Статті в журналах: "Intervento in arbitrato"

1

Sánchez Pos, María Victoria. "La entrada e intervención de terceros en el arbitraje comercial internacional = Joinder and intervention of additional parties in international commercial arbitration." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5193.

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Resumen: En el marco del arbitraje multiparte, la entrada e intervención de terceros es definida como la incorporación de partes adicionales a un arbitraje ya iniciado. Este mecanismo procesal presenta, sin embargo, multitud de dificultades que derivan de la naturaleza eminentemente consensual de la institución arbitral. Así, entre otras, la constancia de la voluntad -expresa o tácita- de todas las partes involucradas en el arbitraje a la entrada del tercero o la salvaguarda de su derecho esencial de participar de manera directa y equitativa en la constitución del tribunal arbitral y de las garantías de privacidad y confidencialidad del arbitraje. Partiendo de estas someras premisas, este trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis crítico de las disposiciones específicas sobre la admisibilidad y presupuestos de la entrada e intervención de nuevas partes en el arbitraje que las instituciones arbitrales internacionales de mayor relevancia han regulado en los últimos años.Palabras clave: Entrada, intervención, terceros, partes adicionales, arbitraje multiparte, tribunal arbitral.Abstract: One of the major challenges that international arbitration has faced in the last decades is the regulation of multiparty arbitrations, which involve a confrontation between more than two parties with opposing interests. In this context, joinder and intervention deals with the need, in terms of justice and efficiency, to bring an additional party into the proceedings when the arbitration may already be in progress. However, the main characteristic of arbitration is its consensual nature. For this reason, mechanisms for joinder or intervention present considerable difficulties related to the principle of party autonomy, the right to equally participate in the nomination of the arbitrators and the protection of privacy and confidentiality in arbitration proceedings. Apart from dealing with these difficulties, the author discusses in this article the latest joinder provisions contained in leading arbitral rules.Keywords: Joinder, Intervention, Third parties, Additional parties, Multiparty Arbitration, Arbitral Tribunal

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2

Esplugues, Carlos A. "“National Intervention” in International Commercial Arbitration." Revue générale de droit 19, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059188ar.

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The use of international arbitration increased over the years as a result of growth in international trade. How the State intervenes in the process concerning the appointment of arbitrators, provisional measures and evidence, and in the enforcement of the judgment after arbitration, is analysed. This State practice is however, difficult to change since international arbitration operates in a structure based on differing national terms, and not on uniform international standards.

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3

Wingate, Emmanuel Onyedi, and Pontian N. Okoli. "Judicial Intervention in Arbitration: Unresolved Jurisdictional Issues Concerning Arbitrator Appointments in Nigeria." Journal of African Law 65, no. 2 (April 5, 2021): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855321000103.

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AbstractParties find it difficult to determine which Nigerian High Court should intervene in the appointment of arbitrators due to conflicting judicial precedents. This perennial challenge has defied any legal solution. Considering relevant case law, this article examines the Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA) vis-à-vis the Nigerian Constitution. The main argument is that the Nigerian Constitution read alongside the ACA confers the Federal High Court with additional jurisdiction to appoint arbitrators regardless of which court has jurisdiction concerning the underlying dispute. There are also uncertainties regarding the intervention jurisdiction of Nigeria's National Industrial Court to appoint arbitrators. Currently, no other court can exercise intervention jurisdiction in employment disputes. This article analyses recent decisions of the National Industrial Court and argues that this Court can only intervene to appoint arbitrators where both parties request the appointment in a pending action before the Court. It is also argued that decisions concerning the appointment of arbitrators through judicial intervention can be appealed.

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4

Pasquariello, Paolo. "Government Intervention and Arbitrage." Review of Financial Studies 31, no. 9 (July 11, 2017): 3344–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhx074.

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5

Poythress, Norman G., Richard Dembo, Gary Dudell, and Jennifer Wareham. "Arbitration Intervention Worker (AIW) Services." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 43, no. 4 (July 2006): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v43n04_02.

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6

Mitchenson, Jason, and Keechang Kim. "Voluntary Third-Party Intervention in International Arbitration for Construction Disputes: A Contextual Approach to Jurisdictional Issues." Journal of International Arbitration 30, Issue 4 (August 1, 2013): 407–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2013026.

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In arbitration, the ability to take part in proceedings is exclusively determined by evidence of the parties' 'consent' to arbitrate. However, this approach is unable to accommodate modern construction projects which have become increasingly complex and require the participation of multiple parties for their completion. Despite playing active roles in construction projects and having substantial legal and financial interests in the outcome of disputes, third parties may not take part in arbitral proceedings between two contracting parties who have consented to an arbitration agreement. This may result in an inequitable and commercially undesirable situation not only for third parties but often for one of the contracting parties who may require the third party's participation to assert certain claims or defences. This article suggests that where multiple parties are involved in one construction project a contextual approach should be used to determine arbitral jurisdiction. Where a third party voluntarily submits to arbitral jurisdiction upon invitation of one of the contracting parties and where the intervention is to assist the inviting party's claims or defences, a contextual approach would provide a more effective means of resolving the disputed issue of third-party intervention without offending the principle of party autonomy or arbitration's consensual origins.

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7

Naldi, G. J. "Intervention in the International Court of Justice by Prof. Shabtai Rosenne." Arbitration International 10, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/10.1.114.

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8

Dembo, Richard, Jennifer Wareham, Norman G. Poythress, Brittany Cook, and James Schmeidler. "The Impact of Arbitration Intervention Services on Arbitration Program Completion." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 43, no. 4 (July 2006): 27–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v43n04_03.

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9

Maitra, Neelanjan. "Domestic Court Intervention in International Arbitration." Journal of International Arbitration 23, Issue 3 (June 1, 2006): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2006016.

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10

Neely, Christopher J., and Paul A. Weller. "Central bank intervention with limited arbitrage." International Journal of Finance & Economics 12, no. 2 (2007): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.328.

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11

Hu, L. "Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards and Court Intervention in the People's Republic of China." Arbitration International 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/20.2.167.

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12

Park, Eunok. "Court’s intervention on arbitral tribunal’s jurisdiction." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-03-2018-0027.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze provisions which are related to court’s intervention over an arbitral tribunal’s jurisdiction under the revised Korean Arbitration Act (2016) and the UNCITRAL Model Law. Design/methodology/approach The author studies a theory about court’s intervention over an arbitral tribunal’s jurisdiction by studying some scholarly writings and compares the revised provisions in the KAA (2016) with those in the KAA (2010) and the UNCITRAL Model Law (2006). Findings There is no clear and internationally unified answer to which theory between the prima facie test and the full review test is appropriate for court’s intervention to arbitration. The analysis of the provision shows that the revised ones in the KAA (2016) will make arbitration to be conducted faster and more efficiently by giving practical answers to issues raised. Research limitations/implications It has been just over one year since the KAA (2016) became effective, so it limits evaluation on whether these revised provisions related to court’s intervention over jurisdiction of arbitral tribunal is successful or not. Originality/value This study is comparatively new one after the KAA (2016) became effective. So, it is expected to provide a guidance for further studies.

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13

Mourre, Alexis. "Lintervention des Tiers a LArbitrage." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 4, Issue 16 (December 1, 2007): 76–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2007054.

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14

Khalifa, H. R. A. "State Court Intervention in Arbitration in Bahrain." ICSID Review 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/26.1.147.

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15

Ivanova, Elena. "Intervention in Inter-State Arbitration, including the Case of UNCLOS Annex VII Arbitration." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 25, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 318–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413_02501017.

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This article addresses the issue of intervention in inter-State arbitration, including arbitration under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Annex vii and tackles the question whether intervention in arbitral proceedings is only possible where the parties in dispute have expressly consented to it. It is maintained in this paper that international arbitration is not static and has undergone long evolution which has implications for the notions of party autonomy and confidentiality of proceedings. Nowadays inter-State arbitration is increasingly influenced by the practice of the ICJ and other international courts and tribunals engaged in State-to-State dispute resolution especially in the field of international procedural law. The article demonstrates that intervention in inter-State arbitrations is not as unthinkable as it was some decades ago. It does so by reference to the history of intervention in international arbitration and the practice of States in the field of intervention in international judicial and arbitral proceedings. While examining the function and purposes of the procedure of intervention in inter-State litigation and the forms of intervention known to it, the article assesses what the nature of the competence to permit intervention is. In this regard, it also examines the operation of the principle of consensual jurisdiction with a view to establishing whether intervention is subject to the consent of the parties in dispute. Finally, by way of comparison with other known forms of participation of non-litigants in the proceedings, it stresses the special function of the intervention procedure so as to justify the permissibility of intervention in inter-State arbitration.

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16

Garnett, Richard. "NATIONAL COURT INTERVENTION IN ARBITRATION AS AN INVESTMENT TREATY CLAIM." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, no. 2 (April 2011): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000030.

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International commercial arbitration has long been a popular method for resolving cross-border business disputes. The opportunity for parties to choose their adjudicators and the dispute resolution procedure, the scope for privacy and the greater capacity for enforcement of awards compared to court judgments are all important reasons that parties prefer international arbitration over litigation. Reinforcing this trend in favour of international commercial arbitration has been a general consensus among national courts and legislatures that support, rather than interference, should be provided to the arbitral process. Such a philosophy is apparent, for example, in the requirements in the widely adopted New York Convention for States to recognize and enforce both foreign arbitration agreements and awards, and in international instruments such as the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, which authorize national courts to assist, rather than intervene, in the conduct of arbitrations within their borders. Moreover, international commercial arbitration has proven to be sufficiently flexible as a dispute resolution method to be used both in disputes between private parties, and between private and State entities.

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17

Dembo, Richard, Jennifer Wareham, Norman G. Poythress, Brittany Cook, and James Schmeidler. "The Impact of Arbitration Intervention Services on Psychosocial Functioning." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 43, no. 4 (July 2006): 61–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v43n04_04.

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18

Dembo, Richard, Jennifer Wareham, Norman G. Poythress, Brittany Cook, and James Schmeidler. "The Impact of Arbitration Intervention Services on Youth Recidivism." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 43, no. 4 (July 2006): 95–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v43n04_05.

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19

Pavillon, Charlotte. "ECJ 26 October 2006, Case C-168-05 Mostaza Claro v. Centro Móvil Milenium SL – The Unfair Contract Terms Directive: The ECJ’s Third Intervention in Domestic Procedu." European Review of Private Law 15, Issue 5 (October 1, 2007): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2007039.

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Abstract:Directive 93/13/EEC requires any court which hears an action for annulment of an arbitration award to determine whether the arbitration agreement is void and to annul the award if it finds that that arbitration agreement contains an unfair term to the consumer’s detriment, where this issue is raised in the action for annulment but was not raised by the consumer in the arbitration proceedings. This ruling is based on an analogy with the Eco Swiss judgment and on the public interest of the protecting the consumer, in view of the risk that of the latter being is unaware of his rights or of encountering difficulties in enforcing them. These grounds as well as the questionable finding that the Directive amounts to Community public policy, are subjected to critical review in this paper, following the Cofidis case – the latter being the second occasion on which a national procedural rule had to yield to the principle of effectiveness. The most striking feature of this judgment is the contrast between the Court’s far-reaching intervention in the domestic procedural legal order, at the expense of the principle of procedural autonomy on the one hand, and its will to leave the assessment of what constitutes an unfair term to the discretion of the national courts on the other. If the Court has its way, the harmonisation of the protection against unfair contract terms will be procedural rather than substantive by nature. Résumé: La directive 93/13/CEE implique qu’une juridiction nationale saisie d’un recours en annulation d’une sentence arbitrale apprécie la nullité de la convention d’arbitrage et annule cette sentence au motif que ladite convention contient une clause abusive, alors même que le consommateur a invoqué cette nullité non pas dans le cadre de la procédure arbitrale, mais uniquement dans celui du recours en annulation. Cette décision est fondée sur une analogie avec l’arrêt Eco Swiss et sur l’intérêt public de la protection du consommateur, eu égard au risque que celui-ci soit dans l’ignorance de ses droits ou rencontre des difficultés pour les exercer. Ces fondements ainsi que la reconnaissance douteuse du caractère d’ordre public communautaire de la directive sont soumis à une évaluation critique. Aprèès l’affaire Cofidis, la Cour fait une seconde fois plier une règle de procédure nationale devant l’effet utile de la directive. L’aspect le plus frappant de cet arrêt est le contraste entre l’immixtion dans l’ordre procédural interne, au prix du principe de l’autonomie procédurale, et sa volonté de laisser la définition de ce qui constitue une clause abusive à la discrétion du juge national. S’il en tient à la Cour, l’harmonisation de la protection contre les clauses abusives sera celle des procédures nationales plutôt qu’une harmonisation sur le plan du contenu de la directive. Zusammenfassung: Richtlinie 93/13/EWG impliziert, daß ein nationales Gericht, das über eine Klage auf Aufhebung eines Schiedsspruchs zu entscheiden hat, die Nichtigkeit der Schiedsvereinbarung prüft und den Schiedsspruch aufhebt, wenn die Schiedsvereinbarung eine missbräuchliche Klausel zu Lasten des Verbrauchers enthält, auch wenn der Verbraucher diese Nichtigkeit nicht im Schiedsverfahren, sondern erst im Verfahren der Aufhebungsklage eingewandt hat. Dieses Urteil stützt sich auf eine Analogie mit der Eco Swiss Entscheidung und auf das öffentliche Interesse am Verbrauc

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20

Chartier, Roger. "Grievances and Third-Party Intervention." Relations industrielles 15, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022030ar.

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Summary Grievance is but one form of industrial conflict. It must be seen in the light or the global industrial relations situation of the parties. Its functions are many, whether it be a conflict over rights or over interest. The main thing is that the parties keep the closest possible control over the produce by resort to private arbitration.

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21

Thadikkaran, Manu. "Judicial Intervention in International Commercial Arbitration: Implications and Recent Developments from the Indian Perspective." Journal of International Arbitration 29, Issue 6 (January 21, 2012): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2012042.

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The rules of arbitration ensure party autonomy, especially in international commercial transactions. However, the efficiency of the technique would be hampered if concurrent authority is conferred on the judiciary over arbitral proceedings. The scenario in India is notable in this aspect. The attitude of scepticism reflected in India, a developing country, towards an alternate dispute settlement mechanism such as arbitration may be attributed to its inexperience as well as its history. In India, the exercise of concurrent authority by the judiciary is evident from the judgments of Bhatia International and Venture Global. The law laid down by the Supreme Court in these judgments interprets the Arbitration and Conciliation Act in a manner contrary to the spirit of the UNCITRAL Model Law, and has received wide criticism from the global business community. Subsequently, however, as a means of damage control, the Indian judiciary interpreted arbitration agreements giving importance to the seat of arbitration to prevent judicial intervention. The 'seat theory', which is internationally accepted in the arena of arbitration, giving the judiciary of the place of the seat of arbitration the authority to intervene and set aside arbitral awards, was accepted and adopted by the Indian legal system indirectly. However, the question remains as to the effectiveness of this attempt by the Indian judiciary in containing the effects of this position of law on the Indian economy. However, the reasoning of the Bhatia judgment was justified in its circumstances. Matters regarding interim measures and collection of evidence can be enforced effectively by the judiciary of the place of the subject matter of arbitration. With regard to these limited aspects, all judiciaries must be granted the authority over arbitral proceedings to ensure efficient enforcement of awards. Hence, necessary legislative amendments, along with support from the judiciary, are essential for India to adopt a pro-arbitration regime.

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22

Loschelder, David D., and Roman Trötschel. "Overcoming the competitiveness of an intergroup context: Third-party intervention in intergroup negotiations." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 13, no. 6 (October 28, 2010): 795–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430210374482.

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The present research addresses the specific impairments of an intergroup negotiation context with respect to intergroup competitiveness and partial impasses. We examined whether mediation-arbitration (med-arb), a hybrid form of third-party intervention, is conducive to overcoming the detrimental effect of an intergroup negotiation context. Study 1 demonstrated the detrimental effect of an intergroup negotiation context and showed that mediation-arbitration is an effective means to overcome this detrimental effect in a distributive negotiation task. The findings of Study 1 further suggest that the beneficial effect of med-arb on negotiation outcomes can be explained in terms of an alleviation of intergroup competitiveness. Study 2 replicated the beneficial effect of mediation-arbitration in an integrative intergroup negotiation and, by means of comparing mediation-arbitration to straight mediation, corroborated the notion that the anticipated arbitration in med-arb is a necessary precondition to alleviate the competitiveness throughout the mediated negotiation process. Study 2 further revealed that the beneficial effect of med-arb on intergroup competitiveness can be explained in terms of the perceived decision control that disputants ascribed to the third party. The findings of the present research are discussed with respect to their contribution to future research on intergroup negotiation and third-party intervention.

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23

Gradi, Silva e. Marco, and Paula Costa. "A Intervenção de Terceiros no Procedimento Arbitral no Direito Português." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 7, Issue 28 (December 1, 2010): 41–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2010059.

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ABSTRACT: The Authors deal with the problem of third parties intervention in arbitration proceedings in their legislation (portuguese and italian), which differ in the fact that the first does not explicitly consider such an institution, while the second, following a doctrinal debate, has a special discipline since 2006 with the introduction of art. 816 quinquies CPC. In their essays, a special attention is given to the admissibility conditions of third parties intervention, especially when they are unrelated to the arbitration agreement, and to the problem of their participation in the constitution of arbitral tribunal.

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24

Zekos, Georgios I. "Courts’ Intervention in Commercial and Maritime Arbitration under U.S. Law." Journal of International Arbitration 14, Issue 2 (June 1, 1997): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia1997014.

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25

TRAN, Thi Thuy Dung. "Judicial intervention and assistance in franchise arbitration under Vietnamese law." EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL 6, no. 157 (2021): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46320/2073-4506-2021-6-157-69-71.

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26

Lamm, C. B., and E. R. Hellbeck. "State Court Intervention in International Arbitration: The United States Perspective." ICSID Review 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 94–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/26.1.94.

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27

GREENMAN, KATHRYN. "Aliens in Latin America: Intervention, Arbitration and State Responsibility for Rebels." Leiden Journal of International Law 31, no. 3 (May 29, 2018): 617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156518000195.

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AbstractOver the course of the nineteenth century, the question of state responsibility for injuries done by rebels to foreign nationals, or ‘aliens’, in its territory became an important one for international law. Initially, it was common for disputes regarding such responsibility to be resolved through diplomacy, backed up, not infrequently, by the threat and even the use of force. Later it became a matter which also led increasingly to arbitration; beginning around the middle of the nineteenth century a growing number of arbitral tribunals dealt with claims against states for injuries done to aliens by rebels. From the first, established in 1839, there followed a series of 40 mixed claims commissions which touched on state responsibility for rebels. Nearly three-quarters of these arbitrations involved a Western state against one of the new Latin American republics. In this article, I explore how intervention in Latin America, and particularly its turn to arbitration, produced the highly-contested doctrine of state responsibility for rebels. Reading this history in the context of decolonization, capitalist expansion and economic imperialism in Latin America, I argue that the doctrine of state responsibility for rebels was produced out of and used to manage the transition from old colonialism to new imperialism in the region so as to guarantee foreign trade and investment. Understanding this history, I argue, helps us to put back together the pieces of alien protection which fragmented after 1945 and illuminates how international law continues to protect foreign investment against rebels in the decolonized world.

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28

Yee, S. "Intervention in an Arbitral Proceeding under Annex VII to the UNCLOS?" Chinese Journal of International Law 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmv010.

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29

Lijuan, Zhang, Wang Fuchang, and Liang Hongri. "A Stochastic SEIRS Epidemic Model with Infection Forces and Intervention Strategies." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (January 10, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4538045.

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The spread of epidemics has been extensively investigated using susceptible-exposed infectious-recovered-susceptible (SEIRS) models. In this work, we propose a SEIRS pandemic model with infection forces and intervention strategies. The proposed model is characterized by a stochastic differential equation (SDE) framework with arbitrary parameter settings. Based on a Markov semigroup hypothesis, we demonstrate the effect of the proliferation number R 0 S on the SDE solution. On the one hand, when R 0 S < 1 , the SDE has an illness-free solution set under gentle additional conditions. This implies that the epidemic can be eliminated with a likelihood of 1. On the other hand, when R 0 S > 1 , the SDE has an endemic stationary circulation under mild additional conditions. This prompts the stochastic regeneration of the epidemic. Also, we show that arbitrary fluctuations can reduce the infection outbreak. Hence, valuable procedures can be created to manage and control epidemics.

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30

Aznar-Gomez, Mariano J. "The 1996 Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion and Non Liquet in International Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, no. 1 (January 1999): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062862.

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Following extensive debate by the great theoreticians of public international law earlier in this century,1 it might seem that the completeness of the international legal order is now a banal issue, which should be remembered only as an academic dispute.2It might have been so had the International Court of Justice not intervened, perhaps unintentionally, in its advisory opinion of 8 July 1996 concerning the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons3 In her dissenting opinion, Judge Rosalyn Higgins argues that “the Court effectively pronounces a non liquet on the key issue on the grounds of uncertainty in the present state of law, and of facts”.4 In her view, the Court thus interrupted a line of case law which, in theory, had endorsed the idea of the completeness of international law and which, in practice, made it unthinkable that an international judge or arbitrator should actually pronounce a non liquet.5

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31

Miglietta, Angelo. "ESG, CSR, Shareholder value: non è il momento per un reset del capi." CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, no. 2 (January 2022): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/cgrds2-2021oa12675.

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Recentemente si è assistito a una crescente attenzione agli interessi di tipo sociale e valoriale che riguardano l'impresa. Tra questi certamente meritano una menzione speciale le tematiche relative a Environment, Social and Governance e di Corporate Social Responsibility, che oggi permeano mass media e influenzano il sentire comune: fino al punto di sostenere che le imprese debbano abbandonare l'obiettivo del profitto per perseguire invece finalità ambientali e sociali. Nel lavoro si dimostra quanto sbagliata e pericolosa, perché contraria all'interesse generale, risulti tale posizione. Così, attraverso un percorso argomentativo, si riconcilia la shareholder theory con la stakeholder theory, dimostrando che la ricchezza prodotta dall'impresa non è una bene di cui beneficiano solo gli azionisti ma tutta la società nel suo insieme, e che ciò è possibile solo se viene perseguito l'obiettivo di ottimizzazione, e non necessariamente massimizzazione, della creazione di valore per gli azionisti. Emerge come corollario rilevante la necessità di un opportuno intervento regolatore dello Stato, senza il quale il perseguimento degli obbiettivi di interesse generale può essere realizzato solo marginalmente, con poca efficienza e in modo arbitrario da parte del management.

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32

Carabetta, Giuseppe. "Police Bargaining Disputes and Third-Party Intervention in Australia: Which Way Forward?" Deakin Law Review 18, no. 1 (August 1, 2013): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2013vol18no1art58.

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The essential duties that police officers perform, and the absence of a right to strike, creates the need for an effective, impartial procedure for the resolution of bargaining disputes. This article argues that, with the shift of focus under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) to good-faith bargaining, police officers have been left without an effective dispute resolution mechanism, partly because of the limitations on arbitration but also because of uncertainties surrounding the scope of the ‘protected action’ provisions of the Act for police officers. Following a review of police pay-setting arrangements in comparable jurisdictions, this article examines and proposes options for an alternative model, including a mandatory ‘final-offer’ arbitration (‘FOA’) model as used for police bargaining in Canada, New Zealand and the United States. Research shows that — aside from providing an effective closure mechanism for bargaining disputes where strikes or lock-outs are unavailable — mandatory FOA offers a range of benefits to police bargaining, and could provide an ideal ‘fit’ for the current bargaining-centred system. The article’s findings are of significance not only to police officers, but to all emergency services workers covered by the Fair Work bargaining regime.

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Cambon, Linda, and François Alla. "Current challenges in population health intervention research." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 11 (July 17, 2019): 990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212225.

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Population health interventions (PHIs) are generally complex; their results depend on their interaction with the context of their implementation. Moreover, the distinction between intervention and context is arbitrary: we need rather to consider an ‘interventional system’, including both interventional and contextual components. Evaluation must go beyond effectiveness and must include two key research questions: a viability analysis, to verify that the intervention can be routinised in a real-life context; and a theory-based evaluation, to analyse mechanisms and to understand what produces effects among components and their interactions with each other and with the context. PHI research is a question not only of the object but also of perspectives. This means doing research differently, making use of interdisciplinarity and involving stakeholders. Such an approach may contribute to the development, transfer, implementation and scaling-up of innovative interventions.

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Ashton, Tony, Ian S. Young, John R. Peters, Eleri Jones, Simon K. Jackson, Bruce Davies, and Christopher C. Rowlands. "Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, exercise, and oxidative stress: an ascorbic acid intervention study." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 2032–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.2032.

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Oxygen free radicals are highly reactive species that are produced in increased quantities during strenuous exercise and can damage critical biological targets such as membrane phospholipids. The present study examined the effect of acute ascorbic acid supplementation on exercise-induced free radical production in healthy subjects. Results demonstrate increases in the intensity of the α-phenyl- tert-butylnitrone adduct (0.05 ± 0.02 preexercise vs. 0.19 ± 0.03 postexercise, P = 0.002, arbitrary units) together with increased lipid hydroperoxides (1.14 ± 0.06 μmol/l preexercise vs. 1.62 ± 0.19 μmol/l postexercise, P = 0.005) and malondialdehyde (0.70 ± 0.04 μmol/l preexercise vs. 0.80 ± 0.04 μmol/l postexercise, P = 0.0152) in the control phase. After supplementation with ascorbic acid, there was no significant increase in the electron spin resonance signal intensity (0.02 ± 0.01 preexercise vs. 0.04 ± 0.02 postexercise, arbitrary units), lipid hydroperoxides (1.12 ± 0.21 μmol/l preexercise vs. 1.12 ± 0.08 μmol/l postexercise), or malondialdehyde (0.63 ± 0.07 μmol/l preexercise vs. 0.68 ± 0.05 μmol/l postexercise). The results indicate that acute ascorbic acid supplementation prevented exercise-induced oxidative stress in these subjects.

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أوحدو, يونس. "التدخل القضائي في التحكيم والوساطة الاتفاقية = Judicial Intervention in the Arbitration and Mediation Convention". المنارة للدراسات القانونية و الإدارية, Special Issue 1 (липень 2021): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0059411.

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Zahn, Rebecca, and David Cabrelli. "Theories of Domination and Labour Law: An Alternative Conception for Intervention?" International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 33, Issue 3 (September 1, 2017): 339–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2017015.

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In previous work, the authors have sought to demonstrate how a particular strand of contemporary political theory can be usefully adopted to shed valuable light on labour law. In short, the conception of ‘non-domination’ grounded in contemporary civic republican political philosophy and associated with scholars such as Philipp Pettit and Frank Lovett prescribes a sophisticated account of freedom and a socially just order. In the latter’s framework, social justice is secured when laws and policies are introduced to subject private social relationships characterized by dependency and an arbitrary imbalance in social power to a measure of external control. As a subset of a socially just order, the previous work of the authors sought to sketch out how nondomination theory could act as a justification for labour laws. This would conceptualize labour laws as a set of measures that are designed to achieve a degree of ‘non-domination’ in the employment relationship. Labour law achieves this by introducing legal and policy controls limiting the employee’s dependence on his/her employer and restricting the arbitrary power imbalance inherent in the relationship between the employer and the employee. By serving to tone down the level of arbitrary decision-making vested in the employer, the dependency of the employee on the employer, and/or by counterbalancing the degree of power wielded by the employer, it was argued that procedural and substantive labour laws such as unfair dismissal/discharge, minimum wage laws, working time controls, and collective labour and trade union rights can be perceived as measures that are consistent with a legal framework designed to secure a degree of ‘non-domination’ of the worker. In this article, the various advantages of nondomination theory as a justification for labour laws are summarized before the discussion turns to a detailed assessment of the range of objections that can be levelled at such a justificatory framework. In particular, the accusation that it is not descriptively accurate as a model, nor normatively useful as a conception for labour laws, is subjected to greater scrutiny. The article concludes with the general proposition that although Pettit’s and Lovett’s non-domination model is insufficient to act as an abstract justificatory theory for labour laws, it can act as a driver for specific labour laws; and more specifically, for a particular conception or form of labour law that promotes a distinctive set of regulatory techniques, and vision of the role and function of the central notion of the contract of employment. The primary significance of this article rests in the insight that domination-based narratives of civic republicanism have the capacity to act as a bridge between existing individual, relational, autonomous, substantive and procedural accounts of the regulation of the law of the contract of employment and political philosophy: a ‘new normativity’, albeit one that is restricted in scope.

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Cai, Xiaoxuan, Wen Wei Loh, and Forrest W. Crawford. "Identification of causal intervention effects under contagion." Journal of Causal Inference 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jci-2019-0033.

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Abstract Defining and identifying causal intervention effects for transmissible infectious disease outcomes is challenging because a treatment – such as a vaccine – given to one individual may affect the infection outcomes of others. Epidemiologists have proposed causal estimands to quantify effects of interventions under contagion using a two-person partnership model. These simple conceptual models have helped researchers develop causal estimands relevant to clinical evaluation of vaccine effects. However, many of these partnership models are formulated under structural assumptions that preclude realistic infectious disease transmission dynamics, limiting their conceptual usefulness in defining and identifying causal treatment effects in empirical intervention trials. In this paper, we propose causal intervention effects in two-person partnerships under arbitrary infectious disease transmission dynamics, and give nonparametric identification results showing how effects can be estimated in empirical trials using time-to-infection or binary outcome data. The key insight is that contagion is a causal phenomenon that induces conditional independencies on infection outcomes that can be exploited for the identification of clinically meaningful causal estimands. These new estimands are compared to existing quantities, and results are illustrated using a realistic simulation of an HIV vaccine trial.

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Werner, Jacques. "Should the New York Convention be Revised to Provide for Court Intervention in Arbitral Proceedings?" Journal of International Arbitration 6, Issue 3 (September 1, 1989): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia1989029.

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Kunnavatana, S. Shanun, Katie Wolfe, and Alexandra N. Aguilar. "Assessing Mand Topography Preference When Developing a Functional Communication Training Intervention." Behavior Modification 42, no. 3 (January 20, 2018): 364–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445517751437.

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Functional communication training (FCT) is a common function-based behavioral intervention used to decrease problem behavior by teaching an alternative communication response. Therapists often arbitrarily select the topography of the alternative response, which may influence long-term effectiveness of the intervention. Assessing individual mand topography preference may increase treatment effectiveness and promote self-determination in the development of interventions. This study sought to reduce arbitrary selection of FCT mand topography by determining preference during response training and acquisition for two adults with autism who had no functional communication skills. Both participants demonstrated a clear preference for one mand topography during choice probes, and the preferred topography was then reinforced during FCT to reduce problem behavior and increase independent communication. The implications of the results for future research on mand selection during FCT are discussed.

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40

Loschelder, David D., Silke Bündgens, and Roman Trötschel. "Identity-b(i)ased intervention of third parties: The effects of social categorization during mediation-arbitration." Journal of European Psychology Students 3 (May 6, 2012): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jeps.ap.

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Almudena, López. "A Struggle for Consensus: Constantine’s Intervention in the Christian Quarrels of His Time." Philippiniana Sacra 58, no. 175 (January 7, 2023): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/1002pslviii175a2.

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Ever since the Edict of Milan was issued in 313, Emperor Constantine implemented a tolerance-based religious policy in which his intervention, both personally and by proxy, played an essential role. Tolerance would ultimately fail due to the many religious conflicts and constant doctrinal disagreements between various Christian groups, requiring new solutions in order to rule over a more peaceful population. The will to reach a doctrinal consensus that would not undermine the emperor’s powers in the management and arbitration of religious matters, as well as intervention by civil authority in fields that traditionally fell under ecclesiastic jurisdiction, would give rise to a confrontation with part of the Church which would resist the emperor’s strategy to reach a consensus in religious matters.

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Brickhill, Jason, and Max du Plessis. "Two’s Company, Three’s A Crowd: Public Interest Intervention in INvestor-State Arbitration (Piero Foresti V South Africa)." South African Journal on Human Rights 27, no. 1 (January 2011): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19962126.2011.11865009.

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Vetrova, Evgenia G., Raisa I. Khalatova, and Anastasia A. Kashaeva. "Exceptional circumstances beyond International Swimming Federation Doping Control Rules: The Sun Yang case of Court of Arbitration for Sport." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 1 (2021): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.109.

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The authors refer to the exceptional circumstances surrounding Sun Yang’s violation. The athlete intervened in the doping control procedure in several ways. First, he questioned the proper accreditation of the IDTM’s (The company “International Doping Tests and Management”) Samples Collection Personnel, one of which photographed him. This officer was suspended from urine sampling, but there was no longer a male specialist on the IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel. Therefore, the collection of urine samples did not take place due to the athlete’s actions. A general distrust of IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel due to inappropriate photographing was the catalyst for follow-up action. Secondly, the athlete required IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel to confirm his credentials (accreditation) from the anti-doping organization, despite the submission of documents by IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel following the International Standard for Testing and Investigations. Not having received the additional and, in the opinion of the athlete, necessary documents, he refused to participate in the doping control procedure as a whole, tearing up his previously given written consent. Finally, the athlete took part in the destruction of blood samples with a hammer, but his role in this process was controversial. A prerequisite for the destruction process of the samples was the assistance of the IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel, who handed them over to the athlete in response to insistent demands. The listed circumstances, which are exceptional, however, could not affect the reduction of Sun Yang’s period of ineligibility, since the FINA (International Swimming Federation) Doping Control Rules, based on WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) Code 2015, do not imply such a basis. The new WADA Code 2021 offers a more flexible concept of liability and takes into account exceptional circumstances that in subsequent disputes about tampering can be established based on the example of the dispute CAS 2019/A/6148.

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Shamsie, Jalal, Hayley Hamilton, and Cynthia Sykes. "The Characteristics and Intervention Histories of Incarcerated and Conduct-Disordered Youth." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 4 (May 1996): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100404.

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Objectives: 1) To determine if incarcerated youth and conduct-disordered youth in treatment display similar risk factors associated with chronicity of antisocial behaviour; 2) to determine if incarcerated youth had experienced high numbers of interventions by many different agencies as has been reported for conduct-disordered youth in treatment. Method: The files of 25 conduct-disordered youth in treatment and 25 incarcerated youth were examined to extract all relevant data. Results: Incarcerated youth were similar to conduct-disordered youth with regard to the number of symptoms of disruptive behaviour disorders, age of onset of behavioural problems, and family backgrounds. Both groups had high numbers of interventions and agencies in their histories. Interventions began earlier for the conduct-disordered youth. Conclusion: The distinction between conduct-disordered youth who are treated and youth who are incarcerated may be arbitrary and accidental. Given the similarity in the clinical characteristics, incarcerated youth should be offered help that is similar to that offered to conduct-disordered youth. Such help may lower the rate of recidivism.

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Medeiros, Ben. "Platform (Non-)Intervention and the “Marketplace” Paradigm for Speech Regulation." Social Media + Society 3, no. 1 (January 2017): 205630511769199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305117691997.

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This article analyzes grassroots opposition to the website Ripoff Report (RoR). RoR is a user-generated content (UGC) platform for “consumer reviews” about both business entities and, often, individuals. In America, Section 230 of the CDA (1996) empowers RoR to refuse removing even postings that have been judged defamatory. Instead, the site counsels rebuttal (“counterspeech”) or paying for its self-administered arbitration service—audaciously casting itself as a more efficient (for-profit) substitute for the court system. RoR therefore represents the liberal “marketplace” orientation of Section 230 taken to its logical extreme. Grassroots opponents claim that official legal deference to the content policies of sites like RoR creates a unique kind of symbolic and normative harm. Building on the existing practical critiques of Section 230, I argue that they implicitly invoke Donald Downs’ “community security” paradigm in a digital context. They call on both websites and government to increasingly prioritize protecting citizens from the indignity of confronting (what they see as) personally humiliating speech rather than simply counseling “more speech” as the solution. The RoR controversy thus gives us additional insight into the popular objections provoked by Section 230. Overall, studying them helps further our nascent understanding of the consequences and reactions when “platforms intervene” as regulatory forces.

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Abdelkhalek, Amira Ahmed Elsayed. "The Role of Gulf Cooperation Council in Conflict Management, 1981–2019: A Comparative Study." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 9, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23477989211057341.

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The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is considered one of the most important regional organizations in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region, which effectively solves some of the crises in the sub-region and the wider Middle East. GCC has employed many diplomatic procedures to address regional crises, including mediation, negotiation, and arbitration. Undoubtedly, GCC has successfully resolved some intrastate conflicts, particularly border conflicts among its member states. However, despite these achievements, the GCC has failed to resolve several regional disputes, and the continuation of such crises threatens the region’s security and stability. This article seeks to explore why the GCC institutions are ineffective in resolving some regional crises. In doing so, it addresses the comparative study by focusing on two case studies (the Iraq–Iran War and the ongoing Yemen Crisis) and provides three main results: first, the GCC has not directly intervened as an institution to resolve certain disputes; however, some GCC members have acted on its behalf and represented it. Second, despite the GCC member states’ efforts, they are still unable to resolve and settle some disputes because they prioritize self-interest over collaboration. Third, the conflict of interest of various regional actors contributes to the lack of significant progress in resolving crises.

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Lyu, Yanfang. "Detection of Outliers in Panel Data of Intervention Effects Model Based on Variance of Remainder Disturbance." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/902602.

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The presence of outliers can result in seriously biased parameter estimates. In order to detect outliers in panel data models, this paper presents a modeling method to assess the intervention effects based on the variance of remainder disturbance using an arbitrary strictly positive twice continuously differentiable function. This paper also provides a Lagrange Multiplier (LM) approach to detect and identify a general type of outlier. Furthermore, fixed effects models and random effects models are discussed to identify outliers and the corresponding LM test statistics are given. The LM test statistics for an individual-based model to detect outliers are given as a particular case. Finally, this paper performs an application using panel data and explains the advantages of the proposed method.

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Kamil Kozan, M., Canan Ergin, and Demet Varoglu. "Third party intervention strategies of managers in subordinates' conflicts in Turkey." International Journal of Conflict Management 18, no. 2 (July 13, 2007): 128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10444060710759345.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate strategies used by managers when intervening in subordinates' conflicts and the factors affecting choice of strategy in Turkish organizations, where heavy emphasis is placed on intermediaries in managing conflicts.Design/methodology/approachData were collected by means of a questionnaire from 392 employees of a convenience sample of 59 organizations, most of which were located in Ankara.FindingsFactor analysis results showed that managers utilize as many as five strategies: mediation, inquisitorial (similar to arbitration), motivational tactics, conflict reduction through restructuring, and educating the parties. The conditions under which these strategies are used were analyzed by regression. Harmony emphasis in the organization led to increased use of mediation. However, harmony emphasis, when coupled with a low degree of delegation of authority to subordinates, resulted in increased use of the inquisitorial strategy. Harmony emphasis, when combined with substantive (as opposed to personal) conflicts and with high impact conflicts led to educating the subordinates. Motivational tactics were used more when the conflict had high impact at the workplace and had escalated or threatened to get out of control.Research limitations/implicationsReaders are cautioned on possible common factor bias; relations between variables may have emerged as a result of the data being reported by the same respondent.Originality/valueThe findings have research implications for future studies and for training of managers for conflict intervention in collectivistic cultures.

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Fujisawa, Iwao. "Conference, Arbitration and the Triple Intervention of 1895: Relevance of the Western Ways of Dispute Settlement in East Asia." Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 1, no. 1 (2013): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340010.

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Abstract This article attempts to understand how East Asian nations dealt with the norms and concepts of Western international law and for that purpose takes up the peace process of the Sino-Japanese War. It argues that in that incident neither China nor Japan passively accepted the methods of dispute settlement developed in Western international law and that rather those countries tried to pick and choose among the legal institutions of that law according to their respective interests. This article concludes that the incident suggests Western international law was not immune to changes through the interaction between Europeans and East Asians in the process of its expansion.

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Kulesza, Gustavo Santos. "Contratos coligados e litisconsórcio necessário. Intervenção obrigatória do litisconsorte necessário na arbitragem. Controle judicial da sentença arbitral parcial. T." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 12, Issue 48 (December 1, 2015): 83–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2015067.

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