Дисертації з теми "Invertébrés d'eau douce – Habitat"
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Moreau, Axelle. "Relation entre les invertébrés d’eau douce et le Canard souchet Spatula clypeata en halte prénuptiale dans deux zones humides de Vendée (France)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS004.
Повний текст джерела"Income breeder", the Northern shoveler Spatula clypeata makes several stopovers between its wintering and breeding site in order to replenish its reserves and complete its pre-breeding migration. Freshwater invertebrates are the main prey of the Northern shoveler and are captured mainly by filtration. This research project had three main objectives: (1) to understand the abundance, diversity, and habitat of freshwater invertebrates in two wetlands known for their high abundance of Northern shoveler, the Marais breton, and the Marais poitevin; (2) to study the environmental and nutrient characteristics of the habitats used by the Northern shoveler during its prenuptial stopover; (3) to define habitat management measures in favour of all of the species groups studied. This study showed that the ponds studied were abundant in freshwater invertebrates. The study defined four habitat typologies based on environmental variables and the presence of some key invertebrate taxa. During migratory stopover, the Northern shoveler used different habitats with a nychthemeral rhythm. Daytime sites were deep and sparsely vegetated habitats dominated by microcrustaceans, while nighttime sites were shallow and vegetated habitats with high invertebrate taxonomic diversity. Home range sizes did not differ between the two wetlands, between sexes or between age classes (juveniles and adults). Finally, this study revealed that during the prenuptial stopover, the Northern shoveler fed mainly on Cladocera, Copepoda, Chironomidae larvae, Pleidae and Particulate Organic Matter. The results of this work could help to define management and habitat conservation measures for all the species studied
Trouilhé, Marie-Cécile. "Etude biotique et abiotique de l'habitat préférentiel de l'écrevisse à pattes blanches (Austropotamobius pallipes) dans l'ouest de la France : implications pour sa gestion et sa conservation." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2289.
Повний текст джерелаFrom November 2002 to December 2005, the preferential habitat of the indigenous white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) was determined in the “Pays de Gâtine” (Deux-Sèvres, France). For this study, eight brooks, from four different catchments, were selected. Two sampling sites were monitored per brook; the first being where the population was present and the second 2 to 3 km downstream of the population. Twenty-three physico-chemical parameters, concerning both mineral and organic water components, were regularly measured as well as four samplings of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna. This study made it possible to build up a large data base characterizing the tolerance levels of A. Pallipes with respect to certain parameters, which led us to discuss its status as a bioindicator of water quality. The use of multivariate analysis (mainly Principal Component Analysis) showed (i) that organic matter seems to discriminate A. Pallipes presence/absence and (ii) that A. Pallipes presence is closely associated with the occurrence of some families of macroinvertebrates which are very sensitive to organic pollution. PCA also permitted us to considerably reduce the number of abiotic and biotic parameters considered. In addition, the use of these selected parameters to model A. Pallipes presence/absence with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) showed interesting and promising results for the management and the conservation of this threatened species
Doledec, Sylvain. "Les peuplements de macroinvertébrés benthiques du cours inférieur de l'Ardèche : dynamique spatio-temporelle." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO19003.
Повний текст джерелаTabacchi, Eric. "Variabilité des peuplements riverains de l'Adour. Influence de la dynamique fluviale à differentes échelles d'espace et de temps." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30002.
Повний текст джерелаMaasri, Alain. "Impact de l'enrichissement des eaux sur le peuplement d'invertébrés benthiques : approche multi-échelles des relations trophiques structurant la communauté de chironomidae (diptera : nematocera) rhéophiles." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30031.
Повний текст джерелаThe aquatic biocenoses of the Arc stream, a coastal Mediterranean stream, were investigated to assess the impact of the water enrichment on the communities'trophic and taxonomic structures. The benthic macroinvertebrates communities, the chironomid communities and the epilithon were studied for this purpose. At first, the acroinvertebrates communities were studied in the main stem and in different pristine tributaries to consider the role of these tributaries in the maintenance of the macroinvertebrates biodiversity at the catchment scale. Then the chironomid communities were investigated using the pupal exuviae assemblages to assess changes in the chironomid communities' trophic and taxonomic structures along a water enrichment gradient. At the riffle scale, correlations were found between the epilithic algal structure and the chironomid larvae distribution; and the guts content analysis of Eukiefferiella claripennis revealed the foraging behaviour of such opportunistic taxa and helped to understand how this taxa spread under such conditions. All these approaches allowed us to assemble clues for understanding changes occurring in such enriched streams at different scales, going from the epilithic algae to the whole macroinvertebrate community
Fruget, Jean-François. "L'aménagement du bas-Rhône : évolution du fleuve et influence sur les peuplements de macroinvertébrés benthiques." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10206.
Повний текст джерелаCompin, Arthur. "Distribution spatiale des invertébrés benthiques du réseau hydrographique Adour-Garonne : modélisation et impact de l'anthropisation." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3257/.
Повний текст джерелаThe analysis of a large number of published works describing biodiversity at local scales allowed us to identify 1093 species of benthic invertebrates from 631 sampling sites in the Adour-Garonne stream system (South-Western France). Macroinvertebrate distribution revealed spatial patterns in species assemblages from which we derived stream classifications. These classifications showed altitudinal and geographic differences in the specific composition of invertebrate communities reflecting the various physiographical situations encountered by streams at a regional scale. They also provide a useful framework for studying and managing streams in large geographic areas. In an economically developed area, water is a useful resource for many human activities. Macroinvertebrate communities are very sensitive to human modifications on streams and the surrounding land. These modifications induce changes in "natural" spatial patterns of specific and functional diversity. The EU Water framework directive adopted in 2000 (2000/60/EC) defines goals for management and protection of European surface waters in the next years. It clearly states that the best model for a single system of water management is management by river basin. Our work suggest that the understanding of aquatic ecosystems at a river basin scale necessarily relies on the analysis of a large number of local studies, the origin of which is generally diverse. It also emphasized the significance of geographic information systems to compile and organize biotic and abiotic data and make them exploitable through adapted multivariate analysis techniques
Lagauzère, Sandra. "Influence de la bioturbation des macro-invertébrés benthiques sur le comportement biogéochimique de l'uranium au sein des sédiments d'eau douce." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22059.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn freshwater ecosystems, sediments act as an accumulation compartment for metallic pollutants as uranium. Secondary, there can also represent endogenous sources of contamination by resuspension (e. G. Flood, bioturbation) or changes of metal speciation that acts upon their bioavailability. Indeed, metallic compounds can be transformed in more or less toxic or inert compounds through physico-chemical (e. G. PH, redox conditions, ionic force) and microbiological variations. These conditions are themselves under the effects of benthic macro-invertebrate activities via bioturbation processes. The main objective of this PhD was to determinate the influence of two benthic macroinvertebrate species (Chironomus riparius and Tubifex tubifex) on the distribution and the transfers of uranium within freshwater sediments. To reach this goal, laboratory experiments were performed in order to (i) assess the effects of uranium on benthic macroinvertebrates, more particularly on their bioturbation activity, (ii) determine the influence of these organisms on uranium behaviour through high resolution physico-chemical measurements (e. G. Oxygen optodes, DET gel probes), and (iii) estimate the consequences of these interactions on pelagic organisms via genotoxicity measurements (micronuclei assay and molecular biomarkers analysis on Xenopus laevis). The results demonstrate that bioturbation intensity of macroinvertebrates can be affected in uranium-contaminated sediments, but the two species studied in this work show a relative tolerance. For high uranium concentrations (>100 times the geochemical background level), corresponding however to realistic concentrations in highly contaminated sites, T. Tubifex worms are able to maintain a sufficient bioturbation activity that induces a high remobilization of uranium initially associated with sediments to the overlying water (factor 2 to 10). That represents therefore a potential risk for the remaining aquatic biocenosis. However, by testing this assumption on X. Laevis, it was surprisingly noticed that the worms’ behaviour can be modified in presence of this organism in the water column. The effect of bioturbation on uranium release from the sediments was thus altered conducing to lower uranium concentrations in the water column. Nevertheless, sediment-associated uranium, without the effect of bioturbation, induces negative effects on this pelagic organism. Finally, this PhD work illustrates the interactions that can exist between aquatic organisms, sediment biogeochemistry and a metallic pollutant as uranium. The novel results obtained permit to view more precisely the consequences of uranium pollution in aquatic environment. More globally, this work will contribute to a better assessment of ecological risks in polluted aquatic ecosystems
Dedieu, Nicolas. "Mise au point d'un outil d'évaluation de la qualité biologique des petites rivières de Guyane sur la base des invertébrés benthiques." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2559/.
Повний текст джерелаThe European Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to achieve a rapid improvement of the water quality, in each member state, and to achieve good ecological status of rivers by 2015. This new directive implies not only to assess the degree of pollution but also to define an ecological state of the environment in relation to a reference condition. This has prompted a large amount of works which yielded characterizations of both reference physical-chemical environments and biological communities in continental Europe, as well as practical tools (e. G. , biological indices) to evaluate water quality. Although geographically distant the continent, DOMs are an integral part of the European Union and are subject to the same objectives and obligations in terms of environmental policies. French Guiana (FG) is an overseas region of France located on the north-eastern coast of South America. The Guianese primary forest remains one of the least impacted of the World, however, gold mining and timber have strong localized impacts upon river ecosystems. Small streams (from headwaters to rivers with depth inferior to 1 meter and width inferior to10 meters) represent 70-80% of all running waters in FG. Most small streams are located in forested areas and exhibit high ecological quality; some if not most of them have never been impacted by any human activity. The main objective of this thesis was to design a biotic index to assess the ecological quality of small streams of FG. We first analysed the effects of disturbance on the physical-chemical quality of ecosystems. Then, we brought out the first typology of community structure in relation to environmental conditions. The identification of the sub-ecological regions and the references conditions allowed us to build a first multi-metric. Finally, a functional approach based on Ephemeroptera was used in order to provide new information on the ecology of this important order of macroinvertebrates. We first demonstrated that physical variables describing the river bottom, and suspended solids discriminate gold-mined from reference sites, while, whatever the type of impact encountered, nutrient concentrations do not prove relevant to measure human impacts. The bio-typology showed that sites characterized by invertebrate communities clustered into two major subsets: the coastal alluvial plain and the Guiana Shield. Changes in community composition, and to a lesser extent taxonomic richness within each sub region revealed ecological impacts of gold mining and logging. Among the biological metrics calculated from the hydro-ecoregions subsets of reference and impaired sites, we selected metrics exhibiting the best trade-off between high discrimination efficiency, low specificity, low redundancy and high stability under reference conditions. The IBMG is composed of two taxonomic richness-based metrics, two abundance-based metrics, one trait-related metric and a diversity index. Results on Ephemeroptera communities put in light the important role of this order for the bio-evaluation of small streams submitted to gold-mining. Future fundamental research on the ecology and the taxonomy of this order should thus improve the current bioassessment tool. Finally, this work highlighted the fact that headwater stream small of FG potentially harbor a rich and specific fauna
Capra, Hervé. "Amélioration des modèles prédictifs d'habitat de la truite Fario : échelles d'échantillonnage : intégration des chroniques hydrologiques." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10306.
Повний текст джерелаGayet, Guillaume. "Colonisation d'un écosystème d'eau douce hétérogène, par un oiseau d'eau herbivore : le cygne tuberculé (Cygnus olor) dans les étangs piscicoles de Dombes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20119.
Повний текст джерелаIn some cases, wetland colonization by animals and plants may be a major threat to biodiversity. It is therefore crucial to better understand the ecology of colonizing species to assess their relationships with the other elements of ecosystems. We studied the consequences of the relatively recent colonization of French fishponds by mute swan (Cygnus olor). We especially considered how such colonization now translates into space, through the analysis of habitat selection processes. Our results show that swan distribution within a fishpond landscape depends on fishpond spatial configuration (area isolation), available resources as well as mute swan breeding status. We then analysed the relationships between mute swan and fishpond animal and plant communities. Where swan pair settle, we do not demonstrate any effect of swan presence on the abundance of other waterbirds, nor any spatial exclusion within fishponds. Conversely, mute swans can signif icantly deplete aquatic macrophyte beds, suggesting cascade effects on other fishpond communities are possible. Like any perturbation caused by a colonizing species, that associated with swan arrival however has to be considered in the broader context of perturbation regimes onto the ecosystem. This is especially crucial in ecosystems like fishponds, that are so much dependent upon human activity
Devantery, Paul. "Action des courants sur la faune d'une mousse immergée : Platyhypnidium riparioides (Bryophyta)." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10012.
Повний текст джерелаCharvet, Stéphane. "Intégration des acquis théoriques récents dans le diagnostic de la qualité écologique des cours d'eau à l'aide des bioindicateurs invertébrés." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10069.
Повний текст джерелаBady, Pierre. "Modélisation de la relation entre la variabilité de l'habitat et la diversité fonctionnelle : application aux peuplements de macroinvertébrés des grands cours d'eau européens." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10053.
Повний текст джерелаMyskowiak, Jean-Bernard. "Etude des communautés d'invertébrés acquatiques et de la dynamique de colonisation d'un cadavre pendant sa phase immergée en vue d'estimer le delai de submersion." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S003.
Повний текст джерелаFrom the pathology point of view , invertebrates colonising cadavers in freshwater have been rarely used. This work, standing between fundamental and applied research, gives an insight of the colonisation of immersed body against time, in order to design a tool assessing the post-mortem day. Two experiments applying an animalmodel, and cross examination of the results are presented. Parameters that could be of significance (clothes, environment, physico-chemistry etc. . . ) are studied. Colonisations by invertebrates are examined against post-mortem stages and bio-indicators spectra are highlighted. In the afore mentioned basis, a working protocol is set up. Aquatic fauna is now able to constitute a relevant tool that can be used for assessing submersion delay
Hutagalung, Rory Anthony. "Évolution du peuplement piscicole de la Garonne à Toulouse dans un environnement anthropise : analyses biologique et écologique." Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT018A.
Повний текст джерелаTixier, Guillaume. "L' acidification anthropique des eaux de surface : effets sur les communautés de macro invertébrés benthiques : Autoécologie et réponses d'espèces caractéristiques des ruisseaux de tête de bassin des Vosges." Metz, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2004/Tixier.Guillaume.SMZ0433.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDespite the recent reduction of SO2 and NOx emissions, anthropogenic acidification of freshwater ecosystems remains a major ecological problem in several countries. In the Vosges Mountains, it still represents the first cause of headwater stream perturbation. Many researches have focused on the effects of acidification on the composition and structure of macroinvertebrate communities. In this way, it has been shown that the biodiversity (richness) of most invertebrate taxonomic groups has been severely impoverished in acidified ecosystems. To explain the modification of invertebrate assemblages, different types of response (not exclusive) have been proposed. 1) direct lethal and sublethal effects of acidification (i. E. High [H+] and [Al] and low [Ca]) leading to the disruption of important physiological functions (e. G. Ion-regulation, respiration), 2) indirect effects through changes in the quality and quantity of aquatic food resources. 3) indirect effects resulting from change in biotic interactions such as competition and/or predation. If the first hypothesis has been well studied, indirect effects and their consequences on ecosystem functioning have received little interest. In fact, studies performed on the field and using high level of taxon determination as well as autoecological aspects which are essential to understand these processes remain scarce. Our study accounts for more complex responses of macro invertebrates to acidification than previously reported. In particular, it reveals that some given taxa could be “acid-benefiting”. In this way, it confirms the major importance of indirect effects such as competition and predation leading to the modification of macro-invertebrate assemblages in acidic ecosystems. Moreover, it provides important informations on several autoecological traits, especially concerning their life history and feeding habits in pristine and acidified ecosystems. Our study emphasizes the crucial need of such fundamental aspects in understanding ecological processes, in particular when assessing the effects of freshwater acidification, and in the future the possible recovery of running water ecosystems from acidification
Richert, Caroline. "Comparaison de marqueurs biochimiques chez les poissons (induction de l'activité éthoxyrésorufine-O-deéthylase et inhibition de l'activité acétylcholinestérase) et d'indicateurs écologiques (peuplement de macroinvertébrés) pour le diagnostic in situ de la pollution toxique dans les cours d'eau." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10356.
Повний текст джерелаFontvieille, Dominique. "La circulation du carbone organique dans les écosystèmes lotiques : cas du phénomène d'autoépuration." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10047.
Повний текст джерелаDoumenq, Erika. "Typologie des biohydrosystèmes malgaches et bioindicateurs dulçaquicoles de modifications environnementales." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30020.
Повний текст джерелаThe study of lotic invertebrate communities in 220 stations spread over several malagasy hydrological basins has permitted to reveal for the whole group of taxons the presence of : a basic cenotic structure on the Western side, a more complex structure on the Eastern side. Both depending on altitude and plant parameters. Nevertheless, these general structures are only surface similarities and can be influenced by various parameters according to the families observed : Leptoceridae, Hydropsychidae and Baetidae. We have also compared the wildlife structures in the main watercourses with those in the tributaries, and the discovery of vicarions enabled us to make a comparison between the structures of the different communities in the basins composed of microendemic species. Finally, we have determined an index to assess the effects of deforestation by giving a weight of the various kinds of Hydropsychidae- the weight depending then on their sensitivity to the type of plant cover
Madéore-Le, Pichon Céline. "Une approche "Paysage aquatique" pour une meilleure connaissance du fonctionnement des écosystèmes fluviaux et l'amélioration de la conservation des peuplements de poissons." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066538.
Повний текст джерелаCellot, Bernard. "Dérive et flux du matériel organique, notamment des macroinvertébrés, dans une grande rivière européenne." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10002.
Повний текст джерелаGuilmet, Martine. "Impact des rejets urbains et industriels de la région Toulouse-sud sur l'écosystème aquatique de la Saudrune." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT001A.
Повний текст джерелаBouzidi, Abdelhamid. "Recherches hydrobiologiques sur les cours d'eau des massifs du Haut-Atlas (Maroc) : bio-écologie des macroinvertébrés et distribution spatiale des peuplements." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30022.
Повний текст джерелаMathuriau, Catherine. "Les macroinvertébrés des cours d'eau andins du Sud-Ouest de la Colombie : écologie et bioindication." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30237.
Повний текст джерелаGreulich, Sabine. "Compétition, perturbations et productivité potentielle dans la définition de l'habitat d'espèces rares : étude expérimentale du macrophyte aquatique Luronium natans (L) Rafin." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10077.
Повний текст джерелаBerlioz-Barbier, Alexandra. "Développement de méthodologies innovantes basées sur la nanochromatographie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse pour l'étude de la bioaccumulation et de la biotransformation de polluants émergents chez des invertébrés aquatiques d'eau douce." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10339.
Повний текст джерелаThe aquatic ecosystem is the result of a balance between the natural environment and the organisms that inhabit it. This balance can be modified by the input of excessive amount of substances generated from human activities. Nowadays, the impact of this pollution is still little known, especially regarding the risk of bioaccumulation in the first trophic levels. This lack of data could be partially explained by the lack of suitable analytical method for small organisms. In this context, the aim of this study is to establish the development, the validation and the application of analytical tools for the assessment of bioaccumulation and biotransformation of emerging pollutants in freshwater invertebrates. Three benthic invertebrates are chosen for this project: C. riparius, G. fossarum and P. antipodarum. Analytical method has been developed for the quantification of 35 emerging pollutants in the selected species. This method provides the first bioaccumulation data of targeted substances in individual scale through the implementation of miniaturized analytical strategy, including an extraction step based on MicroQuEChERS followed by nanoliquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis. To better understand the impact of such pollution and to obtain a global view of the biotransformation capacities of the selected organisms, metabolomics approach has been put in place. Finally, a new quantification mode based on MRM3 was used to overcome biotic matrix complexity and assess the bioaccumulation kinetics of potential tracers of anthropic pollution
Piscart, Christophe. "Rôle de la salinité dans la dynamique et la régulation de la biodiversité des communautés de macroinvertébrés dulçaquicoles." Metz, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2004/Piscart.Christophe.SMZ0427.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOne of the consequences of the climat changes and rising temperatures on continental aquatic environments will be an increase their salinity levels. This salinization process is due to multiple factors such as an increase of evaporation, a rise of the sea level and the subterranean aquifers or a change of land use and erosonial process of drainage basins. In spite of its importance, the role of the salinity in freshwater ecosystems is poorly known, in particular in temperate ecosystems. The main objective of this sudy is to improve our knowledge of the role and consequences of a rising salinity on the freshwater biota. A particular section of the Meurthe River allowed us to study on the field the role played by the salinity in the regulation of biodiversity of the macroinvertebrate community. This section of 19 Km presents a salinity gradient ranging from 0. 21 to 2. 60 g. L-1. The first part of this study document our knowledge on the change of macroinvertebrate communities along a salinity gradient in term of biodiversity and structure but also in terms of bio/ecological characteristics of macroinvertebrate assemblages. In the second part, the study is focused on the populationnal and individual scales to explain the observed changes in community scale, especially by using some laboratory tests of the salinity tolerance of 60 taxa belonging to all faunistic groups. From a practical point of view, we explored several bioassessment tools adapted to the study of salinization process such as the bused of sentinel substrate and artificial substrates. Some inovative investigations have also been realized on the use of fluctuating asymmetry to highlight developmental instabilities in natural population submitted to a salinity stress
Touron, Poncet Heliott. "Biodiversité des communautés d'invertébrés benthiques des rivières de la Guadeloupe et réponses aux perturbations anthropiques." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2292/.
Повний текст джерелаAquatic communities (algae, invertebrates, fish) have been used for decades to assess the biological quality of rivers. Practical methods to calculate biotic indices have been designed (e. G. , based on macroinvertebrate diversity indices) to be applied routinely by managers of aquatic environments. These standardized methods did not reflect a repository corresponding to the "reference" state of the communities to be expected under natural conditions. . During the last decade, the European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) has prompted a large number of works that have led to a redefinition of biomonitoring tools. One of the newer approaches to assessing the ecological quality of rivers within the Framework is the Reference Condition Approach (RCA), where ecological health is defined in terms of similarity to an undisturbed ("reference") state. Although new, RCA-based bioassessment tools are now implemented in continental Europe, these methods are not directly transferable to EU's Overseas Territories, where biogeographic and climatic conditions on the one hand, and lack of knowledge of the fauna on the other hand do not allow to apply current EU standards. We designed a WFD-compliant biomonitoring index adapted to rivers of Guadeloupe (French Lesser Antilles). The development of this index required to deepen our knowledge of the fauna, and then to define a biotypology of rivers. Our results highlight the importance of land use and geomorphology in the definition of three ecological sub-regions (clusters) for benthic invertebrates. Based on this work, it was possible to create a multi-metric index (IBMA-971) to evaluate the ecological quality of rivers. Among 411 metrics (transformed into ecological quality ratio), we selected metrics with a high efficiency of discrimination, poor specificity and high stability under reference conditions. This index consists of 6 metrics derived from taxonomic diversity, richness, abundance and preference for substratum types. From a set of test data, we found that the IBMA-971 was sensitive to a wide range of anthropogenic impacts. This index proved applicable to islands from the same biogeographical region. In addition, an alternative (cost-effective and less time consuming) sampling method for the calculation of the IBMA was tested. Our results demonstrate that artificial substrates allow a quick assessment of ecological quality in Guadeloupe
Lacaze, Emilie. "Un biomarqueur de génotoxicité chez Gammarus fossarum : développement, signification fonctionnelle et application au milieu naturel." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ007S/document.
Повний текст джерелаGenotoxicants can induce deleterious changes in DNA, the biochemical carrier of inheritance. However, aquatic invertebrates such as crustaceans still lack genotoxicity biomarkers although these species play an essential role in ecosystems. The European Water Directive Policy (2000) is aimed at a holistic approach to towards integrated water protection, in order to improve the status of aquatic ecosystems. To this end, one approach is to develop and validate biomarkers in ecologically relevant species. In this perspective, the objectives of the present work were to develop, to validate, to study the ecological significance of a genotoxicity biomarker in the freshwater species gammarus fossarum and finally to assess it in the field. This is to our knowledge the first genotoxicity assessment in an ecologically relevant freshwater crustacean, using the comet assay. The novelty of our approach was to evaluate the consequences of the sperm DNA damage on reproduction, a crucial biological function. Taking into account biotic and abiotic factors, a robust reference value in gammarus fossarum spermatozoa DNA damage has been established. Then, a relationship bridging the biomarker response measured in spermatozoa and its consequences on reproduction has been shown enabling the establishment of a DNA damage threshold level leading to significant consequences for the reproduction and possibly subsequent population dynamics. Our work clearly demonstrated that DNZ damage in gammarus fossarum spermatozoa is an accurate and relevant biomarker for environmental risk assessment
Carteron, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude des ballastières de l'est de la France (région Franche-Comté) : influence de quelques paramètres sur les peuplements d'invertébrés benthiques." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11671.
Повний текст джерелаFranquet, Evelyne. "Occupation d'un espace fluvial par les diptères chironomidés à l'aval du Rhône : répartition des espèces selon la nature du substrat et les conditions de débit." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10142.
Повний текст джерелаRuaux, Brigitte. "Les plantes envahissantes des corridors fluviaux : traits biologiques, impacts de Ludwigia péploides et L.grandiflora en Loire moyenne et implications pour la gestion." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4040/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Loire catchment, and particularly in the middle Loire River, two species of water primroses (Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven subsp. montevidensis (Spreng.) Raven and L. grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) Nesom & Kartesz) which are invading exotic amphiphytes. They, mainly colonize former channels and river banks in the in between-dykes floodplain. This thesis studies the biology (reproduction, establishment, dispersal, …) of those two taxa, their effects on plant and animal communities (aquatic macro-invertebrates) in order to optimize their management. The results of the field surveys as well as in situ and ex situ experimentations show in particular: (i) differences between the two species concerning their reproduction features and their development in former channels and river banks, (ii) the possibility of a complete sexual reproduction cycle in the climatic conditions of the middle Loire River, (iii) the absence of effetcs on hydrophyte communities but a negative one on riparian communities, (iv) few differences between the diversity and the structure of invertebrate communities in stands of both native macrophytes and exotic ones. From those results we suggest a survey and management protocol for water primroses in the two types of habitats (former channels and river banks), including in particular the new piece of data on high probability of sexual reproduction
Villeneuve, Bertrand. "Modèles multi-stress et multi-échelles de l’état écologique : vers une analyse du risque d’altération des cours d’eau et des bassins versants." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0229/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe rivers and their watersheds are complex systems in dynamic balance. If processes acting in stream are relatively well known (organic matter and sediment transport, litter degradation, etc ...), it is much more difficult to have a relevant representation of this functioning considering the hierarchy of scales, land determinants affecting aquatic environments and combined multiple stressors. We conducted an exploration whose purpose was to seek the multiple causes of degradation of the ecological status, to know the spatial extent and severity and to be able to recommend effective restoration actions. In the first part of the thesis, we developed large-scale models, based on existing data, to give answers applicable to the decision and management scales, i.e. European, national and regional. The main was to compare the relationships between the combined pressures represented by land cover and the ecological status of running waters in four European countries: France, Slovakia, Estonia, and UK (England and Wales). This first study allowed us i) to establish the hierarchy of the major influences that impact ecological status, particularly agriculture and urbanisation, ii) to identify regional patterns in these pressure-impact relationships and iii) to evaluate the relative weight of the pressures acting at the basin and riparian corridor scales, and the possible buffering effect of riparian land cover. In the second part of the thesis, we built a corpus of models capable of explaining the variability of the biological indices used in the survey network and also predict the ecological status of non-monitored water bodies in France. This permits to demonstrate that : (i) the parameters characterizing the load of nutrients and organic matter had a predominant effect on the three compartments, followed by land use and hydromorphology, (ii) it is possible to build models capable of predicting ecological status that are efficient and easily transferable, using data of different scales that influence the functioning of hydrosystems. In the third part, we tested if the relationships between local scale pressures and ecological status are hierarchically influenced by regional patterns (such as natural physiographic and/or driving forces). Introducing hierarchical factors in multi-stress models can lead to slight variations in responses of organisms to pressures according to their natural characteristics and their driving forces acting at catchment scale. And in the last part, the purpose of our approach was to take into account the nested scale organisation and the links between anthropogenic pressures and river ecological status by building - and analysing the results of - a model based on the PLS path modelling method. This method can be used to simultaneously analyse the effects of latent variables corresponding to land-use, hydromorphological and physico-chemical pressures on the ecological status of rivers, synthetically measured in this study by the macroinvertebrate-based French biotic index for wadeable rivers (I2M2). The development of this model should allow us to demonstrate : (i) the importance of land use effect exerted on both hydromorphology and physico-chemistry and their translation as an indirect effect on biological condition of streams, (ii) that hydromorphological alterations had an effect on substrates structure and nutrients and organic matter concentrations implying that hydromorphology has a major indirect effect on macroinverteb
Ivol-Rigaut, Jeanne-Marie. "Hydro-écorégions et variabilité des communautés du macrobenthos sur le bassin de la Loire : essai de typologie régionale et référentiel faunistique." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10065.
Повний текст джерелаKengne, Fotsing Joséphine. "Bio-évaluation des cours d’eau de la région Ouest du Cameroun à l’aide des macroinvertébrés benthiques et construction d’un indice multimétrique régional." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R067/document.
Повний текст джерелаBenthic macroinvertebrates have always been recognized as better tools for bio-assessment of the ecological quality of streams in both tropical and temperate areas. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the water quality of the Western region of Cameroon most degraded by various and multiple anthropogenic activities. From these communities of macroinvertebrates benthic and their ecological preferences at the mesohabitat scale, we resulted to the construction of a bio-assessment index of the ecological quality of streams adapted to this region. From multivariate analyzes, a stream biotypology into the sampled sites, allowed us to identify different distribution patterns, with on the one hand reference sites or non-impacted and the other hand, impacted sites based on the level of urbanization and the nature of the effluents in the different sub-watersheds. A multimetric index of biological quality (MMIWC), measuring the deviation from the reference, could be created, thanks to these two groups of stations. Among the 18 candidate metrics (transformed into Ecological Quality Ratio), we selected metrics with high discrimination efficiency and a low coefficient of variation in the reference conditions. The best performing index include two metrics derived to the taxonomic diversity (Shannon index) and taxonomic composition (1-GOLD). From a test dataset different to learning dataset, we were able to verify that MMIWC was stable in the reference conditions and sensitive to the full range of anthropogenic pressures present in this region, thus confirming its generalist character
Pallotini, Matteo. "Qualité biologique des eaux douces et impact des métaux lourds sur les populations et communautés de macroinvertébrés." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30383/document.
Повний текст джерелаWe studied the biological responses of individuals, populations and invertebrate communities to river sediment contamination by heavy metals. We examined the deformities of the mentum of Chironomus riparius larvae (Insecta, Diptera) to assess toxic effect of contamination of streams, the Genna (Central Italy). The study area is subjected to intense livestock activity that increases the metal pollution of the river, including copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel. The frequency of larval malformations (56%) was directly related to contamination, which shows that malformations of the mentum form a relevant proxy of toxic effects upon ecosystems. We also analyzed, in an industrial area of Central Italy, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea-Decapoda), a non-native crayfish used as a bio-indicator of the ecological health of freshwaters. The hepatopancreas, a detoxifying tissue, showed the highest metal concentrations compared to the abdominal muscles (non detoxifying tissue). This concentration ratio between the two types of tissues is a relevant marker of bio-ecological stress. The ratio decreased as follows: Cd (11.7) > Cu (5.5) > Pb (3.6) > Cr (1,5) > Zn (1.0), Ni (1.0). Comparison of bioaccumulations with a non-impacted reference site confirms that those metals that significantly accumulate in the hepatopancreas are cadmium and copper. At the community level, we studied the relationships between the combination of invertebrate functional traits and environmental conditions (24 physical-chemical variables) across the stream system (Nestore Basin, Central Italy). Stations with a good physical-chemical status showed higher variability in their composition of functional traits than in their physical-chemical variables. An opposite trend was observed in the polluted sites, where biological traits are poorly diversified and stable in space and in time, in relation to the decrease in taxonomic diversity linked to human disturbance. Finally, functional traits have proven more effective than physical-chemical analyzes in detecting changes in ecological functioning of streams when contaminant concentrations are low. The self-organizing map algorithm (SOM neural networks) was used to further model the spatial and temporal distribution of the various taxa in relation to the natural environmental variability and the level of chemical pollution (nutrients and heavy metals). Finally we have developed and validated a multimetric index based on invertebrate communities, to assess the ecological health of rivers of Central Italy in terms of deviation from a reference state. Out of 71 tested biological metrics, we retained those metrics that showed the best compromise in terms of discrimination efficiency, low specificity and low redundancy, and higher stability under reference conditions. These metrics, which provide information on the diversity, abundance, functional role and tolerance of organisms are: the Margalef index, the "Biological Monitoring Water Pollution" score, the number of families and the relative richness of shredders. This index, which complies with the prerequisites of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union responds significantly to freshwater pollution and sediment contamination by heavy metals
Persat, Henri. "De la biologie des populations de l'ombre commun Thymallus thymallus (L. 1758) à la dynamique des communautés dans un hydrosystème fluvial aménagé, le Haut-Rhône français : éléments pour un changement d'échelles." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10025.
Повний текст джерелаVervier, Philippe. "Hydrologie et dynamique des peuplements aquatiques souterrains : comparaison de deux systèmes karstiques des gorges de l'Ardèche." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10095.
Повний текст джерелаAlmohamad, Mohamad. "Etude écotoxicologique de l’impact de polluants provenant d’agrosystèmes sur des organismes animaux aquatiques non cibles : les oligochètes tubificidés Tubifex tubifex." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS013.
Повний текст джерелаThe work described in this thesis was conducted in order to test the potential use of autotomy of a freshwater invertebrate Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Oligochaeta) as a biomarker of the sanitary and environnemental quality of aquatic environments and make our contribution to the study of lethal and sublethal toxicity of various contaminants (paraquat as Gramoxone® ; fludioxonil form Géoxe®; isoproturon and fenhexamid) commonly used in the vineyard Champagne-Ardenne. We conducted experiments in the laboratory and at a site with several ponds collecting vineyard runoff and presenting contrasted contamination rates. We found a significant induction of autotomy during exposure to contaminants. The isoproturon and Géoxe® accumulate in the worm with contrasted pattern according to morphological worm regions. Histopathological and biochemical disturbances were observed in worms exposed to contaminants. Rates of histopathology alterations were less important in worms autotomized than in entire worms. The antioxidant defense systems and phase II metabolism (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase) varied in different way depending on the parameter tested but not general pattern of the biochemical responses occured. The experimental approach showed that the pond water rapidly induced autotomy and stressed worms. The autotomy rate was correlated with the exposure time and toxicant concentration. Similarly a good correlation existed "in situ" between autotomy rates and the sanitary quality of ponds. Thus the autotomy is an original morphological response that might be a potential biomarker of contamination and might be understood as an adaptive response to the presence of contamination
Flüeler, Marie-Josèphe. "Etude des macroinvertébrés -surtout des diptères- pour trois ruisseaux de plaine." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10045.
Повний текст джерелаDehédin, Arnaud. "Changements globaux et assèchement des zones humides fluviales : conséquences sur les processus biogéochimiques et les communautés d'invertébrés." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976026.
Повний текст джерелаPlichard, Laura. "Modélisation multi-échelles de la sélection de l’habitat hydraulique des poissons de rivière." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1284/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe habitat concept, which defines the place where organisms live, is composed by abiotic and biotic conditions and differs for examples between species or activities. The habitat selection is the process where organisms choose the habitat to live in function of all habitats available around them. This habitat selection depends on an individual choice related to the organism, for example its behavior and a common choice related to organisms sharing common traits as individuals from the same species. Specific habitat selection models are developed to understand and represent this common choice and used to build ecological flow tools. For freshwater fish, most of specific habitat selection models have low transferability between reaches and rivers. Indeed, they are built from abundance data and sampled in the same study reach during few numbers of surveys. In order to improve predictive quality of models, I developed an attractive modelling approach, both multi-reach and multi-survey, involving the non-linear response of habitat selection and abundance data overdispersion. Then, despite the high individual variability of habitat selection, I showed, from telemetry data, the relevance of developing specific habitat selection models. Finally, as the habitat selection is also depending on processes which influence community structures at the landscape scale (e.g. dispersal), I demonstrate the benefits of sampling methods such as snorkeling to characterize community structures and their longitudinal distributions at a large spatial scale. These techniques will allow studying the influence of landscape processes on habitat selection models
Silva, Renato Henriques da. "Elements of the metacommunity structure : comparison across multiple metacommunities." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3947/1/M11952.pdf.
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