Дисертації з теми "International synergy"

This research is at the intersection of strategic management, international business and internationalisation of higher education institutions (HEIs). It focuses on the managerial aspects of higher education institutions with offshore branch campuses. In the past couple of decades the number of offshore branch campuses established by HEIs - mainly universities - has increased dramatically, but most research carried out to date in this field has been anecdotal and the number of theoretical studies in this area is very limited. Thus, the aim of this research is to breach this gap by developing a theoretical framework that is capable of explaining the managerial aspects of foreign branch campus operations. The key research question in this study is how transnational higher education institutions (TNHEIs) strategically manage their offshore branch campuses. In order to address this question, the literature on TNHEIs with regard to managerial complexities is reviewed. By assimilating and reconceptualising this literature, a multidimensional framework is constructed, which encapsulates the most pertinent ramifications of managing an offshore branch campus. The framework has been constructed by drawing on a widely used paradigm in the international business discipline, known as the dichotomy of global integration versus local responsiveness (I-R dichotomy). It helps to portray the TNHEIs’ strategic positions and positional change strategies on three dimensions of curriculum, research activities and staffing.

The integration of trade and human rights is a ubiquitous topic that has dominated academic and policy research in recent years. While it is settled that the fields of trade and human rights are distinct, the relationship between the two have become more prominent especially with the conclusion of the Uruguay Trade Round which introduced trade subjects that diminish policy space of governments. The interactions of trade and human rights have been shown in modern times to affect the realization of some human rights in developing countries and LDCs. This influence of trade liberalization on the realization of human rights has necessitated studies that explore options for integration of trade and human rights in the WTO so that trade obligations do not stymie the fulfilment of human rights obligations. Bearing in mind the lex specialis nature of the WTO and human rights systems, an integration of trade and human rights in the WTO system must be predicated on a concept or norm common to both systems. This concept or norm is development. While development is intrinsic to both the WTO and the human rights systems, there is an urgent need for a shift in perspective in the WTO idea of development from a purely economic process to a human right that inures on individuals and peoples. This shift in perspective will mandate the introduction and enforcement of certain characteristics of the right to development: free, active and inclusive participation of all, both developed and developing countries in the trade process of the WTO, not only in terms of numbers but in terms of meaningful participation and must guarantee benefits for all Members. The human right to development approach will also entail a strengthening of existing special and differential treatment provisions. It is the argument of this thesis that a shift to a human right to development approach in the WTO space will contribute to the possibility of integrating trade and human rights. The ongoing Doha Trade Round provides the very forum for such shift. The problem however is whether the WTO Members have the political will to do this.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For more than a decade there has been an economic need to mitigate the negative effects of the air transport industry's innate sensitivity to cyclical developments as well as the effects of its inherent lack of substantial profits. The past 20 years were additionally marked by a change in policy that prompted various countries to liberalise and privatise their civil passenger air transportation industry. At the same time, airlines' business ambitions became more global, tapping into markets beyond countries' or continents' main gateways. All three aspects started to change the pattern of airline competition and required new business models. Key features of airlines' novel business models are geographic expansion and thus market development. Global expansion strategies and market development activities in passenger air transportation are, however, not easily and fluidly executable. The airline industry is, to some extent, still nationally regulated, thus impeding passenger airlines from fully participating in the global market-scene and from freely entering promising geographies. Concomitantly, the competitive landscape in which scheduled passenger airlines operate changed drastically, with travel value chains occasionally undergoing revolutionary transformations on both the supply and the demand side. Finally, the air transport service reveals several peculiarities that impact its production, distribution and consummation. These characteristics have inspired the execution of novel forms of competitive strategies that are described and critically discussed in this dissertation. Within this context, a main root cause for passenger airline partnerships appears to be its continued regulation and the circumvention thereof through the horizontal joining of forces, thus emulating concentration tendencies that have long been a fixture in other globalising industries. Consequently, horizontal interairline partnerships were induced and identified as a key competitive device with which to weather the challenges of the new air transport rivalry structures, the increasingly deregulated environment, and the impediments of sustained market regulation. All major airlines are now involved in some type of horizontal collaboration. The spectrum of these linkages is wide and ranges from loose, unattached, operative agreements to long-term, far-reaching, strategic ones, the most salient forms and instruments of which are thoroughly scrutinised in this dissertation. This dissertation additionally presents the general core inducing economic drivers of carrier interrelationship, which are cost reduction, revenue generation and corporate power considerations. While these aspects offer a multitude of possible partnership forms and instruments, the bulk of airline linkages, however, is presently constituted of joint revenue generation and, consequently, jointly pursued marketing and market expansion goals. In view of these causes, the present dissertation engages in a profound discussion of the rationales behind interairline partnerships, their likely evolution and effects on management practice. Essentially, the key importance of airline partnerships in meeting basic economic imperatives on the one hand, while circumventing persistent regulation on the other, questions the sustainability of incumbent carriers' current business models. There are clear indications that a structured sequence of events in establishing interairline linkages is a key success factor for horizontal airline partnerships. However, the empirical examination of contemporary partnerships' governance structures and managerial practice strongly points to a lack of ample tools with which to establish airline partnerships, select the appropriate match between alliance goals and intensity, and govern alliances during their entire life-cycles. This drawback seems particularly unacceptable in view of the urgent requirement for more appropriate managerial practice in today's discontinuous air transport business environment, and speaks loudly of the need for a framework with which to enhance airline partnership output. Most ideally, a coherent, structured sequence of events should be followed in partnership formation, organisational set-up and management in order to bring an alliance to fruition. On this basis, the establishment of a collaboration governance organisation, adequately mirroring the specific partnership type and meeting the specific demands of all partners involved, is equally identified and described as a fundamental success driver in this dissertation. Further structural, organisational and functional issues thereafter need to be considered in order to transform the joint business venture of two horizontally allied carriers into a venture for mutual success. The most essential of these are introduced in this dissertation. Synergy plays a central role in this context. Synergy, as the overreaching intention and result of working together towards a common goal, must be anchored as a prime objective of all forms of partnership activities. Synergy through interfirm linkages can be derived from various collaborative areas and is greatly influenced by both internal and external factors. One gauge for synergy, in particular for the transformation of synergy potentials into synergy effects, is partnership intensity. The measurement of partnership intensity can be used to perpetually monitor the benefits of partnership activities. At the same time, inconsistent or uneven partnership intensity can indicate the existence of dissynergies or frailties in the alliance. The underlying theories of collaborative synergy generation, its main drivers and impediments, with particular reference to horizontal partnerships of scheduled passenger airlines, are explored in this dissertation. In recognition of the theoretical and practical background of airline partnerships and the acknowledged problems associated with their establishment and operation, the present dissertation proposes a novel model dynamically supporting the quest for synergy in airline interrelationships. Incorporating the goals of synergy generation and its continual measurement in interairline partnerships, the synergy audit is designed as a dynamic managerial tool. The synergy audit functions as a recurring device for unleashing all the positive partnership benefits of collaborative scope and width. It aids airline alliance management in transforming the desired benefits of partnership activities - synergy potentials - into real, tangible synergy effects during the entire partnership life cycle. The tool A.PIE (Airline Partnership Intensity Evaluator) supports the synergy audit and, which idiosyncratic to the airline industry, multidimensionally applies the deduced relationship of partnership intensity and synergy to the most salient partnership areas and functions. The present dissertation shapes understanding of the true drivers and complexities of today's airline partnerships. It proposes a circular, multidimensional and dynamic model, thus attempting to enhance the set-up, performance and output of horizontal airline collaboration. From this point of view it endeavours to fill the gap identified in contemporary airline partnership management and practice.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien asb volteks vir opsomming

The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases is increasing worldwide. Therapeutic options for infections with these bacteria are limited not only by the production of ESBLs and carbapenemases, which confer resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems, but also by frequent co-resistance to other antibiotics. The overall aim of this thesis was to obtain a better understanding of multidrug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae in relation to epidemiology, selection and susceptibility to antibiotic therapy. In a prospective study ESBL-producing E. coli was found to spread easily through international travel. Twenty-four of 100 Swedes travelling outside Northern Europe acquired ESBL-producing E. coli in the intestinal flora. The risk was highest for travelers visiting India and those suffering from gastroenteritis during travel. To minimize selection of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae during a hospital outbreak with these bacteria, an educational antibiotic intervention was performed at Uppsala University Hospital in 2006. The primary aim of the intervention was to reduce the consumption of parenteral cephalosporins. An immediate and radical reduction of cephalosporins was demonstrated with interrupted time series analysis. The outbreak declined during 2007 and no increased resistance to replacement antibiotics was detected. The impact of ESBL production on the antibacterial activity of ertapenem was studied in time-kill experiments. It was shown that porin-deficient subpopulations with reduced susceptibility to ertapenem frequently emerged in ESBL-producing E. coli during exposure to ertapenem at concentrations simulating human pharmacokinetics. Further, the antibacterial effects of antibiotic combinations against four strains of K. pneumoniae producing carbapenemases of the metallo-beta-lactamase type were studied in time-kill experiments. Double and triple combinations of aztreonam, fosfomycin, meropenem, rifampin and colistin at clinically relevant static concentrations were effective despite that the bacteria were frequently resistant to the individual drugs. These results indicate that there is a largely unexplored potential of antibiotic combination therapy for multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae.

Climate change is a complex and multidimensional issue that encompasses not only environmental problems but also political, socio-economic and cultural challenges as well. Moreover, major shifts in the weather patterns caused by the anthropogenically induced global warming may have significant impacts on the global economy and international trade in particular. However, the effects of climate change will be distributed unevenly around the world and the poorest nations will be affected the most due to their higher vulnerability. Additionally, the winners and losers nexus will probably differ between the time of mitigation efforts and reality of adaptation process. These issues will create more complications in the relations between developed countries (global North) and developing nations (global South). Therefore, if multilateral treaties and institutional arrangements regarding climate change are to be effective and acceptable to all parties, there is a need to deal with problematic of global warming as a whole, including the issues of development and international trade in particular. A concept of synergy is a strategy that could allow building a mutual cooperation between climate change and international trade regimes. It is important to emphasize that the synergy is understood here not as a simple cooperation of two separate parts, but as combined efforts which final effect is greater than a sum of individual parts working separately.

Thus, the aim of this study was to trace and analyze linkages between the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in order to determine potentials, obstacles and consequences of synergies between these two organizations. The linkages – that are prerequisites of synergies – between the two organizations were traced within the four key areas: institutional capacity, political dimension, conceptual basis and recommendations for actions. The research was conducted based on the case study that allowed investigation of synergies as a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context. A broader understanding and clearer conclusions regarding synergies were achieved through the method of interpretation called hermeneutic circle. The world-systems and dependency theory together with a historical background of the two respective institutions became a pre-understanding of examined issues during the analytical process.

The biggest potentials for establishing synergies between UNCTAD and UNFCCC were found within currently existing institutional linkages based on affiliation with the United Nations system of institutions, as well as on research and capacity building regarding the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Whereas obstacles were visible in: the North-South paradigm (or core-periphery in terms of the world-systems theory); the winner-loser division – particularly when it comes to CDM projects and adaptation to climate change impacts – visible not only on the North-South line of relations but also the South-South as well; and environmental aspects vs. economic benefits (what is the priority: climate protection or continuation of development). Conclusions of this study allowed envisaging three potential outcomes of synergies between UNCTAD and UNFCCC. Additionally, three alternative scenarios were suggested based on the aspiration to balance influences of the North and the South – a tactics that could make mitigation efforts and adaptation strategies successful for the benefits of all, rich as well as poor.

У роботі досліджено сутність процесів злиття та поглинання у контексті пріоритетів міжнародного розвитку, визначено основні мотиви та наслідки зазначених процесів. Проведений аналіз методів, які допомагають оптимізувати процеси злиття та поглинання. Основною метою цього дослідження є розробка рекомендації щодо подальших кроків компаній у здійсненні процесів злиття та поглинання компаній.
The essence of the processes of mergers and acquisitions in the context of the priorities of international development is investigated in the work, the main motives and consequences of the mentioned processes are determined. An analysis of methods that help optimize the processes of mergers and acquisitions. The main purpose of this study is to develop recommendations for further steps of companies in the implementation of mergers and acquisitions.

Innovation et Qualité dont l'impact positif sur la compétiti vité des entreprises est bien reconnu~ sont étudiés séparément l'un de l'autre. Dans notre recherche doctorale, nous avons développé des concepts et approches concernant la qualité et l'innovation montrant leur compatibilité au niveau des entreprises. A la lumière de ces concepts, nous proposons de considérer ce que nous appelons innovativité qui représente la capacité d'une entreprise à innover et qui entretient la même relation conceptuelle que créativité par rapport à création. Dans la littérature, nous avons sélectionné plusieurs auteurs qui cherchent les causes des succès et des échecs des processus d'innovation aussi bien que des compétences mobilisables pour innover. A partir de leur travaux, nous avons synthétisé les huit points de l'innovativité. L'exploitation des données brutes de l'enquête ± Compétences pour innover dans l'industrie α faite par le gouvernement français, a nous permis de conclure sur la liaison entre un ensemble ± d'inputα communs aux entreprises innovantes, les résultats ±outputsα d'innovation dans quatre catégories (produit, procédé, design et commercial) et l'existence de la démarche qualité (ISO 9000) dans un échantillon de plus de 3700 entreprises. Nous montrons que: 1 - Il existe un ensemble de compétences communes aux entreprises innovantes qui est le même pour tous les types d'innovation (technologiques ou non) ; 2 - Cet ensemble peut changer de niveau, mais il reste de même nature pour toutes les tailles et secteurs d'activité; et 3 - Les entreprises qui ont une démarche qualité ont plus de compétences pour innover que les autres
Quality and Innovation are subjects well recognized as important for firm's competitiveness. Although, they are normally studied isolated one from the other. In our PhD study we choice compatibles concepts for quality and innovation at the firm's level. Then we introduce a new one, compatible with these two, we call firm's innovativeness with the same relational sense that creativity has with creation. In the literature we could find many authors with researches concerning to causes of success and failures in innovation processes. Also we can find researches concerning to competences to innovate. These two types of research, they had been our basis for synthesize the eight points of the firm's innovativeness. The exploitation of the original data from the survey « Compétences pour innover dans l'industrie >> made by the French government, gave us the possibility to conclude about the link between a group of « best practices » of the innovative companies, the results of innovation outputs in four categories (product, processes, design et commercial) and the occurrence of Quality System according ISO 9000, working with a sample with more than 3. 700 firms. In this sense, we will demonstrate that : 1 - There is a set of « good practices » for innovative companies that is the same for all the innovation types (technologic or not) ; 2 - The level of this set may change, but its components are the same for all the sizes and sectors ; et 3 - Companies that have Quality System according ISO 9000 have more competences to innovate

L’entreprise transnationale s’impose comme un pouvoir économique puissantdans le contexte de mondialisation. Dénuée de personnalité morale, elle n’est appréhendéeque partiellement par les droits internes. En dehors du droit supranational qui présente descarences et n’assure qu’une régulation partielle, les relations de travail dans l’entrepriseglobalisée restent largement appréhendées par les droits nationaux et les paradigmes dudroit du travail n’ont guère évolué pour s’ajuster à leur singularité. La nature du droit quisaisit ces rapports n’est donc pas commensurable à leur réalité transnationale.L’insuffisance du cadre d’analyse actuel oblige alors à dépasser le doublecloisonnement des systèmes juridiques et des personnes morales afin de développer dessolutions globales. Une analyse tant positiviste que prospective du droit révèle l’existenced’un processus d’adaptation en cours, celui-ci devant toutefois être renforcé et étendu.Il s’agit donc de mettre en place un principe d’ajustement du droit à ces relations de travail,lequel révèle l’identité du transnational : la transnationalité est une expression du pluralisme.L’adaptation du droit suppose, d’une part, que l’entreprise soit recomposée en tantqu’organisation et qu’elle soit mise en synergie avec les autres acteurs de la gouvernancemondiale. Le mouvement d’adéquation implique, d’autre part, qu’un droit global, « postmoderne» et pluraliste, reposant sur un socle de droits fondamentaux, voit le jour. Ainsi,c’est au prix de ces évolutions que l’on parviendra à une régulation adaptée des relations detravail dans l’entreprise transnationale ainsi qu’à l’émergence d’un droit social de lamondialisation
Transnational companies now stand as leading economic powers in aglobalisation context. Stripped of any legal personality, they are only partly bound by thenational laws. Aside from supranational law, which is incomplete provides only partialregulation, labour relations within globalised companies remain largely bound by nationallaws while the paradigms of labour law have barely evolved in order to adjust to theirsingularity. The nature of the law that governs those professional relations is therefore notcommensurate to their transnational reality.The deficiencies of the current framework for analysis thus compel researchers to gobeyond the twofold boundaries of legal systems and legal entities in order to develop suitableglobal solutions. A positivist, forward-looking analysis of the law reveals the existence of anadaptation process that is already underway but which must also be extended andstrengthened.It is therefore a matter of establishing a legal adjustment principle within those labourrelations, which reveals the identity of the transnational: transnationality is an expression ofpluralism. Legal adaptation assumes, on the one hand, that companies be reconstructed asorganisations and that a synergy be established with other players in the field of globalgovernance. The alignment trend implies, on the other hand, the birth of a "post-modern",pluralist global law, resting on a foundation of fundamental rights. It is thus at the cost of suchdevelopments that an adapted regulation of labour relations will be achieved withintransnational companies, together with the emergence of a globalised social law

Bakgrund: Inom strategilitteraturen resoneras och diskuteras det om olika fördelar associerade med att vara internationellt verksam. Ett flertal av dessa fördelar återfinns även i resonemangen kring hur företag försöker skapa och utnyttja synergier genom en geografiskt diversifierad verksamhet.

Syfte: Vi har för avsikt att utreda vilket teoretiskt stöd som finns för förekomsten av synergier associerade med företagens internationella närvaro, för att med denna utgångspunkt skapa en förståelse för hur internationellt etablerade företag, ur ett konkurrenskraftsstärkande perspektiv, resonerar kring förekomsten och utnyttjandet av dessa synergieffekter.

Genomförande: Vi har genomfört tio intervjuer fördelade på studiens fyra fallstudie-företag; Flextronics, ÖPWC, Gunnebo och Attendo.

Resultat: Vi har funnit ett teoretiskt och empiriskt stöd för ett fåtal internationellt associerade synergier, men finner de traditionella synergieffekterna intressanta även ur vårt internationella perspektiv. Vi vill därmed inte bortse från dessa materiella och immateriella synergier, utan väljer istället att resonera i termer av en internationell förstärkningseffekt. Vi anser följaktligen att företagens internationella närvaro i många fall kan förstärka effekterna av de traditionella synergierna

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
103
《Research issue》 M &; A is one of the fast-growing enterprise business strategy in recent years, many companies in order to pursue new value creation, growth and globalization, select large-scale M &; A activity. However, acquisition strategy potentially huge risks that may affect the growth of business continuity, LAM reserch announced a 3.3 billion US dollars acquisition of Novellus system in BC December 14, 2011, from LAM research from the semiconductor equipment factory revenue fourth step aboard third place, setting off a storm of semiconductor industry has become the hottest topic of the current year, domestic and foreign scientific journals Finance professionals discussed even on its acquisition strategy and then the background, while over two years, we once again view this subsequent merger synergy. 《Research design》 　　First of all statistical data related to the financial year of the company''s expansion or recession trend, then examine and expand their customer turnover growth or decline trend, the final major event in the relationship between economic growth and decline segments and for comparison to find out the status of the statistics, from the company is currently the status of implementation of the strategy adopted to analyze the results. 《Research Results &; Contribution》 　　Clear that the synergies from the data in the data, and from the key successes and failures during the proposed strategy will help produce better, discernment differentiation and niche marketing strategy, and attempt to identify the company best business model and supply chain relationships to create profits and prosperity.

碩士
高苑科技大學
機械與自動化工程研究所
101
This research is analyzed by way of field synergy principle to imitate temperature and velocity field with human heat load for international conference hall of the magic school of green technology. The parameters such as fan position, wind velocity, heating plate, ventilation tower length and human heat load are adjusted to simulate whole domain temperature field and velocity field. Utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics software to research flow field and temperature field, we can use the index of comfortable degrees by field synergy mean square method to find the optimal fan position. The simulation results show if the field synergy angle decreases, comfortableness will increase. The improvement is very obvious with right fan position in international conference hall of the magic school of green technology. Human in international conference hall of the magic school of green technology will be much more comfortable by field synergy mean square value method.