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1
Udekwe, Emmanuel, and Olusegun Samson Obadire. "Effective Internationalisation Practice in the Higher Education Institutions." Edukasiana: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan 3, no. 3 (June 7, 2024): 320–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56916/ejip.v3i3.760.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Internationalisation is initiated to drive organisations' success, including higher education institutions (HEIs). This systematic literature review aims to i), determine the prevalence of existing research and publications on internationalisation practice in the HEIs, and ii), identify new practices that are reported in the scholarly literature and offer these new thoughts on the advancement of effective internationalisation practice in the HEIs. A wide-range strategy was employed to search and identify research papers from Web of Science and Scopus. The chosen papers were between the years 1994 and 2023. Out of 425 results generated, 80 publications representing 65 selected papers were chosen and themed for discussion. Investigating internationalisation in higher education is an in-depth multidisciplinary research approach that assists in determining the effect of HEIs. The findings identified challenges such as a lack of effective policy framework, decolonisation of the curriculum and digital transformation, which requires further studies on strategies for effective internationalisation practice in HEIs. Considering HEI's new focus on internationalisation, it is prudent to carry out more investigation to appreciate internationalisation’s many nuances.
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Rajkhowa, Gautam. "Internationalisation For All: Rethinking University Internationalisation." Space and Culture, India 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2024): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v11i4.1341.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concerns about commercialisation, high costs of study, elitism, massification, and the challenge of quantity over quality are some of the common themes across the globe in the discussions on international higher education. Viewed through the lens of a small public university in the UK, this paper presents the results from a study examining the meaning of internationalisation, its practice, and what it means in the context of an inclusive international higher education strategy. It argues that in a world where 97% of the world’s student population engaged in higher education is not globally mobile for a variety of reasons, internationalisation to be inclusive must adopt a holistic approach and be woven into the fabric of the institution’s life. Implemented as a Whole Institution Initiative (WII), this must be accompanied by clear Intent, Investment, and Infrastructure (3 I’s), connecting strategy, policy, and day-to-day practices at all levels and functions of the institution. The framework that has been developed as a result of this study provides insight and practical guidance to Higher Education institutions on how to approach internationalisation holistically. At a strategic level, it will be useful to institutional leaders and national policymakers to understand the issues entailed in formulating international strategies, processes, and programmes in developing an inclusive internationalisation strategy and not merely focusing on international student recruitment and inward mobility. At a course/programme level, it provides valuable practical insight and guidance to academics and programme administrators involved in developing and delivering inclusive internationalisation.
3
Yesufu, Lawal O. "Motives and Measures of Higher Education Internationalisation: A Case Study of a Canadian University." International Journal of Higher Education 7, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n2p155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Internationalisation is the inclusion of international, intercultural and global dimensions into the objectives, policies and practices in the delivery of postsecondary education. The objective of the research was to investigate the types of partnerships and internationalisation approaches that exist in higher education, the motives of internationalisation and the most appropriate approaches to measuring the quality and progress of internationalisation in higher education. A number of studies on internationalisation have been carried out. However, there is a limit on the scale and amount of research undertaken on measuring the output of internationalisation in higher education, in particular in the context of the Canadian higher education system. This paper is based on case study research to determine the motives of internationalisation in higher education in a Canadian university and it uses the Knight Internationalisation Tracking Measure to test the quality and progress of internationalisation in the university. The research entailed document analysis, interviews and surveys which were designed to gather data on internationalisation practices and objectives from university staff involved in the management of internationalisation and international partnerships. The content of the interviews and surveys were based on the measures defined by the Knight Internationalisation Tracking Measure. The research found that higher education institutions are motivated by the prospects of attracting additional income to make-up for the reduction in government funding. In addition, internationalisation offers access to staff development opportunities, internationalisation of the curriculum, and wider benefits leading to societal development. These findings and recommendations are drawn from a single case study.
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Nagarajan, Srivalli, and Lindy McAllister. "Internationalisation of curriculum at home: Imperatives, opportunities and challenges for allied health education." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 6, no. 1 (December 9, 2015): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2015vol6no1art575.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Preparation of globally competent health graduates who have a good understanding of local and international healthcare is an important goal for allied health education. Internationalisation of curriculum and Internationalisation at home strategies are needed to prepare students to work in culturally diverse contexts. A critical review of issues, challenges and future needs in internationalisation of allied health curricula is the focus of this paper. Current approaches to internationalisation from a range of disciplines are considered and their applicability to allied health courses is discussed. Important challenges for progress on internationalisation goals and integration of internationalisation experiences into allied health curricula are identified. Suggestions for progressing internationalisation of allied health curricula through formal and informal curriculum are presented. Future research needs that are key to progressing internationalisation goals in allied health education are considered. Important questions that will prompt academic, clinical educators and students to consider how well internationalisation goals are being addressed in allied health education are also raised.
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Sari, Nurshaidah Mohamad, and Nur Sofurah Mohd Faiz. "Internationalisation of Higher Education: The Activity – Process Approach at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia." Indonesian Journal of Educational Research and Technology 1, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijert.v1i1.32649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Internationalisation of higher education definition has evolved and so are the approaches in its implementation. The internationalisation of higher education is executed either one of the two approaches, the activity or the process approach, including in the higher education institutions in Malaysia. By giving the attention on one approach alone could contribute to issues in the less focused approach and hinder institutions from receiving maximum benefit from internationalisation. Thus, this study explores the nature of internationalisation approaches in the experiences of meso-level professionals and individuals in the micro level of the institution, specifically at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). The qualitative case study is adopted to gain adequate information from the internationalisation actors of the institution. The information is collected through face-to-face interviews, participatory observations, and documents analysis. Literature found that most of the higher education institutions practiced the activity approach in the implementation of internationalisation at the majority of higher education institutions. This should also happen to the internationalisation practices at UTHM where the execution is driven by the meso-level professionals of the institution. However, internationalisation experts have long promoted internationalisation practices to be in a dynamic activity – process fashion. Result of this study offers the policymakers, internationalisation key actors and stakeholders, valuable information on the internationalisation approaches to serve as a guideline in measuring the internationalisation practices, strategies development and quality improvement in the higher education system in Malaysia.
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Trąpczyński, Piotr. "De-internationalisation." Baltic Journal of Management 11, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 350–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-08-2015-0153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically diagnose the current body of knowledge on de-internationalisation from the perspective of its various antecedents and implications for firms and to identify key research gaps and formulate recommendations for future research. Design/methodology/approach Contrary to many reviews of international business literature, this paper adopts a deductive approach by applying theory-driven dimensions of internationalisation to extant research so as to identify key developments and research gaps. Findings Among existing studies, attention has been consistently devoted to divestments, reductions of operating modes and foreign market withdrawals, while neglecting other crucial dimensions. Moreover, while financial effects of divestments have been frequently studied, the competitiveness implications of de-internationalisation have widely been neglected. Research limitations/implications Further research should consider de-internationalisation phenomena from the viewpoint of several interrelated aspects, as well as shift attention from studying failure to studying optimisation. More attention should be devoted to changes in the organisation of multinational enterprises in line with a changing degree of internationalisation. Practical implications The review provides a comprehensive synthesis of extant knowledge on the antecedents, forms and outcomes of de-internationalisation, which is of particular interest for decision-makers responsible for international expansion. This topic has been mostly neglected due to the sensitive character of the underlying decisions. The understanding of the determinants and consequences of de-internationalisation processes can contribute to a more conscious management of foreign operations. Originality/value The paper draws on the research paradigm of strategic management research, as well as international business literature, to refine the understanding of de-internationalisation and provide a contribution to this still under-researched area.
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Burt, Steve, Keri Davies, Andrew McAuley, and Leigh Sparks. "Retail Internationalisation:." European Management Journal 23, no. 2 (April 2005): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2005.02.006.
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Salehi‐Sangari, Esmail, and Tim Foster. "Curriculum internationalisation." European Journal of Marketing 33, no. 7/8 (August 1999): 760–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090569910274401.
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Wright, Susan. "Danish university governance reforms: Internationalisation and de‐internationalisation." European Journal of Education 57, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12487.
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Al-Mahdawi, Emad. "An Overview on Internationalisation within the United Kingdom Higher Education." International Journal of Management and Humanities 8, no. 6 (January 30, 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.f1423.018622.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to analyse how the trend towards internationalisation for higher education has been constituted considering the perspectives of solidarity. Internationalisation is understood as integration among worldwide higher education institutions in the current scenario. Thus, the term does not conform to the definitions of globalisation as a phenomenon. The work discusses the process of the UK universities internationalisation and analyses how this process has occurred, where the internationalisation was the result of a formal policy of the institution or if, in reality, internationalisation was the result of actions predominantly determined by individuals. The paper explores internationalisation and Brexit with higher education in the United Kingdom. It focuses on the impacts of globalisation on universities caused by Brexit. It also emphasises the concepts such as internationalisation and mobility, globalisation and higher education and research, collaboration, and EU funding. The research results reduce the literature on the internationalisation of higher education, particularly the dynamics of the internationalisation of universities located in developing countries. The research also reveals and emphasises the internationalisation actions, that is, the importance of teachers, researchers and administrators as catalysts of this process. Therefore, universities should find new strategies for attracting more international students, effective digital media marketing, strongly branded marketing campaigns, and worldwide satellite campuses, resulting in significant changes.
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Caputo, Andrea, Massimiliano Matteo Pellegrini, Marina Dabic, and Leo Paul Dana. "Internationalisation of firms from Central and Eastern Europe." European Business Review 28, no. 6 (October 10, 2016): 630–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-01-2016-0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the literature addressing internationalisation of firms from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an inter-disciplinary systematic review of literature about the internationalisation of firms from CEE. Findings Three different clusters of research were identified. In the “Internationalisation Processes” cluster, containing many comparative studies, the focus is on specific approaches adopted by local firms in the process of internationalisation. One of the leitmotivs is the dichotomy between hostile home-country factors that create the need for internationalisation and market-seeking motives that guide the search for international expansion. The “Internationalisation Variables” cluster aims to explain the reasons of success or failure of internationalisation processes and strategies; this cluster focuses on possible facilitating or hindering aspects experienced by CEE firms and one often-cited element is the firm’s network. Finally, the “Internationalisation Outcomes” cluster assumes a reverse approach when compared to the other two clusters. Indeed, the internationalisation phenomenon can also be studied in terms of its effect on the firm; the elements sought in these types of studies are both potential benefits and risks associated with internationalisation in CEE countries. The latter category in particular gives rise to interesting questions for future research. Originality/value Given that large, developed economies tend to receive much academic interest and that smaller transitional economies are not always adequately represented in the scientific discussion, this paper contributes to the literature on internationalisation.
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Byram, Michael. "Internationalisation in higher education –an internationalist perspective." On the Horizon 26, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-11-2017-0090.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This paper aims to argue for the significance of internationalism for the internationalisation of higher education. It analyses some conceptualisations and definitions of internationalisation before explaining the concept of internationalism, and variations of it, to demonstrate that internationalism has a moral dimension which could, and the author argues, provide a normative value base for the processes of internationalisation. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a cross-disciplinary, conceptual exploration. Findings The argument concludes with a listing of principles which should give a moral direction to internationalisation. Research limitations/implications The approach proposed is the basis for evaluations of different aspects of internationalisation such as the design and implementation of curricula. Practical implications The approach taken here, if implemented, would lead to changes in curricula and processes of internationalisation. Social implications The impact of internationalisation, and particularly of student mobility as an aspect of it, is already significant, and the perspective presented here would lead to more coherent interactions in mobility situations. Originality/value Using the neglected concept of internationalism brings a new perspective and challenge to internationalisation.
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Munusamy, M. Miandy, and Azirah Hashim. "The internationalisation of higher education: a networking based conceptual framework." AEI Insights: An International journal of Asia-Europe relations 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37353/aei-insights.vol6.issue1.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Internationalisation is an important worldwide phenomenon and a major trend in higher education. It is also one of the ways nations react to the impact of globalisation. There are multiple rationales that encourage various national governments, higher education institutions, international organisations and the private sector to proactively engage in educational services across national borders. Internationalisation theories have primarily focused on the internationalisation process in the business and economic dimensions, but since 1980s, it has influenced the structure of education and higher education systems. The network approach emphasises the benefits of developing long-term interactions with foreign markets, institutions and individuals. Networking also provides an important motivation for nations and higher education institutions to enrich international activities and expand their landscape, share best practices as well as transfer knowledge and balance risks. The study explores the Uppsala and network theories of internationalisation and its feasibility for examining networking in the internationalisation of higher education. It provides new insights into how the network model of internationalisation allows the influence of external actors or organisations to impact on the process of internationalisation of higher education. A conceptual framework on networking perspectives in internationalisation, which has the potential to contribute towards achieving internationalisation goals and the enhancing quality of higher education is proposed.
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Forlicz, Maria, Jarosław Tomaszewski, and Renata Skýpalová. "Measuring quality and effectiveness of HEI internationalisation - results from Poland, Czechia, Ukraine and the United Kingdom." Economics & Sociology 17, no. 1 (March 2024): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2024/17-1/13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
he aim of this paper is to verify the applicability of the toolkit developed to assess and compare the internationalisation of universities in terms of its effectiveness and quality. For this purpose, a survey in the form of a questionnaire (one of the proposed tools) was conducted for a group of 57 universities from Poland, Czechia, Ukraine, and the UK. The toolkit made it possible to rank universities in terms of the quality and effectiveness of internationalisation, and allowed for an individual assessment of the level of internationalisation. Results show there are differences in the level of effectiveness and quality of internationalisation between the four countries surveyed. In the UK and Ukraine, there is significant difference in internationalisation effectiveness ratings for priority and non-priority traits, with better results for priority traits in the UK and better results for non-priority traits in Ukraine. In Poland, there is a significant difference in the level of quality of internationalisation ratings between priority and non-priority traits. Efficiency of internationalisation (effectiveness measure divided by the expenditure on internationalisation) was significantly higher in the UK than in other countries, which may be due to the more mature culture of internationalisation in universities in this country.
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Vijayagopal, V., and M. Thenmozhi. "Does Concentrated Shareholding Impact Family Firm Internationalisation?" Indian Journal of Corporate Governance 16, no. 2 (December 2023): 298–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09746862231206870.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article investigates whether increase in concentrated shareholding impacts the internationalisation of family firms. Based on a multi-theoretic approach and using zero inflated beta model on a panel data set covering 307 largest Indian listed companies, we observe that concentrated ownership, adverse employee relations and business group affiliation discourage internationalisation. But as family shareholding exceeds 50%, concentrated ownership has an indirect positive balancing impact on internationalisation. Besides, status as a family firm has a significant favourable impact on internationalisation and it moderates the impact of concentrated ownership, adverse employee relations and group affiliation on internationalisation.
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Andersson, Svante, Martin Eriksson, and Linda Lundmark. "Internationalisation in Malaysian furniture firms: gradual or rapid internationalisation?" International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business 1, no. 3 (2006): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgsb.2006.010609.
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Urban, Wieslaw, Katarzyna Krot, and Anna Tomaszuk. "A cross-national study of internationalisation barriers with reference to SME value chain." Equilibrium 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 523–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2023.016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research background: The study responses to the internationalisation issue, one of the essential factors of SMEs growth. Particularly to companies' efforts towards setting international cooperation and circumstances obstructing these struggles. The study takes into consideration that internationalisation in specific areas of company's operations differs noticeably. Similarly, different barriers may arise depending on the areas of the company's value chain that are the focus of the enterprises' internationalisation strategies. Purpose of the article: This study aims to identify barriers to internationalisation regarding various areas of a company's value chain. The study employs the Value Chain Model by Porter. Methods: The field data was collected using a questionnaire survey on a sample of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in countries in the Baltic Sea region (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland). A multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of barriers on internationalisation. Finding & value added: The study indicates three areas that are most often the subject of internationalisation in SMEs: operations, outbound logistics and marketing and sales. Barriers differ between value chain areas; however, cultural differences and competition are perceived as the most important hindering factors by companies experienced in internationalisation. At the same time, barriers regarding knowledge and finance diminish when companies becoming more experienced in internationalisation in particular value chain areas. This study is one of few employing the value chain framework to examine internationalisation.
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Barłożewski, Krystian, and Piotr Trąpczyński. "Is internationalisation beneficial for novice internationalisers? The performance effects of firm-specific advantages, internationalisation degree and firm size revisited." Oeconomia Copernicana 12, no. 1 (April 13, 2021): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research background: Research on the performance outcomes of different forms of internationalisation has attracted significant attention due to its theoretical and practical relevance. Still, the related findings have remained conflicting. Scholars have argued that companies need to possess or acquire firm-specific advantages (FSAs) to succeed internationalisation. However, a significant part of International Business (IB) research has treated FSAs as enablers of internationalisation, while some have argued that internationalisation in itself only helps firms translate the possessed resources into performance.
Purpose of the article: The objective of this study, which is based on the resource-based view (RBV), is to explore the moderating effect of internationalisation on the relationship between FSAs and performance, considering internationalisation degree and firm size as boundary conditions for that relationship.
Methods: We carry out statistical analyses on a longitudinal dataset containing 304 novice internationalisers from the post-transition economy of Poland and a total of 1167 firm-year observations. Thereby, we compare SMEs with large firms.
Findings & value added: We find that while FSAs do positively affect firm performance, this relationship becomes weaker for higher levels of internationalisation. However, the negative moderating effect of the internationalisation degree becomes weaker for larger novice internationalisers, which are more able to handle the complexity of managing foreign operations.
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Mudalige, Dharshana, Noor Azizi Ismail, and Sarath Dassanayaka. "Owner Specific Factors, Firm Specific Factors, Internationalisation and Performance of SMEs in Sri Lanka: A Conceptual Framework." Journal of Business Management and Accounting 3 (February 23, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jbma2013.3.0.8882.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As SMEs are internationalising at a faster rate today, theories that can explain SME internationalisation and performance are of extreme importance. At present there is no agreement among scholars on a single theoretical framework on SME internationalisation and performance. The literature suggested that contemporary firm performance is not associated with traditional factors. However, firm internationalisation and SME performance seem to be directly associated with unobservable owner and firm factors. However the literature indicated that past research does not conclusively prove the complex impact of owner or firm specific factors on SME internationalisation and performance. To fill this research gap, a conceptual framework that explains the relationship between internationalisation and performance was developed based on internationalisation, entrepreneurship, and organisational learning theories. Owner specific factors and firm specific factors in the conceptual framework are brand orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and industry context respectively. In addition, this framework expands the scope of study in internationalisation-performance relationship by considering the moderating effect of organisational learning. Five hypotheses were developed to test the relationship between the variables in the conceptual framework. The outcome of this research can enhance the understanding of SME internationalisation process and provide some insights for policy makers, and SME owners and managers.
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Ana Filipa M. Roque, Maria-Céu G. Alves, and Mário Lino Raposo. "Internationalisation Strategy and Management Accounting and Control Systems: A Network Approach." Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance 20, no. 1 (June 7, 2024): 155–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2024.20.1.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Internationalisation has become crucial to economic development, especially for companies that are more technological and scientific. These companies arouse curiosity, as they quickly begin their internationalisation process (IP), adopting the Born Global model shortly after its creation. It has also been noted that, when they seek to benefit from mutual flexibility, the opportunity to use technical and economic knowledge, and even the collective assumption of costs and risks, it is common for them to resort to the internationalisation model based on Network Theory. Considering that internationalisation is part of the company’s growth strategy, and that this may require an adjustment of the information structure, namely the Management Accounting and Control System (MACS), it becomes relevant to understand how IP affects MACS. In this way, our study aims to respond to how MACS adjusts to Born Global internationalisation model (BGIM) and Network Model of Internationalisation (NMI) for a successful internationalisation strategy? In this study, we evaluate how MACS is adjusted in order to become a tool capable of collecting and processing the set of useful information necessary for the implementation of the internationalisation strategy. We conducted a single case study in a Portuguese health-sector company. Our results show that MACS needs to be adjusted to facilitate the implementation of IP.
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Ledger, Susan, and Colleen Kawalilak. "Conscientious internationalisation in higher education: contextual complexities and comparative tensions." Asia Pacific Education Review 21, no. 4 (November 19, 2020): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12564-020-09650-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn this paper, authors focus on how internationalisation is defined, interpreted, and responded to by Universities in Australia and Canada, two decades after de Wit’s (Strategies for the internationalisation of higher education. A comparative study of Australia, Canada, Europe and the USA. European Association for International Education, Amsterdam, 1995) comparison of internationalisation in four higher education contexts. Guided by humanitarian factors that impact internationalisation in higher education contexts, authors find convergence and divergence with de Wits earlier study. A critical policy lens is employed to further analyse, probe and pose critical questions related to people, philosophy, place, processes, and power (5Ps). Authors argue that the intent (philosophy) of institutions (place) to internationalise (process) are impacted by the interests (power) of individuals and institutions (people) and these often conflict with descriptions and ideals of internationalisation. The authors offer conscientious internationalisation (CI) to recalibrate discourse and practices embedded in the internationalisation of higher education. CI prioritises ethics over markets. It is characterized as practices and processes informed by constitutive principles and ethical practices that amplify equity, reciprocity, and integrity.
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Gorynia, Marian, and Piotr Trąpczyński. "The Internationalisation of Polish Firms under Covid 19 Conditions – Results of an Exploratory Study." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 4(110) (2022): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.04.110.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goal – The present paper addresses the research question as to how previous firm internationalisation leads to sustained commitment to further internationalisation under the conditions of the COVID -19 crisis. Research methodology – The study uses descriptive statistics based on a quantitative survey of 120 Polish exporters from manufacturing sectors. Score – The authors have found some evidence which partly contradicts previous expectations that firms with stronger previous involvement in internationalisation are more likely to sustain or increase their internationalisation commitment during the pandemic and in the post pandemic landscape. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The authors have explored the boundary conditions under which internationalised firms sustain or extend their internationalisation commitment under pandemic conditions.
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KAWALILAK, COLLEEN, JENNIFER LOCK, and PETREA REDMOND. "Responses to Internationalisation in Two Schools of Education." Journal of Educational Thought / Revue de la Pensée Educative 51, no. 3 (May 21, 2019): 407–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55016/ojs/jet.v51i3.68276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cross-cultural, multicultural, intercultural, and transcultural perspectives and practices in higher education contexts vary significantly, comparable to the blurring and often obscure definitions and interpretations applied to internationalisation terminology. In this article, academics from two Schools of Education in Canada and Australia aim to deepen the dialogue by sharing perspectives on internationalisation, drawing from their places of work and learning. The findings are discussed through the lens of a conceptual framework for internationalisation of higher education. From scholarly discourse, perspectives, practices, opportunities, and challenges pertaining to internationalisation in university contexts are examined. Recommendations for action for internationalisation within pre-service teacher education contexts follow.
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Ooi, Shir May, and Christopher Richardson. "The internationalisation of service-sector SMEs in an emerging market." Review of International Business and Strategy 29, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-02-2018-0023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThis paper aims to explore the internationalisation of service-sector small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from an emerging market, focussing on the entry modes, psychic distance, business network, internationalisation challenges and capabilities of business training and consultancy firms from Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachA multiple-case study approach is adopted, and 31 in-depth interviews were conducted with the top management and executives from eight business training and consultation (BT&C) firms in Malaysia. The Uppsala model is used for theoretical guidance to analyse the internationalisation of the firms.FindingsThe results suggest that psychic distance, business network and business capabilities influence the internationalisation of BT&C firms from Malaysia. However, the discussion of entry modes in the framework of service internationalisation does not accurately explain the internationalisation of the studied firms.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is a qualitative research based on the experiences of eight firms. The basis of this study is inadequate for scientific generalisation. Quantitative research should be conducted in the future to provide a statistical test and empirical results. This study is concerned with the emerging-market context. The study could be expanded to include more industries and other emerging markets in the future.Practical implicationsThis study explored the application of internationalisation theories to the BT&C industry in an emerging market, with particular emphasis on firms’ entry modes, psychic distance, business networks, international challenges and capabilities. This study also highlighted some of the key internationalisation challenges facing emerging market small- and medium-sized enterprises (EMSMEs), underlining the importance of business networks and capabilities.Social implicationsNevertheless, this study shares useful and practical discoveries concerning the internationalisation process of BT&C firms from the emerging market, focussing on entry modes, psychic distance, business network, the challenges faced and the required capabilities.Originality/valueThe study provides new insights into service internationalisation in SMEs from an emerging market. The application of internationalisation theories to the BT&C industry in an emerging market is analysed.
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Lynn Childs, Michelle, and Byoungho Jin. "Is Uppsala model valid to fashion retailers? An analysis from internationalisation patterns of fast fashion retailers." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management 18, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-10-2012-0061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – Uppsala internationalisation theory is highly utilised due to its simplicity and applicability. However, there are contrasting results on its assumption that firms follow a gradual internationalisation process. Literature shows that firm strategies (e.g. targeting a niche market) and firm resources (e.g. brand image and asset specificity) may decrease barriers of entry. Global fashion retailers possess these characteristics and may not follow a gradual internationalisation pattern. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether fashion retailers that target a niche market, have a strong brand image and asset specificity will follow a gradual internationalisation pattern suggested by Uppsala. Design/methodology/approach – Two aspects of internationalisation (speed of internationalisation and market selection) were analysed. Market selection was measured by three aspects of distance (geographic distance, economic distance, and culture distance). Data were collected utilising secondary sources and internationalisation patterns were calculated using existing formulas. Findings – Overall, results provided partial support for Uppsala model. After cautious expansion early in internationalisation, fashion retailers experience a period where rapid expansion exists. During initial internationalisation, geographically and economically close markets were chosen, which mirror the Uppsala model. However, no incremental patterns were observed thereafter. In addition, after initially moving to culturally close countries, firms moved to countries with close cultural proximity to each other rather than close to home market. Research limitations/implications – The findings are based on three cases of fast fashion retailers; thus, for further generalisation, if the findings will be applicable to other fashion firms which have different strategies and resources needs to be examined. Originality/value – This study is one of the first attempts to research the applicability of Uppsala model to fashion retailers. By investigating fashion retailers that target niche markets, have strong brand image and asset specificity; the paper adds additional empirical evidence of situations where internationalisation does not follow the linear pattern that Uppsala model argues.
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Shraah, Ata Al. "Factors Affecting the Degree of Internationalisation in Jordanian Manufacturing Firms." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 18, no. 6 (January 10, 2023): 691–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.47556/j.wjemsd.18.6.2022.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the degree of internationalisation in Jordanian manufacturing firms. Design/methodology/approach: This study has developed a theoretical framework to examine business factors that impact the degree of internationalisation, including organisational culture, international experience, costs, and technological capabilities. Data were collected from 168 manufacturing firms listed by the Jordan Chamber of Industry. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis. Study Findings: The findings reveal that three factors affect the degree of internationalisation, organisational culture, international experience, and costs. However, technological capabilities are not an influential factor with regard to the degree of internationalisation. Research limitations/implications: As this study investigates the manufacturing sector only, it would be interesting to examine the extent to which empirical findings apply to other sectors and developing countries. This study is a cross-sectional survey based on cause-effect relationships between business factors and the degree of internationalisation; therefore, a longitudinal methodology would be useful for further research. Practical implications: The creation of an analytical framework designed to improve the degree of internationalisation would enhance the integration of technological capabilities, innovation, production, and investment; in addition, it would be of benefit in terms of international expansion. Technological capacity could be improved by integrating it with other internal resources in order to effectively respond to the expansion of international activities. Originality/value: This study contributes to the internationalisation theory by providing empirical evidence of whether and why business factors influence the internationalisation process, thereby increasing our understanding of how business factors contribute to successfully accessing global markets. Although international business is a practice adopted by firms, the investigation of internationalisation theory is important for both researchers and managers; therefore, this study extends the research conducted on internationalisation, particularly in a developing countries context.
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Muyaka, Jafred, Violet Khalayi Wawire, and Ishmael Irungu Munene. "Internationalisation perspectives of Kenyan universities: A consideration of stakeholders’ understanding and motivations, and the implications for the provision of quality academic programmes." Research in Comparative and International Education 15, no. 2 (March 18, 2020): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745499920910580.
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University administrators, academic staff and students are key agents of internationalisation of higher education, particularly at the institutional level. The growing volume of literature on internationalisation has looked at the role that these stakeholders play. However, few studies in Kenya have examined these stakeholders’ conception of the internationalisation process. The current study explored Kenyan universities’ understanding of the process of internationalisation and how their perceptions influenced the provision of quality academic programmes. The focus was on the conception of the process and the rationales pushing universities in Kenya to internationalise. The targets were the university administrators, academics and students in two public and two private universities in Kenya. The study used institutional theory as a theoretical framework in examining the implications of stakeholders’ understanding of the internationalisation process on the provision of quality academic programmes. The study noted a failure on the part of universities in Kenya to utilise internationalisation as a tool for improving the quality of their education. There was a lack of shared understanding of the process among the stakeholders. In both public and private universities, academic rationales were identified as the main reason for supporting the internationalisation process. The lack of a comprehensive and shared understanding of the internationalisation process among the institutional stakeholders in Kenyan universities had compromised their capacity to utilise the process to advance the quality of their academic programmes. The study recommends investment in training on internationalisation to ensure that there is clarity on what constitutes the process, its rationale and its underlying values within the unique context of Kenyan universities.
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Bianchi, Constanza, Jorge Carneiro, and Rumintha Wickramasekera. "Internationalisation commitment of emerging market firms." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 25, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-07-2017-0221.
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Purpose Enhancing firm commitment towards internationalisation is an important step towards ensuring successful international performance. However, there is limited research on this topic for emerging market firms. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that influence the internationalisation commitment of emerging market firms located in two Latin American countries with different institutional environments. Design/methodology/approach This study proposes and tests a conceptual model that includes drivers and barriers of internationalisation commitment. Data were collected from Chilean and Brazilian firms. The model uses confirmatory factor analysis to develop the underlying multi-item constructs and structural equation modelling to test the model. Findings The results show that managers’ perceptions of firm resources and capabilities are significant drivers of internationalisation commitment in both countries. In addition, perceptions of internal firm-specific barriers, such as a manager’s lack of international experience and knowledge, are negatively related to internationalisation commitment in Chile, but not in Brazil. Finally, external environmental barriers are negatively related to internationalisation commitment in Brazil, but not in Chile. Practical implications The context for the study is Chile and Brazil. Both are important emerging markets in Latin America, with a strong focus on firm internationalisation. The research design is cross-sectional and so does not allow for any causal claims to be made. The findings have important implications for internationalisation efforts of managers and export promotion agencies of emerging markets with different institutional environments. Originality/value This research contributes to the relatively scant but increasing number of empirical studies which investigate emerging market internationalisation in Latin America.
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Baranyai, Ticián, and Miklós Kozma. "Family Firms with New Leaders in the Global Market – A Potential Success Story?" Acta Oeconomica 69, S2 (December 2019): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2019.69.s2.6.
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The focus of our research is the internationalisation of the small-medium size family firms in Hungary, with particular attention to the effect of generational change on internationalisation. Our examination is based on interviews with the current management of six family firms from different industries. We had two research propositions: First, we analysed if and how successors in the family businesses were more open to the internationalisation of the company. Our results provide insights reflecting that the predecessors are usually quite open, and successors are not always as open when they assume control over the company, unlike the existing internationalisation patterns of family firms would suggest. Potential explanations reveal related characteristics of the Central-Eastern European (CEE) region. Secondly, in terms of how and why the leadership style and approach of the predecessors affect the internationalisation of family firms, our findings from different cases vary. The historical and cultural background of the family firms' founders and early-generation successors exert notable influence on the internationalisation process, while the role of predecessors' personal characteristics may not be as strong a driver of internationalisation as previously suggested. The management implications of our findings suggest that the Hungarian family firms show regional patterns in terms of their internationalisation, and generic approaches to generational change and succession may not explain the process as much as extant literature on international family business suggests.
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Santhosh, Channappa, and Mungila Halemane Bala Subrahmanya. "The Speed and the Degree of SME Internationalisation in Bangalore: An Analysis of its Determining Factors." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393957520913762.
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This article presents an empirical inquiry on the drivers that have influenced the speed and the degree of SME internationalisation in Bangalore. The article is based on primary data gathered from 70 internationalised small and medium enterprises (SMEs) belonging to the machinery industry in Bangalore urban district. Our analysis ascertained that the size of the firm and CEOs’ foreign language proficiency are the significant determinants of the speed of SME internationalisation. CEOs’ international experience, motivation, international network and speed of entry positively influenced the degree of SME internationalisation. Thus, the present study lays emphasis on ‘entrepreneurial competence’ and ‘strategic entry’ that determine the speed and degree of internationalisation of SMEs, for appropriate policy attention for promoting SME internationalisation.
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Wan, Chang Da, and Doria Abdullah. "Internationalisation of Malaysian higher education: policies, practices and the SDGs." International Journal of Comparative Education and Development 23, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 212–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijced-08-2020-0052.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the policies and practices of internationalisation of higher education in Malaysia, and to specifically explore how Sustainable Development Goals are translated into policies and practices.Design/methodology/approachThis paper takes a chronological and historical approach to examine policies and practices on internationalisation of higher education in Malaysia. This includes identifying patterns, trends and shifts on internationalisation at the system and institutional levels.FindingsAt the system level, Malaysia has transformed from a sending to receiving country, from being an aid recipient to an equal partner, and from a host to a provider. At the institutional level, internationalisation transforms from a fad to a norm, and from having unilateral collaboration to setting up multinational collaborations with international partners. Equally important, the paper discusses the role of internationalisation to address the global Sustainable Development Goals, and identify policy gaps at the national level and the de facto practices of Sustainable Development Goals at the institutional level.Originality/valueThis paper charts the changes of internationalisation of higher education in Malaysia, and importantly, shows gaps to incorporate the global Sustainable Development Goals and to relate this global agenda to the internationalisation of higher education.
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Cooper, Ami. "Internationalisation and Diversity in Preschool Teacher Education: Representations in Preschool Student Teachers’ Projects." World Studies in Education 23, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7459/wse/23.1.04.
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Internationalisation of higher education has been a top priority in many countries for decades, yet teacher education programmes in Sweden have lower number of exchange students. This is predominantly ascribed to the Swedish national context of education and to the lack of conceptualisation of internationalisation and diversity among teacher educators in Sweden. The need to address issues of internationalisation and diversity is reinforced by the fact that many societies today are heterogeneous with high levels of linguistic and cultural diversity. This study examines conceptualisations of internationalisation and diversity in preschool teacher education at one Swedish university. Drawing from Stephen Ball’s writings on policy as text and policy as discourse, student preschool teachers are simultaneously regarded as policy workers that act upon policy and as subjects constructed by the same policy. Through 26 preschool student teachers’ undergraduate degree projects, the question “What is the problem represented to be?” is used to explore the projects. The results show that the projects reproduce prevailing discourses of internationalisation and diversity from content, literature, and policy. The findings show that to develop students’ conceptualisations of internationalisation and diversity, a reconceptualisation of the purposes and means of internationalisation in preschool teacher education is needed.
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Flander, Alenka, and Manja Klem. "Will Academics Drive or Obstruct the Slovenian Government’s Internationalisation Agenda for Higher Education?" Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal 4, no. 2 (March 31, 2014): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.202.
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The present article is concerned with the question of how conducive the academic culture and climate in Slovenian higher education institutions are to internationalisation. Our underlying assumption is that academic staff represent either an important driving force or an obstacle to the implementation of internationalisation policies formulated at the national level and diffused into institutional practices. Specifically, we investigate whether the present academic attitudes and behaviours are in line with the internationalisation aims and objectives stated in the National Higher Education Programme 2011–2020. Our findings point to generally favourable attitudes of academics towards internationalisation. We also find that academics’ own priorities regarding internationalisation tend to be higher than the perceived priorities of their respective institutions. At the same time, however, the preferences of academics regarding the various activities associated with the “internationalisation of study at home”, especially conducting courses in foreign languages, are lower and highly divergent, and might therefore obstruct the government’s agenda in this regard.
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Rezende, Sérgio Fernando Loureiro. "Multinationals and interdependence in internationalisation processes." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 10, spe (2006): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-65552006000500002.
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This article deals with interdependence and the internationalisation process of multinationals (MNCs); a topic that has received scarce attention in the literature (e.g. Bell & Young, 1998; Holm et al., 1995). By reviewing the literature on behavioural models of internationalisation, initially, the article suggests that MNCs should be regarded as loosely coupled systems in which independence and interdependence of operations shape how MNCs evolve and organise activities across borders. Subsequently, the article models the internationalisation process of MNCs by highlighting three dimensions that characterise their pattern of evolution - uniformity, direction and rhythm, and lays out three hypotheses on the relationship between these dimensions and interdependence. The direction of the relationship is suggested to be negative, i.e., other things being equal, interdependence is negatively related to uniformity, direction and the rhythm of the internationalisation processes. The article concludes by claiming that the internationalisation of MNCs results from an intricate combination of independent, yet interdependent, internationalisation processes that evolve in various spatial and temporal contexts within the MNC network.
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Sumskaite, Alvija, and Inga Juknyte-Petreikiene. "Parameters for the Assessment of the Impact of Internationalisation Policy on Quality in Higher Education and its Influence on the Development of Society: The Lithuanian Case." Central European Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0023.
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Abstract The article discusses the envisaged outcomes of internationalisation policy of higher education in the context of the European Higher Education Area, and the effect of internationalisation policy on quality in higher education. In Lithuania, internationalisation of higher education is supported by large amounts of public finance, in the hope that internationalisation will provide added value to the quality of higher education. However, there are no tools for collecting evidence of whether that investment is properly used. The research question of the study is how the internationalisation policy impact on quality in higher education and its influence on wider society may be measured in a particular national context. The article presents exploratory research findings based on an extensive literature review and views of policymakers, higher education administrators and academics evaluated as a set of indicators and criteria to be used in assessing the impact of internationalisation policy on quality in higher education and its influence on wider society.
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Wiśniewska, Joanna. "The International Involvement of SMEs in Rural Areas." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2012.12.3.49.
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The volume of international trade and the share of foreign capital in companies as well as their dynamics in 2005 and 2010 have been analysed. It enabled a verification of the hypotheses on changes, forms and levels of internationalisation. The process of internationalisation depends on the size of the company as well as on its location. There are two important determinants of internationalisation: potential and agglomeration effect. They are responsible for the differentiation of internationalisation of companies in rural and urban areas.
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Jane Hewerdine, Lisa, Maria Rumyantseva, and Catherine Welch. "Resource scavenging." International Marketing Review 31, no. 3 (May 6, 2014): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-11-2012-0194.
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Purpose – There has been growing interest in studying the internationalisation of small and medium-sized high-technology firms. This literature tends to equate “internationalisation” with the “internationalisation of sales”. Yet sales are not the only international activity of high-tech firms. High-tech firms need resources and not just markets. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an understanding of this resource dimension of the international behaviour of high-tech firms. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical basis for the study lies in a multiple case study of six high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The authors selected two firms from each of three high-tech industries: biotechnology (specifically drug development), renewable energy and ICT. The key decision makers in each firms were then interviewed in depth. Findings – The authors show that for the case firms in the study, internationalisation can take the form of searching, prospecting or “scavenging” for resources. “Resource-seeking” behaviour occurs because the SMEs do not own, control or have access to sufficient resources to bring their technology to market on their own. The pattern of internationalisation that results from resource scavenging is different to that of traditional “market-seeking” internationalisation. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence of how the resource-acquisition behaviour of high-tech SMEs can be an important element of their internationalisation. Yet existing literature has focused almost exclusively on the market-seeking internationalisation of these firms.
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Bowen, Robert. "Motives to SME internationalisation." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 27, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0125.
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Purpose This study offers a comparative analysis of attitudes to small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) internationalisation in two different cultural settings, Wales and Brittany. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an in-depth investigation of attitudes to internationalisation among food and drink SMEs using mixed methods and focussing on both SMEs that internationalise and those that do not. This leads to a more comprehensive understanding of the issues influencing attitudes to SME internationalisation, which could facilitate policy development for such companies. Design/methodology/approach Mixed methods are used in this study to provide a richness of data in investigating this complex issue. The majority of research in this field has focussed on quantitative research, however, this study heeds calls for more plurality in research on SME internationalisation to achieve a more detailed understanding of the issues affecting SME internationalisation. This is achieved through an online questionnaire of 169 food producing SMEs in Wales and Brittany, informed by International Entrepreneurship theory. A second phase of semi-structured interviews provides more context to the questionnaire findings, with 37 interviews conducted with respondents from the questionnaire. Each phase was conducted independently, with findings triangulated for further investigation. Findings Companies of all characteristics have the ability to internationalise; however, cultural differences were observed between Wales and Brittany in both attitudes and the conditions for internationalisation. Breton SMEs displayed more proactivity to internationalisation, stemming from more favourable conditions, a greater reputation for food and more confidence. Conversely, Welsh SMEs were more reactive, relying on government support in encouraging internationalisation. Breton SMEs also benefitted from the strong cultural identity of food products, especially through the Produit en Bretagne brand and its network of producers. Originality/value The study makes both a theoretical and methodological contribution to research on SME internationalisation. The comparative study of Wales and Brittany is significant in understanding cultural influences to internationalisation in two regions where the food and drink industry represents an important part of the economy. The focus on a single industry is significant in understanding the particularities of internationalisation within an industrial context, as findings from studies across multiple industries are considered less generalisable. A methodological contribution is sought through using mixed methods to provide a more comprehensive study.
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Gacel-Ávila, Jocelyne. "Internationalisation of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean:." International Journal of African Higher Education 7, no. 2 (November 11, 2020): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v7i2.13147.
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This article assesses the current process of internationalisation of highereducation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Based on data and findingsfrom different national, regional, and international studies, it showsthat, while the region’s primary form of internationalisation is studentmobility, the numbers are relatively small compared to other regionsand that other strategies such as internationalisation at home are largelyunderdeveloped. The article concludes that, while some progress has beenmade in past decades, the internationalisation process needs to be consolidatedand strengthened, particularly in terms of public policy at national and the regional level.
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Umboh, Pingkan, Mts Arief, Asnan Furinto, and Mohammad Hamsal. "Does Internationalisation Improve Organisational Performance? A Study on Higher Education Institutions in Indonesia." Advanced Science Letters 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.5880.
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All actors taking part in the rapidly changing social, technological, economic and political forces shaping the world must adapt and adapting to globalisation is displayed by what is called internationalisation. While internationalisation have been studied by many, no research was found on impacts of internationalisation to organisational performance focusing on higher education institutions in Indonesia. Through desk research of existing theories and personal communication conducted from 2012–2013, this research note is hoped to contribute to the discussion of internationalisation and its benefits to higher education institutions in Indonesia.
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Hakala, Johanna. "Internationalisation of Science." Science & Technology Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55113.
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Villepreux, Pierre. "Internationalisation, professionnalisation, médiatisation." Pouvoirs 121, no. 2 (2007): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pouv.121.0043.
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Neiburg, Federico, and Mariano Plotkin. "Internationalisation et développement." Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 151-152, no. 1 (2004): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/arss.151.0057.
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Behr, Valentin. "Internationalisation ou nationalisation ?" Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines, no. 38 (September 15, 2021): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rhsh.6148.
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Roger, Antoine. "Une internationalisation disputée." Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines, no. 38 (September 15, 2021): 203–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rhsh.6098.
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Rolle, Pierre. "Colonialisme, internationalisation, démocratie..." L'Homme et la société 174, no. 4 (2009): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lhs.174.0119.
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Ackers, Louise. "Internationalisation and Equality." Recherches sociologiques et anthropologiques 41, no. 1 (May 15, 2010): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rsa.189.
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Draperi, Jean-François. "Internationalisation et normalisation." Revue internationale de l'économie sociale: Recma, no. 328 (2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015521ar.
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Seidel, Almut. "Heading Towards Internationalisation." Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 11, no. 1 (January 2002): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08098130209478046.
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Watanabe, Hiroshi. "Internationalisation du yen." Revue d'économie financière 15, no. 3 (1990): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecofi.1990.2402.
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