo-coloration speed of these hybrids could be fine-tuned by changing the substituents on the sulfonium counter ion moiety.

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11

Wang, Mei Han, Hao Lei, Jia Xing Wen, Yutaka Sawada, Yoichi Hoshi, Takayuki Uchida, and Zhao Xia Hou. "Research Progress in Gasochromics Mechanism of Tungsten Oxide Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.471.

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The gasochromic effect and its potential applications of tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films are introduced. The research progress in gasochromics mechanism of WO3films is reviewed and various mechanism models are summarized and discussed. The double injection model, oxygen vacancy diffusion model and localized water molecules model are extensively used to explain the gasochromic coloration of WO3films. A perspective on the gasochromics mechanism development of WO3films is tended to fabricate WO3film with single crystal and regular structure, which may simply the quantitative characterizations induced by the complicated structure. Elucidating gasochromics mechanism of WO3films not only helps to understand gasochromic coloration phenomenon well but also improves the performance of gasochromic coloration devices. It also accelerates the development of the relative science, such as gas detector, atom/ion transport material, surface catalysis of semiconductor, and so on.

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12

Yoshida, Kumi, Takeya Oniduka, Kin-ichi Oyama, and Tadao Kondo. "Blue flower coloration of Corydalis ambigua requires ferric ion and kaempferol glycoside." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 1 (January 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbaa022.

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Abstract Corydalis ambigua (Japanese name, Ezoengosaku) flowers bloom with blue to purplish petals in early spring in Hokkaido prefecture. In this study, a mechanism for blue petal coloration by ferric ions and keampferol glycoside was elucidated. Blue petals and cell sap exhibited similar visible (Vis) spectra, with λmax at approximately 600 nm and circular dichroism (CD) with positive exciton-type Cotton effects in the Vis region. Analysis of the organic components of the petals confirmed cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside and kaempferol 3-O-sambubioside as the major flavonoids. Mg, Al, and Fe were detected in petals using atomic emission spectroscopy. Color, Vis absorption, and CD consistent with those of blue petals were reproduced by mixing cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside, kaempferol 3-O-sambubioside, and Fe3+ in a buffered aqueous solution at pH 6.5. Both Fe3+ and flavonol were essential for blue coloration.

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13

Kaneda, Takahiro, Shinichi Umeda, Hisako Tanigawa, Soichi Misumi, Yasushi Kai, Hisashi Morii, Kunio Miki, and Nobutami Kasai. "A spherand azophenol dye: lithium ion specific coloration with "perfect" selectivity." Journal of the American Chemical Society 107, no. 16 (August 1985): 4802–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00302a046.

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14

Lei, Ting, Yang Song, Xuehua Jin, Tianyu Su, and Yiwen Pu. "Effects of Pigment Constituents and Their Distribution on Spathe Coloration of Zantedeschia hybrida." HortScience 52, no. 12 (December 2017): 1840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12229-17.

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The plant Zantedeschia hybrida is colorful and suitable for cut flowers and potted plants. This study employed a colorimetric method for the determination of spathe color phenotypes in 27 Z. hybrida cultivars and classified them into six major color classes. To characterize the coloration mechanism of the Z. hybrida spathe, this study explored the main colorants and pigment distribution using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography/hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TRAP-MS), and tissue sections. The results showed that flavonoids were colorants in the spathes of different color groups and that cyanidin (Cy) was the main colorant, whereas carotenoids were not detected in the spathe. Total anthocyanin (TA) content was negatively correlated with lightness (L*) of coloration, such that a spathe with a higher TA and thicker pigmented cell layer showed a deeper color; however, there was no correlation between deep coloration in a spathe and flattened upper epidermal cells. The difference in TA was the main reason for the color variation among Z. hybrida of different color groups, whereas the total flavones and flavonols (TF) played a key role in the coloration of the orange and yellow group.

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15

Srisittipokakun, N., C. Kedkaew, Jakrapong Kaewkhao, and Pichet Limsuwan. "Coloration in Soda-Lime-Silicate Glass System Containing Manganese." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.206.

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The UV-visible spectra of soda-lime-silicate glass system with the base composition (65-x) SiO2: 10CaO: 25Na2O: xMnO2 % mol, (where x is 0.0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.30 and 0.50 %mol) were studied at room temperature. The results are shown that the colors of glass samples were altered from colorless to dark purple with increasing of MnO2 concentration and were stable at room temperature. The color of glass sample with 0.3 %mol MnO2 was purple. Moreover, it has been found that the density and refractive index were contiguous. The optical absorption spectra can be confirmed the color of these glass samples. They exhibited a predominant broadband around 500 nm and it was clearly observed, its increasing since 0.1 %mol of MnO2. This band corresponds to an allowed transition from 5Eg5T2g, which attributed to Mn3+. When increasing MnO2 concentration, the absorption band due to Mn3+ ion was dominating.

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16

Cremona, M., J. A. M. Pereira, M. H. P. Mauricio, L. C. Scavarda Do Carmo, and F. Somma. "Sputtering and coloration process in LiF thin layers induced by MeV ion bombardment." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 149, no. 1-4 (November 1999): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159908230158.

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17

Бурдюх, С. В., О. Я. Березина, П. П. Борисков, А. Л. Пергамент та Д. С. Яковлева. "Кинетика окрашивания при внутреннем электрохромном эффекте пленок гидратированного пентаоксида ванадия". Письма в журнал технической физики 44, № 17 (2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2018.17.46570.17412.

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AbstractThe kinetics of coloration in thin hydrogenated vanadium pentoxide films under the internal electrochromic effect is studied alongside with the influence of their hydrogenation by means of plasma-immersion ion implantation on this process. The variant of uniform implantation and the nonuniform case when a film is partially subjected to ion treatment are considered. Based on the experiments on measuring the electrochromically colored surface area growth rate and the passing current, it has been revealed that the electrochromic effect becomes much stronger in the nonuniform variant, when the cathode is placed on the nonhydrogenated part of a film, and the anode is located on its hydrogenated part.

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18

Bordina, Galina E., N. P. Lopina, A. V. Blinova, and D. A. Bordin. "THE DISCOLORING TEETH: THE CHEMISTRY OF THE EMERGENCE AND EFFECTIVE WHITENING." Russian Journal of Dentistry 22, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-2802-2018-22-3-124-128.

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In the article stated mechanism of formation organic and inorganic pigmentary complexes which changes color of teeth. Chemical aspects of dentistry procedure of whitening teeth are consider, original author's schemes of ion-changes and oxidative process are given, which happen with it. Knowledge of intermolecular interaction, which leads to the appearance of coloration and proceeding in process of his removal, will allow to develop new treatment methods and to improve existing, which apply in an esthetic dentistry.

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19

Yuri, Yosuke, Kazumasa Narumi, Atsuya Chiba, Yoshimi Hirano, and Yuichi Saitoh. "Study on the coloration response of a radiochromic film to MeV cluster ion beams." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 872 (November 2017): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.07.054.

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20

Gong, Jintao, Huining Jin, Chengyuan Yang, Andrew A. Bettiol, and Jeroen A. van Kan. "All-silicon subwavelength structural coloration fabricated through proton beam writing and reactive ion etching." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 469 (April 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2020.03.001.

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21

Li, Yongrong, and Tsuyoshi Michinobu. "Multi-coloration of polyurethane derivatives through click postfunctionalization, electrochemical oxidation, and Ag+ ion complexation." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 19 (2012): 9513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm30298e.

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22

Tengchaisri, T., D. Bootkul, S. Intarasiri, U. Tippawan, and A. Yu Kuznetsov. "Coloration changes in natural ruby induced by oxygen ion implants correlated with cathodoluminescence data." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 502 (September 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2021.06.002.

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23

Djaoued, Y., S. Balaji, and R. Brüning. "Electrochromic Devices Based on Porous Tungsten Oxide Thin Films." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/674168.

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Recent developments in the synthesis of transition metal oxides in the form of porous thin films have opened up opportunities in the construction of electrochromic devices with enhanced properties. In this paper, synthesis, characterization and electrochromic applications of porous WO3thin films with different nanocrystalline phases, such as hexagonal, monoclinic, and orthorhombic, are presented. Asymmetric electrochromic devices have been constructed based on these porous WO3thin films. XRD measurements of the intercalation/deintercalation of Li+into/from the WO3layer of the device as a function of applied coloration/bleaching voltages show systematic changes in the lattice parameters associated with structural phase transitions in LixWO3. Micro-Raman studies show systematic crystalline phase changes in the spectra of WO3layers during Li+ion intercalation and deintercalation, which agree with the XRD data. These devices exhibit interesting optical modulation (up to ~70%) due to intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions into/from the WO3layer of the devices as a function of applied coloration/bleaching voltages. The obtained optical modulation of the electrochromic devices indicates that, they are suitable for applications in electrochromic smart windows.

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24

Deepa, M., A. K. Srivastava, S. Singh, and S. A. Agnihotry. "Structure–property correlation of nanostructured WO3 thin films produced by electrodeposition." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 9 (September 2004): 2576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0336.

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Nanocrystalline tungsten oxide (WO3) films were electrodeposited potentiostatically at room temperature on transparent conducting substrates from an ethanolic solution of acetylated peroxotungstic acid prepared from a wet chemistry process. The changes that occur in the microstructure and the grain size of the as-deposited WO3 films as a function of annealing temperature are simultaneously accompanied by a continually varying electrochromic performance. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the transformation of a nanocrystalline as-deposited WO3 film into a highly crystalline triclinic WO3 as the annealing temperature was raised from room temperature to 500 °C. The microstructural evolution with the increasing annealing temperature of the as-deposited film was further exemplified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. While the as-deposited film was composed of uniformly distributed ultra fine nanograins, the most noticeable feature seen in these films annealed at 250 °C was the presence of open channels which are believed to promote lithium ion motion. Films annealed at 400 °C exhibited coarse grains with prominent grain boundaries that hinder lithium ion movement, which in turn reduces the film’s ion insertion capacity. In concordance with the TEM results, the 250 °C film had the highest ion storage capacity as it exhibited a charge density of 67.4 mC cm−2 μm−1. The effect of microstructure was also reflected in the high transmission modulation (64%) and coloration efficiency (118 cm2 C−1) of the 250 °C film at 632.8 nm. Contrary to the superior electrochromic performance of the 250 °C film, the optical switching speeds between the colored and bleached states of the as-deposited WO3 film declined considerably as a function of annealing temperature. Also, the diffusion coefficient for lithium ions was greater by at least an order of magnitude for the as-deposited film as compared to the 250 and 500 °C films. In this report, the influence of microstructural changes that are brought about by the annealing of the as-deposited WO3 films on their coloration-bleaching dynamics is evaluated in terms of their structural, electrochromic, and electrochemical properties.

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25

NOMIYA, Yusuke, Naoto KOBAYASHI, Takashi WAKASUGI, Junji NISHII, and Kohei KADONO. "Coloration Behavior and Variation in Thermal Properties of Ag-Doped Glasses Prepared by Ion-Exchange." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 59, no. 6 (2010): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.59.423.

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26

Nedyalkov, Nikolay, Mihaela Koleva, Nadya Stankova, Rosen Nikov, Mitsuhiro Terakawa, Yasutaka Nakajima, Lyubomir Aleksandrov, and Reni Iordanova. "Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (November 21, 2017): 2454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.244.

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We present results on laser-assisted formation of two- and three-dimensional structures comprised of gold nanoparticles in glass. The sample material was gold-ion-doped borosilicate glass prepared by conventional melt quenching. The nanoparticle growth technique consisted of two steps – laser-induced defect formation and annealing. The first step was realized by irradiating the glass by nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses over a wide range of fluences and number of applied pulses. The irradiation by nanosecond laser pulses (emitted by a Nd:YAG laser system) induced defect formation, expressed by brown coloration of the glass sample, only at a wavelength of 266 nm. At 355, 532 and 1064 nm, no coloration of the sample was observed. The femtosecond laser irradiation at 800 nm also induced defects, again observed as brown coloration. The absorbance spectra indicated that this coloration was related to the formation of oxygen deficiency defects. After annealing, the color of the irradiated areas changed to pink, with a corresponding well-defined peak in the absorbance spectrum. We relate this effect to the formation of gold nanoparticles with optical properties defined by plasmon excitation. Their presence was confirmed by high-resolution TEM analysis. No nanoparticle formation was observed in the samples irradiated by nanosecond pulses at 355, 532 and 1064 nm. The optical properties of the irradiated areas were found to depend on the laser processing parameters; these properties were studied based on Mie theory, which was also used to correlate the experimental optical spectra and the characteristics of the nanoparticles formed. We also discuss the influence of the processing conditions on the characteristics of the particles formed and the mechanism of their formation and demonstrate the fabrication of structures composed of nanoparticles inside the glass sample. This technique can be used for the preparation of 3D nanoparticle systems embedded in transparent materials with potential applications in the design of new optical components, such as metamaterials and in plasmonics.

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27

Kim, Gieun, Songeun Hong, Suho Yoo, and Jongwoon Park. "Solution-Processed All-Solid-State Electrochromic Devices Based on SnO2/NiO doped with Tin." Coatings 11, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111431.

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We investigated the photochromic (PC) and electrochromic (EC) properties of tin-doped nickel oxide (NiO) thin films for solution-processable all-solid-state EC devices. The PC effect is shown to be enhanced by the addition of Sn into the precursor NiO solution. We fabricated an EC device with six layers—ITO/TiO2 (counter electrode)/SnO2 (ion-conducting layer)/SiO2 (barrier)/NiO doped with tin (EC layer)/ITO—by a hybrid fabrication process (sputtering for ITO and TiO2, sol–gel spin coating for SnO2 and NiO). The EC effect was also observed to be improved with the Sn-doped NiO layer. It was demonstrated that UV/O3 treatment is one of the critical processes that determine the EC performance of the hydroxide ion-based device. UV/O3 treatment generates hydroxide ions, induces phase separation from a single mixture of SnO2 and silicone oil, and improves the surface morphology of the films, thereby boosting the performance of EC devices. EC performance can be enhanced further by optimizing the thickness of TiO2 and SiO2 layers. Specifically, the SiO2 barrier blocks the transport of charges, bringing in an increase in anodic coloration. We achieved the transmittance modulation of 38.3% and the coloration efficiency of 39.7 cm2/C. We also evaluated the heat resistance of the all-solid-state EC device and found that the transmittance modulation was decreased by 36% from its initial value at 100 °C. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a large-area EC device can be fabricated using slot-die coating without much compromise on EC performance.

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28

Deng, Yi, Yang Zhou, Yuanyi Yang, Xiuyuan Shi, Kewei Zhang, Ping Zhang, and Weizhong Yang. "Preparation and Coloration of Colored Ceramics Derived from the Vanadium-Titanium Slags." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5085031.

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Vanadium-titanium slag is a type of industrial solid waste from vanadium-titanium magnetite, and the resource utilization of vanadium-titanium slag is of great significance. The chemical composition of vanadium-titanium slag is similar to ceramic raw materials. Besides, the Fe, Ti, and Mn elements in vanadium-titanium slags possess strong color rendering ability. In the present study, we explored the influence of Fe, Ti, and Mn in vanadium-titanium slags on the coloration of ceramics. Besides, the crystal structures and chemical constituents of the sintered ceramics were studied by XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, and ultraviolet-visible near-infrared spectrophotometer, and the color-rendering ability (L∗a∗b∗ values) of the ceramics was investigated. The results showed that the main crystal phases of the ceramics were quartz and anorthite. In addition, the color of the ceramics with the addition of vanadium-titanium slags was significantly affected by Fe and Mn ions, which decreased their L∗ and a∗ values. Meanwhile, Ti ion alone had no apparent coloring effect but strengthened the coloring effects of Fe and Mn ions. This work could provide the feasibility for preparation of colored ceramics based on vanadium-titanium slag, which could be used in the fields of high-value added building decoration, infrared-emission ceramic, and artwork.

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29

Okamura, Masachika, Masayoshi Nakayama, Naoyuki Umemoto, Emilio A. Cano, Yoshihiro Hase, Yuzo Nishizaki, Nobuhiro Sasaki, and Yoshihiro Ozeki. "Crossbreeding of a metallic color carnation and diversification of the peculiar coloration by ion-beam irradiation." Euphytica 191, no. 1 (January 18, 2013): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0859-x.

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30

Zhao, Liang, Hongan Ma, Chao Fang, Luyao Ding, Baomin Liu, and Xiaopeng Jia. "Synthesis and characterization of NaAlSi2O6 jadeite doped with different metallic oxides under high pressure and high temperature." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 34 (December 10, 2019): 1950427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798491950427x.

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According to the mineral composition [Formula: see text] of jadeite, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with a molar ratio of 1:1 were selected as raw materials. One sample was undoped, and five samples were mixed with 0.4 wt.% [Formula: see text], MnO, CoO, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. The experimental studies were executed under the synthetic condition of 5 GPa pressure and [Formula: see text] temperature using China-type large volume cubic high-pressure apparatus (CHPA) (SPD-6X1200). After the experiment, compositions of the synthetic jadeites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, microstructures characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), molecular vibration types investigated by Raman spectra. The color-causing ion of the synthetic jadeites was investigated by UV–Vis Spectra. The results show that the synthetic jadeites have excellent crystallinity and fine-grained texture and similar structural behavior with natural jadeite. UV–Vis Spectra indicated that different colors of samples have different ion absorption peaks, thus showing different colors. This experiment explored the geological conditions of synthetic jadeite by means of high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) to give a favorable experimental basis for synthetic jadeite and analyze the coloration mechanism of jadeite by way of ion-doping.

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31

Zhao, Baodong, and Gregory Jerkiewicz. "Electrochemically formed passive layers on titanium — Preparation and biocompatibility assessment in Hank's balanced salt solution." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v06-142.

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Uniform and crack-free passive layers on Ti are prepared using AC voltage in 7.5 wt.% aq. NH4·BF4 at 25 °C. The passive layers possess coloration (wide spectrum of colors) that depends on the experimental conditions. The biocompatibility of such prepared passive layers is evaluated using corrosion science and analytical techniques. Their corrosion behavior, Ti-ion release, surface roughness, and wettability in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) at 37 °C are the main focus of this work. Open-circuit potential and polarization measurements demonstrate that the corrosion potential (Ecorr) of the passive layers becomes more positive than that of the untreated Ti. The value of Ecorr increases as we increase the AC voltage (VAC). Their corrosion rate (CR) is lower than that of the untreated Ti, and they reduced the Ti-ion release level from 230 to 15 ppb. An increase in the AC voltage frequency (f) leads to a slightly higher level of the Ti-ion release (~50 ppb). Surface profilometry, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses show that prolonged exposure of the passive layers to HBSS results in changes to their surface topography. The passive layers prepared by the application of AC voltage are rougher and more hydrophilic than the untreated Ti. Our methodology of preparing biocompatible passive layers on Ti might be applied as a new surface treatment procedure for Ti implants.Key words: titanium, metal surface treatment, surface roughness, corrosion, metal ion release, contact angle.

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32

Kimura, Keiichi, Takashi Teranishi, and Masaaki Yokoyama. "Highly calcium-ion-accelerated coloration of bis(spirobenzopyran) bridged by diaza-18-crown-6 moiety at the 8-position." Supramolecular Chemistry 7, no. 1 (April 1996): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10610279608054989.

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Zeng, Yu, Yongkang Tang, Gang Li, Ziqiang Cheng, Yong Liu, and Gaorong Han. "Li-Ion-Trapping-Induced Degradation Mechanism of Colored State in Tungsten Oxide Electrochromic Films." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 126507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3abf.

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Aiming to investigate the degradation mechanism of their colored states, tungsten oxide films with different oxygen/tungsten ratio were prepared by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering through adjusting the oxygen partial pressure. After a long-term cycling test, the sample prepared under low oxygen partial pressure (LO#) showed an excellent cycle stability which its optical modulation amplitude remains stable at 23.6%, while the one prepared under high oxygen partial pressure (HO#) exhibited an obvious degradation process of the colored state, leading to the optical modulation amplitude decreased from 34.0% to 18.6% accompanied with a decay of ionic diffusion coefficient and electrode potential, but having an improved coloration efficiency. Combined with various structural characterizations, including SEM, LA-ICP-MS, Raman and XPS, we demonstrate such colored state degradation is attributed to the so-called shallow trap, which corresponds to the irreversible and non-coloring reaction with interstitial oxygen during the insertion of Li+ cations forming superoxides (e.g. LiO2). All these findings not only offer a new insight into the improvement of cyclic stability based on ion-exchange, but also provide a valued information to understanding the physicochemical mechanisms of degradation in electrochromic materials.

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Gies, Mario, Fabian Michel, Christian Lupó, Derck Schlettwein, Martin Becker, and Angelika Polity. "Electrochromic switching of tungsten oxide films grown by reactive ion-beam sputter deposition." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05321-y.

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Abstract Chromogenic thin films are crucial building blocks in smart windows to modulate the flux of visible light and heat radiation into buildings. Electrochromic materials such as tungsten oxide are well established in those devices. Sputter deposition offers a well-suited method for the production of such layers, which can also be used on an industrial scale. Tungsten oxide films were prepared by means of reactive ion-beam sputter deposition. The choice of distinct gas mixtures as well as the growth temperature during the sputtering process allows to tune the properties of the resulting layers. Especially, the variation in the growth temperatures was found to have an impact on the structure of the resulting samples and, as a consequence, on their optical and electrochemical properties. By specific choice of the reactive gas, the deposition of colorless transparent as well as blue films of different composition is possible. The optical transmittance in the visible spectral range was up to 75% for as-deposited oxygen-rich layers. Additionally, hydrogen-doped tungsten oxide samples were grown. Superior electrochromic switching was observed for H$$^{+}$$ + -doped layers, probably by some kind of preconditioning. This resulted in a value for the standardized optical coloration efficiency of 26.5 cm$$^{2}$$ 2 /C.

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35

Gisslen, Jennifer L., Cindy B. Tong, and Carl I. Rosen. "737 PB 035 l-UN TOMATO PLANTS TREATED WITH EDTA DO NOT PRODUCE FRUITS THAT TURN RED." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 538e—538. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.538e.

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It has been reported that 90-day old fruit of rin mutant tomato plants treated with nutrient solution containing 1 g EDTA/L attain 98% red coloration of untreated wild-type fruit. We grew rin plants in sand and watered with half-strength Hoagland's solution until flowering. After flowering, plants were watered until run-off daily with full-strength Hoagland's solution (control), full-strength Hoagland's solution with 135 μ M or 2.5 mM Na2EDTA, or full-strength Hoagland's solution lacking calcium. We did not observe any red fruit or measure any differences in ethylene production or soluble polyuronides content. Analyses of pericarp ion content indicated that fruit from plants treated with 2.5 mM Na2EDTA had higher concentrations of sodium and manganese than control fruit. Fruit from plants treated with solution lacking calcium developed blossom end rot and had less calcium and iron than control fruit.

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36

Wang, Kun, Kai Tao, Ran Jiang, Hongliang Zhang, Lingyan Liang, Junhua Gao, and Hongtao Cao. "A Self-Bleaching Electrochromic Mirror Based on Metal Organic Frameworks." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 2771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112771.

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered to be the most promising positive anode materials to store charge for electrochromic devices. Nevertheless, a detailed mechanism of the electrochemical and ions storage process has not yet been revealed. Herein, the electrochemical mechanism of the highly porous ZIF-67 films and the electrochromic performance of electrochromic mirrors constructed from ZIF-67 and WO3 electrodes were investigated. The mechanism of the charge storage was revealed in the kinetic analysis of the Li-ion behavior based on the cyclic voltammetry curves and electrochemical impedance spectra. Impressively, the electrochromic mirrors with the self-bleaching effect and self-discharge behavior showed a unique electrochromic performance, such as a high coloration efficiency of 16.47 cm2 C−1 and a maximum reflectance modulation of 30.10% at 650 nm. This work provides a fundamental understanding of MOFs for applications in electrochromic devices and can also promote the exploration of novel electrode materials for high-performance reflective electrochromic devices.

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Hanana, Mohsen, Olivier Cagnac, Mokhtar Zarrouk, and Eduardo Blumwald. "Rôles biologiques des antiports vacuolaires NHX : acquis et perspectives d’amélioration génétique des plantes." Botany 87, no. 11 (November 2009): 1023–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-073.

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NHX antiporters are membrane proteins that mediate cation and proton exchanges across vacuolar membranes. In particular, they catalyze the Na+–H+ exchanges and, consequently, sequester Na+ into vacuoles. The latter mechanism protects essential enzymatic reactions in the cytoplasm from toxicity due to excess Na+ levels, while adjusting turgor by means of vacuolar Na+ as an osmoticum. The function of vacuolar NHX antiporters in plants has been studied primarily in the context of salinity tolerance. The expression of induction of NHX-type genes in response to NaCl treatment was observed for most NHX-type genes characterized, and their overexpression allowed to confer an improved tolerance to salinity, initially in transgenic model plants ( Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and tobacco) and, subsequently, in cultivated plants (tomato, rice, wheat, etc.). As many genes encoding these antiporters have been cloned from both salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant species and because multiple isoforms can be identified in genomes that have been sequenced, it is likely that these antiporters assume functions at various levels beside providing tolerance to salinity. Indeed, in addition to playing a role in other known functions such as pH regulation, ion homeostasis, and osmotic and turgor regulation, they also have an important role in diverse physiological processes, including control of cell growth and proliferation, vesicle biogenesis and trafficking, protein targeting, and more specifically, leaf development, blue-flower coloration, and grape berry maturation. If we take into account the high probability that vacuolar NHX antiporters play a role in multiple physiological processes, it would be possible, by exploiting the available information, to use several molecular methods, such as overexpression or silencing of NHX-type genes, to achieve the selection and improvement of interesting plant characters, including flower coloration, fruit maturation, and tolerance to salinity and drought.

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Graßmann, Carsten, Maureen Mann, Lieva Van Langenhove, and Anne Schwarz-Pfeiffer. "Textile Based Electrochromic Cells Prepared with PEDOT: PSS and Gelled Electrolyte." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 5691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195691.

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Electrochromic devices can act as passive displays. They change their color when a low voltage is applied. Flexible and bendable hybrid textile-film electrochromic devices with poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared on polyethylene polyethylene terephthalate (PEPES) membranes using a spray coating technique. The electrolyte consisted of a gelatin glycerol mixture as host matrix and calcium chloride. Titanium dioxide was used as an ion storage layer and a carbon containing dispersion was used for the counter electrode on a polyester rip-stop fabric. The sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS on PEPES was 500 Ohm/sq. A 5 × 5 electrochromic matrix with individually addressable pixels was successfully designed and assembled. The switching time of the pixels was 2 s at a voltage of 2.0 V directly after assembling. The use of titanium dioxide as ion storage also increased the contrast of the dark-blue reduced electrochromic layer. Coloration was not self-sustaining. The PEDOT:PSS layer needed a constant low voltage of at least 0.5 V to sustain in the dark-blue reduced state. The switching time increased with time. After 12 months the switching time was ~4 s at a voltage of 2.8 V. The addition of glycerol into the electrolyte extended the lifetime of a non-encapsulated textile electrochromic cell, because moisture is retained in the electrolyte. Charge carriers can be transported into and out of the electrochromic layer.

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39

Suetsugu, Tatsuya, Takashi Wakasugi, and Kohei Kadono. "Effect of glass composition on silver-incorporation into aluminoborosilicate glasses through a staining process." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 4 (April 2010): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0086.

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To fabricate graded-index optical elements by silver staining, we investigated the behavior of ion incorporation in aluminoborosilicate glasses, in which the contents of Al2O3 and Na2O were the same (in mol%). The amount of silver incorporated into the aluminoborosilicate glasses by the staining at 320 °C for 12 h was 5 to 10 times larger than that incorporated into the soda-lime silicate and borosilicate glasses. The diffusion depth of the incorporated silver ions was approximately 80 μm, which was also much deeper than that of the soda-lime silicate and borosilicate glasses. The coloration of the glasses was suppressed, particularly for the glass with the low content of Na2O. The concentration of the incorporated silver ions at the glass surface was 2 × 1021 atom/cm3 for the 37.5SiO2·25Al2O3·25Na2O·12.5B2O3 glass, corresponding to the replacement of sodium ions (20%). The refractive indices near the stained surfaces increased by 0.04 to 0.06. These values were comparable with those of the soda-lime silicate and borosilicate glasses.

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40

Qi, Yun-Kai, Shu-Min Yang, Xin Li, Qin Xu, and Jian-Jun Gu. "Effects of multi-energy field electrodeposition on properties of Al2O3-Co composite films." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 1 (2022): 017801. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211313.

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The multi-energy composite field micro-electrodeposition processing technology is used to prepare colorful structural coloration magnetic Al2O3-Co composite films each with a gradual microstructure. Under the action of the deposition electric field and the deflection electric field perpendicular to it, the microstructure, optical properties and magnetic properties of the composite films show gradual characteristics along the direction of the deflection electric field. By establishing an equivalent model of the microstructure, the mechanism of the microstructure change of the composite film is theoretically analyzed. Through software simulation, the distribution of Co ion deposition current density along the direction of the deflection electric field is quantitatively analyzed. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical and experimental results. Through this study, we find that the micro-electrodeposition processing technology with using multi-energy field composite can control the micro-domain structure of the composite film from a microscopic point of view, and achieve the fine control of the magnetic and optical properties of the film micro-domain.

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41

Wang, Le, Fei Sun, Zi Yi Wan, Baoqing Ye, Yanfei Wen, Huiming Liu, Zituo Yang, et al. "Genomic Basis of Striking Fin Shapes and Colors in the Fighting Fish." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 3383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab110.

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Abstract Resolving the genomic basis underlying phenotypic variations is a question of great importance in evolutionary biology. However, understanding how genotypes determine the phenotypes is still challenging. Centuries of artificial selective breeding for beauty and aggression resulted in a plethora of colors, long-fin varieties, and hyper-aggressive behavior in the air-breathing Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens), supplying an excellent system for studying the genomic basis of phenotypic variations. Combining whole-genome sequencing, quantitative trait loci mapping, genome-wide association studies, and genome editing, we investigated the genomic basis of huge morphological variation in fins and striking differences in coloration in the fighting fish. Results revealed that the double tail, elephant ear, albino, and fin spot mutants each were determined by single major-effect loci. The elephant ear phenotype was likely related to differential expression of a potassium ion channel gene, kcnh8. The albinotic phenotype was likely linked to a cis-regulatory element acting on the mitfa gene and the double-tail mutant was suggested to be caused by a deletion in a zic1/zic4 coenhancer. Our data highlight that major loci and cis-regulatory elements play important roles in bringing about phenotypic innovations and establish Bettas as new powerful model to study the genomic basis of evolved changes.

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42

Nguyen, Thi Hai Quyen, Florian Eberheim, Sophie Göbel, Pascal Cop, Marius Eckert, Tim P. Schneider, Lukas Gümbel, Bernd M. Smarsly, and Derck Schlettwein. "Enhancing the Spectroelectrochemical Performance of WO3 Films by Use of Structure-Directing Agents during Film Growth." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052327.

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Thin, porous films of WO3 were fabricated by solution-based synthesis via spin-coating using polyethylene glycol (PEG), a block copolymer (PIB50-b-PEO45), or a combination of PEG and PIB50-b-PEO45 as structure-directing agents. The influence of the polymers on the composition and porosity of WO3 was investigated by microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and gas sorption analysis. The electrochromic performance of the WO3 thin films was characterized with LiClO4 in propylene carbonate as electrolyte. To analyze the intercalation of the Li+ ions, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were performed on films in a pristine or reduced state. The use of PEG led to networks of micropores allowing fast reversible electrochromic switching with a high modulation of the optical transmittance and a high coloration efficiency. The use of PIB50-b-PEO45 provided isolated spherical mesopores leading to an electrochromic performance similar to compact WO3, only. Optimum characteristics were obtained in films which had been prepared in the presence of both, PEG and PIB50-b-PEO45, since WO3 films with mesopores were obtained that were interconnected by a microporous network and showed a clear progress in electrochromic switching beyond compact or microporous WO3.

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43

Kyriacou, Marios C., Chrystalla Antoniou, Youssef Rouphael, Giulia Graziani, and Angelos Kyratzis. "Mapping the Primary and Secondary Metabolomes of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Fruit and Its Postharvest Antioxidant Potential at Critical Stages of Ripening." Antioxidants 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010057.

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Six critical stages corresponding to major morphophysiological events in carob fruit ripening were defined, and changes in the primary and secondary metabolome and in vitro antioxidant capacity were examined in two genotypes collected at low (15 m) and high (510 m) altitudes from genetically identified and georeferenced trees. Soluble carbohydrates were analyzed by HPLC-RI, macro-minerals by ion chromatography coupled to conductivity detection and polyphenols by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS. spectroscopy facilitated assays for condensed tannins and in vitro free-radical scavenging capacity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The fruit respiration rate and moisture content declined sharply during the transition from the breaker to green pedicel stage. Sugar accumulation spiked at the onset of fruit coloration and culminated at 498.7 ± 8.4 mg g−1 dry weight (dw) in the late ripe stage, while the ratio of reducing sugars to sucrose decreased from 3.45 ± 0.32 to 0.41 ± 0.02. The total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins declined with ripening, particularly during the transition from the breaker to green pedicel stage. Eighteen polyphenols were identified and quantitated, with catechins and hydrolyzable tannins being dominant until the onset of fruit coloration. The transition to the green pedicel stage signaled a precipitous decline (90.9%) in catechins, hydrolyzable tannins (60.2%) and flavonol glycosides (52.1%) concomitant to the rise in gallic acid, which was putatively fueled by the enzymatic hydrolysis of gallotannins in immature fruit. Catechins, hydrolyzable tannins and flavone glycosides were more abundant at higher altitudes and gallic acid at lower altitudes. An antioxidant capacity was also favored by higher elevations and declined with ripening, particularly after the breaker stage. Correlations with FRAP and DPPH assays were significant for the total phenolic content, condensed tannins, catechins and hydrolyzable tannins. The highest correlation factors were obtained for epigallocatechin-gallate (r = 0.920 and r = 0.900; p < 0.01). Although the sharp drop in hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable tannins and catechins compromised the in vitro antioxidant capacity at physiological maturity, it also reduced the astringency and configured a palatable organoleptic fruit profile. These changes unraveled significant episodes in the ripening-related secondary metabolism of the carob fruit. They further highlighted the value of immature carob as a potent source of gallotannins, with putative in vivo anti-inflammatory action, and of catechins beneficial in preventing and protecting against diseases caused by oxidative stress.

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Yang, Li Dan, Ming Quan Ye, and Ai Jun Han. "Low Temperature Combustion Synthesis and Characterization of Pr-CeO₂ Doped with Zr Red Ceramic Pigments." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.514.

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New inorganic pigments Ce0.95ZrxPr0.05-xO2(x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) based on CeO2-ZrO2-Pr6O11solid solutions were synthesized by low-temperature combustion synthesis (LCS) method using citric acid as a reductant and metal nitrate as an oxidant. The pigments are CeO2solid solutions doped with praseodymium and zirconium ions, and display colors ranging from dark brown via brick red to bright cream. The prepared pigments were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and colorimetrical measurements. Results show that cubic fluorite structure solid solution of 100 nm Ce0.95ZrxPr0.05-xO2particles can be obtained at 1000 °C. There was an effective absorption of visible blue and green in 600 nm, which is originated from the shift of charge transfer band in CeO2by doping of zirconium and praseodymium ions. Effective red hue was obtained for Ce0.95Zr0.02Pr0.03O2composition, which exhibited better L*, a*,and b* values (57.64, 23.83 and 23.78). The coloring mechanism is based on the introduction of an additional electronic energy level of unpaired 4f electron of the lanthanide ion into the cerianite forbidden band. Furthermore, the doping of Zr in Pr-CeO2system raises the slope of the absorption edge with a blue shift resulting in enhanced lightness. The prepared pigments were prospective to be alternatives for toxic pigments used in coloration of plastics.

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Ojstršek, Alenka, Primož Vouk, and Darinka Fakin. "Adsorption of Pollutants from Colored Wastewaters after Natural Wool Dyeing." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041488.

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The presented study assesses the efficiency of selected adsorbents, zeolite 4A in two particle sizes and pelletized activated carbon (AC), for the potential removal of color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and metals from wastewaters after natural wool dyeing. Firstly, the natural coloring compounds were extracted from dried common walnut (Juglans regia) leaves and used further for exhaustion dyeing of wool fibers, together with three different metallic salts in two concentrations (meta-mordanting). Effluents with higher mordant concentration were additionally treated according to a shake-flask adsorption experiment. The obtained results revealed efficient removal of exceeded metallic ions by zeolite (up to 94.7%), on account of their superior ion exchange capability as compared to AC. The zeolites also reduced turbidity and electrical conductivity significantly. On the other hand, AC was more efficient for the reduction in organic pollution, COD up to 96% and TOC up to 95%, due to its higher specific surface area and total pore volume, and, thus, higher potential for adsorption of different compounds in comparison to 4A. All three proposed adsorbents lowered wastewaters’ coloration remarkably, up to 78% (AC) and up to 71% (4A), depending on the type of effluent/mordant and inspected wavelength; although, the spectral absorbance coefficient (SAC) values remained highly above the limit values for discharge of wastewaters into watercourses.

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Rose, Mary Ann, Mark Rose, and Hao Wang. "431 Seasonal Changes in Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency in a Woody Ornamental (Tilia cordata Mill. `Greenspire')." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 467E—468. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.467e.

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Fertilizer recommendations for woody ornamentals suggest applying nutrients in early spring at budbreak, and in fall at the time of leaf coloration or leaf abscission. Because plants lack functional leaves at those times, there would be minimal contributions from photosynthesis to active ion absorption or from transpiration to mass flow of ions in soil towards roots. Thus, we hypothesized that fertilizer efficiency also would be low at those times. To estimate N uptake efficiency, 15N-enriched fertilizer was applied to container linden trees at one of five times during the 1998 season: at budbreak, during active growth, after terminal bud-set, before leaf abscission, and during leaf abscission. Half of the plants received 15N-nitrate-enriched ammonium nitrate on each date, and half received 15N-ammonium-enriched ammonium nitrate. Treated plants were harvested 10 days after enriched fertilizer application (29 May, 6 July, 17 Aug., 28 Sept., and 16 Nov.). Patterns of uptake were not different between plants treated with 15N-ammonium- or 15N-nitrate-enriched fertilizer. In both cases, nitrogen recovery efficiencies at budbreak and leaf abscission were much lower than at other application times. Whole-plant recovery efficiency of 15N-nitrate-enriched ammonium nitrate was 10% at budbreak, 13% at leaf abscission, and ranged from 58% to 71% for the intervening times. Recovery of 15N-ammonium-enriched ammonium nitrate was 6% at budbreak, 24% at leaf abscission, and 42% to 56% for intervening times.

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Sagdieva, Guzal Juraevna. "Problems Of Colorative Vocabulary In Modern Linguistics." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue01-107.

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This article discusses coloration vocabulary that expresses the meaning of a color. The vocabulary denoting color, as a descriptive element, acts in a direct meaning, and can also have an additional figurative meaning. Color coding has been studied by researchers in various aspects. There is a description of the composition the colorative vocabulary and its semantic structure. The research was carried out in ethnolinguistic, comparative-historical and psycholinguistic aspects. Also, proven the psychophysiological influence of color on a person.

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Torner, H., N. Ghanem, C. Ambros, M. Hoelker, W. Tomek, C. Phatsara, H. Alm, et al. "254 MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF OOCYTES SCREENED FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE BASED ON G6PDH ACTIVITY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab254.

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Oocyte selection based on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity has been successfully used to differentiate between competent and incompetent bovine oocytes (Alm 2005 Theriogenology 63, 2194–2205). However, the intrinsic molecular and subcellular characteristics of these oocytes have not yet been investigated. Here we aim to compare the developmental, molecular, and subcellular characteristics of oocytes selected using brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining based on G6PDH activity. Immature compact cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were stained with 26 µm BCB (B-5388, Sigma-Alderich, Taufenkirchen, Germany) for 90 min. Based on their coloration, oocytes were divided into BCB– (colorless cytoplasm, high G6PDH activity) and BCB+ (colored cytoplasm, low G6PDH activity). The chromatin configuration and the mitochondrial activity of oocytes were determined by fluorescence labelling and photometric measurement (n = 337). The abundance and phosphorylation pattern of protein kinases Akt and MAP kinase were estimated by western blot analysis (n = 500). A bovine cDNA microarray with 2000 clones was used to analyze the gene expression profiles of BCB+ and BCB– oocytes (n = 580). BCB+ oocytes were found to result in a higher blastocyst rate (33.1 � 3.1%) until Day 8 of in vitro culture compared to BCB– ones (12.1 � 1.5%). Moreover, BCB+ oocytes showed higher phosphorylation levels of Akt and MAP kinase compared to the BCB– oocytes. After array data analysis, BCB+ oocytes were found to be enriched with genes regulating transcription (SMARCA5), cell cycle (NASP), and protein biosynthesis (RPS274A and EEF1A1), while the BCB– oocytes had a higher level of genes involved in ATP synthesis (ATP5A1), mitochondrial electron transport (FL405), calcium ion binding (S100A10), and growth factor activity (BMP-15). Independent real-time quantitative PCR validated 90% (9/10) of the genes investigated to be in agreement with the array expression profile. The study has shown evidence of differences in molecular and subcellular organization of oocytes with different G6PDH activity.

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Karampelas, Stefanos, Emmanuel Fritsch, Jean-Yves Sklavounos Mevellec, and Triantafyllos Soldatos. "Role of polyenes in the coloration of cultured freshwater pearls." European Journal of Mineralogy 21, no. 1 (February 6, 2009): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1897.

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50

Tikkanen, P., A. Huhta, and T. Muotka. "Determinants of substrate selection in lotic mayfly larvae: is cryptic coloration important?" Fundamental and Applied Limnology 148, no. 1 (April 13, 2000): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/148/2000/45.

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