Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Intraparenchymal motility"

Varicocele, a vascular event, is associated with infertility due to testicular damage that causes abnormal spermatogenesis in males. The goal of this study is to ascertain the diagnostic significance of scrotal color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) by measuring peak systolic value (PSV) and resistive index (RI) of the arteries supplying blood to the testis and their association with semen quality attributes. Sixty prospective patients (age: 20-50 years) undergoing microsurgical varicocelectomy at a teaching hospital were included in the study. Semen parameters and CDUS were recorded and testicular blood flow was determined as PSV and RI of subcapsular artery and intraparenchymal artery of the testes. Nonparametric statistics was applied to test the correlation/association of the semen quality with the PSV, RI, and other variables. Results revealed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.28; p < 0.05) between progressive motility of spermatozoa and resistive index of the intraparenchymal arterial blood flow. Furthermore, it was noticed that the progressive motility of spermatozoa was tended to be negatively correlated (r = -0.236) with resistive index of subcapsular arterial blood flow. In conclusion, this study has revealed that progressive motility of sperms has correlation with the intraparenchymal blood flow of testes. The progressive motility of sperms could be correlated with RI of testicular blood flow. The apparent lack of association between diameter of varicocele vein and semen quality signifies the need of investigating some other factors that may be involved in pathogenicity of varicocele. The diagnostic value of CDUS may be carefully interpreted and clinically correlated in assessment of severity of varicocele.

Varicocele, is associated with infertility due to testicular damage that causes abnormal spermatogenesis in males. The goal of this study is to ascertain the diagnostic signicance of scrotal color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) by measuring peak systolic value (PSV) and resistive index (RI) of the arteries supplying blood to the testis and their association with semen quality attributes. Sixty prospective patients (age: 20-50 years) undergoing subinguinal varicocelectomy at a teaching hospital were included in the study. Semen parameters and CDUS were recorded and testicular blood ow was determined as PSV and RI of subcapsular artery and intraparenchymal artery of the testes. Nonparametric statistics was applied to test the correlation/association of the semen quality with the PSV, RI, and other variables. Results revealed a signicant negative correlation (r = -0.28; p < 0.05) between progressive motility of spermatozoa and resistive index of the intraparenchymal arterial blood ow. Furthermore, it was noticed that the progressive motility of spermatozoa was tended to be negatively correlated (r = -0.236) with resistive index of subcapsular arterial blood ow. In conclusion, this study has revealed that progressive motility of sperms has correlation with the intraparenchymal blood ow of testes. The progressive motility of sperms could be correlated with RI of testicular blood ow. The apparent lack of association between diameter of varicocele vein and semen quality signies the need of investigating some other factors that may be involved in pathogenicity of varicocele. The diagnostic value of CDUS may be carefully interpreted and clinically correlated in assessment of severity of varicocele.

Background: Varicocele is one of the leading causes of infertility in men. Resistance index (RI) in testis is a parameter indicating parenchymal perfusion and microvascular functions. Increased RI in the testis of patients with varicocele might be a sign of impairments in microvascularization and a significant decrease in testicular perfusion. In the present study, RI in capsular and intraparenchymal testicular arteries was evaluated in patients with varicocele who underwent varicocelectomy. Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed in 2019-2020 in Guilan, Iran. Sixty-six patients were included. Semen analysis was also done before surgeries. Patients with at least one disorder in semen analysis entered the study. RI in testicular arteries was measured by an experienced radiologist before surgeries. Six months after varicocelectomy, all patients underwent the same semen analysis and ultrasound imaging. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The tests for analysis included McNemar Test and Wilcoxon and p<0.005 was considered as the significance level. Results: According to the results, 42 patients (63.6%) had positive changes in sperm analysis after surgeries. Sperm analysis showed a significant increase in number, concentration, morphology, and motility of sperm after surgeries (p<0.001). Further measurements of capsular and intratesticular RI in all patients also indicated a significant decrease (p<0.001). Conclusion: Increased RI might be associated with impaired microperfusion in testis followed by impairments in semen. Moreover, mean capsular and intratesticular RI in patients decreased after surgeries and this decrease was significantly more in patients who had improvement in their semen parameters.

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La Sclerosi Multipla (SM) è una patologia infiammatoria autoimmune cronica, disabilitante e demielinizzante, del sistema nervoso centrale (SNC). La migrazione di cellule T autoreattive e la loro riattivazione attraverso la presentazione antigenica effettuata dalle locali cellule presentanti l’antigene, rappresentano due eventi critici nella patogenesi della SM e nel suo modello animale, l’encefalite autoimmune sperimentale (EAE). Le risposte ai potenziali antigeni all’interno del SNC richiedono una migrazione a lungo raggio, comunicazione a corto raggio e contatti cellula-cellula diretti con le cellule presentanti l’antigene. Il principale obiettivo di questo studio è indagare il ruolo delle integrine L2 (LFA-1) e 4 (VLA-4 and 47) nella migrazione e nella motilità delle cellule autoreattive Th1 e Th17 in corso di EAE all’interno del midollo spinale utilizzando le moderne tecniche di microscopia intravitale. La microscopia intravitale permette di visualizzare questi processi dentro il midollo spinale, il quale rappresenta il principale sito di infiammazione durante l’EAE. Mediante la microscopia intravitale in epifluorescenza abbiamo prima di tutto investigato il ruolo delle integrine 4 e LFA-1 nella migrazione delle cellule autoreattive Th1 e Th17 all’interno dei vasi piali del midollo spinale durante la fase preclinica, l’esordio e la fase cronica di EAE. Abbiamo utilizzato un modello di EAE immunizzando topi C57BL/6 con il peptide MOG35-55. Le cellule Th1 e Th17 MOG-specifiche sono state prodotte in vitro da topi TCR-transgenici 2D2, marcate con label fluorescenti e iniettate in endovena nei topi immunizzati direttamente prima dell’acquisizione. I nostri risultati pongono l’accento su un ruolo selettivo per l’integrina LFA-1 nella migrazione delle cellule Th1 in particolare durante le prime fasi di malattia. Ruolo che invece non è svolto in fase cronica di malattia. Inoltre, il blocco della subunità 4, ma non dell’integrina 47 inibisce fortemente sia il rotolamento sia l’adesione stabile delle cellule Th1 all’endotelio infiammato. Questo suggerisce l’integrina VLA-4 come principale mediatrice della migrazione delle Th1 nel SNC infiammato in corso di EAE. Di notevole interesse è inoltre il selettivo ruolo per l’integrina 47 evidenziato in particolare nell’adesione stabile esclusivamente delle cellule Th17 all’esordio ed in fase cronica di malattia. Successivamente, per studiare la motilità intraparenchimale delle cellule Th1 e Th17 nel midollo spinale durante la fase preclinica della patologia, il picco di malattia e la fase cronica abbiamo utilizzato la microsocopia laser a due fotoni. I nostri risultati dimostrano una massiva infiltrazione di Th1 e Th17 nel parenchima del SNC al picco di malattia, mentre la migrazione di queste cellule durante le altre fasi della malattia è significativamente minore. In seguito, il nostro studio si è focalizzato sulla fase clinica della malattia e abbiamo osservato che le cellule Th1 e le cellule Th17 mostrano differenze significative nelle componenti direzionali, con le cellule Th1 che si muovono velocemente in direzione rettilinea, coprendo lunghe distanze nel parenchima del midollo spinale, mente le cellule Th17 girano intorno in un volume specifico del tessuto facendo stop and go. In particolare, il blocco dell’integrina LFA-1 influenza drasticamente le dinamiche delle cellule, portando ad una riduzione nella velocità e interferendo con il loro pattern di motilità rettilinea. Inoltre, in presenza di un anticorpo bloccante anti-LFA-1, le cellule Th17 mostrano una riduzione di velocità drastica. Diversamente, l’anticorpo anti-4 non ha nessun effetto sul comportamento motile delle Th1, ma riduce fortemente la velocità delle Th17 suggerendo che l’integrina VLA-4 non sia richiesta per la motilità intraparenchimale durante l’EAE. Tuttavia, alla luce dei risultati ottenuti in precedenza mediante microscopia intravitale, va preso in considerazione un selettivo ruolo esercitato dall’integrina 47 nella motilità intraparenchimale delle Th17. Complessivamente, i nostri risultati suggeriscono che l’LFA-1 sia la principale integrina che controlla la motilità delle cellule Th1 e Th17 e che 47 sia invece selettivamente coinvolta nella motilità delle cellule Th17 nel midollo spinale in condizioni infiammatorie al picco di malattia. A sostegno di questi risultati abbiamo testato un trattamento terapeutico mediante blocco locale, a livello intratecale, delle integrine LFA-1 e 47 nel nostro modello murino di EAE cronica. Entrambi i trattamenti hanno evidenziato una riduzione nello sviluppo della malattia che suggerisce l’importanza di interferire direttamente con le dinamiche delle cellule pro infiammatorie a livello del SNC. Approfondire dunque la conoscenza dei meccanismi molecolari che controllano la motilità intratissutale di cellule T attivate nel SNC potrebbe aiutarci a identificare nuove strategie terapeutiche per le patologie autoimmuni cerebrali croniche.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The migration of autoreactive T cells from the blood into the CNS and their reactivation through antigen presentation by local antigen presenting cells (APCs) represent critical events in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The responses to potential antigens inside the CNS require long-range migration of cells, short-range communication and direct cell-cell contact with APCs. The main goal of this study was to investigate the role of L2 (LFA-1) and 4 (VLA-4 and 47) integrins in the migration and motility behavior of Th1 and Th17 cells, which represent key players in the induction of EAE, using intravital microscopy approaches. Intravital microscopy techniques allow the visualization of T cell migration and reactivation in the spinal cord (SC), which represents the main inflammation site during EAE. By using epifluorescence intravital microscopy (IVM) we first studied the roles of 4 and LFA-1 integrins in Th1 and Th17 cell adhesion in the pial vessels of spinal cord (SC) venules in mice immunized with MOG35-55 peptide during the preclinical phase, disease onset and chronic phase of disease. We used an EAE model by immunization of C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55 peptide. MOG35-55-specific Th1 and Th17 cells were produced in vitro from 2D2 TCR transgenic mice, labeled with fluorescent dyes and intravenously injected in immunized mice before imaging. Our results underlined a selective role for LFA-1 integrin in Th1 cell recruitment in inflamed SC vessels during the early phases of the disease but not during the chronic phase. Moreover, blocking antibodies against the 4subunit, but not blockade of 47 integrin greatly inhibited rolling and firm adhesion of Th1 cells in the SC venules during all disease phases, suggesting that VLA-4 is the major molecule involved in Th1 cell adhesion in the SC venules during EAE. Interestingly, blockade of 47 integrin led to a significant reduction of firm adhesion in Th17 cells at the onset and chronic phase of EAE indicating a selective role of 47 integrin in the recruitment of Th17 cells in the inflamed CNS. Taking advantage of two-photon laser microscopy (TPLM) approach we next investigated the motility behavior of fluorescently labeled Th1 and Th17 cells within SC parenchyma during different disease phases. Our results showed a massive infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells in the CNS parenchyma at disease peak, whereas the migration of these cells during other phases of disease was significantly lower. Furthermore, Th1 and Th17 cells displayed significant differences in the directional component, with Th1 cells moving faster in straight directions covering long distances deep in the SC parenchyma, whereas Th17 cells moved around in a specific volume of tissue in a stop and go mode. Notably, the blockade of LFA-1 integrin drastically affected the dynamics of Th1 cells leading to a reduction in velocity and interfering with their straight-line motility pattern. Moreover, Th17 cells displayed a drastic reduction of velocity in the presence of a blocking anti-LFA-1 antibody. The analysis of cellular morphology suggested that LFA-1 is actively involved in the cytoskeleton rearrangements necessary for T cell amoeboid migration inside the CNS, but had no role in the cytoskeleton dynamics in Th17 cells. Notably, 4integrins had no role in Th1 cells motility, but drastically reduced the dynamics of Th17 cells inside the SC parenchyma. To check the therapeutic relevance of our intravital microscopy findings, we performed intrathecal injection of anti-LFA-1 or anti-47 antibodies at disease onset and observed a significant inhibition of EAE progression in mice immunized with MOG35-55 peptide. Collectively, our data demonstrate that LFA-1 integrin differently controls intraparenchymal Th1 and Th17 cells dynamics, whereas 47 integrin is selectively involved in Th17 cell trafficking in the CNS during EAE. Furthermore, our results suggest that interfering with the molecular mechanisms controlling intraparenchymal dynamics of activated T cells may represent a new therapeutic strategy for CNS autoimmune diseases.