Дисертації: "Internationalisation"

1

Williams, David E. "Retailer internationalisation." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293385.

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This research examines, at the corporate level, the strategic behaviour of retailer internationalisation. The primary purpose is to increase our knowledge as empirical research has not kept pace with the growth of retailer internationalisation. In fact it has not really started. The previous documentary research has been fragmented and descriptive rather than analytical. This has created an urgent need for an exploratory, yet analytical empirical investigation into retailer internationalisation. Consequently, this study attempts to answer the following questions: Vhat is (a) the extent and characteristics of U.K. retailers with international retail interests, (b) the major motives for retailer internationalisation, (c) obstacles to retailer internationalisation, (d) the factors important when operating in international retail markets, (e) the organisational and decision maker characteristics associated with retailer internationalisation, (f) the relationship of the preceding constructs with the extent of retailer internationalisation and (g) the interrelationships between the predictive constructs and their impact on retailer internationalisation. These questions, by drawing on the literature of other disciplines, were summarised into an exploratory conceptualisation. This was made operative by interviewing senior representatives from 42 U.K. retailers with international interests. The study revealed: the heterogeneous nature of U.K retailers with international retail interests, evidence that retailers internationalised in response to growth orientated and proactive motives and motives stemming from the international appeal and innovativeness of their retail formula, the diminishing and increasing permeabilty of obstacles to retailer internationalisation and a reliance upon various factors to aid competitive differentiation and the performance of retail operations in international markets. Support was also found for elements of an international orientation amongst retail decision makers, an incremental approach to decision making in retailer internationalisation, a large degree of claimed marketing orientation, the presence of certain characteristics associated with corporate entrepreneurship, the possession of accumulated learning experience, the absence of an international orientation at the corporate level and retailer internationalisation being a strategic option for retailers of all sizes. Additionally, the predictors of retailer internationalisation were factored and it was possible to identify various underlying dimensions. These were used to predict the extent of retailer internationalisation. Provisional support was also found for four pioneering models of the interrelationships among the predictors and their impact upon retailer internationalisation.Overall the study represented a ground clearing exercise by developing initial but tentative theorising into retailer internationalisation. The research has numerous implications for future research directions and management practice. It should be welcomed by practitioners and academics alike, given the growth and increasing importance of this strategic behaviour and the embryonic nature of theorising into the subject.

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2

Randenyia, Rishi, and Jukka Roivas. "Internationalisation through Merger." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2294.

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Do the corporate cultures have to integrate in an international merger? In March 1999, the two large Nordic IT companies, Tieto of Finland and Enator of Sweden, announced their intentions to combine their businesses. The new entity was to have over 10,000 employees and net sales of more than 1 billion Euro. TietoEnator (TE) was to become one of the leading suppliers of IT services on the European market. The combination was announced as a Merger of Equals – the merging companies being of about the same size, and operating mainly in their respective home markets, thus avoiding competition with each other. The authors´ interest to this case has emerged from the fact that company fusions generally, and international mergers of equal partners in particular, are considered as high- risk projects.

The issues discussed in this paper are expected cultural differences between Finland and Sweden, and between Tieto and Enator; differences in management style and market structure and buyer behaviour between the two companies, and differences in the industry environments and business climates of Finland and Sweden.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze the TietoEnator´s merger process from two perspectives: the cultural perspective and the strategy perspective. The main objective is to exemplify some theories in organizational and strategic research by connecting the theories to the significant events of the TietoEnator merger case. Five executive employees of TietoEnator in Sweden give their personal view on the merger and the development of the company. The strategic (vision, mission, and strategy objectives) statements of the company before, during, and after the merger are compared and analyzed.

Conclusions: the cultural distance should not only be considered as a negative issue. The paradox of cultural proximity, where two neighbouring cultures show significant cultural differences, is according to our findings not expected to lead to serious problems if handled in a constructive manner. Selective integration and leveraging the positive tensions between the different cultures is the key to success in internationalisation through merger.

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3

Yman, Neil. "Internationalisation of companies." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-808.

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Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union all conditions and principles for doing business in the area have changed. The shift from a planned economy to a market economy is connected with rapid and basic changes in political, social, economic and technological conditions. The Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia andLithuania are going through a gradual transition and the decrease of central economic power leads to the liquidation of state monopolies. The markets of the Baltic is giving great opportunities for Western European companies since the Baltic is a good springboard to the more Eastern European markets, which consists of over 400 million possible customers.The Baltic countries is not a homogeny group, they have different language, culture and history. Western European companies need to be aware of this facts if they are going to become successful with their establishments. The Western European companies choose different entry modes in order to fulfil their international ambitions. The entry mode signals to host governments and to competitors the companies ambitions in the hostcountry. For the majority of companies the most significant international marketing decision they are likely to take is therefore how they should enter new markets. The purpose of the study is to explain how foreign companies strategies theoretically match the Baltic countries strengths and weaknesses and what kind of entry modes provides a good match between the investor´s strategy and the local attractiveness.

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4

Hallehn, Philip, and Victor Lindgren. "Modular Internationalisation Strategy." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-253331.

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Purpose – Previously, modularity has mainly been studied in a production context. This paper highlights the opportunities and challenges of a modular strategy in an internationalisation context. It identifies which module components become active when entering new markets and suggests a model for how a modular internationalisation architecture can be designed. Design/methodology/approach – Results from a single case study of a multinational corporation in the vehicle industry, where managers of different departments involved in the internationalisation process support the possibility to create a modular internationalisation architecture. Findings – The findings suggest that the most important opportunities arising from modularity when entering new markets are the clear structure and shorter time to market. The main challenges to overcome are the risk of loss of flexibility and the issues of designing a modular architecture. Based on the key components in the case firm, one initial project-based departmentalised matrix structure is designed which can also help overcome the issues of choosing between standardisation and adaptation. Practical implications – The modular internationalisation architecture may help managers in multinational corporations who are already working with modularity in production to also organise the internal structure of their internationalisation process. Originality/value – This study includes a new model for multinational corporations entering new markets – the modular internationalisation architecture – which makes it possible to structure processes depending on internationalisation factors. The model should be seen as an initial suggestion of how a modular internationalisation architecture can be designed, but it may need to be further developed and tested. Keywords – International business, Internationalisation strategy, Organisational structure, Modularity, Modular processes, Modules, Components Paper type – Master’s thesis

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5

Yang, Wen. "Internationalisation des entreprises chinoises." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA048.

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Depuis l’application de la politique de Réforme et d’Ouverture, la Chine remporte un grand succès pour attirer les investissements étrangers. Elle est devenue le troisième pays investisseur. Ses IDE sont distribués dans la plupart des pays et régions du monde et leur distribution sectorielle est de plus en plus élargie. Il existe divers facteurs décisifs de l’internationalisation des entreprises chinoises, tels que la croissance économique chinoise, la stratégie d’intégration de l’entreprise, la recherche du marché, de la technologie et des autres actifs créatifs. Les entreprises chinoises possèdent leurs propres avantages concurrentiels sur le marché international, tels que les technologies, des ressources issues du pays mère. Les entreprises chinoises effectuent leur choix de modèles d’internationalisation en fonction de leurs stratégies, de leurs stades de développement, de leurs motivations et de leurs compétences d’organisation internationale. Ces différentes problématiques sont évoqués et analysés à travers d’une étude de cas sur YTO France
Since the implementation of the policy of reform and opening, China has a great success in attracting foreign investment. It has become the third largest investor country. Chinese FDI are distributed in most of the world's countries and regions. The sectorial distribution is increasingly expanded. There are various decisive factors of the internationalization of Chinese enterprises, as China's economic growth, the development strategy and overall business integration, the search for new markets, for creative assets, etc. The Chinese companies have their own competitive advantages, such as the technologies, the resources from the origin country. Chinese companies do their choices of internationalization models based on their strategies, their stages of development, their motivations and their international organization skills. The different problems are shown and analyzed by a case study of YTO France

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6

Luijten-Lub, Anneke. "Choices in internationalisation how higher education institutions respond to internationalisation, europeanisation, and globalisation /." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2007. http://doc.utwente.nl/58402.

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7

Dabbah, Maher M. "The Internationalisation of antitrust policy /." Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam031/2003043578.html.

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8

Pasiliauskas, Martynas. "Internationalisation of the media business." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140124_094359-32044.

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The aim of master thesis is to create and adapt for Lithuanian case a theoretical conception that lets mass media companies to internationalize their activities. It is based on the analysis of Lithuanian and foreign authors’ methodological and methodical literature and the results of empirical research. Master thesis consists of the extensive analysis of Lithuanian mass media market, covering internationalization and concentration level, financial situation, problems and trends of the market. Furthermore a study was done to determine potential markets of expansion for Lithuanian mass media companies and a survey, which shows how consumers react to media outlets from different countries. Thesis consists of 8 parts: introduction, internationalization as a key in expansion of mass media business, theoretical study of internationalization process in expanding mass media business, methodology of empirical research, empirical research on the internationalization of mass media companies in the international context, possibilities for mass media companies to go through internationalization process, conclusions, references. Thesis consists of: 81 p. text without appendixes, 11 tables, 11 pictures and 64 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.
Magistrinio darbo tikslas - sukurti ir pritaikyti Lietuvos atvejui teorinę koncpeciją, kuri leidžia žiniasklaidos bendrovei internacionalizuoti savo veiklą. Koncepcija yra paremta lietuvių ir užsienio autorių metodologinės ir metodinės medžiagos analize bei atliktų empirinių tyrimų duomenimis. Darbe buvo atlikta išsami Lietuvos žiniasklaidos rinkos analizė, apimanti internacionalizacijos ir koncentracijos lygius, finansinę situaciją, rinkos problemas ir tendencijas. Taip pat buvo atlikta studija, siekiant nustatyti potencialas rinkas plėtrai Lietuvos bendrovėms bei apklausa, kuri parodo, kaip skirtingai vartotojai reaguoja į žiniasklaidos bendrovės kapitalo kilmę. Darbą sudaro 8 dalys: įvadas, internacionalizacija kaip esminė grandis žiniasklaidos verslo plėtrai, teorinė internacionalizacijos procesų plečiant žiniasklaidos verslą studija, empirinių tyrimų metodologija, žiniasklaidos verslo internacionalizacijos tarptautiniame kontekste empiriniai tyrimai, žiniasklaidos verslo galimybės įgyvendinti internacionalizaciją, išvados, naudoti informacijos pasiūlymai. Darbo apimtis: 81 psl. teksto be priedų, įskaitant 11 lentelių ir 11 paveikslų, 64 informacijos šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai.

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9

Tsakonas, Frances. "Mapping internationalisation : an autobiographical journey." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020755/.

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This thesis maps the development of 'higher education internationalisation' through the autobiographical journey taken by way of the researcher's life. In doing so, the researcher draws on the interpretive research method 'Reflective Topical Autobiography' (RTA) to present a subjective perspective of 'internationalisation' and to reflect on the transnational higher education initiatives and collaborative ventures that have led to the development of (entrepreneurial) cross-border higher education from the early 1980' s through to the present A bibliometric study of the 'higher education internationalisation' literature is also undertaken, which shows the quantitative output of this topic over the course of three decades. As first-person, subjective accounts of 'higher education internationalisation' were found to be non-existent in the literature surveyed between 1980 and the present, this thesis aims to fill this void and to complement the abundant store of third-person, objective accounts. In doing so, the goal of this thesis is to determine whether a first-person perspective of 'higher education internationalisation' can both contribute to the knowledge-store of this topic and provide a sound epistemic footing for investigating 'higher education internationalisation'. Moreover, as this is the first time RTA is being used to investigate 'higher education internationalisation', the effectiveness of RT A as a research methodology in providing a solid framework for investigating first-person perspectives and reflecting on shareable understandings of 'higher education internationalisation' will be investigated. Likewise, the potential of autobiographical data to generate 'knowledge' within the research process, and at what point self-study becomes research, will be determined. Furthermore, this thesis aims to establish what lessons about 'higher education internationalisation' can be learnt and what knowledge can be generated by looking reflectively at lives in which 'higher education internationalisation' has played a defining role. Finally, this thesis examines the themes about 'higher education internationalisation' that are revealed through the research process.

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10

Bellaouri-Koutbi, Fouad. "Internationalisation de l'industrie et innovation." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376178056.

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11

Song, Meng. "The relationship between internationalisation and innovation : internationalisation strategies, foreign firms', patenting behaviour and FDI spillovers." Thesis, Aston University, 2014. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/24452/.

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This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the relationships between internationalisation and innovation. Based on large comprehensive firm level data from China, this thesis comprises of three empirical chapters examining internationalisation from different aspects. Specifically, the first empirical work studies how firms internationalise. It links the choice of firms’ internationalisation strategies with firm characteristics. Additionally, it re-examines the stepwise internationalisation theory by distinguishing different foreign direct investment (FDI) motives. It proposes two pecking orders of firm performance in internationalisation strategies. The second empirical study investigates what kind of innovation activities internationalised firms do. It analyses the factors that drive foreign firms to patent in an emerging host country context. It stresses the importance of the intellectual property rights protection aspect of business environment at regional level in promoting patents, the role of industry dependence on external finance in shaping foreign firms’ patenting behaviour, as well as links foreign firms’ patent production with FDI motivation. The third empirical research examines the effect of internationalisation by examining the links between inward FDI and domestic innovation in a host country. It specifically examines technology spillovers from inward FDI through the direct lens of innovation (captured by grant patents), instead of adopting the indirect productivity approach widely employed by the literature. Distinguishing different types of innovation, it provides direct evidence of heterogeneous innovation spillovers from FDI.

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12

Bäckman, Jenny, and Charlotte Modorato-Rosta. "Internationalisation in a network based world." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2923.

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The organisational forms of companies have undergone a transformation from a hierarchal structure towards a network based form. The network form has proven to be the best structure for the current competitive environment. With technological advancements in almost every area it has become almost impossible to produce everything “in-house” and still stay competitive. This has caused an increase in the degree of outsourcing parts of the value chain to suppliers. Therefore, the competition has now moved from between companies to between entire value chains. For a manufacturing company, with a large part of the value chain outsourced to suppliers the task of setting up production in a new market brings forth new questions such as: is it possible to move an entire value chain to a new country? The purpose of this thesis is to explore what factors influence the construction of a strategic network of suppliers of a manufacturing company when entering a new market. The purpose was divided into two research questions: How is the internationalisation process performed in a strategic network situation and what factors influence the construction of a supplier structure in a world based on networks? Three multinational companies with a large part of their value chain outsourced to suppliers were chosen for interviews: Ericsson, Scania and Volvo Truck Corporation.

The internationalisation process of a manufacturing company is conducted as follows: the first step is the decision to enter a new market followed by a rather quick set up of a production plant. In this initial phase of the establishment, everything or almost everything is imported which is possible due to a global network of suppliers. The last step depends on the strategic objective with the establishment, either importing will continue or a complete organisation will be established in the country. A complete organisation is in this aspect when the company makes large investments inthe market and starts constructing a supplier network, surrounding sales and marketing functions. Factors influencing the internationalising process are: degree of networking, the type and structure of the network surrounding the company; level of knowledge, the accumulated experience of operating in foreign markets; type of market, the characteristics of the market and degree of commitment i.e. will an entire organisation be built up or will importing suffice.

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13

Loo, Kuang Ying. "Internationalisation of Malaysian high fashion brands." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530790.

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14

Pruthi, Sarika. "Internationalisation strategies of venture capital firms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408056.

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15

Loane, Sharon Patricia. "The internationalisation of Internet enabled SMEs." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441168.

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16

Bellaouri, Koutbi Fouad. "Internationalisation de l'industrie pharmaceutique et innovation." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOE012.

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L'innovation et l'internationalisation des firmes représentent le trait dominant du capitalisme de la seconde moitié du xxème siècle. Notre recherche a consisté à étudier le rôle de l'innovation dans l'internationalisation des firmes appartenant à la branche de la pharmacie. Apres avoir analyse le processus de production des innovations pharmaceutiques, nous avons etudie la relation qui existe entre la fonction d'exportation des produits pharmaceutiques et l'innovation, puis les causes de la multinationalisation des firmes pharmaceutiques. Nous avons constate que l'exportation et la production a l'etranger ne sont pas des choix qui s'excluent l'un l'autre, mais complementaires. Les memes multinationales sont a la fois des producteurs a l'etranger et des exportateurs. Pour finir, notre etude sur les multinationales, nous avons aborde l'organisation de ces firmes. Elle nous a permis de jeter un eclairage sur la gestion quotidienne : la diversification des activites, la repartition des taches entre la maison-mere et ses filiales a l'etranger et la part de ces dernieres dans la RD.

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17

Warwick, J. P. "University internationalisation strategies : a managerial perspective." Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3297/.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate university internationalisation strategies to determine what form they should take if they are to successfully achieve their intended outcomes. The study makes several contributions, filling gaps in the literature on the internationalisation of Higher Education (HE) and university management. The study synthesises ideas and concepts derived from three separate literatures: HE management; internationalisation of HE and strategic management to create a list of pre-requisite organisational qualities needed for the successful internationalisation of HE institutions. Empirical evidence is then gathered from four case studies based on 25 interviews of academics, managers and student representatives, supplemented by relevant secondary data. The research evidence suggests that the list of suggested pre-requisite organisational qualities may well be a useful indicator of the strength of university internationalisation strategies. Based on the evidence of the sample universities, the study finds that the main reason for a lack of progress towards the internationalisation of HE in the UK is not the lack of senior level interest or enthusiasm for the concept of internationalisation but weaknesses in institutional management. It appears that many universities lack the managerial skills and knowledge needed to implement and operationalise their internationalisation strategies. Those organisations that are more successful are those with more visible and committed leadership of the internationalisation agenda, coupled with the skills and ability to implement strategy. The study also identifies that HE internationalisation is shaped, communicated and understood in very different ways by stakeholders in different universities and at times even by stakeholders within the same organisation. As a result it is difficult to judge the success of internationalisation strategies because there is little shared understanding of what the concept entails.

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18

Barone, Barbara <1982&gt. "Essays on Regional Development and Internationalisation." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4957/1/Barone_Barbara_tesi.pdf.

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This collection of essays examines various aspects of regional development and the issues of internationalization. The first essay investigates the implications of the impressive growth of China from a rural-urban perspective and addresses the topic of convergence in China by employing a non-parametrical approach to study the distribution dynamics of per capita income at province, rural and urban levels. To better understand the degree of inequality characterizing China and the long-term predictions of convergence or divergence of its different territorial aggregations, the second essay formulates a composite indicator of Regional Development (RDI) to benchmark development at province and sub-province level. The RDI goes beyond the uni-dimensional concept of development, generally proxied by the GDP per capita, and gives attention to the rural-urban dimension. The third essay “Internationalization and Trade Specialization in Italy. The role of China in the international intra-firm trade of the Italian regions” - deals with another aspect of regional economic development: the progressive de-industrialisation and de-localization of the local production. This essay looks at the trade specialization of selected Italian regions (those regions specialized in manufacturing) and the fragmentation of the local production on a global scale. China represents in this context an important stakeholder and the paper documents the importance of this country in the regional intra-firm trade.

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19

Barone, Barbara <1982&gt. "Essays on Regional Development and Internationalisation." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4957/.

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This collection of essays examines various aspects of regional development and the issues of internationalization. The first essay investigates the implications of the impressive growth of China from a rural-urban perspective and addresses the topic of convergence in China by employing a non-parametrical approach to study the distribution dynamics of per capita income at province, rural and urban levels. To better understand the degree of inequality characterizing China and the long-term predictions of convergence or divergence of its different territorial aggregations, the second essay formulates a composite indicator of Regional Development (RDI) to benchmark development at province and sub-province level. The RDI goes beyond the uni-dimensional concept of development, generally proxied by the GDP per capita, and gives attention to the rural-urban dimension. The third essay “Internationalization and Trade Specialization in Italy. The role of China in the international intra-firm trade of the Italian regions” - deals with another aspect of regional economic development: the progressive de-industrialisation and de-localization of the local production. This essay looks at the trade specialization of selected Italian regions (those regions specialized in manufacturing) and the fragmentation of the local production on a global scale. China represents in this context an important stakeholder and the paper documents the importance of this country in the regional intra-firm trade.

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20

Cabrol, Mathieu. "L' internationalisation des entreprises nouvellement créées." Toulon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUL2002.

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Notre recherche a pour objectif d'étudier l'internationalisation des jeunes entreprises (six ans ou moins). Ce nouveau phénomène est a priori en contradiction avec les explications apportées par les théories relatives au processus d'internationalisation. Le développement international est accéléré et ne suit pas un processus linéaire et graduel. Afin de rendre compte de ce phénomène naissant, notre recherche intègre les apports de l' entrepreneuriat et du courant de ‘l'entrepreneuriat international'. Notre travail décrit le développement international de ces jeunes entreprises françaises à l'aide de méthodologies quantitatives et qualitatives. Les entreprises développant une activité à l'étranger de manière précoce ont un processus d'internationalisation différent de celui décrit dans la littérature sur les PME. Ce dernier est a la fois plus rapide et plus diversifié en ce qui concerne les modes de développement et les zones géographiques ciblées. L'intégration du fait international dès la création de l'entreprise influe directement sur son mode de développement. Les entrepreneurs qui réalisent le plus fort pourcentage de ventes à l'étranger se différencient des autres, principalement par leur expérience accumulée dans les affaires internationales et par leur savoir-faire sectoriel. Parallèlement, il met mis en avant le rôle du réseau de l'entrepreneur pour comprendre l'évolution des entreprises lors de leurs premières expériences à l'étranger
Our research aims at studying the internationalisation of new ventures (six years or less). This is a new phenomenon, which contradicts the process theory of internationalisation. The international growth is accelerated and doesn't follow a linear and gradual process. In order to explain the early internationalisation of firms we try to integrate in our conceptualisation various concepts of entrepreneurship and international entrepreneurship. We use both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to describe the internationalisation process. The firms that go abroad early have a different internationalisation process from the one described by the SME research. Concerning the entry modes and the geographic area targeted, it is quicker and more diversified. The integration of the internationalisation during the new venture creation process influences the entry mode. The entrepreneurs who have a higher percentage of international sales have a greater level of experience in international business and, to a less extent, of technical knowledge. The network of the entrepreneur is central in order to have a better understanding of the first steps of the firm in the international arena

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21

Dulyaprugs, Junjura. "Internationalisation of domestic hotel chains in Thailand." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490523.

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Drawing upon the study of three Thai hotel chains, this research sets out to explore why these chains seek to deliver their products and services beyond the traditional boundaries of domestic markets and to investigate how factors in the environment of foreign countries and Thai hotel chains affect their decisions when they expand into new overseas markets. Once they had been identified, an attempt was made to determine if any relationship existed between these factors and choice of entry mode when the hotel chains in question attempted expansion into new international markets and chose one entry mode over others. This research has utilised the transaction cost approach (TCA) which insists, regarding hospitality organisations' modal choice, that organisations manage their assets -and' thus shape organisational structure - through a cost-benefit comparison of external market-based activity and internalising these activities within the organisations (Litteljohn et al., 2007). Moreover, the TCA has been widely used in studying international business and is particular useful in analysing and explaining various entry mode decisions in a more in-depth manner. Thus, the TCA helps to predict entry mode for hotel firms and identifies a number of determinants related to entry mode choices as the starting point for building the conceptual framework of this research. Additionally, this study adopted an exploratory study approach in investigating the internationalisation specifics of the three Thai hotel chains, and the semi-structured interview was the research method used. The findings suggest that there is a relationship between environmental elements and entry modes. In particular, the variables that emerged from the findings were found to be significant, such as support from local financial institutions, buying power of consumers, the role of the parent firm's owner. Therefore, this study attempts to develop and adjust Jones et aI's (2004) framework by adding some extra variables and entry modes that could not be captured in the existing literature but emerged into the framework from the findings. Also, this research provides new empirical evidence and extends the boundaries of existing knowledge in the developing-country internationalisation literature, especially as regards Thai multinationals and the internationalisation of Thai hotel chains.

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22

Shoman, Assad. "Belize's road to independence : decolonisation by internationalisation." Thesis, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498409.

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23

Torres, Juan P. "Supporting the internationalisation strategy of small organisations." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57335/.

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One of the main assumptions in the strategy field suggests that a manager's sequence of strategic decisions causes the evolution of resources and competitive positions to differ among firms over time. However, this evidence is not conclusive when Chief Executive Officers (CEO's) manage small firms which are located within markets with underdeveloped production of high-technology products and low technical knowledge required for production. This doctoral thesis concentrates on the investigation of how to support CEOs in their strategy development process related to an internationalisation strategy in small organisations - whose products and resources do not seem particularly unique - in giving them a competitive advantage over competitors in their target markets (e.g., fruit, wine, or fish industries). The present research has been conducted through two empirical investigations: an econometric analysis, and a case study research. The econometric analysis examines the tole played by CEOs in the export intensity of commodity-based small firms. Results from this study revealed that the CEOs' education is particularly relevant for explaining the export intensity. CEOs who developed capabilities from formal training, in companies that do not seem endowed with particular idiosyncratic resources, export intensively. The case study followed a facilitated modelling approach based on System Dynamic (SD) Modelling. This second inquiry focused on structuring, simulating, and evaluating the potential consequences of the internationalisation strategy developed by five CEOs. Findings emerging from this process provide evidence that SD modelling allowed the CEOs to identify more resources and their interrelated relationships (e.g., links, feedback, and delay effects) compared with using a simple description of the internationalisation strategy. Additionally, simulations that have emerged from SD models provided CEOs with scenarios closer to reality for both assessing strategic ideas and learning from simulated performance.

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24

Nel, Roark. "SABMiller : the internationalisation of a brewing giant." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97354.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has developed a significantly large number of highly successful global firms relative to its economy size – as evidenced by the market capitalisation of the South African stock exchange representing more than 180% of the country’s gross domestic product, and its inclusion in the BRICS nations of leading emerging national economies. Whilst some of this success has been documented, the author found no evidence of the application of internationalisation theory to South African firms, whilst other emerging market research has yielded results that challenged early theoretical underpinnings and added value to a further understanding of internationalisation behaviour and motivation. SABMiller is the second largest brewer in the world and originated in South Africa. A great part of their success has been attributed to the culture and history of the organisation within its home market. The aim of this research report was therefore to uncover the drivers, strategies and critical success factors of SABMiller’s internationalisation move. Their motivations, enablers and modes of entry employed were further compared to extant literature in order to determine which, if any, theories are best suited to describe their process of internationalisation. This research report made use of a holistic, single, qualitative case study of SABMiller. Primary and secondary source data were collected in the form of semi-structured interviews conducted with 29 current and former senior managers of SABMiller or their investment partners, all of whom were involved in some degree with the organisation’s internationalisation. The individuals interviewed related experience pertaining to particular cross-sectional time-periods within SABMiller’s internationalisation process. Data were then examined using thematic analysis and compared to theories posited in literature on the subject. It was found that whilst extant literature on internationalisation provides useful, broad frameworks within which to analyse the paths followed by an organisation, a more holistic regard of the body of literature is recommended, particularly in analysing emerging-market multi-national enterprises (EM MNE) whose history and culture play a significant role in determining internationalisation behaviour. The role of SABMiller’s South African home culture as a differentiator, as well as the development of a deep talent pool in enabling rapid expansion, was telling in their success. Operating excellence was a competitive advantage in the majority of markets they entered, whilst their in-house mergers and acquisitions (M&A) competence, coupled with a distinctive partnering ability, demonstrated clearly the advantage of building and maintaining strong relationships and network positions when internationalising. SABMiller’s initial expansion sought to counter the threat of becoming a takeover target in their own right, as well as seeking new markets that were both affordable and could match the relative competitive advantages they had developed. As the company grew, their motivations expanded to a portfolio consideration of balancing risk and currency exposure in emerging markets, with more stable profit pool participation in developed markets. In entering new markets, SABMiller utilised a beachhead approach whereby their main aim was to secure entry to a desired market from which they would be able to expand further – through either organic market share gain, increased ownership of their joint ventures, or further acquisitions within the market. Firms engaging in foreign expansion for the first time need to understand clearly their relative advantages, to what they owe that endowment, and to what extent those advantages are sustainable in the face of global competition. Furthermore, locational advantages of a target country must be viewed relative to the competitive advantages they possess within the context of their product class, industry structure, nature of the knowledge to be transferred, and where the value generation lies within their structure. Global government priorities and political stability are varied and can have an overriding impact on a firm’s choices and ability to internationalise effectively. Investment into local communities and alignment to priorities of social development and environmental preservation are becoming increasingly important and internationalising firms need to factor this into consideration in order to increase their chances of success. The significant impact of governments on internationalisation is highlighted in the literature and is particularly evident in the case of SABMiller. With the added importance of investment towards societal goals, a study of the motivators and priorities of host governments may add value to firms in partnering effectively when internationalising, particularly within the realm of value chain development. The author further recommends research be conducted on the impact of South African culture on internationalisation success – particularly where expatriation forms part of a firm’s strategy, whilst the role of leadership as a differentiator in successful internationalisation is an area not explored extensively within this study, nor was significant reference found in the literature. It was uncovered as a significant theme in SABMiller’s expansion, however, and thus is an area that may warrant further exploration.

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25

den, Adel Menno, and Tobias Müller. "Re-Internationalisation : Exploring Opportunities in Turbulent Environments." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65910.

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Our thesis is based on the constantly changing internal and external environment causing firms to increase or decrease their internationalisation efforts. The focus of this thesis is going to be on describing the process of re-internationalisation, including the different stages of de-internationalisation, time-out, and re-entry as well as identifying the influences of the internal and external environment on the process of re-internationalisation. The influences of the internal and external environmental on the process of re-internationalisation are analysed and accompanied by secondary data about the German biogas market, which the case company is considering to re-entry. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to existing literature by exploring the process of re-internationalisation and its stages of de-internationalisation, time-out and re-entry, to enhance the understanding of SME internationalisation patterns, and the influence of the internal and external environment The process of de-internationalisation for the case company was characterised by a lower degree of market commitment in contrast to a complete exit. The degree of commitment was maintained during time-out stage, but due to changes in the internal and external environment a move towards re-entering the market was considered. The main influences, found in this single case study, can be separated along the stages of de-internationalisation, time-out and re-entry. The de-internationalisation was mainly driven by poor economic results and a lack of resources. During the time-out, the company’s acquisition led to a change in firm objectives. The re-entry was mainly influenced by changes in institutional policies and the previously altered company objectives caused a consequential increase in resources. The change in institutional policies was perceived as a business opportunity. However, the analysis of the case company’s market showed a deviation between perceived and actual business opportunity, highlighting the importance of acquiring up-to-date market knowledge.

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Khoo, Chow Huat Winston. "Internationalisation of private healthcare firms from Singapore." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/internationalisation-of-private-healthcare-firms-from-singapore(9ace1d62-009a-4a79-b23e-183d16984cd3).html.

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This research studies the phenomena of hospital groups expanding beyond their home country by setting up operations in less developed countries, and patients travelling out of their country for healthcare services, by looking at the internationalisation of private healthcare firms from Singapore. The research helps to address a gap in the literature as there is a lack of firm-level research on internationalisation of healthcare firms, and even more so for firms from Southeast Asia. For practitioners, the research offers a better understanding of the internationalisation strategies and choices adopted by healthcare firms, and more generally, service firms. With the region which Singapore is part of undergoing rapid integration, the study also offers useful insights on the impact of regional integration on internationalisation of healthcare firms. Using a multiple-case study of four private healthcare firms from Singapore, the research examines the where (market selection), how (entry modes) and when (timing) of their internationalisation, as well as their response to regional integration, in the context of existing literature on internationalisation of firms. The study shows that the internationalisation strategies of healthcare firms from Singapore, in relation to market selection, entry modes and timing of entry, were well-explained by existing theories on internationalisation of firms. Family ownership was identified as a reason for the deviation from theory for one of the cases. Specifically on the internationalisation of healthcare firms, the study shows that healthcare services in Singapore is undergoing commodification, with increasing use of and emphasis on 'marketing' to procure patients-customers; increasing emphasis on quality; and the creation of customers and consumers. This has made healthcare services increasingly 'exportable' in the sense that they can be 'sold' overseas away from the point of 'production', via representative offices, instead of having to rely on higher commitment non-export entry modes as indicated in the literature. Another deviation from literature was the case firms' stated preference to make market entry using management contract instead of joint venture. This can be attributed to their strategic need to internationalise quickly and the high cost of building new healthcare facilities. Using the findings from the analysis, the thesis proposed a characterization of the internationalisation strategies of a healthcare firm from Singapore, in terms of market selection, entry modes and timing of entry. A conceptual model on the internationalisation of healthcare firms was also developed, identifying the factors which may influence the internationalisation of healthcare firms. Besides, the study identified that the healthcare firms went through four phases of internationalisation process, namely, learning, opportunistic, de-internationalisation and maturisation, with each presenting some unique patterns of internationalisation by the firms. Further analysis showed that the four phases tied in well with the 'Link-Leverage-Learn' framework of Mathews (2006) for emerging/second wave multinational enterprises (MNEs), hence offering a new perspective for evaluating the internationalisation of such firms in future. On impact of regional integration, a possible 'ideal' model for a healthcare MNE in an economically integrated region was proposed. Applying the model, it is proposed that internationalisation by healthcare MNEs will increase as the region integrates, and there will be further consolidation within the industry. Healthcare MNEs from small countries like Singapore are likely to compete particularly strongly, as they are under even greater pressure to secure the foreign markets given the constraint of their small domestic population.

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Shoker, Talal H. "The internationalisation of the Arab Gulf banks." Thesis, Bangor University, 1989. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-internationalisation-of-the-arab-gulf-banks(8dc29d42-d311-4c41-9e84-1a913b420fd0).html.

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The main theme of the research is to analyse the major reasons behind the international expansion of a large number of Arab Gulf banks. An attempt is made to examine the role of oil revenues of the 1970s in the development and international expansion of Arab banks. The study also analyses the role played by the financial markets of the region (i.e. Kuwait and Bahrain) in encouraging the regional and international expansion of Arab banks. Because of the unique features of the Gulf region a historical approach has been adopted to support an understanding of the present bankign practices of the Arab banks. The study follows the development of Arab Gulf banks since their inception in the 1950s and 1960s, and includes a survey investigating the expansion of these banks into the major international financial centres of Western Europe, the United States and more recently Tokyo. A comparative analysis to the operational aspects of Arab and other international banks is also provided. The survey was carried out through personal interviews with the senior managements of several Arab banks in London, which allows a comparison to be made between the factors that led to the international expansion of Arab Gulf and western banks. The involvement of Arab banks in the syndicated lending and eurobond markets, is closely examined. The study demonstrates that Arab banks' success in the euromarkets was not necessarily based on oil revenues as often assumed, but rather the trade finance of these banks that fuelled their international expansion.

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AUDIELLO, DANILO. "Internationalisation and Bioenergy Effects on Economic Growth." Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/338336.

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Abstract Existing literature evidence suggests a strong relationship between internationalisation and economic growth, as well as a link between biofuel production and economic growth for various clusters of countries, including the members of the Eurozone. As Eurozone policy is shaped with a special focus on internationalisation and well defined directives on bioenergy, their actual effect on economic growth needs to be further investigated. This dissertation aims firstly to evaluate the impact of internationalisation, as represented by foreign direct investments (FDI) and trade openness, and secondly to measure the effects of bioenergy production, as represented by the daily volume of total biofuel production, on the economic growth, as represented by the growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP), of the Eurozone. The analysis is conducted by employing the methods of linear regression, under the exogenous growth theory. The research methodology implies a quantitative analysis of economic data collected from the World Bank and OECD, for the period from 1991 to 2013. In addition to this, the model includes several control variables such as labour force, technology, fixed capital formation and the savings rate. The results of the research reject the hypotheses of the significant effects of internationalisation and biofuel production on economic growth in the Eurozone. The factors that appear to affect economic growth are the growth of gross fixed capital, inflation, human capital and savings. Abstract La letteratura esistente evidenzia una forte relazione tra l'internazionalizzazione e la crescita economica, oltre che una relazione tra la produzione di bioenergie e la crescita economica per vari gruppi di paesi, includendo i paesi membri della zona euro. Poiché la politica dell'Eurozona viene continuamente modificata e modellata con una particolare attenzione all’internazionalizzazione e a ben definite direttive sulle bioenergie, il loro effetto reale sulla crescita economica ha bisogno di essere ulteriormente approfondito. Questa tesi si propone in primo luogo di valutare l'impatto sulla crescita economica dell’internazionalizzazione, rappresentato dagli investimenti diretti esteri (FDI) e dall'apertura commerciale, ed in secondo luogo di misurare gli effetti della produzione di bioenergie, rappresentato dal volume giornaliero della produzione totale di biocarburanti, sulla crescita economica, quest’ultima rappresentata dal tasso di crescita del prodotto interno lordo (PIL), della zona euro. L'analisi viene condotta impiegando i metodi di regressione lineare, secondo la teoria della crescita esogena. La metodologia di ricerca implica un’analisi quantitativa dei dati economici raccolti dalla Banca Mondiale e dall’OCSE, nel periodo tra il 1991 ed il 2013. In aggiunta, il modello include diverse variabili di controllo come la forza lavoro, la tecnologia, gli investimenti fissi lordi ed il tasso di risparmio. I risultati della ricerca hanno respinto le ipotesi di effetti significativi dell’internazionalizzazione e della produzione di biocarburanti sulla crescita economica nella zona euro. I fattori che hanno inciso in modo significativo sulla crescita economica sono stati la crescita del capitale fisso, l'inflazione, il capitale umano ed i risparmi.

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Askenazy, Philippe. "Innovations technologiques et organisationnelles : internationalisation et inégalités." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0A24.

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En 20 ans les inegalites d'emplois et de salaires ont fortement augmente dans la plupart des pays industrialises et tout particulierement aux etats-unis. L'adoption de la production "au plus juste" aux etats-unis depuis 1980 ouvre une voie nouvelle d'interpretation de ce phenomene. La nouvelle organisation du travail concerne les deux tiers de l'industrie manufacturiere. Elle s'appuie sur une forte intensification du travail et s'accompagne d'une deterioration de la sante au travail. Les donnees detaillees sur les accidents du travail par industries americaines permettent de construire un indicateur : la "reorganisation a choc d'accident" qui approche la reorganisation reelle. La reorganisation a choc semble independante de l'informatisation ; elle se developpe dans les secteurs a salaires eleves et pourrait etre la consequence de la desyndicalisation ou de la generalisation du systeme fordiste. La reorganisation a choc d'accidents permet de considerables gains de productivite. L'emploi des cadres et des cols bleus diminue ainsi dans les secteurs a choc d'accidents. L'informatisation n'est efficace que dans ces secteurs. Le desequilibre du partage des gains entre les profits, les non qualifies, les qualifies et les consommateurs entraine une hausse des inegalites. Le tertiaire connait une evolution comparable. Par ailleurs, l'impact de l'internationalisation ne se limite pas au mecanisme de convergence des salaires a travers l'egalisation des prix des produits. L'ouverture cree de nouveaux marches au secteur d'innovation exportateur. Ainsi, elle stimule la croissance et avantage les plus qualifies tres presents dans la recherche et developpement, accentuant les inegalites. Un salaire minimum permet d'eviter la hausse des inegalites et ameliore la croissance en economie ouverte mais reduit l'emploi manufacturier ; neanmoins, si les gains du secteur innovateur sont suffisants, la hausse de la demande de services personnels peut compenser les pertes precedentes
For two decades, the inequalities have dramatically increased in most oecd countries, especially the u. S. The emergence of lean production in american manufacturing for the past fifteen years provides a new way of interpreting this phenomenon. Lean production is based on an intensification of work and is accompanied by an increase of occupational injuries and illnesses. Therefore, detailed occupational health statistics for manufacturing industries enable us to compute a proxy of reorganization : "i-reorganization". I-reorganization is not dependent on computerization, develops in high-wage sectors and may be the result of deunionization or the generalized implementation of fordism. It improves productivity dramatically. Labor decreases in the i-reorganized industries but i-reorganization is not skilled-employment biased. Computerization seems to be efficient only in i-reorganized industries. Gains sharing among production workers, non-production workers, profits and consumers is unbalanced and increases inequalities. Services have a similar experience. Moreover, the impact of internationalization is not bound to the comparative advantage mechanisms. Openness results in new markets for the exporting and innovator sector. Thus, it stimulates growth and favors skilled workers working in r&d, thereby increasing inequalities. A minimum wage may prevent such a rise of inequalities and enhance growth, but reduce manufacturing employment; nevertheless, if the gains from the innovator sector are large, the increase of personal services may compensate for these job losses

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30

Gao, Lan. "The internationalisation of Chinese firms : determinants and the influence of dynamic capabilities and institutions on the post-internationalisation performance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8504.

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This thesis examines the rising phenomenon of the internationalisation of Chinese firms, and aims to shed new light on our understanding of the emergence of firms from emerging economies in the global market. It consists of two parts: the country level study and the firm level. The former identifies the domestic and locational determinants of Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), while the latter examines the influence of dynamic capabilities and institutions on the post-internationalisation performance of Chinese firms, with a focus on state-owned enterprises (SOEs). To explore the domestic and locational determinants of Chinese OFDI, the thesis integrates network theory with the traditional explanations of OFDI, the investment development path and the eclectic paradigm. By doing so, a new factor, human mobility, is identified as one of the important domestic and locational determinants of Chinese OFDI. Drawing upon a time series data analysis for the period 1979-2007, this study confirms that Chinese OFDI is driven by its domestic economic development, human mobility and knowledge development and accumulation, and it has a substitute relationship with exports. By examining Chinese OFDI flows to 13 OECD countries over the period 1999-2007, it is shown that human mobility, the strategic assets of the host country, foreign direct investment to China and cultural distance have a positive impact on the locational choice of Chinese OFDI to OECD countries. To investigate the influence of dynamic capabilities and institutions on the post-internationalisation performance of Chinese firms, this study integrates the dynamic capability framework and the institution-based view, and embeds the analysis in a multi-perspective conceptual framework. It draws on four case studies of Chinese SOEs. The analysis shows the importance of internal dynamic capabilities in achieving overseas success when dealing with changing environments. The managerial mindset has a moderate effect on the impact of dynamic capabilities on post-internationalisation performance. The case analysis also shows how the external institutional environment of both host and home countries influence the performance of Chinese SOEs. ii Support from both host and home country governments, unsurprisingly, has a positive influence on performance. However, too much intervention from the home country government imposes constraints on the firms and reduces their willingness to commit to internationalisation. This thesis makes a number of contributions to the existing literature. First, it provides a better understanding of the overall picture of Chinese OFDI from the macro perspective. The findings also contribute to our understanding of the rise of OFDI from emerging economies in general and from China in particular. Second, a new factor, human mobility, is identified and proved to be significant in determining Chinese OFDI. In this era of globalisation, human mobility has become the driving force of OFDI from emerging economies. Third, a first step is taken towards exploring the influence of both internal and external factors on the post-internationalisation performance of Chinese firms. In order to achieve overseas success, not only do Chinese firms need to improve their internal dynamic capabilities, but also attention needs to be paid to the external institutional environment, which has a significant impact on the performance of Chinese firms pursuing overseas success.

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Luong, Thi Phuong. "Internationalisation of higher education curriculum : a case study in Vietnam." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2020. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/172109.

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This thesis investigated how the process of internationalisation of the curriculum (IoC) was perceived as taking place at a non-western university, namely Foreign Trade University (FTU) in Vietnam, through the development and offering of a number of jointly run programs, labelled Foreign Undergraduate Programs (FUPs). Two specific programs were examined, both of which were developed in partnership with two western universities – Colorado State University (FTU-CSU program) and London Metropolitan University (FTU-LMET program). These programs provide a range of opportunities for Vietnamese university students to experience an education that aims to reflect an international and therefore ‘broader’ context. The relationship between globalisation and internationalisation is explored and linked with the development of curriculum in higher education and internationalisation trends and strategies. Internationalisation of the curriculum, which is one of the internationalisation strategies employed by educational institutions, is investigated in terms of its interrelationship with student learning, the disciplines and academics. Engeström’s (2001) third generation Activity Theory was used as the theoretical lens for analysis of the data, which was collected via a mainly qualitative case study. Two cohorts of participants provided data through 24 interviews (seven including a joint one with program leaders/course coordinators, and 17 with academics) and 34 surveys completed by academics. The interviews/survey investigated participants’ perceptions about internationalisation and particularly IoC in relation to the two programs. Part of the significance of this study lies in the use of a number of conceptual and theoretical frameworks to extend the current body of literature beyond the main context of western higher education. An innovation in this study was the evaluation of the level of curriculum internationalisation at FTU, which was conducted using the model of curriculum internationalisation proposed by Huang (2017). Findings suggested that program managers and course coordinators worked collaboratively with their western partners to provide programs that they perceived as worthwhile in meeting the needs of the institution and the Vietnamese government agenda for internationalisation. However, academics were not generally well informed about the broader goals relating to IoC and found it challenging to accommodate the expectations with limited resources and lack of appropriate training.
Doctor of Philosophy

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32

Qazbir, Hanan. "L'internationalisation du droit constitutionnel." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10028.

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Dans un contexte de globalisation du droit, l’internationalisation du droit constitutionnel est un véritable carrefour entre le droit interne et le droit international. Il est un processus essentiel caractérisé par une harmonisation juridique, à la fois résultante et vecteur de la communicabilité entre les systèmes juridiques. Il se réalise par de multiples acteurs – étatiques et non étatiques – de différentes manières. D’un processus qui semble désordonné se dégagent deux axes de réalisation par l’universalisation des droits de l’homme et la standardisation institutionnelle. Mais, l’internationalisation du droit constitutionnel n’en est pas pour autant moins complexe. Son analyse ne peut écarter les interférences de processus connexes tels que la constitutionnalisation du droit international et la régionalisation du droit. C’est la confirmation de la position de carrefour de l’internationalisation du droit constitutionnel. Par ailleurs, cette complexité se retrouve dans les impacts du processus sur son objet. Tout d’abord, le droit constitutionnel est bouleversé dans ses caractéristiques, sa définition mêmes. Le renouvellement de sa lecture est indispensable. Puis, l’internationalisation pousse à l’intégration du paradigme du pluralisme dans les systèmes constitutionnels devenus complexes. Leur lecture ne peut plus être la même. L’internationalisation pousse à un renouvellement des grilles de lecture des ensembles normatifs. Enfin, un impact profond se situe dans le lien qui lie le droit constitutionnel à l’État. Ce dernier ne définit plus seul le droit constitutionnel. Pourtant, il reste toujours essentiel et le droit constitutionnel ainsi réenvisagé est renforcé par le processus d’internationalisation. La notion fait une nouvelle fois preuve d’adaptation car c’est bien ce qui caractérise le droit constitutionnel
In the context of globalization of law, internationalisation of constitutional law is a real crossroads between domestic law and international law. It’s an essential process which is characterized by legal harmonization, as much a consequence as it is a vector of legal system’s communicability. It’s carried out by multiple actors – state and non-state – in different ways. Two main lines are emerging from this initially disorganized process, the universal realization of human rights and institutional standardization. But the internationalization of constitutional law is still complex. The analysis of this phenomenon cannot rule out interference related processes such as the constitutionalization of international law and the regionalization of law. The internationalization of constitutional law is hence a crossroads between constitutional law and international law. Moreover, this complexity is reflected in the impacts that internationalization have on constitutional law. First, constitutional law is overturned in its own definition and characteristics. The reconsideration of its reading is essential. Second, internationalization causes the integration the pluralism paradigm in complex constitutional systems. Their reading cannot be the same. The internationalization pushes to renewal in reading of the girds of normative sets. Finally, a profound impact lies in the bond between the constitutional right and the state. State, alone, is no more able to define constitutional law. However, state is still essential. In this manner, reconsidered constitutional law is reinforced by the process of internationalization. The concept has proved itself to be once again adaptable, and that is what characterizes constitutional law

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33

Radzevičienė, Asta. "Internationalisation of higher education institutions: human resource management." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070629.142139-24661.

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Enhancing of internationalisation in Higher education institutions is investigated in the dissertation, with the priority given to human resource management. The intercultural competence is identified as an instrument for complex improvement of internationalisation: its perspectives quantitative and qualitative results. The theoretical and empirical research results are summarised in the concept of HEIs’ internationalisation proposed, which is based on the idea of human resource intercultural competence development.
Darbe nagrinėjamos aukštojo mokslo institucijų veiklos internacionalizavimo tobulinimo problemos, prioritetizuojant žmonių išteklių vadybą. Analizuojama aukštojo mokslo institucijų internacionalizavimo samprata, subjektai ir veiksniai sąlygojantys internacionalizavimo plėtrą, bei kokybinius ir kiekybinius parametrus. Atliktų teorinių ir empirinių tyrimų rezultatai yra apibendrinami pateikiamoje aukštojo mokslo institucijų internacionalizavimo koncepcijoje, grįstoje aukštojo mokslo institucijų žmonių išteklių tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos formavimu. Darbe patiekiami sprendimai siūlomai koncepcijai realizuoti.

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Ajayi, Olukonyinsola. "Regulatory techniques and internationalisation and emerging capital markets." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358419.

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35

Stewart, Yvonne. "The internationalisation of higher education: transformation and exploitation." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594197.

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This thesis is about the internationalisation of higher education, and the ideologies and values that drive and underpin it. Since the inception of higher education, there has been a range of international, national, I institutional and individual academic responses to the shifting culture of universities over time and in different contexts. In this work, external and internal factors are explored to identify the values and ideologies that influence the internationalisation of higher education in the process of continual global change. Taking a critical humanist perspective the thesis concludes that the influence of economic globalisation has spread through the university sector in the guise of the internationalisation process. As such the hidden power of supranational organisations has been instrumental in influencing fundamental changes in the rationale for higher education on a global scale. Political and economic pressures have been brought to bear that could challenge the character of universities, by encouraging a bias towards income generation. This thesis offers a triptique that includes the human dimension based on a range of contested and contradictory perceptions, values and international practices. It also exposes the academe's , culpability in promoting a particular response to economic globalisation, which takes little account of the cosmopolitan demands of the twenty-first century polycentric dynamic.

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Gush, Helen. "World Theatre Season, internationalisation and British performance culture." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/39753.

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This thesis explores the World Theatre Season (WTS), an annual season of international theatre companies presented at the Aldwych Theatre in London by the impresario Peter Daubeny, in partnership with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), between 1964 and 1975. As the first academic study to consider the WTS at length, this project represents an institutional history and draws on several case study productions to address the impact of the WTS on British performance culture in terms of repertoire, playwriting, acting, directing and design. The Introduction sets out the project's scope and research contexts and outlines its materialist and historiographic approach. Chapter One outlines the dominant trends in histories of international theatre on the post\World War II British stage and considers to what extent the WTS figures in established narratives, as well as providing a materialist analysis of the WTS as institution. Chapter Two analyses two productions presented at the WTS by the Núria Espert Company and considers the WTS's contribution to expanded understandings of Spanish theatre and culture in the UK at the time of Francisco Franco's dictatorship. Chapter Three discusses the work of Czech scenographer, Josef Svoboda, and Polish director, Andrzej Wajda, and considers WTS contribution to developing interest in Eastern European theatre practice in the UK during the Cold War. Chapter Four explores how the productions presented by the Negro Ensemble Company from the US and the Natal Theatre Workshop Company from South Africa expanded both understandings of the expressive possibilities of black theatre and opportunities for black practitioners on the British stage. By retrieving the WTS from the footnotes of theatre history, this study offers fresh insights into the history of the post\War British stage and reconfigures dominant discourses, enabling a broader appreciation of the presence and influence of international work.

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Nguyen, Thi Phuong Thu. "The internationalisation of higher education in Vietnamese universities." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2018. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-internationalisation-of-higher-education-in-vietnamese-universities(cc98be5c-f935-4679-9af1-2beec8f6962e).html.

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This thesis seeks to develop an understanding of internationalisation in functioning universities in Vietnam, which has remained an under-researched area. Of particular interest are how the academics perceive the conceptions and practices of the internationalisation of higher education in Vietnam. Drawing on data from 25 semi-structured interviews, 263 questionnaires,and documentary analysis collected at two typical different universities in Vietnam, the general research findings yield both similarities and discrepancies of internationalisation regarding conceptual understandings, rationales, practices, risks, challenges and future priorities between the two cases from their academics' perspectives. In particular, the findings reveal a wide variation in academic participants' views regarding the conceptualisation of internationalisation. Additionally, a number of rationales for internationalisation of higher education of these two cases are brought to light, in which academic motives are clearly identifiable, economic, social,cultural or political objectives are also important in determining the institutional policy and orientation towards internationalisation. Subsequently, a number of risks and challenges confronting these institutional efforts in internationalisation are explored, mainly related to the absence of systematised strategies, finance, highly qualified academic staff, and infrastructure. While there are various differences in internationalisation practices undertaken between these two universities, the future strategic priorities suggested by their academics are similar. In general, this project contributes to understanding of the conceptualisation and characteristics of the internationalisation in higher education at the grassroots level in Vietnam.

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Bettinson, Emma. "The internationalisation of Higher Education : opportunities and constraints." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/9917.

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This study explores the role of the PhD and internationalisation in expanding and diversifying the canon of knowledge in Tourism Studies. A community of mainly white, middle class, male, Anglophone, western academics, it has been widely argued, has traditionally produced tourism knowledge. However, the large number of international research students in Tourism Studies in the UK appear to provide an opportunity for intercultural knowledge exchange and the creation of body of knowledge which embraces multiple worldviews and perspectives. However, there is little evidence that tourism knowledge is developing in this way and this study explores the PhD journey and the constraints which surround it. The research took place in two phases. The first consisted in exploratory conversations with supervisors and students in the three UK Higher Education Institutions with the greatest numbers of doctoral students in Tourism. These conversations explored the factors influencing the PhD journey. The second phase of research built upon key themes that had emerged from the first phase and involved in-depth interviews with six students and six supervisors at the same three institutions. Analysis was informed by critical language awareness, in order to identify how language conventions and practices are invested with power relations. Results showed that the PhD journey and, ultimately, the creation of knowledge is a very personal and passionate process which is influenced by many factors. It is an isolated journey for both home and international students with few opportunities for intercultural exchange. It highlighted the powerful role of gatekeepers, such as supervisors, sponsors, external examiners and journal editors, in the journey and the legitimisation of tourism knowledge. The study showed an increased focus on skills training within the doctorate, limiting opportunities for extending knowledge and meaning the dominant voices will remain entrenched in the canon of tourism knowledge.

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Chaabouni-Masmoudi, Inès. "Internationalisation des banques étrangères dans les pays émergents." Paris 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA020094.

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La globalisation financière a entraîné un développement important au niveau du secteur bancaire. La banque, en tant que firme bancaire, a vécu plusieurs transformations ces dernières années. L'intégration financière internationale a exigé des banques des développements au niveau de leurs activités et de leurs structures. Ces transformations ont eu lieu aussi bien à l'échelle nationale qu'internationale. L'objectif de ce travail est de répondre à la problématique concernant le développement de l'internationalisation des banques dans certains pays émergents. Le but est de déterminer l'ensemble des critères influant le choix d'implantation des banques étrangères, dégager une relation entre la réglementation bancaire et la présence des banques étrangères dans un pays donné et trouver l'impact de la présence des banques étrangères sur le secteur bancaire local. L'étude de l'internationalisation des banques a permis de constater l'importance de la réglementation bancaire au niveau du choix d'implantation des banques. La quantification de la réglementation bancaire, en sélectionnant quatre volets les plus influant le choix d'implantation des banques, et son application au niveau de quelques pays émergents a permis d'expliquer l'accroissement du nombre des banques internationales dans un pays émergent et pas dans un autre. L'impact de la présence des banques étrangères sur la rentabilité bancaire reste toutefois mitigé. Dans certains pays, la présence des banques étrangères va améliorer la rentabilité du secteur bancaire local grâce à leur savoir faire. Dans d'autres pays, la présence des banques étrangères va avoir un rôle très limité sur l'évolution de la rentabilité bancaire.

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Leung, Sin Man Ada. "A case study of institutional responses to internationalisation." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3425.

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Mestrado em Ensino Superior (Erasmus Mundus)
Esta investigação explora os mecanismos subjacentes ao processo de internacionalização nas instituições de ensino superior. A investigação está alicerçada nos principios da investigação qualitativa e na lógica da abordagem indutiva. A Universidade de Hong Kong (UHK) foi seleccionada como estudo de caso tendo a entrevista semi-estruturada sido utilizada como meio para obter as percepções dos actores institucionais chave relativas ás mudanças actuais nos processos e nas actividades de internacionalização bem como nos mecanismos que sustentam estas mudanças. Na primeira parte desta investigação procede-se a uma revisão da literatura e análise do conceito de internacionalização e da teoria de mudança organizacional. Com base na teoria do institucionalismo, diferentes mecanismos são identificados como relevantes na explicação do processo de internacionalização nas universidades. A segunda parte diz respeito a apresentação dos resultados da análise dos dados. A investigação revela-nos que a internacionalização está a ser activamente desenvolvida na UHK com mudanças importantes identificadas nos últimos anos. Apesar da análise documental das políticas governamentais revelar alguma influência nas actividades e processos de internacionalização na UHK, os actores institucionais percepcionam o papel do governo como limitativo, demonstrando que as forças coercivas não constituem o único elemento capaz de estimular estes processos. Em face das tendências de internacionalização e globalização, as instituições de ensino superior procuram respostas através da busca do (re)posicionamento e da comparabilidade. Mecanismos como a comparabilidade, o posicionamento, a criação de uma dada imagem e a reputação são importantes elementos miméticos que exercem pressões sobre as universidades no sentido da internacionalização. Não se limitando a receber estas pressões e exigências de forma passiva, os actores institucionais interpretam-nas, antes, de acordo com a história, cultura e valores da própria instituição. Mais importante ainda, a universidade é em si mesmo uma organização internacional cujas actividades se desenvolvem além fronteiras. A internacionalização é para a universidade não apenas o resultado de pressões externas mas, igualmente, uma necessidade interna e um fim em si mesmo. Na ultima parte desta tese são expostas as limitações da presente investigação e apresentadas recomendações para investigações futuras. ABSTRACT: This research explores the mechanisms which underlie the process of internationalisation in higher education institutions. The overall research design stands strictly on the principles of qualitative research and the logic of deductive-inductive reasoning. The University of Hong Kong (HKU) is selected as a case study and interviews are used to gather the perceptions of key institutional actors on the current changes in internationalisation activities and the mechanisms underlying such changes. In the first part of this research, a literature review and analysis on the concept of internationalisation and theory of organisational change was conducted. Based on the institutional theory, different mechanisms emerged as relevant to explain the internationalisation processes in universities. The second part of the research is the presentation of fieldwork findings which reveal that internationalisation is taking place actively and rigorously in HKU, and changes in such activities in recent years are obvious. Though reviews and analyses of government policies show that they affect the activities and process of internationalisation in HKU, institutional actors perceive the role of government is limited and coercive force is not the only factor leading to internationalisation. In face of globalisation and internationalisation trend, higher education institutions alço respond by positioning and benchmarking themselves. In addition, ranking, branding and reputation are exerting mimetic pressures on universities to internationalise. Instead of responding to all the pressures and demands passively, institutional actors interpret and screen through thern in accordance with the history, culture, tradition, norms and values of the institution. Most important of all, university is itself an international organisation with activities stretching across boundaries. To them, internationalisation is not only a means to react to externa1 pressure but also an intrinsic need and end in itself. Therefore, internationalisation is the result of the interplay of coercive, mimetic and normative forces, and changes in the regulative, cultural-cognitive and normative pillars of the University. In the last part of the thesis, significance and limitations of this research are presented, and recommendations for future research are offered.

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Torres, Miguel Augusto Rodrigues Matos. "Pro-internationalisation policies and outward foreign direct investment." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12442.

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Doutoramento em Economia
This thesis addresses the impacts of public policies on outward foreign direct investment, seeking to contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between pro-internationalisation policies and firm behaviour. Home country measures associated with these policies are explored in terms of use and awareness, as determinants of foreign direct investment, as drivers of policy objectives, in terms of perceived importance and impact in different scenarios of internationalisation. Using a comprehensive database of 441 Portuguese firms, being those that had participated at least in one of the 11 types of public support between 1994 and 2009. The empirical papers presented here reveal a moderating effect of firm capabilities and internationalisation conditions on policy objectives. In fact, firms’ resources and capabilities frame the awareness and use of home country support measures, the existence of public policy determinants of foreign direct investment, the decision to carry out more aggressive modes of entry and the choice of more demanding environments, the impact of policy objectives, and the perceived importance of incentives. In practical terms, the findings of this thesis points that firms’ resources and capabilities are negatively associated with the use of public support, contrasting with awareness, which is found to increase with firms’ resources and capabilities. This insight sheds light on a potential problem of incentives allocation. Our results support the established theorizing about the co-evolution of government and firms' policies, home country measures being found as determinants of foreign direct investment. It is also shown that prointernationalization policies reinforce the firms’ resources and capabilities, which seems to have a positive impact on international growth. An evaluation of public policy, from the foreign direct investor's lens, supports the argument that firms involved in more demanding projects tend to attribute more importance to public supports. Behind the specific and concrete contributions identified in each of the empirical papers, as a whole this thesis makes methodological contributions by introducing the evaluation of impacts of public policies to the field of international business through the firm perspective; these contributions are achieved by taking the pro-internationalisation policies of a small open economy to better understand the impacts of public policies, and by shedding light on co-evolution between resource and institutional-based views.
O presente trabalho propõe-se contribuir para a avaliação de políticas públicas com impacto nos investimentos diretos realizados no estrangeiro. Desta forma,esta tese permitirá uma melhor compreensão da ação recíproca entre politicas pro-internacionalização e o comportamento das empresas em presença das mesmas. Um conjunto de medidas implementadas pelo país de origem são exploradas para obter um melhor entendimento relativamente ao seu uso e conhecimento pelas empresas. Estas medidas também são analisadas como determinantes do investimento direto realizado no estrangeiro, como fortificantes de recursos e capacidades das empresas, em termos de importância percebida, e como apoio para os objetivos de política pública. Utilizando uma base de dados com 441 empresas Portuguesas que receberam apoios públicos entre 1994 e 2009 são apresentados quatro artigos empíricos que revelam um efeito considerável das características das empresas e das condições de internacionalização sobre os efeitos das políticas. De facto, as capacidades e os recursos das empresas são fundamentais para o conhecimento e uso dos apoios, para a existência de investimento direto realizado no estrangeiro, para absorver e canalizar os efeitos dos apoios e para a decisão de explorar mercados externos com modos mais agressivos de internacionalização. Para além das contribuições identificadas, em termos genéricos esta tese contribui também com aspetos metodológicos relevantes. Nomeadamente, usando uma perspetiva da empresa, é introduzida a avaliação de políticas com impacto no investimento direto estrangeiro. Estes impactos são analisados para melhor compreender a ação reciproca entre politicas e comportamentos da empresa tomando como pano de fundo uma pequena economia.

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van, Dongen Kathryn. "The internationalisation of South African retailers in Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52339.

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African markets are complex environments for foreign multinationals. The continent, which has recently attracted significant attention for its rich potential and growth prospects, presents a multitude of challenges for the South African retailers that have led retail expansion across the continent. This study seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges experienced by these firms in expanding into other African markets, and how they have managed and nurtured this process. A qualitative research approach was used to investigate the experiences of senior decision makers, with insights from industry experts, in the expansion of firms into culturally and contextually diverse African markets. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted and extensive secondary data was analysed to build on constructs identified in existing literature, and used to identify new constructs in exploring the capabilities and expansion patterns of South African retailers operating in other African markets. This study confirmed that South African retailers have developed a variety of capabilities suitable for operating in African markets. The research further confirmed that these firms use SA Inc. as a country specific advantage in their expansion, and leverage their inter-firm networks to gain a better understanding of African markets and their consumers. The combined results from the research findings are summarised graphically to develop two strategic options for international retailers choosing to enter African markets. The study essentially provides a deeper understanding of formal retail in Africa, how South African firms have been leaders in this sector outside their home market, and how other international retailers might leverage this new knowledge.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
vn2016
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

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Sachse, Uwe. "Internationalisation and mode switching-performance, strategy and timing." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2010. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/6696.

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The subject of this thesis is the management of foreign operations and the switching of modes for international business. Contrary to research on the market entry, the focus here lies on the further development of the initially selected market entry strategy and the question of identifying the right timing and optimal approach for changing strategies (strategy change). Based on a comprehensive review of literature on internationalisation and mode switching, a theoretical concept for decision-making behaviour during a switch is formulated. The hypotheses derived from this are empirically assessed through interviews with top managers and alarge-scale survey of 192 companies (51 % switchers; 49% nonswitchers). Here, the companies surveyed can be classified into five characteristic groups based on the preferred mode, corporate characteristics, timing of the mode decision and mode-switching probability. The results show that the mode switch is an important option for improving performance in foreign markets. Satisfaction with current performance of foreign operation is the main driver for or against the mode switch. When a firm makes the decision to switch modes, it is shown that, through the mode switch, success in the foreign market is significantly improved. Yet the switch is not in itself a prerequisite for success. The study shows that both switchers and non-switchers can be successful. The results also reinforce the assumed relationship between management style and the probability of a mode switch. Clear causal relationships are identified between systematic internationalisation planning and success. In addition, the dwelling time after market entry is shown to be critical; for example, it is established that the mode of "importers" is usually tied to a longer stay in a market than as with other mode strategies. This indicates apath-dependency with certain modes. This study shows that, over the duration of foreign business activity, companies pursue characteristic internationalisation pathways through their choice of mode. With regard to timing in the decision-making process, the conclusion is reached that there should be sufficient time and space for the development, negotiation and evaluation in the sense of using a co-evolutionary perspective. Timing is viewed as a result emerging from co-evolution of internationalisation activities, corporate characteristics, mode strategy, management style and industry influences. Areas for further research are identified and recommendations on how to improve decision making in the management of foreign operation are provided. The study concludes with an explanatory theory on mode switching, based on the theory of pathway dependency.

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Giacone, Federico, and Oscar Ohlström. "The applicability of internationalisation theories to social enterprises." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264086.

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Globalisation has challenged small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to internationalise. Consequently, the academic world produced extensive publications on how SMEs approach the internationalisation process and what inhibits their export-based expansion. However, during the last decade, growing attention towards sustainability led to the creation of a new form of entrepreneurial organisation: social enterprises. Social enterprises combine an economic goal with the objective to generate a positive impact on society, focusing on social inclusion or environmental issues. The purpose of this study is to investigate if internationalisation theories on SMEs and on export inhibitors apply to social enterprises. The problem has been investigated by conducting a qualitative content analysis of interviews with C-level managers of social enterprises, with a social or environmental focus. The research contributed to validate the applicability of four internationalisation models to social enterprises. The results show a correlation between business and internationalisation maturity and the influence of the social purpose on social enterprises' internationalisation. Hence, theoretical shortcomings that need to be addressed have been identified. Lastly, the study found that social enterprises are subject to the same export barriers of SMEs. The research has been carried in collaboration with Oscar Ohlström, from Stockholm University (SU). Hence, two master thesis reports have been produced. The first is the following one and, the second has been published under the title of "Internationalizing ForProfit Social Enterprise”. Some sections of the documents have been co-written and, they are present in both reports.
Globaliseringen har utmanat små och medelstora företag (SME) att internationalisera. Följaktligen producerade den akademiska världen omfattande publikationer om hur små och medelstora företag närmar sig internationaliseringsprocessen och vad som hämmar sin exportbaserade expansion. Under det senaste årtiondet har dock ökad uppmärksamhet mot hållbarhet skapat en ny form av entreprenörsorganisation: sociala företag. Sociala företag kombinerar ett ekonomiskt mål med målet att skapa en positiv inverkan på samhället, med inriktning på social integration eller miljöfrågor. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om internationaliseringsteorier om små och medelstora företag och exporthämmare gäller sociala företag. Problemet har undersökts genom att genomföra en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av intervjuer med chefer på C-nivå för sociala företag med socialt eller miljömässigt fokus. Forskningen bidrog till att validera tillämpligheten av fyra internationaliseringsmodeller till sociala företag. Resultaten visar en korrelation mellan mognad för företag eller internationalisering och socialt inflytande på socialföretagenas internationalisering. Därför har teoretiska brister som behöver åtgärdas identifierats. Slutligen fann studien att sociala företag är föremål för samma exportbarriärer för små och medelstora företag. Forskningen har genomförts i samarbete med Oscar Ohlström, från Stockholms Universitet (SU). Därför har två masterprojekt rapporterats. Den första är den följande och den andra har publicerats under titeln "Internationalisering för socialt företagande". Vissa delar av dokumenten har skrivits samman och de är närvarande i båda rapporterna.

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Erissini, Elisa <1992&gt. "Network Contract: internationalisation of Italian Agri-food SMEs." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14733.

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l'obbiettivo della mia tesi è quello di analizzare come il contratto di rete possa contribuire all'internazionalizzazione delle PMI nel settore agroalimentare. Capire se questo strumento innovativo può aiutare a portare i prodotti agricoli nei mercati esteri, promuovendo il Made in Italy anche per le imprese che da sole non sarebbero in grado di farlo.

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Evans, Ferguson. "Japanese LMEs and internationalisation : a study of the internationalisation behaviour of Japanese leading medium-sized enterprises in the context of globalisation." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2003. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6539/.

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This thesis is about globalisation and the firm. Specifically it concerns a particular type of firm called here a 'leading medium-sized enterprise'. or LME. This term is derived from the Japanese 'chuken kigyo' which is used in Japan to distinguish the LME from small and medium-sized firms on the one hand and large firms on the other. LMEs are not exclusive to Japan, but they thrive there. The thesis establishes the importance of the LME as a (hitherto neglected) concept and business type, and analyses the conditions in Japan that have favoured the emergence of such firms there. Subsequently the investigation employs the Japanese LME to illustrate the approach to globalisation o f this particular kind of firm. Apart from being medium sized and a leader in its self-determined area of business, the LME is characterised by being independent and highly specialised in its core competence, to which it has devoted considerable time and effort. Deriving from and substantiating its particular character is a mode of operation and strategic philosophy called here 'articulation', which is an incremental approach applied first to the LME's domestic development and subsequently to internationalisation. The type of firm discussed here is the manufacturing LME and the form of internationalisation analysed is foreign direct investment (FDI). In contrast to the large transnational corporation (TNC), the smaller LME is hypothesised to be more prone to favour proximity in its inaugural FDI endeavours. So the adjacent multinational region of East Asia is introduced as the potential initiating location for FDI by Japanese LMEs. Within this region, Taiwan is posited as the representative of 'super proximity' because of the high degree of complementarity it is deemed to have with internationalising Japanese LMEs. An aggregate sample of 110 Japanese LMEs which have invested in Taiwan are compiled and analysed to see how this investment has contributed to shaping their globalisation strategies. From this aggregate sample, five case study LMEs are abstracted for more detailed examination of the motives, strategies and regional impacts (contribution to globalisation) of internationalising LMEs. In order of priority, this research has been conducted in Japanese, English. Chinese and French. In fact, it could not have been started without knowledge of at least written Japanese and Chinese. The first contribution to knowledge of this thesis, therefore, is that it brings to light information and materials not readily available to Westerners not conversant with these languages. In addition, the concepts of the LME and articulation have been introduced into accounts of the internationalisation of the firm, and also employed as analytical tools to show that the process of internationalisation by the smaller, specialised firm (as opposed to the large, multifunctional TNC) is accomplished in a manner distinctive to itself, because of its assertive concentration on its core competence, and despite the constraints of size and scope imposed upon it. This thesis also demonstrates that Japanese LMEs make a distinctive contribution to the on-going process o f globalisation, by their (generally positive) impacts on the overseas locations in which they operate, and by helping to shape the economic integration of the East Asian region.

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Yvette, Tanila Nchombua. "A Systematic Analysis of the Factors that Drive SMEs to Internationalisation and the Paths followed by these Firms : An Exploratory Study of Four Highly Technological Firms in Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet (USBE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-53441.

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Due to globalization and other factors, the business environment of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is radically changing. In order for these firms to cope with increased competition and business opportunities in globalised markets, they have to strengthen their innovative capabilities and internationalise their business activities (Rammer and Schmiele, 2008, p.3). In this paper, I investigate the determinants that drive highly technological SMES from Umea (Sweden) to other markets abroad and the paths followed by these SMES.The choice of Highly technological SMES (i.e. SMES with innovative solutions) is mainly due to the fact that they internationalise at a fast pace and often bypass the traditional methods of internationalisation proposed by the Uppsala model of internationalisation. The Uppsala model of internationalisation was used as a reference point where similarities and discrepancies between findings was analysed. In addition to this, a general analysis on how managerial internationalisation strategies are drawn was carefully outlined. Core focus is placed on the importance of resource evaluation, proper entry modes, networking and the inclusion of deinternationalisation as a contingency plan in case the market becomes unresponsive due to rise in cost or high competitive pressures. By carrying out a qualitative research and a cross-sectional analysis of some four firms operating in the highly technological sector of the Swedish economy, I obtained findings that; Swedish SMEs do not seem to be pushed to internationalisation by increased competition (such as threat of market position through new entrants or a fierce price competition), but rather go abroad with innovative activities when they have a niche market position, i.e. a low number of competitors and a patent-based technology advantage (Rammer and Shmiele,2008,p.3). Concerning the paths followed by these SMEs to international markets, I outlined that the starting point of SMEs is to carry out an evaluation of their resources (physical, human and financial).Careful evaluation of these resources will enable managers detect if the company can cope with foreign expansion. With this information, they can seek for resources that are not internally possess by the company through establishing networks with distributors, firms, suppliers and their customers. With this network, the firm can obtain both market specific and general knowledge of the foreign market. With all this information at hand, the entry mode must be considered. It is of great importance because the cost and risk involve in foreign markets are mostly associated with the chosen entry mode. Because international expansion involves taking risk, I advise managers on setting up a threshold where they can withdraw if the value of the firm begins to drop. However, I urge them to be careful not to withdraw either prematurely or too late. Therefore, I conclude that though international expansion can help SMEs overcome resource constraints, they should however be careful on how they internationalised by following the paths I outlined. Keywords; Internationalisation, Networking, Resourced Based Perspectives, International Entry Mode, SMEs, Deinternationalisation

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Jones, Marian Vanessa. "International expansion of small high technology based firms : the role of external linkages in international growth and development." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20369.

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This thesis examines the internationalisation of small firms in high technology sectors based in England and Scotland. The conceptual stance taken is that internationalisation is part of the growth and development process of small firms and needs to be viewed holistically. Internationalisation processes are examined chronologically by tracking the external links made by the sample firms from their inception until the date of the survey. The theoretical approach is eclectic, drawing on internalisation/transaction cost, network, internationalisation and resource-based approaches to explanation of firm growth and specifically, their international development. The constructs of the research, the external links, are constructed on the dimensions of internal and external links, inward and outward links and are differentiated by strategic value chain activities research and development, production, and marketing/distribution. The findings of the research indicate that most small technolog y based firms do not internationalise in an export-based evolutionary pattern. Rather, intemationalisation processes are diverse and complex, often reflecting areas of specialisation of the firm, or its internal growth processes. The research indicated that internationalisation is accelerating for the small firm sector, at least in high technologies, with first international links occurring immediately or soon after inception. The factors influencing internationalisation tend to be firm specific and associated with the capabilities, competencies and resources of the associated firms. The major contribution of this thesis is in its development of a conceptual approach which allows the heterogeneity of small firms to be taken into account in the research design, focuses on the holistic growth and development of the firm rather than a functional perspective, and makes a significant advance towards the integration of different theoretical approaches to the development of small international firms. There are important implications in the findings, amongst which is evidence that small firms in certain sectors are subject to influences from international, if not global, industries at an early stage. These firms need to be prepared to compete at international level, and become involved in cross border activity at very eariy stages in their development. At policy level, the imperative is to provide appropriate infrastructural support and advice which goes beyond the encouragement of exports and recognises that small firms may be involved in additional or alternative internationalisation processes than to the conventional export route broadly recognised within the policy framework.

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Dabbah, Maher. "Building global antitrust policy : law and politics." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/building-global-antitrust-policy--law-and-politics(d5c2ecd1-9495-49f4-89d9-340b2c83e39f).html.

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Koch, Malina. "Tech Start-up Internationalisation : Development of an internationalisation model for born global web-based tech start-ups from European start-up hubs." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211699.

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International entrepreneurship is a prominent phenomenon in contemporary research, because of the ease of internationalisation for companies. Start-up hubs in Europe are booming and especially web-based tech companies internationalise quickly. This new type of company, which internationalises almost immediately after foundation, is called born global. Research showed that despite the interest in born global tech start-ups, there is no representative model visualising the process of their internationalisation. Therefore, secondary research is conducted, as well as empirical research in the form of qualitative interviews with three representative, successfully internationalised tech start-ups from Europe. These companies are the music streaming service Spotify, social marketing SaaS Facelift and business management SaaS Ivy. The internationalisation factors resulting from this research can be divided into a preparation phase, possible strategy development and an implementation phase. Within these phases, factors are separated into company- internal and external influences. Based on these findings, a new model on the internationalisation process of web- based tech start-ups is developed.
Internationell entreprenörskap är ett framstående fenomen inom modern forskning eftersom det blir enklare för företag att expandera över nationsgränserna. Startup-hubbar växer fram överallt i Europa och framförallt webbaserade techbolag är snabba med sin internationaliseringsprocess. Det handlar huvudsakligen om en viss typ av företag som kallas för born global, vilket innebär att bolaget börjar sälja sina produkter eller tjänster internationellt direkt efter grundandet. Forskning kring ämnet visar att det finns ett stort intresse för denna typ av företag men inga representativa modeller som visualiserar processen bakom deras internationalisering. Därför genomfördes sekundär forskning samt empirisk forskning i form av tre kvalitativa intervjuer med representanter från framgångsrika och internationella tech startups från Europa. Undersökningen ledde till upptäckten av olika faktorer som påverkar internationaliseringsprocessen. Dessa faktorer kategoriseras som interna eller externa påverkningar på företaget. Internationaliseringsfaktorerna kan delas in i tre faser - förberedelse, möjlig utveckling av strategi och implementering. Baserat på dessa resultat har en modell om internationaliseringsprocessen för born global tech startups utvecklats.

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