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1
Ekwok, Mercy Lawrence, Bassey Ekeng Effiom, Mary Oshama Ebuara, Anthonia Inaja, and G. Akpama Elizabeth. "Exploring Community Counselling on Violence against Women, Rape, Divorce and Domestic Violence in Cross River State Nigeria." JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL POLICY 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/jhsp.v8.no2.2022.pg1.9.
Анотація:
This paper discusses reported incidence of domestic violence in Nigeria, the different forms of abuse which may occur in the home and the devastating consequences on the individuals involve and the society at large. Some of the predisposing factors of domestic violence are discussed and counselling, prevention and remedial are proffered ugly situation, Women experience more chronic and injurious physical assaults at the hands of intimate partners than men do. It was found that women who were physically assaulted by an intimate partner are men in their averaged age. Violence perpetrated against women by intimates is often accompanied by emotionally abusive and controlling behavior. The study found that women whose partners were jealous, controlling, or verbally abusive were significantly more likely to report being raped, physically assaulted, and/or being raped, physically assaulted, and/or stalked by a male cohabitant. These findings, combined with those presented in the previous bullet, provide further evidence that intimate partner violence is perpetrated primarily by men, whether against male or female intimates. Thus, strategies for preventing intimate partner violence should focus on risks posed by men. Some studies conclude that women and men are equally likely to be victimized by their partners, but others conclude that women are more likely to be victimized. Some studies conclude that minorities and whites suffer equal rates of intimate partner violence, and others conclude that minorities suffer higher rates.
2
Bergen, Raquel Kennedy, and Paul Bukovec. "Men and Intimate Partner Rape." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 21, no. 10 (October 2006): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260506291652.
3
Carey, Emily T., Maria M. Galano, Sara F. Stein, Hannah M. Clark, Andrew C. Grogan-Kaylor, and Sandra A. Graham-Bermann. "Forms of Intimate Partner Rape Experienced by Latinas With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Partner Abuse 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.10.1.59.
Анотація:
Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects a large proportion of women in the United States and is a serious public health concern. Rates of IPV are even higher for Latinas in the United States. Approximately, 10% of women experience intimate partner rape in their lifetime, and IPV and intimate partner rape have been strongly linked to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little research has been done to distinguish different forms of intimate partner rape and their effects. This study examined intimate partner rape for 94 Spanish-speaking Latinas with and without a diagnosis of PTSD. Two forms of rape were assessed, physically forced rape and psychologically coerced rape, and 39% of the women were diagnosed with PTSD. A logistic regression (N = 62) was used to assess the relationship between PTSD and forms of rape. Results indicated that Latinas with PTSD reported more physically forced rape than Latinas without a diagnosis of PTSD. No significant difference in PTSD diagnosis was found for psychologically coerced rape. Future research should focus on investigating factors that potentially mediate the relationship between physically forced rape and PTSD.
4
Lynch, Kellie R., Jenna A. Jewell, Jonathan M. Golding, and Hannah B. Kembel. "Associations Between Sexual Behavior Norm Beliefs in Relationships and Intimate Partner Rape Judgments." Violence Against Women 23, no. 4 (July 9, 2016): 426–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216642871.
Анотація:
Using a community sample ( n = 296), we investigated the associations between sexual behavior norm beliefs, acceptance of partner rape, judgments that non-consensual partner sex is “wrong not rape,” and decisions if non-consensual partner sex should be charged as rape. Sexual behavior norm beliefs were associated both directly and indirectly with latter components in the model related to acceptance of non-consensual partner sex judgments and charging rape judgments. In addition, participant gender moderated the model, such that many of the associations between the variables were stronger for males than for females. The results have implications for understanding how individuals label rape between intimate partners.
5
Lilley, Caroline, Dominic Willmott, Dara Mojtahedi, and Danielle Labhardt. "Intimate Partner Rape: A Review of Six Core Myths Surrounding Women’s Conduct and the Consequences of Intimate Partner Rape." Social Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010034.
Анотація:
The focus of this paper is to highlight and review the evidence surrounding common intimate partner rape (IPR) myths, their prevalence in society, and identify those who are most likely to endorse such beliefs. Six core IPR myths are discussed related to misconceptions surrounding (1) women’s decisions to remain in abusive relationships, (2) why women delay or never report IPR, (3) women’s perceived motivations when an IPR report is made, (4) a perceived lack of trauma that occurs as a consequence of this type of rape, (5) male sexual entitlement within intimate relationships, and (6) whether it is even possible to rape a marital partner. This article draws together a wealth of studies and research that evidence why such IPR myths are indeed factually inaccurate and examines how victims, justice professionals, police practitioners, and legal decision-makers endorsement of false beliefs pertaining to intimate partner rape serve to hinder various justice pathways. We discuss the consequences of rape mythology in so far as they create social barriers that prohibit the reporting of rape, impact the progression of an allegation through the criminal justice system and ultimately, obstruct rape victims’ access to justice. The review concludes by considering evidence regarding the possible benefits of education interventions in reducing the problematic influence of rape myths.
6
Ellison, Louise. "Credibility in context: Jury education and intimate partner rape." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 23, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365712718807225.
Анотація:
This article reflects critically on the scope of educational jury directions currently utilised in sexual offence cases in England and Wales and argues for their extension to circumstances specifically arising in cases of so-called ‘domestic’ or intimate partner rape. This position is defended as a necessary step to promote more accurate credibility assessment of claims of sexual violence and the prospects of just trial outcomes for survivors in this subcategory of rape cases.
7
Watney, M. "Regspraak: Intimate partner rape: myths, reality and the law." Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2022, no. 4 (2022): 768–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a8.
Анотація:
Die voortdurende opwaartse neiging in misdaadstatistiek van seksuele misdrywe en waarvan dié soort misdaad in intieme verhoudings ook deel vorm, is ’n internasionale tendens. Ook Suid-Afrika het hierdie verskynsel nie vrygespring nie, en wel tot so ’n mate dat die hoogste howe in die land dit gerade geag het om duidelike waarskuwings uit te spreek teen dit wat hulle ooglopend té gereeld op die daaglikse hofrol vind (sien S v Chapman 1997 2 SASV 3 (HHA) 5A-B en S v Tshabalala 2020 2 SASV 38 (KH) par 76). Aanvaarding van die Wysigingswet op die Strafreg (Seksuele Misdrywe en Verwante Aangeleenthede) 32 van 2007 (die wet) is bygevolg allerweë verwelkom as ’n positiewe ontwikkeling om die ondersoek en vervolging van seksuele misdrywe na behore aan te spreek. Uit die internasionale ervaring is dit egter duidelik dat hierdie soort doelgerigte wetgewing nie alleenstaande die deurbraak gee nie: ook moet die bewys- en prosesreg tred hou met veranderinge en in besonder moet ’n kopskuif plaasvind in die stereotipes, vooroordele en mites wat deur die gemeenskap (en in besonder die regsgemeenskap) voorbehou word oor seksuele misdrywe. In Coko v S (2022 1 SASV 24 (OKG)) appelleer die appellant sy skuldigbevinding in die streekhof aan verkragting ter oortreding van artikel 3 van die wet, na die hooggeregshof. In die verhoorhof is dit hom ten laste gelê dat hy die klaagster, met wie hy in ’n vaste verhouding was, verkrag het. Uit die feite blyk dit dat die paartjie op aandrang van die klaagster as maagd, reeds vroeg in hul verhouding die grens getrek het dat geen seksuele omgang aan die orde gaan wees nie. Drukkies, soentjies en intieme aanraking het wel gereeld plaasgevind. Op die gewraakte dag het die twee afgespreek dat die klaagster die nag by die beskuldigde sou deurbring. Nadat hulle saam in die bed ’n rolprent op ’n skootrekenaar gekyk het, het die appellant begin om die klaagster se pajamabroek af te trek. Sy het haar bene gekruis en gesê dat sy nie seksuele omgang wil hê nie. Die appellant het voortgegaan om haar te soen en het orale seks met haar gehad. Sy het nie daarteen kapsie aangeteken nie. Daarop het hy sy broek verwyder, op haar gerol en geslagsgemeenskap met haar gevoer. Tydens die gemeenskap het sy hom probeer afstoot en aangedui dat hy haar seermaak, maar hy het voortgegaan tot ejakulasie bereik is. Sy het hom daarop gevra waarom hy sy woord verbreek het en hy het aangedui dat hy in die moment meegevoer is. Die klaagster het die nag by hom deurgebring en is die volgende oggend weg. In ’n selfoonboodskap het die appellant apologie aangeteken omdat hy sy woord verbreek het deur onbeskermde gemeenskap met haar te hê. Die klaagster het die verhouding enkele dae later verbreek. Getuienis is aangebied deur ’n sielkundige dat die klaagster na afloop van die voorval paniekaanvalle gekry het en aan post traumatiese stressindroom gelei het. Sy het twee maande later ’n strafregtelike klag by die polisie aanhangig gemaak. Die appellant het getuig dat hy uit die klaagster se liggaamstaal afgelei het dat sy toestemming tot gemeenskap gegee het. Die verhoorhof het die appellant se weergawe verwerp en hy is skuldig bevind aan oortreding van artikel 3 van die wet (verkragting) en gevonnis tot sewe jaar gevangenisstraf. Op appèl bevind die hooggeregshof egter dat die staat gefaal het om bo redelike twyfel te bewys dat die appellant bewus was dat daar geen toestemming was nie en dat hy dus nie opset gehad het om die klaagster te verkrag nie. Die skuldigbevinding en vonnis is bygevolg ter syde gestel. Die toestemmingselement by verkragting sal deurgaans ’n deurslaggewende rol vervul, ten spyte van regshervorming wat daarop gemik is om die sekondêre viktimisasie wat dit tot gevolg het, te verminder (Burchell Principles of Criminal Law (2016) 619). Smythe en Pithey argumenteer dat in die lig van die bepalings van die wet, die feitelike ondersoek na die bestaan van toestemming eerder onderneem moet word deur ’n ondersoek na die optrede van die beskuldigde en die omringende omstandighede van die voorval (Sexual Offences Commentary Act 32 of 2007 (2011) 2-6). Skuld in die vorm van dolus directus of dolus eventualis word vereis alvorens ’n skuldigbevinding aan verkragting kan volg. ’n Beskuldigde sal vrygespreek word vanweë ’n gebrek aan wederregtelikheidsbewussyn indien hy bona fide, maar verkeerdelik geglo het dat die klaagster toestemming verleen het. Dit word nie vereis dat sy foutiewe geloof redelik moes wees nie. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat in die onderhawige geval die appellant onder geen wanindruk kon verkeer oor die feit dat die klaagster geen toestemming tot seksuele omgang verleen het nie. Deur hierdie uitspraak het die hooggeregshof die indruk geskep dat seksuele voorspel outomaties toestemming tot opvolgende geslagsverkeer verleen. Alhoewel die destydse waarskuwing van Langenhoven in “Die mot en die kers” hier opklink, kan daar in ’n grondwetlike bedeling nie só onagsaam met die menswaardigheid, vryheid en sekerheid van die persoon omgegaan word nie. Ook internasionaal word sodanige benadering afgekeur. In Engeland en Kanada word vereis dat die dwaling oor toestemming redelik moet wees. Die Engelse skrywers Rook en Ward Sexual Offences Law and Practice (2016) dui aan dat aanvanklike toestemming tot ’n tipe seksuele aktiwiteit nie outomaties beteken dat toestemming nou daarmee verleen is vir enige denkbare verdere seksuele aktiwiteite nie (79). In die Kanadese beslissing van R v Ewanchuk (1999 1 SCR 330) beslis die hooggeregshof dat voortgesette seksuele handelinge nadat ’n party toestemming geweier het, ten minste roekeloos is en onverskoonbaar (par 52). Die posisie in Malawi toon weinig ontwikkeling in pas met internasionale tendense. In België het die wetgewer so onlangs as 2 Junie 2022 die Strafwetboek se bepalings met betrekking tot verkragting dusdanig gewysig deur die invoeging van ’n omvattende definisie van toestemming waardeur dié element nou sentraal staan in die ondersoek of verkragting gepleeg is en is die vonnisbepaling ook sterk opwaarts aangepas (a 417/5 en 417/11 Strafwetboek). Ook in Spanje is wetgewing wat bepaal dat slegs uitgesproke toestemming tot seksuele omgang as toestemming aanvaar sal word, tans in die parlementêre aannemingsproses. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat die Wysigingswet sowel as die bestaande Suid-Afrikaanse straf-, proses- en bewysreg ’n voldoende raamwerk skep om seksuele misdrywe, óók gepleeg in intieme verhoudings na behore aan te spreek. Geen verdere regswysiging in dié verband word voorgestel nie. Wat wel aandag verdien is die stereotipes, vooroordele en mites wat deur die gemeenskap (en ook die regsgemeenskap) gekoester word oor seksuele misdrywe. Juis dáár lê die knoop wat toepassing van die reg op die feite erg belemmer.
8
Basile, Kathleen C. "Prevalence of Wife Rape and Other Intimate Partner Sexual Coercion in a Nationally Representative Sample of Women." Violence and Victims 17, no. 5 (October 2002): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.5.511.33717.
Анотація:
This article provides a national estimate of wife rape and various other types of sexual coercion by a spouse or intimate partner. Findings from a 1997 national probability sample revealed that 34% of women were victims of some type of sexual coercion with a husband or partner in their lifetime. Of these women, 10% experienced rape by a current partner. This rate increased to 13% when only victims of rape by a current husband were included, which is consistent with previous studies on wife rape. Other findings reveal that women had unwanted sex with a current spouse or partner in return for a partner’s spending money on them (24%), because they thought it was their “duty” (43%), after a romantic situation (29%), after the partner begged and pleaded with them (26%), and after their partner said things to bully them (9%). The importance of examining a continuum of sexual coercion is discussed and findings are compared and contrasted with other prevalence rates for sexual coercion in marriage.
9
Bonomi, Amy, Emily Nichols, Rebecca Kammes, Carla D. Chugani, Natacha M. De Genna, Kelley Jones, and Elizabeth Miller. "Alcohol Use, Mental Health Disability, and Violence Victimization in College Women: Exploring Connections." Violence Against Women 24, no. 11 (August 5, 2018): 1314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218787924.
Анотація:
The present study is an analysis of in-depth interviews with college women reporting a mental health disability and at least one experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) or sexual violence (SV) to elucidate how alcohol use is associated with both violence victimization and mental health symptoms. Our findings underscore salient alcohol-related themes in college women with histories of IPV/SV and mental health disability: alcohol use in their family of origin and/or with intimate partners, partying and heavy drinking as a normal college social context, abusive partners and SV perpetrators using alcohol as a mechanism for control and targeted rape, and worsening mental health symptoms after violence exposure, which prompted alcohol use to cope and was associated with vulnerability to more violence.
10
Nakyazze, Brendah, Karin Österman, and Kaj Björkqvist. "The Association between Intimate Partner Rape and Victimisation from Intimate Partner Controlling Behaviour and Physical Aggression in a Ugandan Sample." Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology 11, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v11i1.22047.
11
Rani, Akanksha, Raj Chethan, Trichy Janaki, Sojan Antony, and Ammapattian Thirumoorthy. "Women With Severe Mental Illness and Marital Rape." Partner Abuse 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/pa-2021-0014.
Анотація:
Marital rape has been socially and culturally normalized within marriage. It becomes a subtle form of violence against women with severe mental illness who cannot negotiate on sexual matters with their partner. This study aims to critically analyze empirical studies to see how women with severe mental illness can be at risk of being sexually abused by their intimate partner, its impact on their life, what protects them from abuse, historical framework, the role of mental health professionals, need of research on marital rape of men and a way forward. Mental health professionals need to consider all these factors and provide community-coordinated care and support.
12
Nguyen, Kim Anh, Naeemah Abrahams, Rachel Jewkes, Shibe Mhlongo, Soraya Seedat, Bronwyn Myers, Carl Lombard, et al. "The Associations of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence with Hypertension in South African Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 4026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074026.
Анотація:
This study describes associations of intimate partner violence (IPV), non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and sexual harassment (SH) exposures with hypertension in South African women aged 18–40 years. Baseline data (n = 1742) from the Rape Impact Cohort Evaluation study, including a history of sexual, physical, emotional and economic IPV, NPSV and SH were examined. Hypertension was based on blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or a previous diagnosis. Logistic regressions were adjusted for traditional hypertension risk factors and previous trauma (e.g., recent rape). Hypertension was more prevalent in women with a history of all forms of IPV, NPSV, and SH, all p ≤ 0.001, compared to women without. Frequent NPSV (adjusted odds ratio: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.27–2.67) any SH (2.56; 1.60–4.03), frequent physical (1.44; 1.06–1.95) and emotional IPV (1.45; 1.06–1.98), and greater severity of emotional IPV (1.05; 1.02–1.08) were associated with hypertension. Current depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms and/or alcohol binge-drinking completely or partially mediated these associations. This study shows that exposure to gender-based violence is associated with hypertension in young women. Understanding the role of psychological stress arising from abuse may enable the development of prevention and management strategies for hypertension among women with histories of abuse.
13
Machisa, Mercilene T., Esnat D. Chirwa, Pinky Mahlangu, Yandisa Sikweyiya, Ncediswa Nunze, Elizabeth Dartnall, Managa Pillay, and Rachel Jewkes. "Factors associated with female students’ past year experience of sexual violence in South African public higher education settings: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): e0260886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260886.
Анотація:
Background Intimate partner sexual violence and non-partner rape experiences are widely reported by female students in South African higher education institutions, as they are globally. However, limited research has focused on investigating vulnerability factors, which is vital for informing interventions. Objective To describe the factors and inter-relationships associated with female students’ increased vulnerability to past year experience of partner sexual violence and non-partner rape in South African higher education settings. Methods We interviewed 1293 female students, i.e., 519 students in six Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college campuses and 774 students at three university campuses. Participants were volunteers aged 18–30. The measured vulnerability factors included childhood sexual abuse, other trauma, mental ill-health, risky sexual behaviours, food insecurity, partner violence, and controlling behaviours. We used bivariate analysis, logistic regression, and structural equation modelling methods. Results Twenty percent of participants experienced past-year sexual violence (17% partner sexual violence and 7.5% non-partner rape). Childhood sexual abuse had direct effects on experiencing past year sexual violence and physical, emotional partner violence or controlling behaviours. Risky sexual behaviours mediated the relationships of childhood sexual abuse or harmful alcohol use and past-year sexual violence experience. Mental ill-health mediated the relationships between childhood sexual abuse, other traumatic exposures, food insecurity, physical, emotional partner violence or controlling behaviours, and past-year partner sexual violence or non-partner rape experience. Conclusions Risky sexual behaviours, gender inequitable relationship dynamics, mental ill-health, and food insecurity are related and amenable vulnerability factors associated with female students’ sexual violence experiences. Therefore, addressing these through comprehensive campus interventions, which are implemented when students first enrol in higher education and are most vulnerable to sexual violence, is critical. Society-wide sexual violence prevention is also imperative.
14
Krienert, Jessie L., and Jeffrey A. Walsh. "An Examination of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence: Comparing Marital and Nonmarital Incidents Employing NIBRS Data, 2008–2012." Partner Abuse 9, no. 1 (2018): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.9.1.41.
Анотація:
Marital rape first appeared in a peer-reviewed publication in 1977 (Gelles, 1977), was first prosecuted as a crime in 1978, but took another two decades to be recognized as a crime across the United States. Marital rape is an underreported social problem occurring twice as frequently as media-saturated stranger rape (Russell, 1990). The present study draws on 5 years of National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data (2008–2012) to provide baseline information on reported male-to-female marital sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to nonmarital sexual IPV. Findings reveal, in part, that husbands as perpetrators, and wives as victims, are significantly older than non-married sexual IPV offenders and victims. Married offenders are more likely to be White, and dating offenders Black. Injuries are significantly more likely if the victim and offender are married, with marital sexual IPV cases more likely to include sexual penetration, including higher incidence of rape, sodomy, and sexual assault with an object.
15
Machisa, Mercilene Tanyaradzwa, Esnat Chirwa, Pinky Mahlangu, Ncediswa Nunze, Yandisa Sikweyiya, Elizabeth Dartnall, Managa Pillay, and Rachel Jewkes. "Suicidal Thoughts, Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Harmful Alcohol Use Associated with Intimate Partner Violence and Rape Exposures among Female Students in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 7913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137913.
Анотація:
While ample evidence from high-income country settings indicates the prevalence and risk factors for multiple mental ill-health symptoms in student populations, evidence from low- and middle-income higher education settings remains limited. We determined the frequency, associations, and structural pathways between mental health outcomes and possible risk factors among a sample of 1292 predominantly Black African and female students ages 18–30 years, enrolled at nine purposefully selected public universities and Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) campuses. We measured and created a mental ill-health latent outcome consisting of depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal thoughts. We also measured traumatic exposures including childhood trauma, recent intimate partner violence (IPV), non-partner rape, and other life traumatic events. We used structural equation modelling to analyse data. We found that 50% of the surveyed students binge drank, 43% reported depressive symptoms, 9% reported PTSD symptoms, and 21% had suicidal thoughts. Students’ experiences of childhood trauma, food insecurity, other traumatic events, non-partner rape, and IPV impacted the mental ill-health latent. IPV experiences mediated the relationships between experiences of childhood trauma or other trauma and the mental ill-health latent, and the relationship between binge drinking and other life traumatic events. Non-partner rape mediated the relationship between food insecurity and the mental ill-health latent. Binge drinking directly impacted non-partner rape experience. The findings substantiate the need for campus-based mental health promotion, psychosocial services and treatments, and implementation of combined interventions that address the intersections of violence against women and mental health among students in South Africa.
16
McCormack, Denise, Sushi Subburamu, Glenda Guzman, Carmen Calderon, Ruchika Darapaneni, Robert Lis, Niloofar Sima, Jeremy Sperling, and Jill Corbo. "Traumatic Injuries in Sexual Assault Patients in the Emergency Department." Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 23, no. 5 (August 19, 2022): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2022.1.53994.
Анотація:
Introduction: The emergency department (ED) is at the forefront for treatment of sexual assault patients. Many require treatment for injuries sustained during the assault, ranging from mild to severe. Our objective in this study was to characterize types of injuries associated with sexual assault and identify associated factors. Methods: We reviewed ED charts from an inner-city trauma center and nearby community hospital from 2019-2020 for patients age ≥13 years with a chief complaint of sexual assault. We used descriptive statistics, chi square, and logistic regression to characterize demographics and identify factors associated with trauma. Results: A total of 157 patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 27.9 years old (range 13-79 years) and 92.4% were female. Adult patients (age >18 years) comprised 77.5% of assaults vs adolescents (age 13-18 years) at 22.3%. Most patients presented to the trauma center compared to the community hospital (69.4% vs 30.6%). The assailants were reported as 61.2% acquaintance, 22.9% stranger, and 15.9% intimate partner. A forensic rape kit was performed in 92 (58.6%) cases. The patient was intoxicated with alcohol in 39 (24.8%) cases, and 22 (14%) patients reported drug-facilitated assault where an unknown substance was given to them. Alcohol (P = 0.95) and drug-facilitated assault (P = 0.64) did not change the occurrence of injuries. Fifty-seven (36.3%) patients exhibited physical trauma on presentation. Forty-five (28.6%) patients had minor injuries of abrasions, lacerations, or contusions. Major trauma was defined as fracture, brain injury, hemorrhage, strangulation, or injury requiring surgical consultation. There were 12 patients with major trauma consisting of fracture injury or nonfatal strangulation. None of the patients required admission. Sexual assault by an intimate partner (odds ratio [OR] 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1-6.5) and being an adult patient compared to adolescent (OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1-7.7) was significantly associated with physical trauma. Sexual assault by an intimate partner was also associated with nonfatal strangulation (OR 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1-15.4). Conclusion: Physical injuries that resulted from sexual assault were mostly minor and occurred in 36% of rape victims. Intimate partner violence was found to be associated with physical trauma as well as nonfatal strangulation. Overall, this study helps us to understand key factors associated with sexual violence.
17
Frías, Sonia M., and Alejandra Ríos-Cázares. "After Rape: Mexican Women’s Help-Seeking and Access to Emergency Health Care in Public Prosecutor’s Offices." Feminist Criminology 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085116688778.
Анотація:
Using a mixed-methods design, this study examines the prevalence of women’s rape by someone other than an intimate partner in Mexico, women’s formal help-seeking strategies and their access to emergency healthcare in state attorney agencies. 18 out of every 10,000 Mexican women were raped during 2011. Only 8.37% of them sought help in law-enforcement agencies and less than 1% in public health services. Specialized agencies in sexual crimes tend to lack attention protocols (70%), and medical examiners (26.7%). Emergency medical care for victims is not guaranteed nor are referrals to public healthcare services for emergency contraception, treatment for STDs and pregnancy interruption.
18
Dziewa, Amandine, and Fabienne Glowacz. "Violence and sexual violence between partners: A qualitative analysis of female victims’ experiences." Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies 24, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgn2021.2.004.dzie.
Анотація:
Abstract Subject: In the 1970s, domestic violence was put on the political agenda as a societal problem. Since then, research exploring the dynamics of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has multiplied, but the study of sexual violence between partners is still topical. This article examines female victims’ experiences of intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV). Method: This qualitative study uses a thematic approach to explore how IPV victims perceive sexual violence within their couple. Semi-structured interviews, which include the use of qualitative life calendars, were conducted with 20 women. Results: The thematic analysis of the 20 interviews highlighted several themes and sub-themes that address (1) sexual violence experienced by victims within the couple, (2) their perception of sexual violence, and (3) the reasons why they submitted to unwanted sex in an abusive relationship. Conclusion: Experiences of sexual violence are the result of different dynamics; however, IPSV is a form of violence that is still difficult to identify and is more often defined by victims as an impulse or aggression than a rape. Within the couple, the impact of violence, but also the influence of gender stereotypes, affect the perception of violence, assertiveness capacities, and, therefore, the ability to express free consent. Victims submitt to their partner because they are afraid of him; they want to protect themselves or their children; or they do not have the capacity to express their non-consent.
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Pastor-Moreno, Guadalupe, Isabel Ruiz-Pérez, Luis Sordo, and Jesús Henares-Montiel. "Frequency, Types, and Manifestations of Partner Sexual Violence, Non-Partner Sexual Violence and Sexual Harassment: A Population Study in Spain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 8108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138108.
Анотація:
Background: This study analyzes the frequency and sociodemographic characteristics associated with sexual violence by a partner/ex-partner (PSV), someone other than a partner or ex-partner (NPSV), or sexual harassment (SH). Methods: The study is based on the 2019 Macro-survey of Violence against Women conducted by the Spanish Ministry of Equality among a sample of 9568 women age 16 or more years. Odds Ratios were calculated and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Forty-four women had suffered some kind of sexual violence over their lifetime, 9.2% had experienced PSV, 6.5% NPSV and 40.4% SH. More than 7% of women had been raped by a partner and 2.2% by another man. In the three groups, violence was associated with lower age and having a certified disability. NPSV and SH were significantly associated with a higher education and internet use. In NPSV, 9.2% of cases were reported to the police and 3.9% were reported to the courts. In SH, 91.7% of women told a family member or a close friend and 4.2% reported it to the police or the courts. Conclusions: A greater emphasis needs to be placed on reporting sexual violence in its various forms. Rape within intimate partnerships ought to be investigated and studied in greater depth.
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Martha-Rose, Chima Ify. "Multimodal Counselling Therapy in the Management of Intimate Partner Violence among Married Couples in Owerri, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies 3, no. 3 (September 26, 2016): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.500/2016.3.3/500.3.229.233.
Анотація:
The study investigated the effectiveness of Multimodal Counselling Therapy (MCT) in managing intimate partner violence such as all forms of wife battering, whether physical, psychological or emotional and marital rape. The study adopts pretest, post test, and control group quasi experimental design using a 2x2 method. Participants for the study included (10) identified married couples (20 subjects) experiencing domestic violence. They were randomly assigned into MCT treatment group and the control. Participants in the MCT group received treatment on multimodal therapy while the control group received placebo. Components of the MCT therapy include: empathy, rapport, anxiety management self-control, conflict resolution skills, effective communication skills, assertiveness and social skills training. Findings reveal that MCT was very effective in reducing intimate partner violence. It was also discovered that participants with higher educational level yielded more to treatment effects than their counterparts with low educational level. Recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.
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Focacci, Chiara Natalie, and Pak Hung Lam. "Let the facts speak, not the pictures: an experimental survey on rape narratives." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 43, no. 13/14 (November 13, 2023): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-08-2023-0182.
Анотація:
Purpose According to statistics by the US National Sexual Violence Resource Center, more than 50% of women claim they have been raped by an intimate partner or an acquaintance. In this experiment, the authors test whether exposing individuals to different types of images portraying the victim and their perpetrator influences individuals' perception of (1) the perpetrator's deserved punishment and (2) the role played by the victim in her rape.Design/methodology/approach In an experimental survey, the authors randomly treat groups of individuals with manipulated facial and physical expressions of the same photographs.Findings The authors find that news about rape are more or less effective in uncovering the seriousness of the crime independent of the pictures accompanying them, suggesting media should avoid their misusage.Originality/value While the role of the narrative of rape has been extensively discussed in the literature from a theoretical perspective, this research provides original evidence based on actual behavioural response.
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Castro, Erin D., Matt R. Nobles, and Egbert Zavala. "Assessing Intimate Partner Violence in a Control Balance Theory Framework." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 3-4 (January 30, 2017): 600–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516689776.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study was to examine the role that control occupies in the motivation for, and development of, intimate partner violence (IPV). The research literature often theorizes about the importance of control in gender-based crimes; however, few studies have empirically tested these assumptions. Given the breath of theoretical approaches in examining IPV and the need for individualized explanations, the current study used concepts from Tittle’s control balance theory. This integrated theory accounts for many of the known risk factors, such as self-control and routine activities, while accounting for individual perceptions of control. A college student sample ( N = 401) was used, in accordance with the literature that has found this subpopulation to be at high risk for IPV. An online survey was distributed to potential participants to capture self-reported incidents of victimization and perpetration of IPV within the past year. Statistical analysis using segmented nonlinear regression models was estimated to assess sex difference effects. The results showed no difference in control continuums between the sexes but did find significant associations between control deficits and female victimization and perpetration, as well as significant association between control deficits and male perpetration of IPV. These findings have implications beyond the theoretical confirmation that control is key factor to this type of violence. In addition to greater education regarding dating expectations, control deficits may be particularly important for socially marginalized groups, such as those from the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. Efforts can then be made to identify issues with control in IPV counseling, victim services, treatments for offenders, and other gender-based crimes, such as rape, sexual assault, and stalking.
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Li, Zhenqi. "Marital Rape as Structual Violence in the Legal System." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 42, no. 1 (March 14, 2024): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/42/20240693.
Анотація:
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) stands as a significant concern for mental health professionals and advocates for women's rights. In this realm, marital rape is identified as the unwelcome sexual acts a husband imposes on his wife, frequently accompanied by physical violence and threats, instilling fear and injury in women. Despite the profound trauma it causes, marital rape is not universally illegal or considered a severe crime in some areas. The lack of attention to marital rape by society and the legal frameworks, especially in the context of increasing awareness of women's health, warrants a closer look. This study seeks to explore the influence of societal views on marital rape on the seeming leniency of the legal system and proposes possible remedies. It is clear that in societies with deep-rooted patriarchal values, where a husband's authority is prioritized, marital rape is normalized as a form of structural violence, thereby undermining the legal system's response. Addressing this issue requires strict legal reforms, including joining international frameworks and comprehensive public education to raise awareness.
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Ngige, Lucy W., and Phoebe D. Ndayala. "Influence of Social Cultural Factors on HIV Seropositivity Disclosure to Sexual Partners in Kenya." East African Journal of Health and Science 2, no. 1 (October 14, 2020): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajhs.2.1.224.
Анотація:
The purpose of the study was to assess whether sociocultural factors have an influence on the self-disclosure of HIV serostatus to intimate partners among People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). A survey was conducted among 232 randomly selected respondents who were HIV seropositive and were members of a registered community-based support group for PLWHA in Nairobi, Kenya. Data was gathered by means of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Results revealed that the marital status of the respondents varied from never married (13.4%), married (27.6%), separated (26.3%), divorced (4.3%) and widowed (28.4%). Approximately half of the respondents (50.4%) had disclosed their HIV serostatus to their intimate partners while 49.6% had not. The binary logistic regression results established that some socio-cultural factors fostered HIV seropositivity disclosure while others did not. The positive predictors of HIV serostatus disclosure were gender inequalities in the sexual relationship (AOR=4.129; p=0.011), the role of females as dependent housewives (AOR=1.322; P=0.004), anticipated divorce following HIV disclosure (AOR=2.578; p=0.014) and the cultural belief that HIV was a curse (AOR=2.444; p=0.005). However, sexual behaviour such as homosexuality, rape, incest, sex with minors and extramarital sex (AOR=0.225; p=0.001), intimate partner violence (AOR=0.220; p=0.001), the subordination of females by their male partners (AOR=0.351; p=0.002) and the fear of exclusion from the cultural rite of wife inheritance during widowhood (AOR=0.410; p=0.002) were negative predictors of disclosure of HIV serostatus. This implies that there was no likelihood of HIV disclosure, thereby putting intimate partners at risk of HIV infection. It was recommended that there was the need to promote community discourse on HIV and AIDS in order to reduce the socio-cultural barriers to self-disclosure of HIV seropositive status and to increase the community acceptance of people living with HIV and AIDS.
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Mannell, Jenevieve, Nicole Minckas, Rochelle Burgess, Esnat D. Chirwa, Rachel Jewkes, and Andrew Gibbs. "Does experiencing a traumatic life event increase the risk of intimate partner violence for young women? A cross-sectional analysis and structural equation model of data from the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention in South Africa." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e051969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051969.
Анотація:
ObjectivesTo investigate associations and potential pathways between women’s lifetime exposure to traumatic events and their recent experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV).SettingSouth African informal settlements near Durban.Participants677 women, living in informal settlements, aged 18–30 years, currently out of school or formal employment.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSelf-reported experiences of IPV in the past 12 months and exposure to traumatic neighbourhood events (including witnessing murder, being robbed or kidnapped, witnessing and experiencing rape).ResultsExposure to traumatic events was common among the 677 women surveyed. Over 70% had experienced at least one in their lifetime; one quarter (24%) had experienced 3 or more different events. Women exposed to any traumatic event had a 43% increase in the odds of experiencing IPV in comparison to those with no exposure (aOR 1.43, p≤0.000). Exposure to non-partner rape is more strongly associated with IPV than any other traumatic experience. Pathways from exposure to traumatic events and non-partner rape to recent IPV experience are mediated by a latent variable of poor mental health. Food insecurity is associated with all forms of traumatic experience, and is also indirectly associated with IPV through views by women that are unsupportive of gender equality.ConclusionsWomen living in South African informal settlements who witness or experience traumatic events were likely to experience IPV, and this increases when women were exposed to multiple types of events. Our model suggests that experiencing traumatic events, and non-partner rape in particular, has negative effects on women’s mental health in ways that may increase their vulnerability to IPV. IPV prevention interventions should consider the broader impacts of women’s exposure to neighbourhood violence and severe poverty on IPV risk in settings where these are endemic.Trial registration numberNCT03022370; post-results.
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Dulal, Tulasa Devi. "Increasing Trend of Sexual Assault Cases in Nepal." Journal of Population and Development 3, no. 1 (October 10, 2022): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v3i1.48817.
Анотація:
Rape and sexual violence is a deep-rooted issue in Nepal, as it is around the world. The number of reported rape cases continues to rise despite strict laws in Nepal. The topic is framed as part of women issue of gender based violence. This article tries to highlight the trend and situation of sexual assault (rape) analyzing the existing rape cases. The study is based on descriptive as well as analytical in nature. Sources of information in this study are secondary data like published and un- published research papers, journal articles and survey reports with desk review method. Although most countries have laws prohibiting sexual assault and violence. While the number of rape cases and sexual violence has increased in several nations in recent years, there are still countries where no rape incidents have been documented. The Nepal Police in 2021 reported that up to seven women and girls are raped every day in the country, most of them by neighbors, relatives and acquaintances. Therefore, the state should not fail to protect the rights of the victims.” The incidents of murder and murder after rape have increased drastically in the recent times. According to statistics, 17 women were murdered after rape in the past four years. One point that has come under intense scrutiny is that law in Nepal specifies women and girls as the victim in case of rape. Despite the Constitution and law guarantees, instances of rape are increasing in Nepal. In the other, sexual violence by intimate partner is largely unreported due to social stigma as well as the belief that forced sexual relation by a husband without the consent of the wife doesn’t constitute violence. Many cases of rape and sexual violence go unreported to police because of social stigma, lack of trust in the justice system and lack of protection of victims.
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Jewkes, Rachel, Minja Milovanovic, Kennedy Otwombe, Esnat Chirwa, Khuthadzo Hlongwane, Naomi Hill, Venice Mbowane, et al. "Intersections of Sex Work, Mental Ill-Health, IPV and Other Violence Experienced by Female Sex Workers: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Community-Centric National Study in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 11971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211971.
Анотація:
Female sex workers (FSWs) are at increased risk of mental health problems, including mood disorders and substance abuse, and we need to understand the origins of these to treat and prevent them, and particularly understand how the context in which they sell sex impacts their mental health. We conducted a multi-stage, community-centric, cross-sectional survey of 3005 FSWs linked to SW programmes in twelve sites across all nine provinces of South Africa. We interviewed adult women who had sold sex in the preceding six months, who were recruited via SW networks. We found that FSWs have very poor mental health as 52.7% had depression and 53.6% has post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The structural equation model showed direct pathways from childhood trauma and having HIV+ status to mental ill-health. Indirect pathways were mediated by food insecurity, controlling partners, non-partner rape, harmful alcohol use, substance use to cope with SW, indicators of the circumstances of SW, i.e., selling location (on streets, in taverns and brothels), frequency of selling and experiencing SW stigma. All paths from childhood trauma had final common pathways from exposure to gender-based violence (non-partner rape or intimate partner violence) to mental ill-health, except for one that was mediated by food insecurity. Thus, FSWs’ poor mental health risk was often mediated by their work location and vulnerability to violence, substance abuse and stigma. The potential contribution of legal reform to mitigate the risks of violence and mental ill-health are inescapable. Treatment of mental ill-health and substance abuse should be an essential element of FSW programmes.
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Gulati, Natasha K., Cynthia A. Stappenbeck, William H. George, and Kelly C. Davis. "Predicting rape events: The influence of intimate partner violence history, condom use resistance, and heavy drinking." Aggressive Behavior 47, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.21927.
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Hayes, Brittany E., and Eryn Nicole O’Neal. "Differences in Nonresponse Bias and Victimization Reports Across Self-Administered Web-Based and Paper-and-Pencil Versions of a Campus Climate Survey." Violence Against Women 27, no. 12-13 (June 25, 2021): 2451–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778012211019049.
Анотація:
Using a standardized campus climate survey that was disseminated across three modes of administration ( N = 5,137), this study assesses the nonresponse bias of two web-based versions to a self-administered paper-and-pencil version conducted at a Southeastern 4-year university. Significant differences emerged across all three modes of administration and victimization measures (bullying, sexual assault, rape, emotional abuse, and intimate partner violence [IPV]). Respondents were more likely to report victimization in the web-based surveys administered to online-only classes and via mass email compared to the paper survey. Policy implications, especially as it relates to survey administration, are discussed.
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Aakvaag, Helene Flood, Siri Thoresen, Tore Wentzel-Larsen, and Grete Dyb. "Adult Victimization in Female Survivors of Childhood Violence and Abuse: The Contribution of Multiple Types of Violence." Violence Against Women 23, no. 13 (August 30, 2016): 1601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216664427.
Анотація:
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a well-established risk factor for adult victimization in women, but little is known about the importance of relationship to perpetrator and exposure to other violence types. This study interviewed 2,437 Norwegian women (response rate = 45.0%) about their experiences with violence. Logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate associations of multiple categories of childhood violence with adult victimization. Women exposed to CSA often experienced other childhood violence, and the total burden of violence was associated with adult rape and intimate partner violence (IPV). Researchers and clinicians need to take into account the full spectrum of violence exposure.
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Spencer, Chelsea M., and Sandra M. Stith. "Risk Factors for Male Perpetration and Female Victimization of Intimate Partner Homicide: A Meta-Analysis." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 3 (June 10, 2018): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018781101.
Анотація:
Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a serious problem throughout the world. Research has identified the continued need to examine risk factors for IPH to identify individuals who may be at a greater risk of IPH perpetration or victimization. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis on risk factors for male IPH perpetration and female IPH victimization. This meta-analysis examined results from 17 studies, which included 148 effect sizes used in the analysis. Primary findings from this research suggest the strongest risk factors for IPH were the perpetrator having direct access to a gun, perpetrator’s previous nonfatal strangulation, perpetrator’s previous rape of the victim, perpetrator’s previous threat with a weapon, the perpetrator’s demonstration of controlling behaviors, and the perpetrator’s previous threats to harm the victim. Implications for law enforcement personnel, medical professionals, victim advocates, mental health professionals, and other professionals who may be in contact with potential IPH perpetrators and victims are discussed.
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Nakyazze, Brendah, Karin Österman, and Kaj Björkqvist. "Victimisation from intimate partner rape in Uganda: Sex differences, psychological concomitants, and the effect of educational level." Medical Science and Discovery 7, no. 8 (August 21, 2020): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v7i8.410.
Анотація:
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate victimization from intimate partner rape (IPR) in Uganda among both women and men, the effect of educational level, and psychological concomitants.
Method: A questionnaire was completed by 609 females and 420 males in Uganda. The mean age was 31.5 (SD 10.9) for females and 34.4 (SD 11.3) for males.
Results: Females reported significantly higher frequencies of victimization from IPR than males. Respondents with no education reported significantly higher frequencies of victimization than others. Respondents who had been more than average victimized from IPR scored significantly higher on depression and anxiety and had significantly lower self-esteem than others. Females who had been victimized more than average scored significantly lower on self-esteem than the other groups.
Conclusions: Not only females but also males were found to have been victimized from IPR. Victimization was linked to increased levels of negative psychological concomitants in both females and males.
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Jewkes, Rachel, Yandisa Sikweyiya, Robert Morrell, and Kristin Dunkle. "The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence, Rape and HIV amongst South African Men: A Cross-Sectional Study." PLoS ONE 6, no. 9 (September 14, 2011): e24256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024256.
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Wennerstrom, Ashley, Catherine Haywood, Maeve Wallace, Meredith Sugarman, Ashlee Walker, Trupania Bonner, Yana Sutton, et al. "Creating Safe Spaces: A Community Health Worker-Academic Partnered Approach to Addressing Intimate Partner Violence." Ethnicity & Disease 28, Supp (September 6, 2018): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.s2.317.
Анотація:
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a persistent public health problem in the United States, with an estimated one in three women experiencing rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner within her lifetime. Non-Hispanic Black women disproportionately experience IPV, but there has been limited success in implementing culturally appropriate prevention programs and services for members of this population. Community health workers (CHWs) are trusted members of under-resourced communities who provide reliable health information and improve the cultural appropriateness of service delivery and may be a vital resource for developing new IPV interventions. Guided by the principles of community partnered participatory research, we developed the CHW-led Safe Spaces project, which aimed to establish a strong academic-community partnership to focus on issues related to experiences of IPV and the prevention of IPV in New Orleans. In this article, we describe the development of our partnership including the formation of an advisory board, creation of a broad-based stakeholder coalition, offering a community partnered participatory research training, conducting IPV education and outreach, and establishing a research agenda. Our processes are replicable and lessons learned may be relevant to other groups seeking to address IPV by leveraging the strengths of community-academic collaborations and CHWs.Ethn Dis. 2018;28(Suppl 2):317-324; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S2.317.
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Prosenjit Murmu. "Crime against women in India: A geographical appraisal." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0078.
Анотація:
Crimes against women are one of India's most serious social issues. Women's status in traditional Indian society is appalling in the twenty-first century. Despite the existence of numerous laws and penalties, rape, murder, dowry deaths, human trafficking, kidnapping, and abductions against women are on the rise. In 2021, the rates of lifelong physical or sexual intimate partner violence and child marriage were 28.8 percent and 27.3 percent, respectively. India’s global gender gap index is 0.63, which leads the country to rank 140th out of 156 countries. Every sixteen minutes, a woman in India is raped, and every four minutes, a woman is abused by her in-laws. The current study seeks to investigate the six major types of crimes against women, including "dowry death," "cruelty by husband or his relatives," "kidnapping and abduction of women," "human trafficking," "rape," and "assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty." The study also analyses the spatio-temporal variations and trends of these types of crimes based on the data provided by the National Crime Records Bureau from the years 2014 to 2019. Basic statistical techniques such as percentage, average, standard deviation, coefficient of variance, and z-score are used to analyse the data.
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Ajmal Khan Mandokhail, Wali Khan Mandokhail, and Ali Raza. "Socioeconomic Factors Causing Domestic Violence Against Women and Its Legal Consequences: A Study of Quetta, Pakistan." Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences and Management Practices 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.61503/cissmp.v2i1.27.
Анотація:
Due to the impunity, concealment, stigma, and shame surrounding it, violence against women and girls (VAWG) is one of the most pervasive, ongoing, destructive, and systemic human rights abuses in our time. This paper describes the phenomenon and factors of domestic violence among women living in Balochistan. The current research was carried out on the studies and cases related to Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. For this study, secondary data has been organized and analyzed by systematic review analysis technique to present a concise picture of domestic violence in Quetta. The study concludes that violence generally takes the form of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, including intimate partner violence (battery, psychological abuse, marital rape, femicide), sexual violence and harassment (rape, forced sexual acts, unwanted sexual advances, child sexual abuse, forced marriage, street harassment, stalking, and cyber-harassment). It occurs everywhere, regardless of a person's age, race, religion, or socioeconomic level. There is a strong desire to mobilize society's sectors to formulate domestic violence policy. Both women and men need to promote non-violent relationships in private and public life. Moreover, there is a need to assure the implication of The Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act of 2012 in related institutions to avoid violence against women.
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Agarwal, Nandini, Salma M. Abdalla, and Gregory H. Cohen. "Marital rape and its impact on the mental health of women in India: A systematic review." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 6 (June 21, 2022): e0000601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000601.
Анотація:
This systematic review aims to describe the prevalence of marital rape in India, the analytic methods employed in its study, and its implications on mental health of victims. Online databases, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and APA Psych, were systematically searched for articles published up until November 2020. Selected articles included those published from or studies conducted in India where the primary exposure was marital rape. The primary outcomes of interest are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Depression. Secondary outcomes related to PTSD and depression (e.g., suicidality) included in identified studies were also described. 11 studies were included after excluding studies based on our selection criteria: 9 quantitative studies and 2 qualitative studies. Sexual coercion by intimate partner was highly prevalent, ranging from 9%-80% and marital rape ranged from 2%-56%. Many of the studies reported statistically significant associations between marital rape and mental health outcomes, including clinical depression (7 of 8); PTSD (1 of 3). Quantitative studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias using the NIH Quality Assessment Scale and the modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional and observational cohort studies, and most exhibited a low risk of bias. Qualitative studies identified a broad range of exposures and psychological sequlae of marital rape not captured by quantitative studies. Included publications exhibit a low to moderate association between marital rape and adverse mental health outcomes. Qualitative data also supplements these findings and provide relevant context. Further research on marital rape, its prevalence and consequences, is needed to advance policy, and health infrastructure on the subject.
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Draughon Moret, Jessica, Angela Todd, Lauren Rose, Erin Pollitt, and Jocelyn Anderson. "Mobile Phone Apps for Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Prevention and Response: Systematic Search on App Stores." JMIR Formative Research 6, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): e28959. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/28959.
Анотація:
Background Since the 2008 advent of the smartphone, more than 180 billion copies of apps have been downloaded from Apple App Store, with more than 2.6 million apps available for Android and 2.2 million apps available for iOS. Many violence prevention and response apps have been developed as part of this app proliferation. Objective This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and quality of freely available mobile phone apps targeting intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence (SV) prevention and response. Methods We conducted a systematic search of violence prevention and response mobile phone apps freely available in Apple App Store (iOS; March 2016) and Google Play Store (Android; July 2016). Search terms included violence prevention, sexual assault, domestic violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, forensic nursing, wife abuse, and rape. Apps were included for review if they were freely available, were available in English, and had a primary purpose of prevention of or response to SV or IPV regardless of app target end users. Results Using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS), we evaluated a total of 132 unique apps. The majority of included apps had a primary purpose of sharing information or resources. Included apps were of low-to-moderate quality, with the overall subjective quality mean for the reviewed apps being 2.65 (95% CI 2.58-2.72). Quality scores for each of the 5 MARS categories ranged from 2.80 (engagement) to 4.75 (functionality). An incidental but important finding of our review was the difficulty in searching for apps and the plethora of nonrelated apps that appear when searching for keywords such as “rape” and “domestic violence” that may be harmful to people seeking help. Conclusions Although there are a variety of mobile apps available designed to provide information or other services related to SV and IPV, they range greatly in quality. They are also challenging to find, given the current infrastructure of app store searches, keyword prioritization, and highlighting based on user rating. It is important for providers to be aware of these resources and be knowledgeable about how to review and recommend mobile phone apps to patients, when appropriate.
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van wijk, Evalina, and Tracie C. Harrison. "Relationship Difficulties Postrape: Being a Male Intimate Partner of a Female Rape Victim in Cape Town, South Africa." Health Care for Women International 35, no. 7-9 (July 10, 2014): 1081–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2014.916708.
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Ralph, Sophia. "Intimate partner sexual violence: a multidisciplinary guide to improving services and support for survivors of rape and abuse." Journal of Sexual Aggression 20, no. 3 (August 28, 2014): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2014.949068.
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Logan, TK, Jennifer Cole, and Anita Capillo. "Differential Characteristics of Intimate Partner, Acquaintance, and Stranger Rape Survivors Examined by a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE)." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 22, no. 8 (August 2007): 1066–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260507302996.
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Tarquinio, C., A. Schmitt, P. Tarquinio, J. A. Rydberg, and E. Spitz. "Benefits of “eye movement desensitization and reprocessing” psychotherapy in the treatment of female victims of intimate partner rape." Sexologies 21, no. 2 (April 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2011.05.002.
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Medie, Peace A. "Women and Postconflict Security: A Study of Police Response to Domestic Violence in Liberia." Politics & Gender 11, no. 03 (September 2015): 478–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x15000240.
Анотація:
Domestic violence or Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the form of violence against women (VAW) that is most reported to the police in Liberia. This violence cuts across class, ethnic, religious, and age lines (Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services, et al. 2008) and results in psychological trauma, physical injuries, and, in some cases, death. Societal beliefs that frame domestic violence as a regular part of life serve to legitimize and foster the problem in Liberia (Allen and Devitt 2012; LISGIS et al. 2008) and pose a challenge to the state and to international organizations (IOs) and women's nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that have introduced measures to combat domestic violence since the end of the country's 14-year civil war in 2003. One such effort is the Women and Children Protection Section (WACPS) of the Liberian National Police (LNP), established by the government in collaboration with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and other international partners in 2005. Although the section was established primarily to address rape, its officers are mandated to investigate all forms of VAW, including domestic violence.
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Jewkes, Rachel, Emma Fulu, Ruchira Tabassam Naved, Esnat Chirwa, Kristin Dunkle, Regine Haardörfer, and Claudia Garcia-Moreno. "Women’s and men’s reports of past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence and rape and women’s risk factors for intimate partner violence: A multicountry cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific." PLOS Medicine 14, no. 9 (September 5, 2017): e1002381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002381.
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Kim, Kihyun, Bee Ryou, Jihyeon Choi, and Jae-Won Kim. "Profile Analysis of Sexual Assault Experiences among Adult Women and Their Implications for Mental Health." Psychiatry Investigation 18, no. 4 (April 25, 2021): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0141.
Анотація:
Objective Extant studies indicate that just one characteristic of sexual assault cannot properly represent the whole experience of sexual assault and, especially, the severity of sexual assault. This study aimed to understand the totality of sexual assault experiences and elucidate subtypes of sexual assault victims based on the detailed characteristics of their sexual assault experiences and those relationships with mental health.Methods A total of 255 adult sexual violence victims who used intervention services and a comparison group were included. Information on their sexual assault experiences was gleaned from case records data.Results The following four distinctive profile groups were identified: “Sexual Touching” (19.6%), “Rape/Social Relation” (30.4%), “Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)” (18.8%), and “Rape/Stranger” (31.3%). The subgroups differed in terms of secondary victimization and adverse childhood experiences. The Rape/Social Relation and IPV subgroups most frequently experienced secondary victimization and childhood adversity. The four profile subgroups demonstrated different relationships with mental health outcomes, with a complicated pattern. The Rap/Social Relation and IPV subgroups scored higher on mental health problem screening measures compared to other groups. However, a considerable proportion of victims in the Sexual Touching subgroup also reported suicidal behaviors and self-injury.Conclusion Based on the results, theoretical and clinical implications were discussed.
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Hester, Marianne, and Sarah-Jane Lilley. "More than support to court." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017742717.
Анотація:
This article explores the involvement of specialist sexual violence services, including Independent Sexual Violence Advisers (ISVAs), in supporting victims/survivors of rape and sexual abuse to engage with the criminal justice system (CJS) in England and Wales. The underpinning research, conducted in one area of England, included referral data from the police and key specialist sexual violence services, interviews with 15 victims/survivors of sexual violence in contact with the police and specialist services, and interviews with 14 practitioners from sexual violence and related services. We examine the complex needs of victims/survivors of sexual violence (who have experienced historical child sexual abuse, acquaintance rape or rape in the context of intimate partner abuse), how their needs differ and vary over time, and the ways in which these diverse and changing needs are met by specialist sexual violence services. Non-specialist agencies, such as statutory mental health services, are unable to provide similarly targeted responses. The research found that specialist sexual violence services play particularly crucial roles through the use of approaches that can be characterised as flexible, enabling, holding and mending. However, this important work could easily be lost in the current climate of local service commissioning, to the great detriment of victims/survivors of sexual violence.
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Ranmuthugala, M. E. P. "“Hush, Girl! Don’t Share Your Family Troubles with the Outside World”." KnowEx Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/27059901.2020.1107.
Анотація:
Domestic abuse is a significant problem in Sri Lanka with government statistics showing that 17% of ever-married women between the ages of 15 to 49 have experienced some form of domestic abuse. However, this number could be higher in reality, given the prevalence of physical and emotional abuse in situations where partners live together without being married, in situations where the woman is under 15 years of age (Sri Lanka has a 2% child marriage rate), and due to low self-reportage. Although Sri Lankans can only be married after they reach 18 years of age, the war and economic conditions have resulted in a high number of child marriages in recent times. In this paper, I look at two main questions: What is the correlation between child marriage and the beginning of abuse? What is the correlation between pregnancy and the beginning of abuse? The paper draws from desk research. The paper looks only at physical abuse: It is acknowledged that the arena of emotional abuse was recognized only in 2005 after the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act was introduced in 2005 and that even now, such abuse is not given the prominence it deserves in conversations on domestic abuse. However, it was not possible in this research to examine emotional abuse due to time and resource constraints and also because even today the aspect of domestic physical abuse is also not accepted as a problem in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Domestic abuse; intimate partner violence; silencing women in intimate partnerships, child marriages, marital rape
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Ajayi, Chinyere Elsie, Khatidja Chantler, and Lorraine Radford. "A feminist-intersectional analysis of sexual violence experienced by Nigerian women who are living in England." Journal of Gender-Based Violence 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868021x16375738684562.
Анотація:
There is a growing body of work on violence against women of black and minority ethnic (BME) origin who live in the UK. This study adds to this body of work by exploring the nature of sexual violence experienced by Nigerian women both in Nigeria and England. It draws upon in-depth narrative interviews conducted with 12 women of Nigerian origin who had experienced sexual violence. Women’s accounts were analysed thematically. The women described experiencing different, sometimes multiple forms of sexual violence over the life course including, sexual abuse and female genital mutilation (FGM) in childhood, sexual assaults, rape, sex trafficking and sexual violence from an intimate partner. Drawing upon a feminist-intersectional theoretical framework this article illuminates how: (1) the intersection of age, gender, poverty, cultural socialisation and religious practice could provide the conditions for the perpetration of child sexual abuse, (2) patriarchal ideologies relating to gendered roles and expectations support men’s notion of uncontested sexual access to women, (3) men’s need to exercise power and control could contribute to women’s experiences of rape, and (4) the intersection of FGM and gender continue to disempower women within heterosexual relationships.
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Sorenson, Susan B., Laura Sinko, and Richard A. Berk. "The Endemic Amid the Pandemic: Seeking Help for Violence Against Women in the Initial Phases of COVID-19." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36, no. 9-10 (March 10, 2021): 4899–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260521997946.
Анотація:
During the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments instituted a series of measures to control the spread of the virus. The measures were widely believed to increase women’s risk of violent victimization, most of which is by an intimate partner. We examined help-seeking during this period in a large U.S. city and used an interrupted time series analysis to assess the effects of three government interventions on domestic violence and sexual assault hotline calls and on “911” calls regarding domestic violence, assault, and rape. Declaration of an emergency appeared to reduce victim calls to the rape crisis hotline and the few “911” calls about rape. School closure was associated with a reduction in “911” calls about assault and rape and victim calls to the domestic violence hotline. Implementation of stay-at-home orders was associated with a gradual increase in domestic violence hotline calls. Although “911” calls regarding assault fell by nearly half, calls to police for domestic violence were unchanged. In sum, there was a decrease in help-seeking for sexual assault and assault in general but not for domestic violence during the initial phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. The analysis underscores the importance of distinguishing between the violence itself, calls to police, and calls to helplines when claims are made about changes over time in violence against women. The opportunities and constraints for each can differ widely under usual circumstances, circumstances that were altered by public health interventions related to the pandemic.
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Tavassoli, Afsaneh, Sima Soltani, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Jamali, and Nader Ale Ebrahim. "A Research on Violence Against Women: Are the Trends Growing?" Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irj.20.3.1664.1.
Анотація:
Objectives: Violence against women is a global public health problem. Although there has been much research done on violence against women, there are few studies that provide the current scientific production. Methods: In this study, bibliometric analysis has been used to evaluate the 1984 documents from 1986 to 2020 based on the Scopus database. These documents were analyzed quantitatively by the Bibliometric R Package and the VOS viewer software. In addition, the 20 top-cited papers were analyzed qualitatively. Results: The research findings show that the United States is a leader in this field with the most highly cited articles and also the greatest number of publications followed by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. A total of 1984 documents were collected from the Scopus database and were analyzed in the Bibliometric R Research Package and the VOSviewer software. The results demonstrated that the average citations per year for each document were 23.39% and the annual scientific production growth rate was 16.86%. The keywords analysis indicates that most articles focus on “sexual violence”, “sexual assault”, “intimate partner violence”, “violence against women”, “sexual abuse”, “domestic violence”, “child sexual abuse”, “prevention”, and “rape.” Sources such as the “Journal of Interpersonal Violence”, “Journal of Violence Against Woman”, “Journal of Violence and Victims”, “Psychology of Women Quarterly”, “Journal of Adolescent Health”, “Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology”, “American Journal of Public Health”, “Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology”, and “American Journal of Public Health”, and “The Lancet” are the top most productive in this field. Discussion: Examining the articles showed that the vast majority of women have experienced verbal, sexual, intimate partner violence, cyber harassment, and so on.