Статті в журналах: "International relations History 20th century"

1

Piatakov, A. N. "The relations between Turkey and Mexico: a comparative analysis, history and modernity." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-1-97-107.

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The author analyzes the history of formation and current state of Turkey-Mexico political and economic relations in the context of Ankara intercontinental relations with the Latin American region. Comparative analysis of the two powers in their geo-economic ‘weight’, international activity, and other aspects is carried out. Evaluation of historical aspect of bilateral relations is specially emphasized. For the first time in Russian Latin American studies the evolution of Turkey-Mexico diplomatic relations in the 20th century is studied in their phases, including political contacts dynamics at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. The author also analyzes current state of countries’ trade and economic relations, as well as their interaction at the international arena.

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2

O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.

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3

Ikenberry, G. John, and Richard Bulliet. "The Columbia History of the 20th Century." Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049140.

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4

Buchanan, Elizabeth. "History of International Relations and Russian foreign policy in the 20th century, volume I." International Affairs 96, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 1105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa122.

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5

Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization." International Community Law Review 9, no. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.

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6

Lian, Yang, and Ben Carrdus. "Leaving the 20th century." Index on Censorship 29, no. 3 (May 2000): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220008536744.

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7

Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.

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8

KATZ, STEVEN T. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.127.

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9

CHALK, FRANK. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.149.

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10

MELSON, ROBERT. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.161.

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11

REID, JAMES J. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.175.

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12

MARTINS-HEUB, KIRSTEN. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.193.

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13

Weber, Heloise, and Martin Weber. "Colonialism, genocide and International Relations: the Namibian–German case and struggles for restorative relations." European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 1_suppl (September 2020): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066120938833.

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The case of the first genocide of the 20th century, committed by German colonial troops against Ovaherero and Nama peoples in what is today Namibia, poses a significant ethical and political challenge not only in practice but also for International Relations theory and theorising. We develop our critical analysis by building on postcolonial critiques of eurocentrism in IR and world politics, and on critical historiographies of the discipline. In particular, we show how the bedrock of dominant international institutional arrangements in the early 20th century rests on a normative inversion, which can be explicated clearly in the context of the Ovaherero and Nama experiences. The normative inversion is manifested in the claims to supreme moral authority for continued European colonial rule in the aftermath of genocidal violence. While the League of Nations (LoN), and the legacies of imperialism have increasingly been addressed in historiographies of IR, neither this normative inversion, nor its political implications have been explicated in the way we pursue this here. Through the lens of our case, we argue that how IR and IR theory conventionally conceive of the international political order is not plausible or justifiable in light of the normative inversion. The struggles for justice and restorative relations by Ovaherero and Nama peoples draw attention to necessary shifts in political practices. The case signals the need for a more fundamental rethinking of premises in international political theory, and of global public political history. This can be meaningfully addressed by acknowledging and explicitly processing the implications of the normative inversion, its antecedent conditions, and its continuing presence in world ordering.

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14

Karl, Rebecca E. "Culture, Revolution, and the Times of History: Mao and 20th-Century China." China Quarterly 187 (September 2006): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000324.

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The recent spate of English-language exposés of Mao Zedong, most prominently that written by Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, seems to announce a culmination of the tendency towards the temporal-spatial conflation of 20th-century Chinese and global history. This sense was only confirmed when the New York Times reported in late January that George W. Bush's most recent bedtime reading is Mao: The Unknown Story, or when, last month, according to a column in the British paper The Guardian, “the Council of Europe's parliamentary assembly voted to condemn the ‘crimes of totalitarian communist regimes,’ linking them with Nazism…” The conflation, then, is of the long history of the Chinese revolution with the Cultural Revolution, on the one hand; and, on the other hand, of Mao Zedong with every one of the most despicable of the 20th century's many tyrants and despots. In these conflations, general 20th-century evil has been reduced to a complicit right-wing/left-wing madness, while China's 20th century has been reduced to the ten years during which this supposed principle of madness operated as a revolutionary tyranny in its teleologically ordained fashion. In this way are the dreams of some China ideologues realized: China becomes one central node through which the trends of the 20th century as a global era are concentrated, channelled and magnified. China isglobal history, by becoming a particular universalized analytic principle, in the negative sense. That is, universality becomes a conflationary negative principle.

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15

Ezhelya, U. V. "HISTORY OF THE SOVIET-CHINESE COOPERATION IN PERIODICAL PRESS AND MASS MEDIA (MIDDLE OF XX – BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURY)." Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 17, no. 4 (2020): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2020-17-4-196-202.

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The article discusses the main milestones of cooperation between the two states – the USSR / Russia and China from the middle of the 20th century to the present. The author cites a number of printed periodicals as sources of information on the development of bilateral relations at different time periods. The dynamics of relations is traced against the backdrop of changing internal and external conditions for the development and interaction of countries: first in the format of socialist ideology (the 50s – the first half of the 60s and in the 80s of the 20th century), then against the background of new realities life of the Russian state and China (90s of the XX century and in the present). The magazines Zheleznodorozhny Transport, Zheleznodorozhnye dorogi mira (printed materials of the Ministry of Railways), departmental regional newspapers Pogranichny transportnik, Dzerzhinets are an interesting source of information about the events and problems of Soviet-Chinese relations, their prospects and successes. The author refers to the latest sources of socio-political and socio-economic information on international cooperation - electronic resources. The author introduces museum sources into circulation as examples of the policy of "popular diplomacy".

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16

d’Aspremont, Jean. "The League of Nations and the Power of “Experiment Narratives” in International Institutional Law." International Community Law Review 22, no. 3-4 (August 20, 2020): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341430.

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Abstract This article engages with the image of the League of Nations as an experiment in international law and the law of international institutions. This image populates international legal literature of the second half of the 20th century and of the 21st century. It corresponds to what is called here the “experiment narrative” about the League. Many of the claims made about international institutional law, collective security and international institutions in international legal discourses are informed by this specific narrative. Drawing on the “experiment narratives” about the League, this article shows that “experiment narratives” in international law constitute a common tool for international lawyers to uphold a progressive and linear global history and to organize their discourses.

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17

Tatyana, Zvereva. "Francois Mitterrand as an Outstanding French Politician of the 20th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021281-8.

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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the life and professional path of the outstanding French politician of the twentieth century, the creator of the Socialist Party F. Mitterrand. Special attention is paid to the study of France's domestic and foreign policy after his election as president in 1981. The specifics of his approach to international affairs were expressed in a combination of messianism and pragmatism. In relations with the United States, France adhered to the principle of “friend, ally, but not vassal”. In general, it is concluded that F. Mitterrand’s life and professional path reflects both the inner wealth and the complex and extremely contradictory nature of the French political tradition.

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18

Spitra, Sebastian M. "Civilisation, Protection, Restitution: A Critical History of International Cultural Heritage Law in the 19th and 20th Century." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 22, no. 2-3 (October 21, 2020): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340154.

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Abstract This article provides a new narrative for the history of cultural heritage law and seeks to contribute to current legal debates about the restitution of cultural objects. The modern protection laws for cultural objects in domestic and international law evolved in the 19th and 20th century. The article makes three new arguments regarding the emergence of this legal regime. First, ‘civilisation’ was a main concept and colonialism an integral part of the international legal system during the evolution of the regime. The Eurocentric concept of civilisation has so far been an ignored catalyst for the international development of cultural heritage norms. Second, different states and actors used cultural heritage laws and their inherent connection to the concept of civilisation for different purposes. Third, the international legal system of cultural heritage partly still reflects its colonial roots. The current restitution discussions are an outcome of this ongoing problematic legal constellation.

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19

LIRĂ, Corina-Andreea. "FEMINISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERINCE "STRATEGIESXXI" 18, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2971-8813-22-10.

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From a theoretical point of view, for many decades the discipline of International Relations was dominated by the triad of realism, which remained the overwhelmingly dominant theoretical approach. It was not until 1980 that other political approaches began to gain some momentum. International relations is one of the last areas to accept feminism. This has contributed greatly to its use in almost all areas of research. Compared to other disciplines, the feminist aspect in international relations appeared much later. Feminism is a series of movements aimed at defending equal opportunities for women in the different areas of politics, social rights and other aspects of society. Feminist approaches to international relations became widespread in the late 20th century, and these approaches called for women’s experiences to be ignored from studies of international relations theory. Feminists who study international relations have argued that gender issues apply to international relations. Women succeed through their ambition, diplomacy and oratory to excel in the leadership area, which is the main premise for women to lead fully, dynamically but also in an original way. Throughout history, women have gone through several stages that have finally brought her to the position where the male elite give respect, love and attention to women throughout society. This paper fully demonstrates the vitality and continued viability of feminist projects in a variety of forms and contexts, assesses the challenges facing feminism and strongly advocates its continued relevance to contemporary global politics. The main objective of this paper is to present the importance of feminism today and its role as a paradigm in international relations.

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20

Mikhailova, Yulia. "Russia and The Scandinavian-Baltic Region: Countries and Peoples in a Changing World. 19—20th." ISTORIYA 13, no. 11 (121) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023576-2.

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The study of the history of small countries is one of the research activities of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It has its own specific features and fits into the general outline of the global historical process. On November 17—18, 2022, the International Scientific Conference “Russia and the Scandinavian-Baltic Region: Countries and Peoples in a Changing World. 19—20th centuries”, organized by the Centre for the History of Northern Europe and the Baltic States and the Department of International Scientific Cooperation of the Institute. The conference was attended by researchers from leading research centres of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Petrozavodsk, Arkhangelsk, Kaliningrad, Voronezh and Tromsø. During the work of the four sessions contributors discussed such questions as the problems of international relations of the second half of the 20th century, the features of trade and economic cooperation in the region and certain aspects of the history of the two world wars, interethnic communication and the mechanisms of formation of the image of the other.

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Akkan Güngör, Fatma. "Realizmin Tek Perspektif Olabilirliğinin Sunumu: AUKUS Örneği." International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 26 (October 25, 2022): 438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.26.28.

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Realism is handled in the reality of explaining, understanding and interpreting of international relations. Realist theory needs or will need new concepts together with changes of international system and in the process called as globalisation. However, because of the fact that this situation does not require a new theory as an assumption, it is focused on the level of implementation in practice. While a war like the World War I-II did not take place in the conditions of the second half of the 20th century or that there was no war as before in the 21st century does not mean that there was no conflict or this situation cannot be seen as a success for states are clear, should explaining, trying to understand and interpreting international relations be the aim of international relations discipline? And whether it should be accepted that this effort can be made from a realistic perspective will be tried to be understood through the case of AUKUS. Keywords: Theory, International Relations Discipline, AUKUS.

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22

Kalimonov, I. K., V. E. Tumanin, and E. I. Kamaletdinova. "Marc Ferro and the French School of the History of International Relations." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 164, no. 3 (2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2022.3.29-36.

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This article focuses on an interesting aspect of the scholarly career of Marc Ferro, one of the most famous French historians of the 20th century. He was not only the editor-in-chief of the Annales, but also the co-editor of the Journal of Contemporary History, which encouraged him to attempt experiences beyond the traditional scope of the Annales. Historians who published their findings in the Annales were either medieval or modern history researchers, i.e., they believed that contemporary history provides no suitable material for historical studies. Thus, M. Ferro was a pioneer of the study of the modern history of France. In addition, as a disciple of Pierre Renouwen, he actively developed the history of international relations. P. Renouwen and M. Ferro, unlike most historians of the Annales School of History, held to the critical assessment of the role of mentality in historical change. Here we discuss their approach to the study of the world of perceptions as a factor determining the dynamics of change in the world of people’s perceptions and its reflection in the changing international situation. Based on an analysis of the works of these historians, it is concluded that a shortcoming of the traditional approaches of the Annales School is the desire for universalism, which became a source of misunderstanding of many contemporary processes that the West deals with in the former colonial countries.

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23

Tantivejakul, Napawan. "Nineteenth century public relations: Siam's campaign to defend national sovereignty." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 25, no. 4 (July 26, 2020): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-11-2019-0134.

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PurposeThis research aims to identify the use of the public relations (PR) methods implemented by King Rama V and his administration to counter the threat to Siam of imperialism in the late 19th century. It also seeks to demonstrate the interplay of the communication strategies used in international diplomacy to enhance Siam's visibility among major European nations.Design/methodology/approachThis is a historical study using both primary and secondary sources. It is a development of the national PR history methodology using a descriptive, fact-based and event-oriented approach.FindingsThe main findings are that (1) a PR strategy drove international diplomacy under the administration of Siam's monarch incorporating strategies such as governmental press relations activities; (2) the strategy in building Siam's image as a civilized country was successfully communicated through the personality of King Rama V during his first trip to Europe; (3) with a close observation of the public and press sentiments, the outcome of the integrated PR and diplomatic campaigns was that Siam defended its sovereignty against British and French imperialists’ pressures and was therefore never colonized.Research limitations/implicationsThis research adds to the body of knowledge of global PR history by demonstrating that PR evolved before the 20th century in different countries and cultures with different historical paths and sociocultural, political and economic contexts.Originality/valueThis study from an Asian nation demonstrates that PR was being practiced in the late 19th century outside the Western context, prior to the advent of the term. It is a rare example of PR being developed as a part of an anti-colonization strategy.

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24

Criss, Nur Bilge. "The USA–Turkey–Middle East: From the 20th Century to the Present." Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 15, no. 2 (June 2013): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2013.775023.

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25

Smirnova, Nataliya Vladimirovna, and Anastasiya Igorevna Karpova. "History of Indonesia in the Master's Degree Course of the Department of Foreign History, Political Science and International Relations, Petrozavodsk State University." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2201-04.

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The article shows the importance of oriental publications Sulalat-us-salatin: Malay Manuscript of Kruzenshtern and its Cultural and Historical Significance and Travel and Latest Observations in China, Manila and the Indo-China Archipelago for studying the colonial policy of the Netherlands in Indonesia as part of the training course "Politics of European Powers in the Countries of the East in the 16th-early 20th century" of Master's program at the Petrozavodsk State University. The organization of the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1595-1597 and the creation of the United East India Company are analyzed. The materials of the article can be useful in preparation for classes in the field of History.

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26

Cohen, Eliot A., and Joanna Bourke. "An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-Face Killing in 20th-Century Warfare." Foreign Affairs 78, no. 6 (1999): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049562.

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Burmistrov, Konstantin. "THE INTERPRETATION OF KABBALAH IN EARLY 20TH‐CENTURY RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY." East European Jewish Affairs 37, no. 2 (August 2007): 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501670701430404.

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Dobczansky, Markian, and Simone Attilio Bellezza. "Bringing the State Back In: Studying Ukrainian Statehood in the 20th Century." Nationalities Papers 47, no. 3 (May 2019): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.45.

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AbstractThis article introduces a special issue on Ukrainian statehood. Based on the conference “A Century of Ukrainian Statehoods: 1917 and Beyond” at the University of Toronto, the special issue examines the relationship between the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1920 and the Soviet Ukrainian state over the long term. The authors survey the history of the Ukrainian SSR and propose two points of emphasis: the need to study the promises of “national” and “social” liberation in tandem and the persistent presence of an “internal other” in Soviet Ukrainian history.

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GEUSS, RAYMOND. "Neither history nor praxis." European Review 11, no. 3 (July 2003): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000280.

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John Rawls construed the Theory of Justice as central to political philosophy, and defended a series of purportedly egalitarian versions of such a theory. This essay points out that Rawls' philosophy became increasingly influential during precisely that period in recent history – the last quarter of the 20th century – in which global inequality increased most dramatically, and explores some possible explanations of this peculiar fact. It concludes by arguing that methodological defects make his approach fundamentally misguided: early versions of his theory are too abstract to be of relevance to understanding politics or as guides to action, and later ones too parochial.

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Semenenko, I. "New Dimensions of Identity Politics: Contested Memories in History Museums of the 20th Century." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 5 (2020): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-5-16-32.

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31

Alexander, Jeffrey C. "Recovering the primitive in the modern: The cultural turn and the origins of cultural sociology." Thesis Eleven 165, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07255136211032829.

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This essay provides an intellectual history for the cultural turn that transformed the human sciences in the mid-20th century and led to the creation of cultural sociology in the late 20th century. It does so by conceptualizing and contextualizing the limitations of the binary primitive/modernity. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, leading thinkers – among them Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Freud – confined thinking and feeling styles like ritual, symbolism, totem, and devotional practice to a primitivism that would be transformed by the rationality and universalism of modernity. While the barbarisms of the 20th century cast doubt on such predictions, only an intellectual revolution could provide the foundations for an alternative social theory. The cultural turn in philosophy, aesthetics, and anthropology erased the division between primitive and modern; in sociology, the classical writings of Durkheim were recentered around his later, religious sociology. These intellectual currents fed into a cultural sociology that challenged the sociology of culture, creating radically new research programs in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

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Ahsan, Abdullahil. "Civilisational Conflict, Renewal, or Transformation: Potential Role of the OIC." ICR Journal 4, no. 4 (October 15, 2013): 579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v4i4.439.

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The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) came into existence at the end of the 20th century during the Cold War, a period that also witnessed concerns among many Western intellectuals about the decline of the West. By the end of the century and the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the “clash of civilizations” thesis had placed Islamic civilisation at the center of international politics, once again raising questions about world peace and co-existence between civilisations. Could Islamic civilisation as represented by the OIC play a role at this juncture of history? Does it possess the capacity and know-how to meet this challenge? Such questions relate also to ideas of worldview: the Renaissance worldview of the West may be seen to have been tainted by Darwinism and Freudianism while the Islamic worldview appears corrupted by extremism. Can the OIC revive the universal Islamic values such as those upheld by Muhammad Iqbal-the 20th century student of Rumi? Can it do so in the context of tumultuous intra-Muslim relations? These questions frame our discussion in this paper.

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Bauman, Zygmunt. "The 20th Century: the End or a Beginning?" Thesis Eleven 70, no. 1 (August 2002): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513602070001003.

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Nguyen, Tuan-Cuong. "The Last Confucians of Mid-20th Century Vietnam." Asian Studies 8, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2020.8.2.185-211.

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The Vietnam Association of Traditional Studies (VATS) took the initiative in promoting Confucian cultural practices in South Vietnam from 1955–1975. The association strove towards collecting, researching, translating, interpreting and circulating classical Sinographic documents in order to preserve traditional East Asian culture in relation to up-to-date moral education and practical science. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research material related to the organization during the period after the two halves of Vietnam were reunited in 1975. Thus, the Association’s activities after 1975 cannot be discussed. To bridge the gap, this article is based on rare documents mostly collected by the author, describing the history and activities of this Confucian organization, including its establishment (1954), regulations, organizational structure, and membership. This article will also focus on the VATS’s Confucian cultural practices, such as (i) publishing as a way to promote Confucianism and traditional morality, (ii) Confucianism and Literary Sinitic education, (iii) public speeches, (iv) organizing the annual commemoration of Confucius’ birthday on September 28th, (v) and promoting international cooperation related to Confucianism. These activities demonstrate the organization’s attempt at popularizing Confucianism and making it compatible with ideas and practices introduced by modernization and Westernization in the middle of the twentieth century.

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Stańczyk, Ewa. "Arnošt Frischer and the Jewish politics of early 20th-century Europe." East European Jewish Affairs 49, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501674.2019.1690854.

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36

CABAJ, Jarosław. "Scientific Belts as a Factor of National Integration on Poland's Leaders at the time of the 19th and 20th centuries." Historia i Świat 7 (June 30, 2018): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2018.07.15.

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In the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century Polish scientific and professional communities took action to tighten contacts between compatriots living in the area of the three partitioning powers, and the emigration. This was a response to the unsuccessful attempts at regaining independence by using weapons. Engaging in scientific activity and building relations were supposed to replace the armed struggle. It meant that connections were established between Polish scientific societies, and first of all, conventions were organised. The initiatives taken on this forum served the development of Polish science and helped Poles to act collectively, which gradually assumed an organised form embracing the three partitions. Polish scholars also aspired to establish a common representation on the international forum. Such initiatives taken by scientific and professional communities largely contributed to the restoration of independent Poland.

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Crawford, Neta. "A Discussion of Robert Vitalis's White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 4 (December 2016): 1123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716003091.

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In White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations, Robert Vitalis presents a critical disciplinary history of the field of international relations, and the discipline of political science more broadly. Vitalis argues that the interconnections between imperialism and racism were “constitutive” of international relations scholarship in the U.S. since the turn of the 20th century, and that the perspectives of a generation of African-American scholars that included W. E. B. Dubois, Alain Locke, and Ralph Bunche were equally constitutive of this scholarship—by virtue of the way the emerging discipline sought to marginalize these scholars. In developing this argument, Vitalis raises questions about the construction of knowledge and the racial foundations of American political development. These issues lie at the heart of U.S. political science, and so we have invited a range of political scientists to comment on the book and its implications for our discipline.

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Ling, L. H. M. "A Discussion of Robert Vitalis’s White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 4 (December 2016): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716003108.

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In White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations, Robert Vitalis presents a critical disciplinary history of the field of international relations, and the discipline of political science more broadly. Vitalis argues that the interconnections between imperialism and racism were “constitutive” of international relations scholarship in the U.S. since the turn of the 20th century, and that the perspectives of a generation of African-American scholars that included W. E. B. Dubois, Alain Locke, and Ralph Bunche were equally constitutive of this scholarship—by virtue of the way the emerging discipline sought to marginalize these scholars. In developing this argument, Vitalis raises questions about the construction of knowledge and the racial foundations of American political development. These issues lie at the heart of U.S. political science, and so we have invited a range of political scientists to comment on the book and its implications for our discipline.

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Sabaratnam, Meera. "A Discussion of Robert Vitalis’s White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 4 (December 2016): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716003121.

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In White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations, Robert Vitalis presents a critical disciplinary history of the field of international relations, and the discipline of political science more broadly. Vitalis argues that the interconnections between imperialism and racism were “constitutive” of international relations scholarship in the U.S. since the turn of the 20th century, and that the perspectives of a generation of African-American scholars that included W. E. B. Dubois, Alain Locke, and Ralph Bunche were equally constitutive of this scholarship—by virtue of the way the emerging discipline sought to marginalize these scholars. In developing this argument, Vitalis raises questions about the construction of knowledge and the racial foundations of American political development. These issues lie at the heart of U.S. political science, and so we have invited a range of political scientists to comment on the book and its implications for our discipline.

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40

Kamiński, Tomasz. "The Legal Status of Historic Bays in the Light of the Works of the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 24, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340197.

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Abstract The status of historic bays has developed over time and forms a part of customary international law. Interestingly, that issue has never been codified in international treaties regarding the law of the sea. However, it has always been discussed in the codification works on that topic carried out in the 20th century within the international organisations. This article discusses, in brief, the origins and evolution of the legal status of bays in international law until the beginning of the twentieth century. However, most of all, it addresses in detail the beginning of codification works carried out after World War I by the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law, with a special reference to the legal position of historic bays. Furthermore, it addresses the questions of so-called vital bays and establishment of International Waters Office, that were also discussed during the Committee works.

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41

Rakhimov, Mirzokhid, and Sadriddin Rakhimov. "STATE BORDER ISSUES IN THE MODERN HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 042–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.05.

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The formation and disintegration of the U.S.S.R. was one of the vital historical events of the 20th century. The Central Asian republics were established by the Soviet government in the 1920s and 1930s as a result of the national and territorial state delimitation, and the borders between them were provisional. As the republics obtained political independence, the process of defining state borders between the new sovereign countries began. This process turned out to be difficult for Uzbekistan, among others, but the republic was mostly able to mutually resolve interstate borders issues based on “uti possidetis.”

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De Greiff, Alexis. "The tale of two peripheries: The creation of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 33, no. 1 (2002): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2002.33.1.33.

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The negotiations to create the International Centre for Theoretical Physics took place between 1960 and 1963 within the International Atomic Energy Agency. This study pays special attention to the active roles played by scientists, politicians, and intellectuals from the host-city, Trieste (Italy), and the historical circumstances that allowed this group of local actors to become key figures in the establishment of the Centre. The hostility of delegations from several industrialized countries, the Soviet Union, and India, and the constraints that the American hostility put upon the future of the Centre, are also considered. The paper lies at the intersection of the history of 20th-century physics, international relations of science, and development studies.

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Vershinin, A. "Halfway to Social Democracy:French Socialists in the Early 21st Century." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2014): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-9-45-54.

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The article examines the problem of the French socialist party political evolution in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. Analyzing the recent history of the party the author considers the key contradiction of its contemporary development – the inability of the French socialism to reshape its identity in an age of the communist parties' collapse and the European social democracy transformation according to the “Third Way” concept. The prospects of overcoming of this contradiction in light of François Hollande’s election win in 2012 are emphasized.

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Kuzmin, Yuri, Alexey Manzhigeev, and Liudmila Sanina. "Mongolia of the Twentieth Century and Russian-Mongolian Relations: Based on the Materials of the Conference Dated May 28, 2021." Bulletin of Baikal State University 31, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2021.31(2).197-207.

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Currently, the leadership of Russia considers the expansion of economic, scientific and educational cooperation with Mongolia important, therefore, the study of modern Mongolian and world Mongolian studies, which formulate and determine further development of international relations, seems to be an urgent and contemporary task. The article describes the development trends of modern world and Russian Mongolian studies, poses topical issues that need to be resolved in the face of increasing geopolitical competition in Mongolia. It is an overview of the reports presented at the international scientific-practical conference «Mongolia of the 20th century and Russian-Mongolian relations: history and economy» dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations, which took place on May 28, 2021 in Irkutsk on the basis of the Baikal State University. The conference participants supported the idea of creating a «Biobibliographic Dictionary of Russian Researchers in Mongolia». It was proposed to include in the dictionary corpus not only the representatives of Russian Mongolologist, but also Turkologists, Sinologists, researchers of the history of Russia, as well as practitioners: diplomats, translators, military men, merchants, journalists who wrote studies on history, geography, economics, culture and art of Mongolia. Thus, scientific Russian-Mongolian cooperation continues successfully, new joint publications, round tables, and scientific conferences are being planned.

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45

Worrall, Denis. "The Real Struggle in South Africa: An Insider's View." Ethics & International Affairs 2 (March 1988): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1988.tb00531.x.

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The outsider, international approach to ending apartheid in South Africa tends to take an overly moral stance, one that ultimately ignores a complex political, economic and racial situation. Thus effective outside action and intervention fails to help remedy or improve what it finds offensive. Denis Worrall draws on 20th century South African history and his own experience as a South African to show some of the less obvious but extremely important facets of apartheid that bare directly on its dissemination.

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46

Levine, Glenn S. "Writing in Tongues: translating Yiddish in the 20th century." Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 15, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725886.2016.1158394.

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47

Konoreva, Irina A., and Igor N. Selivanov. "History of Relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in Documents from Serbian and Russian Archives." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2018): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-630-639.

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The review characterizes two collections of archival documents published in Belgrade and Moscow. They contain materials on the history of Yugoslavo-Soviet relations in 1964-1980s from the Archive of Yugoslavia and the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History. The reviewed collections continue the series of publications of the Archive of Yugoslavia (‘Documents on Yugoslavia Foreign Policy’) and of the International Fund ‘Democracy’ (‘Russia: The 20th century’). The collections contain over 100 documents, most of which are published for the first time. They address problems of international relations and domestic policy of the two countries. These problems were discussed by the leaders of Yugoslavia and the USSR at their one-on-one meetings. These discussions allow to trace the process of establishment of mutually beneficial relations. There are materials on general problems of international relations, as well as regional issues: estimation of the role of the USA in the international affaires; impact of the Non-Aligned Movement; European problems; political situation in the Near, Middle, and Far East, and in the Southeast Asia; etc. The chronological framework include events of the Second Indo-Chinese War. The 2-volume collection includes I. B. Tito’s and L. I. Brezhnev’s assessments of the operations in Vietnam and their characterization of the American policy in the region. Its name index and glossary of abbreviations simplify working with documents. The materials of these collections may be of interest to professional historians, Master Program students specializing in history and international relations, who may use them as an educational resource, and post-graduate students researching issues of World and East-European history.

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48

Huang, Sheng-Yu, Te-Yen Liu, Cheng-Lun Tien, and Amador IV Peleo. "At the World’s End: The British, Takao, and Southeast Asia, 1864–1895." Bandung 7, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21983534-00702002.

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Abstract This paper examines the history of the commercial maritime activities associated with the former British Consulate at Takao (1864–1895) by considering its role as a facilitator of trade and international relations, particularly with Southeast Asia. The Takao Consulate fostered international trade between Southern Taiwan and Southeast Asia through the trading firm Jardine Matheson and contributed to the favorable economic conditions that were further enhanced by the Japanese Empire’s colonial administration of Taiwan from 1895 to 1945. By drawing on Man-Houng Lin’s work on the development of Taiwan in the late 19th to early 20th century, examining the history of the Consulate, locating Taiwan in the nexus of commercial links spanning the Western Pacific rim, and analyzing the links between the implementation of state policies and the conduct of international business, we will provide a contextualisation of the prevailing foreign trade policies of the Taiwanese government.

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Vincent, C. Paul. "Viktor Frankl's Search for Meaning: An Emblematic 20th-Century lifeTimothy Pytell." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 31, no. 2 (2017): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcx033.

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50

de Valk, J. P. "Sources for the History of the Dutch Colonies in the Ecclesiastical Archives of Rome (1814–1903)." Itinerario 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003430.

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The source material for the history of Catholic missionary activities in the Dutch colonies during the last century is hardly available in much abundance in the mother country. The Dutch archivist and bibliographer, Marius Roessingh, had to make do in his U.N.E.S.C.O. archival guide on Netherlandish Latin American materials with a “memorandum,” in which he signalled utility of the Vatican archives. Another author in the same series, Frits Jaquet, in his second volume on Asia and Oceania, could be more explicit: he pointed to the materials kept in the state archives at Utrecht, in the Catholic Documentation Centre at Nijmegen University, and in various ecclesiastical archives. In nearly all cases, his emphasis falls within the first half of the 20th century. Such is also true with the detailed survey of materials available in the Catholic Documentation Centre that was featured two years ago in Itinerario, with only one important exception: the archive of the apostolic prefecture, later Apostolic Vicarate of Batavia (1807–1949, on microfiche), that obviously forms an essential source for the mission history of the Netherlands Indies.

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