Дисертації з теми "Inversion tomographique"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Inversion tomographique".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
NIKOLOVA, MILA. "Inversion markovienne de problemes lineaires mal-poses. Application a l'imagerie tomographique." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112061.
Повний текст джерелаRucareanu, Mihu. "Inversion tomographique des données de radar en forage avec correction des variations instrumentales." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/MQ53599.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCavalca, Maud. "Inversion tomographique des réflexions prismatiques en vue de la délinéation des structures très pentées." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112292.
Повний текст джерелаThis work aims at using the kinematic information contained in prismatic reflections for the delineation of steeply dipping structures, such as faults or overhangs of salt bodies. This double reflection (reflected on a steeply dipping structure and on a sedimentary interface) contains indeed precious information on the geometry of such structures; information that we attempt here to exploit by means of traveltime tomography. A precise kinematic analysis of these unusual reflections is first carried out so as to better understand under which conditions prismatic reflections can be observed in surface data and so as to finally set up an interpretative guideline of such reflections in seismic data. We then study the tomographic inversion of prismatic reflections. Some experiments carried out with a standard tomographic algorithm, reveal a major difficulty associated with a possible non definition of the forward map. The main part of this work is thus dedicated to the construction of a new tomographic algorithm which ensures the definition of the forward map and finally allows a robust inversion of prismatic reflections. Both direct and inverse problems are reformulated. This approach shows its efficiency for the delineation of steeply dipping (and/or overhanging) structures through different synthetic experiments. The benefit of using prismatic reflections for the velocity model building (interface geometries and velocities) is finally tested through the inversion of prismatic events interpreted and picked in a realistic dataset
Qin, Yilong. "SPICE benchmark pour méthodes tomographiques globaux et test des modèles tomographiques globaux." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GLOB0016.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last two decades, a lot of global-scale or regional-scale seismic models of the Earth's interiors have been constructed from different types of seismological measurements (body-wave traveltime, surface-wave phase velocity or full waveforms) and with different theoretical assumptions of seismic wave propagation (ray theory, Born approximation or wave equation) and with different inversion techniques (iterative least-square inversion, Monte-Carlo or Neighborhood algorithm) and different parameterizations (spherical harmonics up to a variable degree or blocks or adaptive triangles). Generally these different tomographic methods generate different tomographic models. To calibrate these different tomographic methods and test these different tomographic models, we decided to perform a global-scale benchmark for seismic tomography and test different global-scale tomographic models. So this thesis is divided into two parts
Rodet, Thomas. "Inversion Bayésienne : illustration sur des problèmes tomographiques et astrophysiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819179.
Повний текст джерелаBonnefond, Xavier. "Contributions à la tomographie thermoacoustique : modélisation et inversion." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1155/.
Повний текст джерелаThermoAcoustic Tomography (TAT) is a medical imaging technique using the pressure wave generated by a body illuminated by an electromagnetic pulse. Since the acoustic signal is recorded around the body, the resulting inverse problem can be formulated as follows : from the knowledge of a solution of the wave equation on some hypersurface, reconstruct its initial condition. Despite several inversion formulas, so far no efficient procedure, taking partial data and damping into account, is known. As well as a state of the art, this work is dedicated to the introduction of a variational approach for the TAT problem. We studied the regularization by mollification, which consists in replacing the original object by a limited resolution version of it, and treating the data so that they fit this new objective. Moreover, we used a noise level estimation provided by the Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization process to allow an accurate regularization parameter selection. In the second part of this work, we investigate the usual TAT model and put forward some damped wave equation with a finite wave front speed. This improvement yields to the use of the Back and Forth Nudging (BFN) method, which was first implemented for data assimilation purposes, to invert the TAT problem. This technique provides a sequence of approximations of the solution by iterating forward and backward implementations of a wave equation including a newtonian recall to the data. This method, which is proved to be convergent in an ideal framework, leads to convincing results in both partial data and attenuated wave cases
Dongmo, Wamba Mathurin. "Tomographie de l'Océan Indien par inversion de forme d'onde." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7077.
Повний текст джерелаThe arrival of some plumes and the birth of hotspots at the Earth surface is more likely the cause of the break up of the Pangea ~200 Ma ago, during the jurassic era. The Gondwana was formed by many continental masses like Africa, Australia, India and Antarctic. The late cretaceous was affected by a biological crisis caused by a volcanic and/or asteroid cataclysm which provoke the disappearance of 90% of life on the Earth including dinosaurs, and produced India Deccan trapps with an area of 2 millions km^2 and thickness of 2.5-3 km. This volcanic disaster was associated with the birth of la Réunion hotspot ~65 Ma years ago, from there the india plate entered into the northward migration with a velocity of about 18-20 cm/year, and the closure of the Tethys ocean in front of the indian plate started; in the meantime the raising of basaltic lava from the indian ridges formed a new ocean floor behind the indian plate: this was the birth of indian ocean. In 1953 the Canadian researcher Tuzo Wilson suggested that such an intra-plate volcano may be due to a fixed hotspot in the mantle capable to create successive volcano on the surface; later in 1971 Jason Morgan suggested that the hotspot is fed by a mantle plume rising from the core-mantle boundary due to thermal instabilies. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the actual state of the plume in the entire indian ocean, responsible of many volcanic islands such as Maldives, Maurice and Réunion. By applying waveform inversion we are able to image the earth structure down to the lower mantle; we use Rhum-Rum data and also data collected from FDSN (Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks) data center to perfom our inversion. We perform the forward modelling with the spectral element method. For this regional case we use RegSEM (regional spectral element method) to compute synthetic seismograms that were compared to real seismograms later on. We divided the waveform into several wavepackets, each wavepacket corresponds to a specific mode. We inverted for two parameters, isotropic velocity and radial anisotropy.The result shows a large velocity anomaly channel extending from East to West over nearly ~2100 km in the Mascarene basin at a depth of 200 km. Our model also bring to light a plume under the Reunion hotspot with a broad head in the upper mantle and a narrow tail anchored in the lower mantle. Our model sheds light on the connection between the Reunion plume and the South African LLSVP (Large Low Shear Velocity Province), as well as between the Mascarene anomaly and the base of the lower mantle
Basuyau, Clémence. "Inversion conjointe Fonctions récepteur - Gravimétrie - Tomographie télésismique: Développement et Applications." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783524.
Повний текст джерелаBasuyau, Clémence. "Inversion conjointe fonctions récepteurs - gravimétrie - tomographie télésismique : développement et applications." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066606.
Повний текст джерелаMagnin, Olivier. "Utilisation des ondes sismiques pour le caractérisation d'objets enfouis : contribution à la mise au point d'une méthode d'imagerie sismique de très haute résolution : application à l'imagerie des fondations de pylônes du Réseau de Transport d'Electricité." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10056.
Повний текст джерелаBrabant, Anne. "Présentation de quatre méthodes d'inversion en tomographie océanique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22065.
Повний текст джерелаQuintanar, Robles Luis. "Tomographie de la source sismique par inversion des ondes p telesismiques." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077255.
Повний текст джерелаLankar-Bénichou, Véronique. "Approches par tomographie sismique du Piton de La Fournaise, La Réunion." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GLOB0010.
Повний текст джерелаThurin, Julien. "Uncertainties estimation in Full Waveform Inversion using Ensemble methods." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02570602.
Повний текст джерелаFull Waveform Inversion (FWI) is an ill-posed non-linear inverse problem, aiming at recovering detailed pictures of subsurface physical properties, which are crucial to explore and understand Earth structures.Classically formulated as a least-squares optimization scheme, FWI yields a single subsurface model amongst an infinite possibility of solutions. With the general lack of systematic and scalable uncertainty estimation, this formulation makes interpretation of FWI's outcomes complex.In this thesis, we propose an unconventional, scalable way of tackling the lack of uncertainty estimation in FWI, thanks to data assimilation ensemble methods. We develop a scheme combining both classical FWI and the Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter, that we call ETKF-FWI, and which is successfully applied on two 2-D test cases. This scheme takes advantage of the theoretical common-ground between least-squares optimization problems and Bayesian filtering. We use it to recast FWI in a local Bayesian inference framework, thanks to the ensemble representation. The ETKF-FWI provides high-resolution subsurface tomographic models and yields a low-rank approximation of the posterior covariance, holding the uncertainty and resolution information of the proposed solution. We show how the ETKF-FWI can be applied to qualitatively evaluate uncertainty and resolution of the solution. Instead of providing a single solution, the filter yields an ensemble of models, from which statistical information can be inferred.Uncertainty is evaluated from the ensemble's variance, which relates to the diversity of solution amongst the ensemble members for each parameter. We show that lines of the correlation matrix are ideal to evaluate qualitatively parameters resolution, thanks to their adimentionality. While the methodology is computationally intensive, it has the benefit of being fully scalable. Its applicability is demonstrated on a synthetic benchmark. This preliminary test allows us to assess the sensitivity of the ensemble representation to the common undersampling bias encountered in ensemble data assimilation. While undersampling does not affect the image reconstruction in any way, it results in variance underestimation, which makes the whole exercise of quantitative uncertainty assessment complicated. Ensemble inflation has been used to mitigate this bias, but does not seems to be a practical solution.A field data experiment is also discussed in this thesis. It makes it possible to test the sensitivity of the ETKF-FWI to complex noise structure and realistic physics. As it stands, the complexity of the problem reduces flexibility in the ensemble generation, and hence on the uncertainty estimate. Despite these limitations, results are consistent with the synthetic benchmark, and we are able to provide a qualitative uncertainty assessment. The field data case also allows us to evaluate the possibilities to use the ETKF-FWI on multiparameter inversion, which is still regarded as a challenging topic in FWI. The ETKF-FWI multiparameter inversion yields improved models compared with conventional ones. More importantly, it makes it possible to assess the uncertainty associated with parameters cross-talks
Sirgue, Laurentf1975. "Inversion de la forme d'onde dans le domaine fréquentiel de données sismiques grands offsets." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112088.
Повний текст джерелаThe standard imaging approach in exploration seismology relies on a decomposition of the velocity model by spatial scales: the determination of the low wavenumbers of the velocity field is followed by the reconstruction of the high wavenumbers. However, for models presenting a complex structure, the recovery of the high wavenumbers may be significantly improved by the determination of intermediate wavenumbers. These, can potentially be recovered by local, non-linear waveform inversion of wide-angle data. However, waveform inversion is limited by the non-linearity of the inverse problem, which is in turn governed by the minimum frequency in the data and the starting model. For very low frequencies, below 7 Hz, the problem is reasonably linear so that waveform inversion may be applied using a starting model obtained from traveltime tomography. The frequency domain is then particularly advantageous as the inversion from the low to the high frequencies is very efficient. Moreover, it is possible to discretise the frequencies with a much larger sampling interval than dictated by the sampling theorem and still obtain a good imaging result. A strategy for selecting frequencies is developed where the number of input frequencies can be reduced when a range of offsets is available: the larger the maximum offset is, the fewer frequencies are required. Real seismic data unfortunatly do not contain very low frequencies and waveform inversion at higher frequencies are likely to fail due to convergence into a local minimum. Preconditioning techniques must hence be applied on the gradient vector and the data residuals in order to enhance the efficacy of waveform inversion starting from realistic frequencies. The smoothing of the gradient vector and inversion of early arrivals significantly improve the chance of convergence into the global minimum. The efficacy of preconditioning methods are however limited by the accuracy of the starting model
Tavakolifaradonbeh, Borhan. "Tomographie de pente fondée sur l'état adjoint : un outil d'estimation de modèle de vitesse pour l'imagerie sismique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4089/document.
Повний текст джерелаVelocity macro-model building is a crucial step in seismic imaging workflows as it provides the necessary background model for migration or full waveform inversion. Slope tomography, as a reliable alternative for conventional tomography, provides a tool to achieve this purpose where one picks the local coherent events rather than continuous events. These approaches are based on the slopes and traveltimes of the local coherent events which are tied to a reflecting/diffracting point (scatterer) in the subsurface. In this thesis, I introduce an anisotropic slope tomographic approach which aim at macro-model building for subsurface properties in 2D tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. In this method, I reformulate the stereotomography, as an slope tomographic tool, such that I replace the ray-based forward engine with a TTI eikonal solver and take advantage of the adjoint state method to calculate the gradients. In result, I can efficiently calculate the traveltimes for complex media and long offset acquisition on a regular grid of the subsurface and formulate a matrix-free framework for the inversion. Different synthetic examples including the isotropic Marmousi and 2D TTI BP-salt model are considered to assess the potential of the method in subsurface parameter estimations. Also, through a simple example, the footprint of parameter cross-talk is investigated for the Thomsen parametrization. As a real data application, the proposed method is applied on a 2D marine BroadSeis data set (provided by CGG) to retrieve the vertical velocity of the subsurface
Ben, Bouallegue Fayçal. "Contributions en reconstruction TEP 3D par inversion directe." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20078.
Повний текст джерелаWe present two innovative contributions in 3D positron emission tomography (PET) direct reconstruction. First, we develop an extended three-dimensional exact rebinning formula in the Fourier space that leads to an iterative reprojection algorithm (iterative FOREPROJ), which enables the estimation of unmeasured oblique projection data on the basis of the whole set of measured data. In first approximation, this analytical formula also leads to an extended Fourier rebinning equation that is the basis for an approximate reprojection algorithm (extended FORE). These algorithms are evaluated on numerically simulated 3D PET data for the solution of the truncation problem. By taking advantage of all the 3D data statistics, the iterative FOREPROJ reprojection provides a quick and reliable alternative to the classical FOREPROJ and geometric re-projection methods. It significantly improves the quality of the external reconstructed slices without loss of spatial resolution. Then we investigate how the choice of fixed planes for the representation of the projection data of a cylindrical PET scanner simplifies the frequency interpolation required by the 3D Fourier slice theorem (3D-FST). A new gridding algorithm based on a two-plane geometry and requiring only 1D interpolations in the Fourier domain is compared with the direct implementation of the 3D-FST. We show that the use of two orthogonal planes leads to signal to noise ratios similar to those achieved with the 3D-FST algorithm from projection data acquired with up to two times more count rates, while the resolution remains similar
Samyn, Kévin. "Imagerie de subsurface à partir d'une approche géophysique multi-méthode basée sur l'inversion coopérative 2 D : Nouvelle formulation théorique et applications numériques et expérimentales sur des données électriques et sismiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066612/document.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding geology from geophysical investigation is better when information is obtained from different kinds of data. A single method may not have sufficient resolution to provide the expected information. Joint inversion is a step forward to quantitatively combine data of different nature. Joint inversion may be considered in two different ways, petrophysical or structural. We may subdivide a joint inversion into two categories, joint inversion of data function of the same physical parameter, and cooperative inversion of data of different nature such as electrical and seismic data. In this work, we propose to combine a zonal cooperative inversion scheme with a Gauss-Newton method for minimizing the cost function. The basic idea of zonal cooperative inversion is to use cooperatively fuzzy c-means (FCM) classe analysis and separate inversion algorithm. For each iteration classe analysis of separate inversion results is used to construct models composed by several classes that contain the parameter characteristics of dominant subsurface structures. These constructed models are then used in the expression of the model space a priori covariance term in a new stage of separate inversion. The resulting models are then possibly biased to a priori models which depend on the number of classes. To overcome this problem, we formulate the inverse problem using a regularization parameter selected by an adapted L-curve method to weigh the impact of the a priori model on the solution when geology cannot be described by segmented models. The advantage of such a formulation is to avoid undesirable bias towards the starting model and leads to significantly improved spatial resolution for consistent prior information. Hence, the choice of the number of classe to create the a priori model is although less important. The developed methodology is tested and validated on two synthetic models. An experimental application is performed on real data acquired as part of a research survey of the National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra) for the characterization of a site of interest. Given the results of this application, the use of a cooperative approach for the inversion of electrical and seismic data allows the reconstruction of a more robust geological model, consistent with all the data. The variations of the parameters with depth are more precisely described using this approach
Widiwijayanti, Christina. "Réponse des structures lithosphériques aux différents stades de la collision de deux zones de subduction : exemple de la Mer des Moluques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GLOB0010.
Повний текст джерелаPhilippe, Louis. "Diagnostics optiques dans des jets supersoniques libres : tomographie par déviation de faisceau et absorption infrarouge." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ECAP0118.
Повний текст джерелаGosselet, Adam. "Inversion conjointe d'arrivées réfléchies de surface et d'arrivées directes au puits par tomographie de pente." Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1266.
Повний текст джерелаSeismic tomography, which aims to determine propagation velocities of waves in the subsoil, is a key point in obtaining accurate geological images in petroleum exploration. The methodology proposed here consists in inverting both seismic waves traveltimes and slopes and jointly uses surface data and direct borehole arrivals. These latter allow better reliability of the velocity field because they can provide more accurate values and enhanced depth fitting. Using slopes, they can be retropropagated in the inverted model in order to assess its quality in terms of focusing capability. The method is applied on two data sets. First one provides borehole data only and is unable to correctly constrain model parameters, due to lack of coverage at surface. Second one demonstrates that joint use of surface and borehole data provides enhanced seismic images compared to use of surface data alone
Mousavi, Seyedesima. "Travel time and attenuation tomography in West Bohemia/Vogtland." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-217644.
Повний текст джерелаDessa, Jean-Xavier. "Modelisation et inversion de la forme d'onde en domaine frequentiel : applications a la tomographie multi-offsets." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112145.
Повний текст джерелаMartin, Thierry. "Inversion bayesienne du probleme non lineaire de tomographie d'impedance electrique modelise par une methode d'elements finis." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112290.
Повний текст джерелаRenard, François. "Inversion de données sismiques : prise en compte de la nature corrélée du bruit." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20014.
Повний текст джерелаMangué, Madeleine. "Tomographie radar en milieu stratifié à forts contrastes de vitesse." Pau, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00286583.
Повний текст джерелаGround penetrating radar is often used for the characterization of subsurface properties such as the water-content. We have developed an algorithm for cross-well tomographic inversion of GPR first-arrival traveltimes. It is based on a blocky description of the propagation medium, and only a limited number of parameters are inversed. This methodology has been developed for media with significant contrast of electrical permittivity. In a first step, the distribution of the electromagnetic wave velocity is determined between two wells. In a second step, we address the question of the layers continuity for several successive tomographic panels. This methodology allows us to obtain a 2D velocity profile of the medium between successive pairs of wells. This inversion scheme takes into account both the direct and refracted waves generated at interfaces with strong velocity contrast. It was tested on synthetic data, and then on real data
Clarke, Richard William Barnes. "Modélisation et inversion de données cinématiques complexes en 3D." Pau, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PAUU3010.
Повний текст джерелаCarrière, Olivier. "Sequential acoustic inversion for the characterization of shallow sea environments." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209950.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis a new method for shallow water inversion based on the sequential assimilation of acoustic measurements in Kalman filters is developed. Filtering algorithms for nonlinear systems, as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), enable the integration of complex acoustic propagation models in the measurement model. The inverse problem is here reformulated into a state-space model to track sequentially the parameters (temperature, receiver positions, etc.) and their uncertainty by filtering regularly new acoustic data.
Different applications are proposed to demonstrate the sequential acoustic filtering approach. First, the problem of characterizing horizontal inhomogeneities in the sound-speed field between an acoustic source and a vertical array of receivers is addressed. Starting from a range-averaged sound-speed profile, the filtering of complex multifrequency data enables the estimate and tracking of the range-dependence of the sound-speed field.
The second application deals with the geoacoustic inversion problem based on a mobile source-receiver setup. The filtering approach is shown to provide more stable results than conventional inversion methods with a reduced computational burden. The last application is dedicated to the tracking of specific oceanic structures affecting the sound-speed field, here thermal fronts. An original parameterization scheme which is specific to the tracked feature is developed and enables to monitor the principal characteristics of the sound-speed field by filtering multifrequency acoustic data.
This work shows that the sequential filtering approach of transmitted acoustic data can lead to environmental estimates on spatial and temporal scale of interest for regional or coastal oceanographic models and can supplement the dataset assimilated nowadays for forecasting purposes./Dans les environnements marins, la propagation des ondes acoustiques est directement conditionnée par les variations de vitesse de propagation dans l'eau (liée à la température, la salinité et la pression hydrostatique), ainsi que les propriétés du fond, lorsque le milieu est peu profond. La propagation de ces ondes, typiquement guidée par les variations d'indice de réfraction et les conditions aux limites, permet de transmettre une quantité d'énergie acoustique importante sur de longues distances. Associées à des modèles de propagation, des mesures de transmission acoustique peuvent être inversées afin de déterminer les propriétés de l'environnement sondé, que ce soit de la colonne d'eau (tomographie) ou du fond marin (géoacoustique).
Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle méthode d'inversion en milieu peu profond, basée sur l'assimilation séquentielle de mesures acoustiques dans des filtres de Kalman, est développée. Les algorithmes de filtrage développés pour les systèmes non linéaires, tel que l'ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), permettent d'intégrer des modèles de propagation acoustique complexes au sein du modèle de mesure. Le problème inverse est reformulé de façon séquentielle, en un modèle d'espace d'états, de sorte que l'évolution des paramètres (température, positions des récepteurs, etc.) et de leur incertitude est suivie au fur et à mesure de l'assimilation de nouvelles mesures.
Différentes applications sont proposées pour démontrer les performances du filtrage séquentiel. Le premier problème abordé est celui de l'inversion et du suivi des inhomogénéités horizontales du champ de vitesse entre une source acoustique et une antenne verticale de récepteurs. A partir d'un profil de vitesse moyen sur la distance source-récepteurs, le filtrage de mesures complexes multi-fréquences permet d'estimer la dépendance horizontale du champ de vitesse et son évolution au cours du temps. La nature séquentielle de l'algorithme de filtrage motive la seconde application, dédiée à l'estimation des paramètres géoacoustiques d'un environnement à partir d'une configuration source-récepteur mobile. Les résultats démontrent que l'approche par filtrage permet d'obtenir des estimations géoacoustiques plus stables que celles obtenues par les méthodes d'inversion conventionnelles avec un coût de calcul réduit. La troisième et dernière application est dédiée au suivi de structures océaniques marquées, tels que les fronts thermiques. Une paramétrisation originale spécifique à la structure inversée est proposée et permet d'estimer et de suivre les caractéristiques principales du champ de température par filtrage de données acoustiques multi-fréquences.
Ce travail montre que l'approche séquentielle de l'inversion des données acoustiques peut mener à des estimations environnementales sur des échelles spatiales et temporelles d'intérêt pour les modèles océanographiques côtiers et régionaux, de façon à compléter les données assimilées quotidiennement pour les prédictions.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Alder, Chloé. "Etude de la déformation de la croûte et du manteau terrestres à partir de l'anisotropie sismique des modèles tomographiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN021.
Повний текст джерелаSeismic anisotropy is often used as a proxy for rock deformation. It arises from the preferred orientation of anisotropic minerals. For instance, olivine in mantellic peridotites align according to mantle flow. However, anisotropy in tomographic models can be the result of small scale heterogeneities unresolved by long period seismic waves. It is thus considered as artificial. Theories and methodological developments do not allow to distinguish the relative contributions of real and artificial anisotropy in seismic signals. In this thesis, we used simple models of the Earth’s mantle to analytically and numerically study the link between unresolved heterogeneities and the level of artificial radial anisotropy. We concluded that anisotropy is proportional to the square of heterogeneities and that 10% of velocity contrast can be responsible for 3% of anisotropy, which is non negligible compared to the observed anisotropy in tomography. A 3-D anisotropic model of Europe, focusing on the Alps and Apennines, was constructed from surface waves data. The dispersion measurements were made from noise correlation and allow to image the crust and uppermost mantle. The isotropic structure of the model shows particularly well the Adriatic plate subducting under the Apennines, as well as a slab break-off in the Southern part of the chain. The method used for the depth inversion takes into account the trade-off between layering and anisotropy. Our model is therefore the first 3-D model of radial anisotropy built at shallow depths in Europe. Our results suggest that the lower crust has a horizontal organization in the Apennines, probably related to the extensive regime observed in the area
Bayrakci, Gaye. "Hétérogénéité 3D de la croûte supérieure sous la Mer de Marmara : tomographie sur une grille de sismomètres fond de mer et de profils de tirs." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0007.
Повний текст джерелаThe 3D velocity heterogeneity of the upper-crustal part of the North Marmara Trough (NMT) is approached by a tomographic inversion (Simulps) of a set of 16000 first arrival times of the shots of the Seismarmara survey recorded by a network of 35 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) and 5 land stations. In a first step we have checked the sensitivity of the results from the control parameters such as the grid geometry and a priori 1D model. In a second step we have designed a 3D a priori model by taking into account the sea-floor depth and the topographic trend of the basement from the basins to the basin rims. The reliability of the model is validated by synthetic tests and by the comparison with the seismic reflection and refraction profiles which principal characteristics such as the sedimentary infill and basement geometry are remarkably recovered by the inversion in the well resolved regions. This study provides a 3D view of the sedimentary thicknesses and of the basement topography which shows large vertical throws which may reach up to 7 km. It reveals also the variations of more than 2 km of the basement topography in a distance of 5 km along the sea-bottom trace of the North Anatolian Fault and its basins. The original use of a code designed for the local earthquake tomography for this inversion of shots allows also the integration of the final 3D model as an initial model for accurate relocation of the recorded earthquakes
Pageot, Damien. "Imagerie de la lithosphère par inversion de formes d'ondes de données télésismiques." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4109.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis follows a recent movement link to the design of more and more denser seismological networks et allow to evolve lithospheric imaging toward high resolution tomography methods initially design in the Framework of seismic exploration. Bostock et al. (2001) are pioneers in this movement with their adaption of ray + Born migration method to teleseismic configurations and by applying this method to real teleseismic data form CASC93. During this thesis, I adapted a Full Waveform Inversion algorithm, design for seismic exploration, to teleseismic configurations. This adaptation leads me to integrate plane wave sources, a scattered wave field approach and obliquity of plane waves in the original algorithm. In the first part, I present the method to model propagation of seismic waves which is the core engine of the algorithm of Full Waveform Inversion, its adaptation to teleseismic configurations and finally the inverse problem. In the second part, I present a parametric analysis of Full Waveform inversion method adapted to teleseismic configurations to assess the potential of the method and spot the differences with the parameterizations recommended in seismic exploration. The third part concerns the application of the methods to real teleseismic data recorded by the seismological network MASE deployed for imaging the subduction of the Cocos plate below Mexico
Lasaygues, Philippe. "Tomographie ultrasonore osseuse : Caractérisation de la diaphyse des os par inversion d'un champ acoustique diffracté ; Intérêt pour l'imagerie pédiatrique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440673.
Повний текст джерелаMouezy, Agnès. "Caractérisation de l'endommagement de parois de galeries par tomographie électrique : application en laboratoire souterrain." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S155.
Повний текст джерелаArs, Jean-Michel. "Inversion conjointe géophysique appliquée à l'exploration en géothermie profonde dans le Massif Central." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0025.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of geothermal energy has led to the exploitation of resources established in varied geological and geodynamic contexts. Geophysical exploration of these complex reservoirs requires the use of several complementary imaging methods. This PhD thesis focuses on the exploration of a geothermal resource located within the fractured basement in the French Massif Central using magnetotelluric, ambient noise tomography and gravimetry. Magnetotelluric is a 3D imaging method with a good resolution power that is sensitive to the presence of water and hydrothermal weathering clays but is limited by its spatial coverage. Seismic noise tomography has a good vertical resolution but does not resolve well horizontal velocity variations. This method is sensitive to variations of the mechanical properties of rocks and thus to fractured media. Finally gravimetry brings constraint on the lithological variations and has a good lateral resolution but lacks vertical resolution.We present a method of joint inversion of seismic and gravimetric data under the constraint of a resistivity model obtained by independent magnetotelluric inversion. Joint inversion requires defining model couplings. By lack of prior knowledge of petrophysical relationships, we have coupled the density, resistivity and velocity models with a law that constraints the parameters to be correlated on average.This strategy aims to bring out the characteristic relationships of the geological objects of the geothermal resource. This joint inversion methodology has been tested on synthetic models. The application to the real data acquired in the Massif Central has made it possible to define a deep zone of high correlation interpreted as the fragile ductile transition. The intermediate part of the models, more homogeneous, allows to distinguish different geological units separated by a fault zone. Finally the superficial part is distinguished by strong heterogeneity of the parameters resulting probably from surface alteration process
Beucler, Éric. "Tomographie régionale et globale du manteau terrestre : approche par les ondes de volume et de surface." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077227.
Повний текст джерелаSingh, Vijay Pratap. "Application des algorithmes évolutionaires à la détermination de modèles de vitesse par inversion sismique." Paris, ENMP, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENMP1466.
Повний текст джерелаGoal of seismic data processing is to convert a recorded wave field into a structural or lithological image of the subsurface. This requires a model of the wave propagation velocities of the subsurface. Nevertheless obtaining this model is often the most difficult processing step, in areas of complex structure such as foothill or salt body. The goal of this thesis was to develop a robust and efficient migration velocity estimation technique that uses global optimisation methods and remains computationally tractable. We used e-MOEA (MultiObjective Evolutionary Algorithm) as an optimisation tool. We attempted to reduce the computational cost of EA by adding geological and geophysical knowledge to the component of the algorithms, at the representation level, in the variation operators and in the objective function. In this work, after some effort to design a concise and geologically meaningful representation, we finally concluded that the grid representation was the most flexible one, even though it implies a large number of unknown parameters and induces a high computational cost. We modified the differential semblance function and used it together with the semblance function to have a robust and accurate criterion. We hybridized e-MOEA using RMO (Residual MoveOut) and dip information. We first customize the e-MOEA algorithm itself, and also proposed a new exploitation operator and technique of optimal parent synthesis. The goal of the customization was to strive to have both the robustness of global methods and the efficiency of local optimisation methods. We presented examples of migration velocity analyses mainly on Marmousi model, together with a few results on the North-Sea L7 model. We demonstrated that our automatic velocity analysis technique is able to cope with large velocity errors and, in term of computation cost, it is as efficient as the gradient methods except in salt body. We expect that with some clever adoption this algorithm can be extended for 3D
Wang, Yi. "Imagerie haute résolution des structures lithosphériques par inversion de formes d'ondes P télésismiques courte période." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30018.
Повний текст джерелаSeismic tomography allows us to image the Earth's interior based on surface observations of seismic waves. The full waveform inversion (FWI) method has the potential to improve tomographic images for the fine scale structures of the lithosphere. For this reason it receives a lot of attention of seismologists. FWI requires an efficient and precise numerical techniques to solve the elastic wave equation in 3D heterogeneous media. Its resolution potential is limited by the shortest wavelength in the seismic wavefield and the wavefield sampling density. Because of the high computational cost of modeling the propagation of seismic waves in heterogeneous media, FWI remains challenging. However, owing to the progress in high performance computational resources and numerical simulation techniques, as well as the deployment of permanent and temporary broadband arrays in the last two decades, this situation has changed dramatically. In this thesis, we focus on the high resolution imaging of lithospheric structure beneath the Pyrenean range by FWI, to quantify the highly controversial amount of convergence that occurred during the formation of this mountain range. In order to obtain finely resolved tomographic images, we exploit short period teleseismic P waves recorded by dense transects. We use a hybrid method that couples a global wave propagation method in a 1D Earth model to a 3D spectral-element method in a regional domain. A boundary coupling approach is used to match the global and regional wavefields on the boundaries of the regional domain. This hybrid method restricts the costly 3D computations inside the regional domain, which dramatically decreases the computational cost. The hybrid method can model teleseismic wavefields down to 1s period, accounting for all the complexities that may affect the propagation of seismic waves in the 3D regional domain. By using this hybrid method, the sensitivity kernels of the least square waveform misfit function with respect to elastic and density perturbations in the regional domain are computed with the adjoint state method. These waveform sensitivity kernels are used in an iterative L-BFGS algorithm to invert broad-band waveform data recorded by two dense transects deployed during the temporary PYROPE experiment across the Pyrenees mountains. We obtain the first high resolution lithospheric sections of compressional and shear velocities across the Pyrenean orogenic belt. The tomographic models provide clear evidence for the underthrust of the thinned Iberian crust beneath the European plate and for the important role of rift-inherited mantle structures during the formation of the Pyrenees
Trillon, Adrien. "Reconstrution de défauts à partir de données issues de capteurs à courants de Foucault avec modèle direct différentiel." Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECDN0026.
Повний текст джерелаEddy current tomography can be employed to caracterize flaws in metal plates in steam generators of nuclear power plants. Our goal is to evaluate a map of the relative conductivity that represents the flaw. This nonlinear ill-posed problem is difficult to solve and a forward model is needed. First, we studied existing forward models to chose the one that is the most adapted to our case. Finite difference and finite element methods matched very good to our application. We adapted contrast source inversion (CSI) type methods to the chosen model and a new criterion was proposed. These methods are based on the minimization of the weighted errors of the model equations, coupling and observation. They allow an error on the equations. It appeared that reconstruction quality grows with the decay of the error on the coupling equation. We resorted to augmented Lagrangian techniques to constrain coupling equation and to avoid conditioning problems. In order to overcome the ill-posed character of the problem, prior information was introduced about the shape of the flaw and the values of the relative conductivity
Beller, Stephen. "Imagerie lithosphérique par inversion de formes d’ondes télésismiques – Application aux Alpes Occidentales." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4007/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, a full-waveform inversion (FWI) algorithm is developed with the aim to image the elastic properties (Vp, Vs and density) of 3D lithospheric models from teleseismic recordings with a spatial resolution of the order of the wavelength. Seismic modeling is performed with a wavefield injection hybrid approach. A first simulation is performed in a global radially symmetric Earth with the AxiSEM code to compute the wavefields on the borders of the lithospheric target. Then, these wavefields are propagated in the target with the spectral finite-element method. After linearization, the inverse problem is solved with a quasi-Newton (1-BFGS) optimization algorithm. The sensitivity of the teleseismic FWI to the experimental setup (subsurface parameterization, initial model, sampling and geometry of the station layout) is first assessed with a realistic synthetic model of the Western Alps. The method is finally applied to nine events of the CIFALPS experiment carried out in the Western Alps, up to a frequency of 0.2Hz. Reliable models of P and S wave speeds and density reveal with an unprecedented resolution the crustal and lithospheric structures of the Alpine Belt, in particular the geometry of the Ivrea body, and the European and Adriatic Mohos. Deeper, two slow velocity anomalies beneath the Western Alps are imaged in the mantle. The first, to the west of the chain, is interpreted as the signature of an asthenospheric upwelling, the second near the location of the Ivrea body indicates the European slab break-off. The study supports the hypothesis of the European continental crust subduction and confirms the possible tearing of the European slab
Godavarthi, Charankumar. "Optical diffraction tomography microscopy : towards 3D isotropic super-resolution." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4337/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis is devoted to the three-dimensional isotropic resolution improvement using optical tomographic diffraction microscopy (TDM), an emerging optical microscope technique. The principle is to illuminate the sample successively with various angles of coherent light, collect the complex (amplitude and phase) diffracted field and reconstruct the sample 3D permittivity map through an inversion algorithm. A single TDM measurement was shown to combine several popular microscopy techniques such as bright-field microscope, dark-field microscope, phase-contrast microscope, confocal microscope, 2D and 3D synthetic aperture microscopes. All rely on scalar and linear approximations that assume a linear link between the object and the field diffracted by it, which limit their applicability to retrieve the object quantitatively. Thanks to a rigorous numerical inversion of the TDM diffracted field data which takes into account the polarization of the field and the multiple scattering process, we were able to reconstruct the 3D permittivity map of the object with a λ/4 transverse resolution. A further improvement to λ/10 transverse resolution was achieved by providing a priori information about the sample to the non-linear inversion algorithm. Lastly, the poor axial resolution in microscopes is due to the fundamental asymmetry of illumination and detection. To overcome this, a mirror-assisted tomography configuration was implemented, and has demonstrated a sub-λ/2 axial resolution capability. As a result, TDM can be seen as a powerful tool to reconstruct objects in three-dimensions with their optical material properties at resolution far superior to conventional microscopes
Li, Shengfu. "Contribution to quantitative photoacoustic reconstruction : Forward models and inversion schemes." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0021/document.
Повний текст джерелаPhotoacoustic imaging (PAI) of biological tissues tries to combine the advantages of optical and acoustical imaging. The main endogenous contrast for PAI is derived from blood vessels due to the strong absorption of hemoglobin compared to the background tissues. Furthermore, blood vessels are roughly cylindrical and hemoglobin concentration can be assumed to be uniform inside the vessel. Therefore, the blood vessels can be considered as “cylindrical inhomogeneities”. As a first contribution, we have developed in this thesis an analytical model of optical fluence for multiple parallel cylindrical inhomogeneities embedded in an otherwise homogeneous turbid medium. Analytical models only exist for simple cases. To deal with more complex situations like biological tissues, numerical methods are required. The second contribution of this thesis is to develop a multigrid solver of optical diffusion equation and therefore to propose an efficient numerical method to resolve the optical fluence. Finally, our third contribution is concerned with quantitative PA tomography (QPAT) reconstruction. Based on the efficient models presented in the first and second contributions, we have proposed an analytic-based reconstruction method for simple cases and a multigrid-based inversion scheme for more realistic cases. The advantages of multigrid-based inversion scheme are shown in both computation and convergence speed. An experimental validation is presented in the last chapter of this thesis, proving the validity and analyzing the performances of the developed methods
Belhadj, Jihane. "Modèles paramétriques pour la tomographie sismique bayésienne." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM073/document.
Повний текст джерелаFirst arrival time tomography aims at inferring the seismic wave propagation velocity using experimental first arrival times. In our study, we rely on a Bayesian approach to estimate the wave velocity and the associated uncertainties. This approach incorporates the information provided by the data and the prior knowledge of the velocity model. Bayesian tomography allows for a better estimation of wave velocity as well asassociated uncertainties. However, this approach remains fairly expensive, and MCMC algorithms that are used to sample the posterior distribution are efficient only as long as the number of parameters remains within reason. Hence, their use requires a careful reflection both on the parameterization of the velocity model, in order to reduce the problem's dimension, and on the definition of the prior distribution of the parameters. In this thesis, we introduce new parsimonious parameterizations enabling to accurately reproduce the wave velocity field with the associated uncertainties.The first parametric model that we propose uses a random Johnson-Mehl tessellation, a variation of the Voronoï tessellation. The second one uses Gaussian kernels as basis functions. It is especially adapted to the detection of seismic wave velocity anomalies. Each anomaly isconsidered to be a linear combination of these basis functions localized at the realization of a Poisson point process. We first illustrate the tomography results with a synthetic velocity model, which contains two small anomalies. We then apply our methodology to a more advanced and more realistic synthetic model that serves as a benchmark in the oil industry. The tomography results reveal the ability of our algorithm to map the velocity heterogeneitieswith precision using few parameters. Finally, we propose a new parametric model based on the compressed sensing techniques. The first results are encouraging. However, the model still has some weakness related to the uncertainties estimation.In addition, we analyse real data in the context of induced microseismicity. In this context, we develop a trans-dimensional and hierarchical approach in order to deal with the full complexity of the layered model
Van, Baarsel Tobias. "Inversion des perturbations de surface par traitement d'antenne en guide d'onde ultrasonore." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU035.
Повний текст джерелаIn shallow waters, the fluctuations of the water surface greatly affects the performances of underwater acoustic arrays. The goal of this thesis is to use tomography to detect, localise and estimate a travelling surface wave on the surface of an ultrasonic waveguide.The frame of this work is a small scale experiment. Two emitting and receiving arrays facing each other at each end of the waveguide create a acoustic pressure field of central frequency f=1 MHz which is projected on the basis of the eigenbeams using double beamforming performed simultaneously on the emission and on the reception. Each one of these eigenbeams is defined by four observables : the acoustic travel-time, the amplitude of the signal and the emitting and receiving angles. The Sensitivity Kernel (SK) approach allows to link the acoustic observables with the local displacement of the surface.The Bayesian inversion of the SK allows to accurately monitor and estimate the propagation and decay of a wave caused by a point excitation of the surface of the waveguide. Different energies of excitations are used, generating gravity-capillary waves of heights ranging from 0.01 mm to 1 mm. Optical measurements validate the estimation of the water displacement height
Barnoud, Anne. "Imagerie géophysique de l'île volcanique de Basse-Terre en Guadeloupe, par inversion de données sismologiques, gravimétriques et magnétiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU017/document.
Повний текст джерелаVolcanoes are complex and heterogeneous edifices. Imaging their structures requires methods that are adapted to the context and to the nature, quality and quantity of available data. This work focuses on the geophysical imaging of the volcanic island of Basse-Terre in Guadeloupe, by performing inversions of gravimetric and magnetic data, ambient noise based surface wave tomography, and travel time tomography from earthquakes of the Lesser Antilles arc. We therefore obtain the first three-dimensional models of Basse-Terre island in terms of density, magnetisation and seismic velocities. Gravimetry and magnetism lead to density and magnetisation models with a very good lateral resoltuion within the first kilometres but with very low vertical resolution. Surface wave tomography from noise correlations shows a good vertical resolution within the first kilometres, but poorly resolves the lateral velocity variations. Travel time tomography allows imaging seismic velocities up to great depths with a good lateral resolution but a poor vertical resolution. We propose a method to invert jointly the seismological and gravimetric data in order to produce a velocity and density model that takes advantage of the complementary resolutions associated with the different datasets.Our results outline a NNW-SSE trend, with velocities and densities roughtly decreasing southwards, in accordance with the southward migration of volcanism across the geological history of the island. We observe low densities, seismic velocities and magnetisations in the area of the dome of the Soufrière volcano as well as in the Bouillante area along the western coast, reflecting the high hydrothermal alteration of these areas. Two major old eruptive centres are identified in the areas of Beaugendre Valley and Petite Plaine Valley
Grislin-Mouëzy, Agnès. "Caractérisation de l'endommagement de parois de galeries par tomographie électrique : application en laboratoire souterrain." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653449.
Повний текст джерелаDjibrilla, Saley Abdoulazizi. "Tomographie hydraulique des milieux poreux hétérogènes à partir de traçage thermique : approches expérimentales." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR102/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe importance of issues related to the quality of groundwater requires characterizing the operation of groundwater aquifers. Hydrogeological methods used to carry out conceptual model of an aquifer are generally based on the observation and characterization of the medium, by using boreholes and carrying out of pumping test operations. However, these methods present some limitations in characterizing the spatial variability of heterogeneous aquifers. In this thesis, we develop experimental approaches that use information from thermal or saline tracing for the characterization of hydraulic parameters in heterogeneous porous media. The choice of using experimental approaches was justified 1) by difficulties of taking into account hydraulic heterogeneities in natural porous media and 2) for a better understanding of the phenomena involved in a controlled situation. In this work, we first proposed the use of punctual thermal measurements, then measurements obtained by using thermal infrared to estimate hydraulic parameters in heterogeneous porous media. However, as thermal tracing methods are limited in low permeability areas, we improved our approach by combining it with a geophysical method (Spontaneous Potential). This method, sensitive to fluid flows and thermoelectric and electrochemical processes, has allowed us to collect interesting temporal data to monitor thermal or saline variations in the media. The measurements obtained were then used in inversion algorithms to estimate the spatial distributions of hydraulic properties. The results obtained allowed to demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches for the characterization of heterogeneous media and consequently for the modelling of fluid flows
Arnulf, Adrien F. "Layer 2A structure beneath the Lucky Strike volcano, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, from high-resolution tomography and full waveform inversion." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0017.
Повний текст джерелаPotin, Bertrand. "Les Alpes occidentales : tomographie, localisation de séismes et topographie du Moho." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU022/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Alpine chain, which stretches in the middle of Europe across six countries, is probably the most studied mountain range in the world. Geology and metamorphism studies contributed for a large part to the current understanding of the geodynamics and history of this region. Since the second half of the 20th century, geophysical methods were employed to study its lithosphere and several crustal cross-sections where performed, mainly using controlled-source seismology. In parallel, dense seismic networks were also deployed in France, Italy, and Switzerland in order to study the usually low-magnitude activity of the western Alps. Over the past 25 years, these networks have permitted to locate tens of thousands of local earthquakes. In the last two decades, local or regional tomographic studies have been conducted using subsets of this data, which substantially improved our understanding of the deep structure of the Alps.Here, and based on 36,000 seismic events, 375 stations and more than 791,000 P and S-waves arrival times, we performed a tomographic study on a 456x414 km2 area covering the western Alps. Even if most of these earthquakes occurred within the first 15 km beneath surface, a large part of the data is composed of refracted-waves, letting us insight the deep structure of the crust. The interest of such a large dataset relies on the accuracy ensured by the law of large numbers, but the unavoidable presence of outliers requires a specific approach in order to handle it. The a priori earthquake locations were computed using the LOCIN algorithm developed in this study, which is basically a grid-search algorithm combined with a probabilistic approach.Tomography of the crust and upper mantle based on travel-times analysis was conducted using the INSIGHT algorithm which was developed in this study (based on a V. Monteiller and B. Valette algorithm). Our model consists of a set of vP and vP/vS values given at each node of a three-dimensional, regularly-spaced grid, which constitutes the inversion grid. Transition between crust and mantle is modelled by a continuous change in velocity, as we do not introduce any a priori information on the Moho interface. Earthquake locations and site-effect residuals at each station (analogous to "static corrections" in seismic prospecting) are also determined in the process. The forward computation of travel times in the 3D model is performed by integrating slowness along the rays, which are determined by a finite-difference resolution of the eikonal equation. Inversion is carried out using a non-linear least-squares approach based on a stochastic description of data and model. The smoothing and damping parameters are adjusted by means of L-curves analysis.The Moho topography is determined by matching two informations: (i) the maximum of the vP gradient within this preliminary tomographic model, taken in a 7.3-7.6~km/s range and (ii) information provided by previous studies to fix Moho depth in the border area of our study zone, where our model is poorly resolved. As our tomographic model relies on a large set of refracted waves, the Moho topography we build is detailed and presents interesting new insights for the western Alps. This Moho interface is then used as an a priori discontinuity in a new tomography process. Parameters within the crust and the upper mantle are then decorrelated, letting refracted-waves to be more correctly modelled. By this approach, we are able to compute not only the first- but also the second-arrival travel-time which corresponds to the direct wave in the crust for focus-station distances greater than 100-125 km. This allows us to add more than 100,000 new data to our dataset, which of course improves the resolution in the crust.Both tomographic models, the Moho topography and the earthquake relocations provides new evidences and constraints on the deep structure of the western Alps
Peyré, Gabriel. "Géométrie multi-échelles pour les images et les textures." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365025.
Повний текст джерелаOn propose donc une modélisation géométrique des images, l'ambition étant de pouvoir extraire l'information contenue dans les images naturelles, c'est-à-dire les images qui nous entourent. Ce problème est bien sûr difficile car la géométrie des images est complexe et variable.
Farra, Véronique. "Approche hamiltonienne de la théorie des rais : application à l'étude de perturbations, inversion des temps de parcours en sismique réflexion." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077252.
Повний текст джерела