Дисертації: "International police"

1

Yapsan, Hikmet. "International Police Cooperation on Countering Transnational Terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7435.

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Since the inception of modern police organizations, the police have been on the front lines of counter terrorism operations. The changing concept of terrorism into a more transnational nature has driven police organizations to devise new means to counter this challenge. International police cooperation on countering transnational terrorism is the product of this evolution. There have been several initiatives to build a competent and effective international police cooperation organization to fight against transnational terrorism, and new ones are steadily proposed by different stakeholders in the international arena. Without understanding what makes an international police cooperation organization effective in countering transnational terrorism, these initiatives will only yield to further duplication of efforts, waste of resources, and a steep decrease in the overall performance of those organizations. This project analyzes four international police cooperation organizations using the level of structural relations within the organization and geographic proximity as the independent variables. The cases are evaluated based on the performance of these organizations in achieving three organizational functions information exchange, ad hoc assistance and capacity building, and policy coordination and contracting.

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2

Dalmazir, Pauline. "Les lois de police protectrices dans les contrats internationaux." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30087.

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L’émergence depuis quelques années de nouvelles lois de police pour protéger certaines parties faibles au sein des contrats internationaux a été identifiée sous l’appellation de lois de police protectrices. En tant que renouvellement du mécanisme traditionnel des lois de police, cette émergence interroge, notamment quant à son bien-fondé. Cela suppose d’envisager les lois de police protectrices à la fois en tant que nouveau concept, et en tant qu’objet s’intégrant dans un environnement plus général. Ces nouvelles lois de police se sont imposées pour répondre à un besoin de protection sur la scène internationale. Cependant, la philosophie des lois de police apparaît difficilement conciliable avec l’objectif de protection d’une partie faible. Dès lors, il conviendrait de modifier certaines caractéristiques du mécanisme afin qu’il soit en mesure d’atteindre cet objectif de protection. Mais alors, se crée une déformation du concept initial de l’outil des lois de police. En outre, envisagées au sein de leur environnement, à savoir le droit européen des contrats, les lois de police protectrices sont susceptibles d’être limitées par des concepts propres au droit de l’Union. Elles peuvent aussi être dépassées par des outils d’inspiration européenne qui mettent en œuvre un autre lien entre l’impérativité d’une norme et l’exigence de protection de la partie faible
These past few years, the advent of new mandatory provisions to protect certain weaker parties within the realm of international contracts have been identified as protective mandatory provisions. As a renewal of the traditional mandatory provisions mechanism, it raises several questions with regards to its merits. This requires to consider protective mandatory provisions as a concept in itself, as well as an object integrated in a more global legal environment. These new mandatory provisions have appeared as an answer to a need for protection on the international level. However, the philosophy of mandatory provisions can be considered to be incompatible with the objective of the protecting the weaker party. Therefore, it is necessary to change certain characteristics of the mechanism in order for it to effectively attain its protection objective. It would then, however, amount to a deformation of the initial concept of mandatory provisions. Finally, considered within their environment, i.e. European contract law, protective mandatory provisions can be limited by EU-specific law concepts. They can also be surpassed by other tools, of European inspiration, putting into effect another link between the imperative character of the norm and the protection requirement of the weaker party

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3

Moreau, Emmanuelle. "Lois de police et contrat international de travail." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100094.

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L’entrée en vigueur de la convention de Rome réglant les conflits de lois en matière contractuelle ne résout pas tous les problèmes relatifs à la détermination de la loi applicable au contrat de travail duquel elle consacre pourtant son article 6. Celui-ci doit-il se combiner avec l'article 7 qui concerne les lois de police ? La notion de loi de police est précisément la notion-clé pour venir à bout du conflit de loi en droit du travail ; d’un art, elle assure la protection de la partie faible, d'autre part, elle prend en compte les intérêts étatiques directement lies a l'organisation économique d'un pays. Dans la réalisation de ce double objectif, le lieu d'exécution du travail constitue le critère de rattachement propre à mettre en œuvre la volonté du législateur. L'universalité du critère permet de le bilatéraliser. Parallèlement a l'application de cette règle, divers mécanismes assurent la protection du salarie ; subjectifs, par référence a une loi explicitement désignée par les parties, ou objectifs, par la prise en compte et la résolution du conflit mobile dans une relation internationale de travail. Protecteurs, enfin, s'avèrent le mécanisme, d'application autonome des conventions collectives dans ce type de relation, et celui qui conduit au respect d'une norme complémentaire plus favorable au salarie que la loi du pays ou i fait grève lorsque la loi de police protectrice normalement applicable à son contrat s'autolimite
To resolve the problems pertaining to the determination of the law applicable to employment contracts, the notion of "Lois de police" appears to be the key-notion. It is a unilateralistic approach, which takes into amount the interests for the state of the place of performance, and protects efficiently the weaker party to the contract. In spite of its unilateralist nature, the method is susceptible of "bilateralisation". It is also to be combined with the concept of "autolimitation", especially with reference to collective conventions and strikes

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4

Papeil, Anne-Sophie. "Les conflits de lois de police." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUED003.

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Les règles de conflits de lois permettent de déterminer quelle loi appliquer lorsque la situation présente un élément d'extranéité, et que plusieurs lois ont une prétention à s'appliquer au litige. Dans certains cas, la loi désignée par la règle de conflit sera écartée par l'application d'une loi de police. Il ne peut être dérogé à cette catégorie particulière de règles impératives, même si une autre loi d'un autre pays est choisie par les parties. Dans certains cas exceptionnels, deux ou plusieurs lois de police pourraient créer ce que nous appelons un conflit de lois de police. L'objectif de notre étude est de tenter de prouver que les conflits entre deux lois de police sont possibles, en particulier dans le domaine de l'arbitrage international et en droit de l'Union européenne, pour ensuite fournir des solutions possibles pour ce type particulier de conflit. En effet, les conflits de lois sont traditionnellement résolus par une méthode spéciale qui est aujourd'hui influencée par le droit de l'Union européenne, au moins pour les cas intra-européens. En outre, il existe maintes zones litigieuses dans la théorie et la pratique de l'arbitrage liées aux tensions inévitables entre l'autonomie des parties et des contrôles juridiques de l'Etat. Ces types de tensions peuvent soulever un conflit entre les lois de police. Quel genre de solution peut-on trouver pour résoudre un conflit de lois de police ? Il n'est pas possible d'envisager une règle classique de conflits de lois, mais plutôt une règle plus souple doit être choisie. La solution sera une combinaison de différentes théories telle que celle de la proper law, de la better law, et de la balance des intérêts
The rules of conflicts determine which law to apply when diversity exists between the applicable law of that court's state [the forum state] and the applicable law of another jurisdiction interrested in the controversy. In some cases, the law designated bu the conflicts of law provision will be excluded by the application of an overriding mandatory rule. This special category of mandatory rules may not be redogated from, even if another law of another country is chosen. In some exceptional cases, two or more overriding mandatory rules might create what we call a conflict of mandatory rule. The purpose of my research intends to prove that conflicts between two overriding mandatory rules are possible, especially in the field of arbitration and european law, and to provide possible solutions to this particular kind of conflict. Conflicts of laws are traditionnally solved through a special method that is nowadays influenced by European law, at least for the intra-European cases. Moreover, many of the contentious areas in the theory and practice of arbitration relate to the inevitable tensions between party autonomy and state legal controls. These kinds of tensions can raise a conflict of overriding mandatory rules. What kind of solution could we find to solve a conflict of overriding mandatory rules ? It is not possible to consider a classic rule of conflict of law ; rather a more flexible rule has to be chosen. The solution will be a combination of different theory as the proper lax, the better lax, and the balancing interest test

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5

Aldago, Mohamed A. A. "Police for Peace An Assessment of Sudan’s Police Force in Peacebuilding." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14162.

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This study aims to examine the relation between Sudanese police and peacebuilding in the country following an exceptionally long period of varied and complex violent conflict Literature on peacebuilding acknowledges the increasing role of police in peacebuilding, but is more often focussed on international police forces than domestic police. in order to investigate the roles of domestic forces in peacebuilding an analysis of the Sudan police is undertaken, which includes its history, organisation, management, training and the adoption of a policy of ‘community policing’. The study evaluates community policing as relatively modern policing style that is espoused by international peace builders in post conflict settings. It also examines the placement of police in peace agreements. The study concludes that whilst international police efforts in peacebuilding are not without pitfalls, domestic police, such as the Sudanese, may also be unfit for peacebuilding roles without changes in certain aspects of their organisational, management, recruitment, training and policing approaches. The study proposes a more combined approach that brings together domestic and international police for more effective role in peacebuilding.

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6

Aldago, Mohamed Ahmed Abaker. "Police for peace : an assessment of Sudan's police force in peacebuilding." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14162.

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This study aims to examine the relation between Sudanese police and peacebuilding in the country following an exceptionally long period of varied and complex violent conflict Literature on peacebuilding acknowledges the increasing role of police in peacebuilding, but is more often focussed on international police forces than domestic police. in order to investigate the roles of domestic forces in peacebuilding an analysis of the Sudan police is undertaken, which includes its history, organisation, management, training and the adoption of a policy of ‘community policing’. The study evaluates community policing as relatively modern policing style that is espoused by international peace builders in post conflict settings. It also examines the placement of police in peace agreements. The study concludes that whilst international police efforts in peacebuilding are not without pitfalls, domestic police, such as the Sudanese, may also be unfit for peacebuilding roles without changes in certain aspects of their organisational, management, recruitment, training and policing approaches. The study proposes a more combined approach that brings together domestic and international police for more effective role in peacebuilding.

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7

Seraglini, Christophe. "Lois de police et justice arbitrale internationale." Paris 1, 2000. http://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D5442%26nu%3D70.

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La thèse tente de réaliser la conciliation nécessaire entre lois de police et arbitrage international. Dans un premier temps, la thèse définit l'office de l'arbitre face aux lois de police. L'opinion défendue est celle d'une obligation pour l'arbitre de prendre en compte le phénomène des lois de police, qui se justifie par la nature de l'institution arbitrale et par le lien existant entre cette institution et les états. Ainsi, l'obligation se justifie tant par la source eétatique de l'institution arbitrale, que par le contrôle étatique exercé sur cette institution. Une fois le principe posé, la thèse tente, dans un second temps, de définir les modalités de la prise en compte des lois de police par l'arbitre. Tout d'abord, la thèse opère un choix favorable à la méthode des lois de police, au détriment de celle de l'ordre public véritablement international, pour définir les limites à la liberté contractuelle dans le commerce international. Ensuite, elle définit précisément la méthode de selection par l'arbitre des lois de police légitimement applicables au litige. Enfin, elle s'intéresse à la question de l'application par l'arbitre des lois de police retenues comme légitimement applicables.

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8

Nord, Nicolas. "Ordre public et lois de police en droit international privé." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR30001.

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L'exception d'ordre public international et les lois de police sont des notions qui sont opposées dans la doctrine classique. La norme conflictuelle de principe est encadrée par ces deux techniques, l'une intervenant a priori, l'autre a posteriori. Cette approche peut être remise en cause ou au moins nuancée. Des rapprochements peuvent être constatés. Les deux mécanismes sont alors appelés à se compléter. Ils peuvent aussi contribuer à instaurer une dynamique conflictuelle. Il est possible de déduire de leur intervention l'inadaptation d'une règle de principe et d'en forger une nouvelle, plus satisfaisante. Par ailleurs, leur complémentarité peut encore se manifester à propos du volet étranger de ces notions. L'ordre public international étranger peut se voir attribuer une place équivalente à celle des lois de police étrangères. Tel est plus particulièrement le cas lorsqu'une règle de conflit étrangère est appliquée ou lorsque des méthodes particulières de coordination sont utilisées
Mandatory rules and Public policy are opposed in private international law, by the mains trench authors. The first intervenes before the conflict of laws rule to permit application of norms of particular importance, the second after, to exclude a foreign rule which contradicts the forum fundamental principles. Never the less, this approach is questionable. Some links exist between them. Another presentation can be proposed and is sometimes effective in other countries. Both mechanisms can complete each other and are not opposed. By the way, they can contribute to a real conflictual dynamism. It is possible to deduce from their intervention an inadequation from the principle rule and to create a new one more satisfying and this for every method. Further more, this situation is useful for the foreign notions. Foreign public policy can take more importance, just as foreign mandatory rules. This must be so in particular when a foreign conflict law or special methods are used

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9

Latil, Cédric. "Intérêt public et lois de police en droit international privé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1077.

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Les lois de police sont traditionnellement définies comme des lois dont l’observation est jugée nécessaire pour la sauvegarde de l’organisation politique, sociale et économique du pays. Le juge procède dès lors à leur application immédiate sans même recourir à la règle de conflit de lois. Une telle définition ne permet cependant pas d’identifier avec certitude ce type de normes. Cette recherche entend ainsi proposer un définition du concept des lois de police délimité au regard de l’intérêt public, élément qui a été intégré l’article 9, paragraphe 1 du règlement « Rome I » sur la loi applicable aux obligations contractuelles. Les réflexions menées conduisent ensuite à s’interroger sur les conditions qui permettent de conférer aux lois de police une impérativité dans l’ordre international. Il s’agit alors de rechercher quelle est l’incidence de la considération d’intérêt public dans le traitement de conflits de lois mais aussi des conflits de juridictions
Overriding mandatory provisions is traditionally defined as a provisions the respect for which is regarded as necessary by a country for safeguarding its political, social or economic organisation. Hence, the Courts apply the law of the forum automatically and do not apply their own conflit of rules. Definition is not precise enough to be used accurately. Therefore we propose to define concept of Overriding mandatory provisions focuses on the « Public Interest », which is derived from article 9, paragraph 1 of the regulation on the law applicable to the contractual obligations. In the following lines, we wonder about the mandatory implantation of these rules at the intrenational level. Our aim is to measure the impact of Public Interest in the conflict of laws and in the conflict of jurisdictions

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10

Hulagu, Demirbilek Funda. "Restoring Class Power Over The Police: The Role Of The International In Neoliberal Police Reform In Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613859/index.pdf.

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This thesis provides a critical analysis of the post-Soviet police transformation that has been on the agenda for about two decades in all over the world. To elaborate and rethink this analysis within a concrete historical process, the transformation of the police in Turkey is focused on. However, as the number of political science-based studies on the police are very limited, and as the dominant academic studies on neoliberal police reform have been determined by policy makers themselves, that state of affairs has necessitated a prior theoretical research to be made on the question of &ldquo
what the police is&rdquo
. For, it is proved to be impossible to produce critical knowledge on police transformation without developing a theoretical framework on the nature of the modern police and the tensions embedded in it. Hence, before analyzing the neoliberal period, the thesis attempts to develop a class-based theoretical framework on the formation of the modern police in the 19th century, and concludes that the modern police apparatus has been shaped by a specific political division of labour between the state power and the class power. The form of the police is defined according to by which of these powers it is determined more, a process which has been constituted since the 19th century by a transnational collective agency that includes various fractions of the ruling classes as well as police chiefs and police intellectuals. It is the historical materialist method that provides the theoretical toolset to make sense of the transformation taking place in the police. Having analyzed the neoliberal police reform by the help of this theoretical toolset, the thesis maintains that in the neoliberal era the police apparatuses have been reintroduced to the political sphere as &ldquo
anti-statist non-state&rdquo
actors, and started making transformative interventions in the modern political field. The police restructured as a non-state actor has been dissolving the modern political field through various strategies. The thesis specifies these strategies on the basis of the police transformation process in Turkey. The police apparatus in Turkey has been constructing itself even as a &ldquo
civil society&rdquo
organization, and redefining the processes of legitimation, and mass participation of people in politics &ndash
which are necessary aspects modern political field- through its new police ideology. The main argument of the thesis is that this process as a whole is one that restores the class power of the capitalists over the police.

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11

Adel, Zaher Mina. "L'ordre public dans les relations privées internationales : l'exemple des contrats internationaux devant le juge étatique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3057.

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L’autonomie de la volonté est un principe relatif à la liberté des parties quant au choix de la loi applicable au contrat international. Cependant, ce principe est limité par les règles d’ordre public, et plus généralement les dispositions impératives, réduisant l’étendue de cette autonomie. Afin de perfectionner la mise en application de ces règles tout en garantissant une certaine prévisibilité, il s’avère important d’étudier en détail l’origine et la nature des règles d’ordre public. Une étude comparée avec le droit international privé égyptien s’avère nécessaire pour perfectionner les mécanismes actuels. Le débat conceptuel actuel met en évidence le rôle de la coopération internationale, outre les intérêts purement étatiques, ce qui suscitera un nouvel ordre public transnational, voire supranational
The freedom of choice is a principle referring to the freedom of the parties concerning the choice of the law ruling the international contract. However, this principle is limited by public policy, which reduce the extent of this freedom. In order to improve the application of these rules with a minimum of predictability, it is important to study in detail the origin and nature of the rules of public policy. A comparative study with Egyptian private international law is needed to take advantage from all current mechanisms. The current conceptual debate highlights the role of international cooperation, in addition to purely State interests, which will tend to create a new transnational, or even supranational, public policy

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12

Kihara-Hunt, Ai. "Individual criminal accountability of UN police personnel." Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/16022/.

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UN police are involved in establishing the rule of law, in UN Peace Operations. However, they themselves commit serious crimes, but are not generally prosecuted. This is likely to have an impact on the UN’s effectiveness and legitimacy. Are the UN’s mechanisms for addressing criminal accountability effective? If there is a problem, how can it be mitigated? To answer these questions, the qualifications, qualities and functions of UN police were identified. Next, an attempt was made to quantify the problem of their criminal behaviour. Current accountability mechanisms were assessed. Jurisdictional and immunity issues were examined as potential barriers to prosecution. Finally, the obligations of States and the UN to investigate and prosecute criminal acts committed by UN police were examined. Research confirmed that UN police officers commit serious crimes, but probably mostly while not on duty. Whether officers commit crimes appears to be linked more to their personal integrity than their functions. In the main, they are not being called to account. In addition, the UN is not effective in generating information fit for use in criminal proceedings. However, the laws on jurisdiction and immunity do not constitute legal barriers to accountability, although immunity poses some problems in practice. The principal problem appears to be the lack of political will to bring prosecutions. The finding that States, and arguably the UN, have an obligation to investigate and prosecute crimes may encourage prosecution. The lack of criminal accountability of the UN police appears to be linked to the mismatch between the ambitious Peace Operation mandates and the number of qualified personnel these attract. The UN also lacks transparency, which makes it difficult accurately to determine the scale of the problem. It is recommended that these issues be discussed frankly in the UN’s political organs.

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13

Hess, Martin Christopher. "The Australian Federal Police as an International Actor: Diplomacy by Default." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144278.

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Under traditional International relations theory, diplomacy relates to relations between sovereign nations. There have been two broad schools of thought on the dynamics behind these relations: the ‘realist’ school, which tends to consider power and conflict as the major lens through which such should be viewed, and the ‘idealist’ school which tended to focus on cooperation rather than conflict. Between these two extreme views, a third school, the English School of International Relations, also known as the British Institutionalists, provides somewhat of a compromise view, acknowledging the merit of both realism and idealism, by accepting that power remains an important element but also advocating that acceptance of common norms and institutions plays a significant role in determining relations, or the International Society between states. In 1977 Hedley Bull offered the following definition of International Society when he stated that International Society … exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions. This thesis is not specifically related to International Relations theory, which deals with inter-state relations. Whilst inter-state conflict and international relations remain important drivers of foreign and military policy, there is a growing recognition that it is intra-state conflict avoidance and post-conflict reconstruction which increasingly mitigate the risk to the safety, security, peace and prosperity of nations and regions. Much of this disquiet has its roots in maladministration, poor governance and a lack of justice. These are areas in which traditional approaches to foreign intervention via trade, aid and military force have limited effect, and in which effective consent-based policing and justice can play a significant part in building sustainable and peaceful outcomes. This thesis discusses the role played by a non-traditional actor in the international arena, the police, specifically the Australian Federal Police (AFP), in addressing some of these intra-state justice and governance issues in a constantly changing, unstable and unpredictable global and regional environment. The thesis is intended to outline the diversity and versatility of AFP activities and to contextualise them in terms of non-traditional New Diplomacy. The aspects of diplomacy of most significance relate to diplomatic qualities or traits of the individual police officer, diplomatic behaviours of these members, and diplomatic outcomes of their activities. As such the thesis does not relate directly to International Relations theory or to International Society, as espoused by Hedley Bull. There are, however, some interesting intersections which are worthy of note. There are some critics of the English School who argue that it is Eurocentric. Today’s International Relations originated in the 19th century when a number of European nations formed a club of ‘civilised’ states bound by international law, which expanded around the globe to involve all nations. This concept has been used to explain the lack of imperative for a supra-state or world government to maintain orderly inter-state relations, as the force which binds them is consent to agree to common interest and values within a global rules-based order. In terms of policing on an international scale, global government is simply too unwieldy. There are a number of global, consent-based institutions such as the United Nations and INTERPOL, which fulfil this requirement to a certain extent. The AFP has had long involvement with both of these global institutions, as well as several regional policing institutions. In terms of conflict-oriented ‘realism’ and cooperative ‘idealism’, policing walks both sides of the street. As this thesis will discuss, the whole posture of liberal-democratic policing is conflict prevention, and the means by which such police carry out their daily duties is by cooperation. This is the context in which replication or expansion of International Society should be considered in relation to the activities of the AFP internationally and regionally. This thesis is by definition Eurocentric, or more specifically Anglo-centric, due to the historical fact that the AFP draws all of its principles from Australia’s British antecedents and adheres to a largely ‘western’ or European notion of human rights values. This thesis explores the role of the AFP as an international actor. The thesis asserts that effective international policing has never been more important in linking the international with the domestic. The way the AFP operates in a landscape where traditional policing paradigms are rapidly changing, due to ever-changing, political, diplomatic, and transnational issues, is examined in the context of the ‘globalisation paradox’, of both needing and fearing, global governance simultaneously, as raised by Anne-Marie Slaughter in her book, A New World Order. The way the organisation has evolved from its origins, based on Western liberal-democratic policing values, approaches and skills, to an organisation involved in international policing and diplomacy at the highest levels, while still retaining its liberal-democratic credentials is explained. It is argued that in the contemporary international and Australian context, the AFP is an effective and experienced agency. It is further argued that this is a distinctive form of new diplomacy, appropriate to an increasingly globalised world. The AFP has established an extensive international network in more than 30 countries, has been a consistent contributor to national security, has participated in numerous international deployments over half a century, and continues to play a meaningful role in Australian foreign policy efforts. The thesis provides evidence to show how AFP officers exhibit diplomatic qualities similar to those listed by Daryl Copeland in his book Guerrilla Diplomacy , as well as those mentioned by Christopher Meyer in his book Getting Our Way. In all of its international endeavours, AFP members have demonstrated, in varying degrees, the three enduring elements of diplomacy as outlined by Jonsson and Hall in their book The Essence of Diplomacy. They have communicated and negotiated in some very challenging circumstances and they are representatives of the Australian Government and its humanitarian values. The AFP, as part of broader efforts with institutions such as the UN, have not so much sought a replication of international society, as mentioned by Jonsson and Hall, but have provided a supplement to international society, by effective networking, thereby addressing in large part, Slaughter’s ‘globalisation paradox’. It is not so much universal police homogeneity which is sought by such endeavours, as a balance between it, and the heterogeneity which is inevitably associated with cultures transitioning from custom and tradition, to 21st century expectations of nationhood. The way the AFP’s transnational operations, activities, and deployments, not only serve perceived national interests, but result in more effective regional governance, is identified as ‘diplomacy by default’, because formal Track I diplomacy is not their primary objective. It will be demonstrated how international diplomacy, while generally conducted with perceived national interests as its primary goal, has a secondary benefit, good international citizenship, and that the AFP has a credible history of serving both. It is argued that the AFP is well positioned within government, law and intelligence and security circles, in the Australian and international contexts, through an extensive liaison officer network in South-East Asia, the South-West Pacific as well as more broadly. It will be demonstrated how the AFP has shown itself as capable and ready to respond effectively to extant and emerging challenges, and as such, has earned a place in foreign policy discussions and considerations at the highest diplomatic levels, including the UN. The AFP provides a distinctive and direct link between the global, the regional, and the domestic, which matches the rapidly globalised community it represents. The thesis confirms that international policing acts as a distinctive aspect of Australian ‘firm’ diplomacy, and supplements the more traditional elements of international engagement, between the ‘soft’ or traditional diplomacy, and the ‘hard’ form of military intervention. The evidence provided shows how it is by this form of whole-of-government activity, inclusive of policing, that stability and security are enhanced, and peace and prosperity are encouraged. Overall, the thesis affirms the AFP as a transnational agency, which is well placed to link the international with the domestic, the contextual with the aspirational, and the theoretical with the practical, in a period of strategic uncertainty in international affairs at the dawn of the Third Millennium.

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14

Zhao, Yi. "La loi de police en droit international privé français et chinois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0001.

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Le mécanisme des lois de police en droit international privé chinois est un produit importé et sa définition législative est influencée par la définition européenne. Bien que la définition française de loi de police et la définition chinoise ne soient pas textuellement identiques, il nous semble que la notion de loi de police ne change pas selon qu’il s’agit de droit français ou de droit chinois. Cependant, n’étant prévu par le droit positif chinois que depuis 2011, le mécanisme des lois de police est relativement jeune, non seulement au regard de ce mécanisme lui-même mais aussi au regard de ses relations avec d’autres mécanismes de droit international privé ayant des liens avec lui, comme l’exception d’ordre public international. Nous chercherons les expériences françaises en la matière et étudierons la notion française et chinoise de loi de police, d’autres mécanismes de droit international privé en lien avec le mécanisme des lois de police et les illustrations des lois de police dans la jurisprudence. Malgré les critiques, l’application immédiate et impérative est toujours le caractère le plus important des lois de police du for dans l’instance directe, mais ce n’est le cas ni pour l’instance indirecte ni pour les lois de police étrangères. Selon la jurisprudence française et chinoise, le non-respect par le juge étranger ou par un tribunal arbitral de la loi de police de l’État requis n’entraîne pas automatiquement le refus de reconnaissance ou d’exécution. Concernant les lois de police étrangères, le texte législatif chinois est muet, mais cela ne signifie pas que l’application ou la prise en considération de la loi de police étrangère est interdite en droit chinois
The overriding mandatory provisions in Chinese private international law is imported and its legislative definition is incorporated by the European one. Although the French definition of overriding mandatory provisions and the Chinese definition are not textually identical, it seems to us that the notion of overriding mandatory provisions does not change depending on whether it is French law or Chinese law. However, having been provided for by Chinese positive law only since 2011, the overriding mandatory provisions mechanism is relatively young, not only with regard to this mechanism itself but also to its relations with other mechanisms of private international law having links with it, such as the international public policy exception. We will seek French experiences in this area and study the French and Chinese notion of overriding mandatory provisions, other mechanisms of private international law in connection with them and their illustrations in case law. Despite the criticisms, the immediate and mandatory application is always the most important character of the overriding mandatory provisions of the forum in the direct instance, but this is not the case for foreign overriding mandatory provisions or for the indirect instance. According to French and Chinese case law, the non-respect by the foreign judge or by an arbitral tribunal of the overriding mandatory provisions of the requested state does not automatically result in the refusal of recognition or enforcement. Regarding the foreign overriding mandatory provisions, the Chinese legislative text is silent, but this does not mean that their application or take into consideration is prohibited in Chinese law

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15

Lajaunie, Claire. "La police de la culture." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX32014.

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Le terme de police de la culture evoque la contrainte, l'interdiction, la repression dans le domaine culturel ; pourtant la police de la culture ne saurait se limiter a cela. Dans cette these, il s'agit de presenter les rapports historiquement complexes entre pouvoirs publics et culture. D'abord marques par une volonte du pouvoir d'utiliser la culture au service de son autorite, ces rapports se sont peu a peu transformes. La puissance publique a longtemps exerce un controle, une censure de l'activite culturelle puis elle est venue la reglementer dans le but de mieux la proteger. La police de la culture, c'est ce qu'il convient de montrer, resulte des relations toujours ambigues entre pouvoir et culture, relations qui evoluent desormais en faveur de la liberte. Si la police de la culture existe en droit francais, elle prend egalement corps au sein du droit communautaire et du droit international, pour sauvegarder, defendre et encourager l'activite culturelle dans sa diversite. Elle est le resultat de la reconnaissance du caractere indispensable de la culture, moyen pour l'homme d'acceder a la liberte.

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16

Dowd, Jonathan Mark. "Forensic psychology perpectives of police mental health awareness training : an international study." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417519.

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17

Durmaz, Huseyin. "International police cooperation as a response to transnational organized crime in Europe: Improvements in extradition." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4883/.

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International criminality has been a challenging phenomenon for national police forces for years. States have developed international police cooperation relations and extradition instruments in order to fight international criminal activity. This treatise explores the reasons for the rise in transnational organized crime activities in Europe and presents an in-depth explanation concerning the emergence, mandates, and structures of multilateral police collaboration systems such as Interpol, Trevi, Schengen, and Europol. Since the extradition has become an inseparable part of international policing, this study examines the improvements in extradition procedure and emphasizes the importance of extradition. Finally this study compares traditional (European Convention on Extradition of 1957) and new (European Arrest Warrant) extradition systems.

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18

Chilstein, David. "Droit pénal international et lois de police : essai sur l'application dans l'espace du droit pénal accessoire." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA01A002.

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Cette thèse a pour objet de s'interroger sur la validité des critères du droit pénal international actuels. Il s'agit notamment de savoir si ces critères sont adaptés aux incriminations du droit pénal accessoire qui recouvre l'ensemble des dispositions pénales sanctionnant la violation de normes d'autre nature (civile, administrative, commerciale), ou s'inscrivant matériellement dans le cadre d'une réglementation particulière. Il semble que les critères du droit pénal international aient été conçus en contemplation des infractions du droit pénal traditionnel et qu'ils s'accordent mal avec la sophistication des incriminations· accessoires dont le contenu n'est pas pris en compte dans la détermination de leur champ d'application dans l'espace. Aussi proposons-nous de remédier à cette situation, en recourant à une méthode empruntée au droit international privé: la méthode des lois de police. Celle-ci consiste en effet à déterminer le champ d'application des lois dans l'espace en fonction de leur finalité. A cette fin, il faut préciser le sens des diverses réglementations pénales afin de découvrir les critères qui permettent de déterminer adéquatement leur champ d'application dans l'espace. A cet égard, il conviendrait certainement de distinguer selon que l'incrimination entend protéger l'intérêt général (ordre public de direction) ou l'intérêt particulier (ordre public de protection)
The aim of this thesis is to query the validity of the present criteria used in international criminal law. This means in particular investigating whether the criteria are suited to the rules of subsidiary criminal law which covers all the criminal provisions penalising breaches of legal rules of another kind (civil, administrative, commercial) or falling materially within the framework of a particular set of regulations. It seems that the criteria of international criminal law were designed in view of the breaches of traditional criminal law and that they do not fit in well with the sophistication of such subsidiary rules whose content is not taken into account in the determination of their spatial field of application. Thus, we propose to make good this situation by using a method borrowed from private international law : the immediate application method. This in fact consists of determining the spatial field of application of the laws according to their end purpose. With this aim in view, it is necessary to spell out the sense of the different criminal regulations in order to discover the criteria which allow their spatial field of application to be adequately determined. Ln this respect, it would certainly be useful to make a distinction depending on whether the rule is intended to protect the public interest (directive rule) or the private interest (protective rule)

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19

Chilstein, David. "Droit pénal international et lois de police : essai sur l'application dans l'espace du droit pénal accessoire /." Paris : Dalloz, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38986909q.

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20

Rémy, Benjamin. "Exception d'ordre public et mécanisme des lois de police en droit international privé." Paris 1, 2006. http://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D5442%26nu%3D8.

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L'objet de cette étude est de restaurer un dialogue entre les différents objets du droit international privé. Il convient de dégager une grille de lecture qui permet de comprendre, tant les rapports que l'exception d'ordre public et le mécanisme des lois de police entretiennent avec les autres mécanismes de droit international privé, que les différences qui existent entre ces deux mécanismes. Une telle entreprise est menée en se situant sur le plan des différents intérêts susceptibles de servir de fondement aux règles de droit international privé. L'étude des différentes manifestations de l'exception d'ordre public et du mécanisme des lois de police a permis, ensuite, une double conclusion. L'exception d'ordre public permet de prendre en charge tant l'intérêt des parties à ne pas voir leur système axiologique heurté que l'intérêt étatique à réaliser certaines politiques législatives. Par ailleurs, il y aurait un phénomène de spécialisation de ces deux mécanismes au terme duquel l'exception d'ordre public traduirait le seul intérêt des parties alors que le mécanisme des lois de police prendrait en charge un intérêt étatique. C'est ensuite l'analyse de la distinction entre valeur et objectif, d'une part, et l'étude des relations entre valeurs et normes et entre objectif et norme, d'autre part, qui a permis de préciser ce que les fondements de ces mécanismes exigent exactement d'un point de vue méthodologique. C'est, par ailleurs, l'analyse menée en termes d'intérêts qui permet de comprendre l'articulation des mécanismes étudiés avec les autres méthodes de droit international privé.

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21

Remy, Benjamin. "Exception d'ordre public et mécanisme des lois de police en droit international privé /." Paris : Dalloz, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412311990.

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22

Zamzam, Abdel Moneem. "Les lois de police dans la jurisprudence étatique et arbitrale : étude comparée franco-égyptienne." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOD002.

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En droit international privé, on a pu observer au cours des dernières années un développement considérable de la méthode des lois de police. Cette méthode soulève un certain nombre de problèmes, chaque problème étant délicat à résoudre. Au niveau théorique, législatif et doctrinal, il convient d'aborder deux grandes questions : l'identification des lois de police et leur méthode de mise en œuvre. L'étude comparée entre les droits français, égyptien et musulman est très utile en la matière pour atteindre l'essence de notre méthode des lois de police et préciser sa véritable position parmi les méthodes de droit international privé. Est-elle là pour détruire le droit international privé ou bien au contraire pour sauvegarder le système de la règle de conflit lui-même ?Au niveau de la jurisprudence étatique, ces mêmes questions doivent être traitées. Il paraît d'autant plus intéressant de comparer la position de la doctrine et l'attitude de la jurisprudence tant en Égypte qu'en France, surtout en ce qui concerne les lois de police d'un Etat tiers, que l'on ne peut croire totalement en son application. Enfin, au niveau de la jurisprudence arbitrale, l'arbitrabilité du litige ne dépend pas forcément, à l'inverse de ce que constatent certains auteurs, de l'existence d'une loi de police, mais elle relève de la notion de libre disposition consacrée par l'article 2059 du Code civil français, alors que l'article 2060 du même Code paraît consacrer un critère inutile. Toutefois, l'identité des solutions en ce domaine est marquée dans les droits français, égyptien et musulman, même si le droit musulman reconnaît à l'arbitrage un champ plus large que le droit positif. D'ailleurs, l'arbitre international, en droit ou en qualité d'amiable compositeur, sélectionne les lois de police comme le juge étatique en fonction de la formule suivante : Sont applicables les lois de police de l'Etat sur le territoire duquel les faits se localisent
In the last few years, there has been an important change in private international law concerning mandatory rules. These rules raise a number of problems, which are very difficult to solve. As far as theory, legislation and doctrine are concerned, it is necessary to look into the problem of the identification of mandatory rules and of their enforcement. A comparative study of French, Egyptian and Muslim law can help us have a better understanding of mandatory rules and define their position in relation to the mechanisms of private international law. Are they used to demolish private international law or are they used, on the contrary, to safeguard the system of the conflicts rule?These questions must also be studied in relation to national case law. It seems to be all the more interesting to compare the position of the doctrine with that of case law in Egypt and in France (especially as regards the mandatory rules of a foreign State) as it is impossible to believe totally in its enforcement. Finally, according to arbitrators, the arbitrability of the dispute does not necessarily depend, contrary to what some authors have noticed, on the existence of a mandatory rule, but it rests on the notion of "libre disposition" laid out in article 2059 of the French Civil Code, whereas article 2060 of the selfsame Code seems to establish a useless requirement. Yet, the nature of the solutions relating to this field is obvious in French, Egyptian and Muslim law, even if Muslim law attributes to arbitration a wider domain than substantive law. Besides, the international arbitrator, in law or as an "amiable compositeur", selects, like the judge, the mandatory rules according to the following principle: Mandatory rules are applicable on the territory of the State on which facts are localized

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23

Wehri, Matthew T. "Preventing an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) terror campaign in the United States." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FWehri.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Doorey, Timothy J. ; Bradley, Gordon H. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 24, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-55). Also available in print.

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24

O'Shea, Liam. "Police reform and state-building in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Russia." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5165.

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This dissertation provides an in-depth study of police transformation in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It draws upon interviews with police, NGO workers, politicians and international practitioners, and employs a comparative-historical approach. Contra to democratic policing approaches, advocating the diffusion of police power and implementation of police reform concurrently with wider democratisation, reform was relatively successful in Georgia after the 2003 Rose Revolution because of state-building. The new government monopolised executive power, fired many police, recruited new personnel, raised police salaries and clamped down on organised crime and corruption. Success also depended on the elite's political will and their appeal to Georgian nationalism. Prioritisation of state-building over democratisation limited the reform's success, however. The new police are politicised and have served elites' private interests. Reform has failed in Kyrgyzstan because of a lack of state-building. Regional, clan and other identities are stronger than Kyrgyz nationalism. This has hindered the formation of an elite with capacity to implement reform. The state has limited control over the police, who remain corrupt and involved in organised crime. State-building has not precipitated police reform in Russia because of the absence of political will. The ruling cohort lacks a vision of reform and relies on corruption to balance the interests of political factions. The contrasting patterns of police reform have a number of implications for democratic police reform in transitioning countries: First, reform depends on political will. Second, institutionalising the police before democratising them may be a more effective means of acquiring the capacity to implement reform. Third, such an approach is likely to require some sort of common bond such as nationalism to legitimate it. Fourth, ignoring democratisation after institutionalisation is risky as reformers can misuse their power for private interests.

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25

Oprea, Elena-Alina. "Droit de l'Union européenne et lois de police." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020028.

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L’interaction du droit de l’Union européenne avec le droit international privé se manifeste avec une acuité particulière en matière de lois de police, continuant et renouvelant les discussions suscitées par celles-ci. La promotion des intérêts de l’Union européenne par ce mécanisme de DIP peut être facilement observée. Il reste que des questions peuvent surgir quant à l’aménagement, dans les systèmes juridiques nationaux, de l’articulation des lois de police de source nationale et européenne. Le transfert de certaines compétences des Etats membres vers l’Union, le rapprochement des législations des Etats membres ou le poids plus important accordé aux raisonnements et aux intérêts européens au moment de la qualification mettent en lumière une catégorie « lois de police » avec des contours nouveaux. La mise en oeuvre des lois de police porte, elle aussi, l’empreinte de l’influence du droit de l’Union européenne. L’intégration des données liées à la réalisation du marché intérieur entraîne une perturbation significative du mécanisme traditionnel des lois de police, accompagnée d’une diminution de l’efficacité de ces normes dans les relations entre les Etats membres. L’objectif de création, au sein de l’Union, d’un espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice s’est matérialisé par la mise en place de corps de règles européennes de DIP dans diverses matières. La méthode des lois de police en ressort transformée, suite tant à la prise de position directe du législateur européen sur les conditions de son intervention, qu’en raison des évolutions enregistrées par d’autres méthodes concurrentes de droit international privé
The interaction between the European Union law and the private international law is particularly acute in the field of internationally mandatory rules, maintaining and renewing the debate which always accompanied this kind of norms. If the internationally mandatory rules occupy a special place in the European legislation, being an extremely effective tool of European policy, some difficulties arise as to the articulation, in the Member States’ legal systems, of the both national and European different sources of lois de police. The transfer of powers from Member States to the European Union, the harmonization of national legislations and the greater weight given to European reasoning and interests at the time of qualification highlight a new dimension of the internationally mandatory rules concept. Also the implementation of internationally mandatory rules is highly influenced by the European Union Law. The Member States’ obligations concerning the completing of the internal market and the removal of restrictions to changes involve a significant disturbance to this traditional PIL mechanism; a decrease in the effectiveness of internationally mandatory rules in relations between Member States may be observed. The purpose of establishing an area of freedom, security and justice within the European Union was materialized in the establishment of European private international law rules in various fields; the internationally mandatory rules method is transformed as a result of the European legislator direct intervention on his definition and regime, but also as a result of the evolution that affects other concurring private international law methods

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26

Ricard, Antoine. "Lois de police et activités bancaires internationales : contribution à l’étude des lois de police à propos des activités bancaires et d’investissement." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0031.

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L’étude des lois de police à l’aune des activités bancaires et d’investissement permet tout d’abord de vérifier que les lois de polices sont des règles de droit privé impératives non pénales d’application immédiate et nécessaire en vue de la sauvegarde de certains intérêts impérieux. Dès lors, elles doivent être distinguées des règles d’application nécessaire, des règles de droit pénal et des règles de droit public. Leurs rapports avec les différentes notions d’ordre public sont aussi précisés. Aussi, une démarche d’identification systémique des lois de police peut-elle être entreprise par la transposition en droit international privé de la méthode dite du faisceau d’indices empruntée au droit public. Les lois de police doivent ensuite être resituées dans le jeu des méthodes de droit international privé de détermination du droit applicable. Il en ressort que les lois de police bancaires du for priment sur le jeu de la règle de conflit ordinaire mais, qu’à l’inverse, la règle de conflit spéciale prime sur le jeu des lois de police. Il est proposé pour cette raison d’étendre la protection du consommateur international à l’usager bancaire non consommateur par l’édiction d’une nouvelle règle de conflit spéciale relative à cette catégorie d’individus. Les activités bancaires et d’investissement consacrent des règles professionnelles non-étatiques – la lex argentarii anationale ou transnationale – dont l’applicabilité est fragile à défaut de choix par les parties du droit applicable à l’opération visée. La reconnaissance d’une règle de droit international privé matériel d’application d’office par le juge de cette lex argentarii, sous quelques réserves, serait un correctif essentiel. Au demeurant, les lois de police priment sur les règles professionnelles internationales des banquiers, la lex argentarii
The study of the overriding mandatory provisions in respect of banking and investment activities allows first of all to see whether the mandatory provisions belong to the set of rules of private law, not criminal legislation but still immediately applicable, imperative and necessary in order to protect certain imperious interests. They must be distinguished from the rules of the necessary application, the rules of criminal law and of public law. Their relations with different notions of public order are equally covered by the present study. Thus, a work of systematic identification of the overriding mandatory provisions may be managed by the means of transposing the so-called pattern of clues borrowed from public law to private international law. The overriding mandatory provisions must also be situated amongst the methods of international private law concerning the determination of the applicable law. It follows from these methods that the overriding mandatory banking provisions of the for rule over an ordinary conflict of law, but vice versa, a special conflict of law rules over mandatory provisions. Thus, it is suggested in the present study to extend the protection of an international consumer to a banking user deprived of consumer status by enacting a new special conflict rule relevant to the latter category. The investment activities create a set of private professional transnational rules, called lex argentarii. Their applicability is fragile because of the absence of choice by the parties of the law applicable to a certain operation. An automatic recognition by a judge of a rule relevant to material private international law, which would be the lex argentarii, would be, within certain limits, a substantial remedy to the issue. Nevertheless, presently it is the overriding mandatory provisions that rule over the lex argentarii

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27

Poisson, Caroline. "Enfants policiers." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23805.

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Peu d’information existe au sujet des enfants qui exercent le travail de policier. Cette thèse tente de définir le terme enfant policier avec l’aide de différentes sciences ayant étudié l’enfant ainsi que le métier de policier. Par ailleurs, l’étude de conventions internationales aide à déterminer le cadre juridique pouvant règlementer le travail des enfants comme policiers. Afin d’illustrer ces propos, plusieurs exemples de pays sont donnés dans le but de démontrer les diverses circonstances où des enfants sont policiers. Finalement, des recommandations sont émises pour mieux encadrer la situation pouvant être qualifiée de dangereuse pour l’enfant et la communauté dans laquelle se retrouve cet enfant.

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28

Benmbarek-Lesaffre, Kenza. "Les règles matérielles de droit international privé." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020065.

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Анотація:

Les règles matérielles de droit international privé sont classiquement définies comme étant des règles qui apportent une réponse sur le fond à une question de droit international privé. Elles se distinguent ainsi de la traditionnelle règle de conflit de lois neutre, abstraite et bilatérale, qui se limite, dans sa forme initiale, à la désignation de l’ordre juridique dans lequel sera puisée la règle qui apportera une réponse sur le fond au litige. Cette définition montre aujourd’hui ses limites tant les méthodes du droit international privé ont évolué. Des rapprochements se sont opérés de sorte que les frontières qui délimitaient les différentes méthodes du droit international privé sont devenues plus floues, entrainant des incertitudes quant au régime juridique de ces règles. Nous avons tenté, à travers l’étude de la physionomie des règles matérielles de droit international privé, de proposer une définition qui prenne en compte leur spécificité mais également leur variété tout en les distinguant des méthodes voisines et, en particulier, des lois de police. Cette définition nous a conduit à un classement des règles matérielles en sous-catégories et nous amène à nous orienter vers la variabilité de leur régime juridique
The material rules of private international law are classically defined as rules that provide substantive answers to a question of private international law. They are distinguished from the traditional conflict of laws rule which is neutral, abstract, bilateral and limited, in its initial form, to the designation of the applicable legal order. This definition shows its limits as the methods of private international law have evolved. Boundaries between the different methods became more unclear, leading to uncertainty as to the legal regime of the material rules. We have tried, through the study of material rules of private international law, to propose a definition that takes into account their specificity but also their variety while distinguishing them from neighboring methods and, in particular, police laws. This definition has led us to a classification of material rules and to the conclusion that their legal regime should depend of the particular subcategory they belong to

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29

Katouya, Kevin Constant. "Réflexions sur les instruments de droit pénal international et européen de lutte contre le terrorisme." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN20008/document.

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Анотація:

La gravité du phénomène terroriste et la menace qu'il fait peser sur la paix et la sécurité internationales, de par son caractère transnational, obligent la communauté internationale à adopter un « code de bonnes pratiques » en matière de lutte anti-terroriste. Cette préoccupation est au cœur des réflexions menées dans cette thèse, qui met au premier plan le respect des normes de l'État de droit, en consacrant la suprématie de la loi dans la lutte internationale contre le terrorisme, et en essayant de comprendre les raisons qui incitent les terroristes à opter pour la voix de la radicalisation violente. Les instruments de droit pénal international et européen permettent ainsi de mettre en évidence la spécificité de la lutte internationale contre le terrorisme. Celle-ci, tout en s'effectuant de manière globale et intégrée, permet sur le plan pénal aux autorités de définir de manière très large les incriminations, afin de permettre une action anticipée et rapide contre les actes terroristes. Progressivement, à la faveur d'une montée des attentats dans le monde et surtout depuis le 11 septembre 2001, cette action dite proactive va s'ajouter à la tendance répressive qui prévalait jusqu'à lors : celle de la réaction, symbolisée par les conventions et protocoles dits sectoriels. Le caractère transnational de l'infraction terroriste oblige les services nationaux et internationaux à coopérer entre eux. Cette coopération se veut multiforme et multidimensionnelle
The gravity of terrorism and the threat it poses to international peace and security, owing to its cross-border nature, have compelled the international community to adopt guidelines on "best practices" to combat terrorism. This issue is the focus of this thesis, as it highlights respect for the rule of law, enshrines the supremacy of the law in international counter-terrorism efforts, and seeks to grasp the motives of terrorists for embracing violent radicalisation. In this regard, international and European criminal law instruments bring the specificity of international counter-terrorism to the fore. The global and integrated nature of international counter-terrorism has led prosecution authorities to broadly define the scope of offences with a view to pre-empting and responding swiftly to acts of terrorism. Gradually, as a result of the upsurge of attacks worldwide and especially, since 11 September 2001, this proactive tendency has bolstered the criminal justice system that was in place. It is a responsive system characterized by sector-specific conventions and protocols. The transnational scope of acts of terrorism commands multiform and multifaceted cooperation between national and international agencies

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30

Oprea, Elena-Alina. "Droit de l'Union européenne et lois de police." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2011. https://eu02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/uresolver/33PUDB_IEP/openurl?u.ignore_date_coverage=true&portfolio_pid=5364207000004675&Force_direct=true.

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L’interaction du droit de l’Union européenne avec le droit international privé se manifeste avec une acuité particulière en matière de lois de police, continuant et renouvelant les discussions suscitées par celles-ci. La promotion des intérêts de l’Union européenne par ce mécanisme de DIP peut être facilement observée. Il reste que des questions peuvent surgir quant à l’aménagement, dans les systèmes juridiques nationaux, de l’articulation des lois de police de source nationale et européenne. Le transfert de certaines compétences des Etats membres vers l’Union, le rapprochement des législations des Etats membres ou le poids plus important accordé aux raisonnements et aux intérêts européens au moment de la qualification mettent en lumière une catégorie « lois de police » avec des contours nouveaux. La mise en oeuvre des lois de police porte, elle aussi, l’empreinte de l’influence du droit de l’Union européenne. L’intégration des données liées à la réalisation du marché intérieur entraîne une perturbation significative du mécanisme traditionnel des lois de police, accompagnée d’une diminution de l’efficacité de ces normes dans les relations entre les Etats membres. L’objectif de création, au sein de l’Union, d’un espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice s’est matérialisé par la mise en place de corps de règles européennes de DIP dans diverses matières. La méthode des lois de police en ressort transformée, suite tant à la prise de position directe du législateur européen sur les conditions de son intervention, qu’en raison des évolutions enregistrées par d’autres méthodes concurrentes de droit international privé
The interaction between the European Union law and the private international law is particularly acute in the field of internationally mandatory rules, maintaining and renewing the debate which always accompanied this kind of norms. If the internationally mandatory rules occupy a special place in the European legislation, being an extremely effective tool of European policy, some difficulties arise as to the articulation, in the Member States’ legal systems, of the both national and European different sources of lois de police. The transfer of powers from Member States to the European Union, the harmonization of national legislations and the greater weight given to European reasoning and interests at the time of qualification highlight a new dimension of the internationally mandatory rules concept. Also the implementation of internationally mandatory rules is highly influenced by the European Union Law. The Member States’ obligations concerning the completing of the internal market and the removal of restrictions to changes involve a significant disturbance to this traditional PIL mechanism; a decrease in the effectiveness of internationally mandatory rules in relations between Member States may be observed. The purpose of establishing an area of freedom, security and justice within the European Union was materialized in the establishment of European private international law rules in various fields; the internationally mandatory rules method is transformed as a result of the European legislator direct intervention on his definition and regime, but also as a result of the evolution that affects other concurring private international law methods

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31

Prateeppornnarong, Dhiyathad. "An evaluation of the systems for handling police complaints in Thailand." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6970/.

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This thesis, based on empirical evidence and documentary analysis, critically evaluates the systems under the regulatory oversight of the Royal Thai Police (RTP), the Office of the Ombudsman, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) in respect of the handling of police complaints. Comparisons will be drawn from the system under the control of the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) in England and Wales in order to provide alternative perspectives to the Thai police complaints system. This thesis proposes a civilian control model of a police complaints system as a key reform measure to instill public confidence in the handling of complaints in Thailand. Additional measures ranging from sufficient power and resources, complainants’ involvement, securing transparency and maintaining police faith in the system are also recommended to enhance the proposed system.

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32

Campagnola, François. "Droit international et stratégie maritime des Etats." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE0061.

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Анотація:

La Convention de Montego Bay marqua un véritable tournant dans le développement du Droit international de la mer. Elle introduisit un net rééquilibrage au profit du premier des intérêts juridiquement protégés de l'Etat côtier et l'Etat du pavillon. Le point d'équilibre juri-dique réalisé à Montego Bay ne fut ensuite pas subir la pression d'un certain nombre d'Etats dont il résulta, dans les années 1990, une refonte de la Partie XI du texte et un Accord sur le régime juridique des stocks chevauchants. Cette étude a un double objet. Elle vise tout d'abord à faire un état des lieux du droit international positif régissant la situation des espaces marins et d'un certain nombre d'activi-tés maritimes. Elle démontre que le développement des préoccupations environnementales constitue un puissant faire-valoir des intérêts des Etats côtiers. Elle vise, d'autre part, à mon-trer combien la norme juridique maritime est poreuse au regard de l'expression de l'intérêt des Etats et combien, notamment en ce qui concerne l'usage de la force en mer, les considé-rations de nature extra-juridique pèsent ici fortement
The Montego Bay Convention marked a real turning point in the development of the International law of the sea. It introduced a clear rebalance between the juridically protected interests of the coastal State and the flag State to the benefit of the first. The juridical balance realized by the Convention was subjected to pressures from both States, the result of which, in the nineties, was a revision of Part XI and an agreement concerning the juridical regime of the straddling stocks. This study has a double objective. First, it aims to make an examination of the rule of International law concerning the juridical régime of marine spaces and a certain number of maritime activities. It proves that the development of environmental preoccupations also constitutes a manner to promote the interests of the coastal State. It aims, then, to show how the International law of the sea is porous concerning the expression of the States interests and how, especially in terms of use of force at sea, the extra-juridical considerations weigh strongly

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33

Castro, C. Daniel. "The impact of police and media relations on a crisis." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Sep%5FCastro.pdf.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Nadav Morag, Kristie Koenig. "September 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-109). Also available in print.

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34

Granroth, Emanuel. "COIN vs DynCorp International : Hur har nyttjandet av DynCorp International påverkat Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan genom sin medverkan i utbildningen av Afghan National Police?" Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-825.

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2001 störtades ett antal flygplan in i World Trade Center och Pentagon i USA, detta genomfördes av organisationen al-Qaeda med Usama Bin Laden som ledare. Påföljden av detta blev att USA inledde sitt krig mot terrorismen. Skådeplatsen för detta blev Afghanistan som sedan tidigare har varit krigshärjat av Sovjet på 80-talet. 2003 vann DynCorp sitt första kontrakt kopplat till Afghan NationalPolice, detta innebar att de ansvarade för att utbilda poliser som skulle arbeta på lägre nivåer. Då Tyskland ansvarade för utbildning av poliser på nivåerna commissioned och non-commissioned. Frågeställningen som är kopplad till denna uppsats är huruvida DynCorps aktivitet haft någon påtaglig effekt på upprorsbekämpningen som bedrivs genom Operation Enduring Freedom? Författarens slutsatser pekar på ett antal faktorer som DynCorp kan ha haft viss medverkan i, och härleder dessa till teorin kring begreppet Counter Insurgency. Dock kan författaren inte utan tvekan påvisa att det finns direkta och tydliga kopplingar till DynCorp i de avseenden då Operation Enduring Freedom har blivit lidande av hur poliserna i Afghan National Police har agerat.

2001 the World Trade Centers were destroyed and Pentagon was damaged when a number of airplanes where deliberately crashed in to these buildings, this was carried out by the Al-Qaeda with Osama Bin Laden as their leader. The consequence of this was that the U.S. launched its war on terror. The already war torn country of Afghanistan became the target for the U.S. invasion. In 2003 DynCorp won its first contract linked to the Afghan National Police, this meant that they were responsible for training police officers who would work at lower levels. Since Germany was responsible for the training of police officers at the levels of Commissioned and Non-Commissioned. Questions which are linked to this essay are whether DynCorp’s activity had any effect on the insurgency fighting conducted throughout Operation Enduring Freedom? The author's findings point to a number of factors that DynCorp may have had some involvement, and derive them to the theory around the concept COIN. However, the author can not clearly demonstrate that there is direct and clear links to DynCorp, in the ways in which Operation Enduring Freedom has suffered from the actions taken from policemen in the Afghan National Police.

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35

Kleiven, Maren Eline. "From mission idealism to operational realism : a study of Norwegian contribution to international police reform missions." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/from-mission-idealism-to-operational-realism(b96b5cfa-ab6e-46e8-af32-b135667fec4c).html.

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This qualitative study has examined the overall Norwegian contribution to international police reform missions (IPRMs) using a multiple case study design to compare three different missions where Noway has contributed relatively significantly over a period of time; the bilateral project in Serbia (JUNO); the multilateral UN mission to Liberia (UNIMIL); and finally the regional EU mission to Afghanistan (EUPOL). The case studies have subsequently been systematically compared through a narrative cross-case analysis where similarities and variations has been categorised into three stages; pre-mission, in-mission and post-mission, using analytical software for qualitative studies. Motives and goals for involvement were identified, subsequently set against the police officers actual experience in each mission, and their understanding of the overall picture in relation to their responsibilities. Substantial empirical research work was undertaken to inform the individual case study's including 99 open ended interviews, consisting of 36 Norwegian police officers (practioners), 21 co-operating partners in the missions and 42 experienced senoir officials working with IRPMs throughout the world. Also, oberservational fieldwork and study trpis to 11 countries were conducted, and a wide range of secondary data was reviewed to ensure reliability and validity throughout the thesis. The fidings suggest that there are severe impediments to achoeve a successful outcome of IPRMs, but that the responsibility cannot be attributed to one organisation or country alone. The experiences of Norwegian police officers deployed to different types of IPRMs paint a picture of an international arena torn between idealism and realism, one characterised by a pragmatic approach focused on action and quantity rather than development and quality. Because of a complete absence of overall doctrines and a system that is not sufficiently well grounded, IPRMs suffer from an absence of long-term strategies, goals, success criteria, and planning. Instead, goals are often vague and over-ambitious, demanding results that promote output rather thanoutcome, consequently at the risk of the individual police officer who operates in adverse operational working conditions. The findings reveals a system that currently fails to recognise the need for better and more extensive planning and preparation for the individual police officer pre-mission, that fails to acknowledge the role and professionalism of the police officers in-mission; and that fails to ensure proper debriefing and reintegration procedures for the police officer post-mission. International relations theory was used as a basis for the macro-level of this study, but no mid-range theory was found to inform the meso- and micro-level. Herein lies the original theoretical contribution to this field - it aims to inform the development of internationation police science, one that can substantiate a much needed future universal doctrine on international police reform missions.

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36

Foxcroft, Graham. "Interpol National Central Bureau : an operational policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50376.

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Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Foreign criminal syndicates are using South Africa as a springboard to commit certain crimes throughout the world. The crimes vary from fraud to murder to dealing in drugs. The South African Police Service does possess the capacity and the means to trace and arrest these criminals but this is not enough. Foreigners arrested in this country are tried and sentenced without any checks being done in order to determine whether the subject is possibly sought by other policing agencies throughout the world. One of the means available to the South African Police Service but which is completely under utilizsed is the component "Interpol", which is based within the Crime Intelligence division at Head Office in Pretoria. One reason for the under utilisation of this component is the absence of an operational policy. The design of a policy document will inform members of the South African Police Service of the environment in which Interpol operates and what contribution it can make in respect of- the investigation of crimes that have an international dimension. The theoretical aspects of the policy environment have been discussed and it was found that it is of importance that the proper goals and objectives are formulated and that policy analyst must be able to differentiate between the two. As progress is made in respect of the policy document the analyst will have to keep abreast with current tendencies and make the necessary adjustments. These changes must not be of such a nature that the goals and objectives of the policy document are changed or altered. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the police, especially in Europe, began to realise that criminals were regularly committing offences in other countries and then returning to their own country. There was nothing that the police could do in this regard as the extradition of a criminal was done applied for in exceptional circumstances. The possibility of establishing an international policing agency in order to assist all policing agencies in combating these "cross-border" crimes was investigated. The first conference was held during 1914 in Monaco. This was the first of many conferences that would lead to the establishment of the international policing agency known as "Interpol". South Africa only joined the organisation in September 1993. It is proposed that an operational policy document be drafted and send to all the divisions of the South African Police Service. This document clearly stipulates how Interpol Pretoria can be of assistance to all the divisions of the South African Police Service. This includes what must be done when foreign nationals are arrested in South Africa and when members of the South African police Service undertake official journeys to foreign countries. The document also includes how the component is managed, its structure and the nature of its duties. Research has proven that there is a need for a policy document for Interpol Pretoria. It is recommended that the operational policy document be accepted. Once accepted, the document must be converted into a national instruction. The advantages of a document of this nature are: ./' The component already exists and no additional funding is required to establish the component. ./' More members of the South African Police Service will be able to make use of the services rendered by the component. Of the disadvantages in this regard, is that it is a long-winded procedure that has to be followed before the document is approved. Visits will have to be undertaken to hold "information sessions" with the commanders within the various provinces. Research has illustrated that policy documents are valuable within the Public Service. The absence of a policy document is not necessarily a disadvantage to certain units within the policing environment but when it comes to available resources not being optimally utilized, the reason therefore could be the absence on an operational policy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika word deur buitelandse misdaadsindikate as afsetgebied gebruik om sekere misdade oor die hele wêreld heen te pleeg. Die misdade wissel van bedrog tot moord tot dwelmhandel. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens beskik weloor bronne en kennis om die misdadigers op te spoor en in hegtenis te neem. Maar dit is nie genoeg nie. Buitelanders wat in hegtenis geneem word, word vervolg sonder dat daar vasgestel word of die persoon deur ander polisie-agentskappe in ander wêrelddele gesoek word. Van die bronne wat tot die beskikking van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens is, maar wat heeltemalonderbenut word, is die "Interpol"-komponent van Misdaadintelligensie, Hoofkatnoor, Pretoria. Een van die redes hiervoor is dat daar geen operasionele beleid vir hierdie komponent bestaan nie. Die opstel van so 'n beleidsdokument sal lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens inlig oor die werksmilieu waarbinne "Interpol" werk en watter bydrae die komponent by die ondersoek van misdade met 'n internasionale dimensie kan maak. Die teoretiese aspekte van die beleidsmilieu is bespreek en daar is gevind dat dit van kardinale beland is om behoorlik geformuleerde doelstellings en doelwitte op te stel. Die beleidsanalis behoort ook tussen die twee kan onderskei. Soos die opstel van die document vorder, is dit belangrik dat die analis met nuwe tendense moet tred hou en die nodige verstellings behoort aanbring te word. Dié verstellings behoort nie van so 'n aard wees dat dit die doelstellings en doelwitte van die beleidsdokument verander nie. Teen die middle van die negentiende eeu het die polisie, veral in Europa begin besef dat misdadigers gereeld misdade in ander lande pleeg en dan na hulle eie land terugkeer. Daar was niks wat die polisiebeamptes hieraan kon doen nie aangesien die uitlewering van 'n verdagte slegs in uitsonderlik egevalle aangevra is. Die moontlikheid is ondersoek dat 'n internasionale polisie-organisasie op die been gebring moes word wat alle polisie-agentskappe sou help om "oorgrensmisdade" te bekamp. Die eerste konferensie van dié is in 1914 in Monaco gehou. Dit was die eerste van 'n reeks konferensies wat aanleidign sou gee tot die totstandkoming van die internasionale polisie-organisasie wat vandag as "Interpol" bekend staan. Suid- Afrika het eers in September 1993 lid van dié organisasie geword. 'n Operasionele beleidsdokument word voorgestel wat na al die afdelings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens versprei moet word. Die dokument gee 'n uiteensetting van hoe Interpol Pretoria ander afdelings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens van hulp kan wees, soos byvoorbeeld wat van lede in sekere gevalle verlang word, soos waar buitelandse burgers gearresteer word en/of wanneer lede amptelike besoeke aan ander lande aflê. Die dokument gee ook 'n uiteensetting van hoe die komponent bedryf word, asook van sy struktuur en werksaamhede. Die navorsing bewys dat daar 'n behoefte aan 'n beleidsdokument vir Interpol Pretoria bestaan. Daar word aanbeveel dat die operasionele beleidsdokument aanvaar behoort te word. Nadat dit goedgekeur is, behoort dit in 'n nasionale instruksie omskep te word. Die voordele van so 'n dokument is meervoudig, en sluit die volgende in: ./ Die Komponent bestaan reeds en bykomende fondse hoef nie daarvoor bewillig te word nie . ./ Meer lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens sal die dienste gebruik wat die komponent verskaf. Van die nadele is dat dit 'n langdurige proses is om so 'n beleidsdokument te laat goedkeur. Besoeke sal aan die verskeie provinsiale kantore gebring behoort te word om 'inligtingsessies' met die bevelvoerders te hou. Die navorsig het weer eens bewys dat beleidsdokumente nog steeds 'n waardevolle plek in die Staatsdiens het. Die gebrek aan 'n beleid is nie noodwendig nadelig vir sekere eenhede binne die polisiemilieu nie, maar wanneer daar gekyk word na die onderbenutting van bestaande bronne, kan dit heel moontlik aan die afwesigheid van 'n operasionele beleidsdokument toegeskryf word.

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37

Gaudard, Deborah. "La lutte contre la criminalité organisée au Brésil et les unités spéciales de police : droit de la guerre ou droit de la paix ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3050.

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Depuis plusieurs décennies, de nombreuses favelas à Rio de Janeiro au Brésil sont contrôlées par des factions du trafic de drogues. Cette réalité a produit des conflits d’une extrême violence entre plusieurs acteurs, les trafiquants, les forces de l’ordre et les “milices” composées de policiers actifs ou retraités, de pompiers et de gardiens de sécurité. Pour faire face à cette situation, les politiques de sécurité publique se sont axées sur l’usage de la force et la répression. Ce contexte conduit à se poser la question de savoir si les autorités brésiliennes sont confrontées à des troubles intérieurs, ou si elles sont désormais engagées dans un conflit armé non international tel qu’il est défini par les textes internationaux. Dans la première hypothèse (troubles intérieurs) c’est le droit interne du pays et le Droit International de Droits de l’Homme qui s’applique. Dans la seconde hypothèse (conflit armé non international), le Droit International humanitaire (DIH), branche du droit de la guerre, devrait s’appliquer. C’est ce que cette recherche a voulu étudier, en mesurant quels pourraient en être les effets positifs pour les populations concernées et si l’efficacité de la lutte contre le trafic de drogues s’en trouverait améliorée, sans négliger, non plus, qu’à Rio puissent se combiner à la fois certaines caractéristiques de chacune de ces deux hypothèses. Il s’est agi d’ancrer dans le droit des mesures nouvelles qui, compte tenu de l’échec manifeste des politiques de sécurité en vigueur, s’avèrent indispensables pour contrôler ou réduire la violence liée au trafic de drogues
For several decades, numerous favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil have been controlled by narco-traffickers. As a consequence, extremely violent conflicts have occurred between several key players, the traffickers, the police, and militias made up of active and retired police officers, firemen, and security officers. To handle this situation, public order policy has focused on repression and the use of force. This context leads to a question as to whether the Basilian authorities are facing internal troubles, or if they are involved in a non-international armed conflict as defined by international rules. In the first case (internal troubles), the internal law of the country applies, as well as Human Rights International law. In the second case (non-international armed conflict), International Humanitarian Law (war law section) should apply. This question is what this research aims to study by measuring which positive effects could result from it for the affected people and if the efficiency of the fight against narco-traffickers could be improved, bearing in mind that in Rio, characteristics of both hypothesis could be combined. It is about establishing new rules in law, which prove essential to control or reduce the violence due to narco-traffickers considering the obvious failure of current security policies

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38

O’Rourke, Simon. "An intelligence model for terrorist incident prevention for Australian police: A systemic investigation." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/379.

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This study examines the role that intelligence will continue to play in the ongoing efforts to mitigate the effects of contemporary terrorism. The role of domestic policing agencies is expanding to meet the challenge of transnational organised crime and also the threat to community safety and cohesion that terrorism entails. The September 11 attacks on the twin towers in New York city showcased the darkest elements of humanity whilst the courage personified by the police, firefighters and paramedics who entered the buildings to save others illuminated al that is best, in an event that was broadcast globally into the homes of millions around the world through television via television and the Internet. Whilst shielded to some degree by distance, Australians were hit even harder by the bombings in Bali on the 12th October 2002, during which 88 Australians died and many more were injured. For many Bali was seen as a place to relax, an idyllic paradise whose peace was forever shattered with the detonation of the terrorist bombs. The traditional intelligence community needed to draw upon the existing capabilities of policing agencies to build partnerships with key community groups in an endeavour to prevent such an atrocity from happening in Australia. No longer was an advanced technical intelligence capability and the access to material obtained enough to guarantee security, material needed to be shared with the police in order to prevent an incident, thus creating the potential for national security classified material to be disclosed in subsequent court proceedings. Culture and practices underwent a paradigm shift and the police now have a role in the national intelligence community in Australia, something that continues to present significant challenges requiring new legislation to keep pace with technology and the dynamically evolving threat. Drawing upon Checkland’s (1999, p.178) Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) this research synthesised text based analytical software called Leximancer, to create a conceptual model with minimal inherent biases. It is believed that this is the first time that such an approach to SSM has been undertaken allowing the research to contribute towards the methodological field as well as the chosen study. Access to interview practitioners was granted and the results provided unique insight into the contemporary and future challenges of police counterterrorist intelligence.

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39

Guinamant, Ludovic. "La police judiciaire sous mandat international : étude des enquêtes conduites dans le cadre des opérations de paix." Poitiers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POIT3017.

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L'organisation des nations Unies est appelée à intervenir dans des zones géographiques conflictuelles afin de garantir ou d'imposer la paix. Parmi les missions assignées aux forces militaires ou civiles envoyées par le conseil de sécurité, celle d'assurer la sécurité publique constitue une garantie de retour à la paix. .
The United Nations is called out to intervene in geographical conflic zones in order to guarantee or impose peace. Amongst the tasks assigned to the military or civil forces sent by the security, that of assuring public security constitutes a guarantee of a return to peace. .

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40

Weh-Dorliae, Yarsuo Laezee. "The United Nations Training of the Liberia National Police: Effectiveness, Results, and Future Implications." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1279.

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After the United Nations' mission in Liberia (UNMIL) ends on September 30, 2015, effective policing will be a security concern for Liberians. Liberians have expressed fear that conflict could return if ongoing police training programs do not sustain public safety. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to understand how UNMIL's training affected public confidence in the Liberia National Police (LNP). The theoretical bases for this study included public choice theory and liberal democratic theory. Quantitative data were used to address impact of UNMIL's police training on the maintenance of law and order. These data were collected through a researcher-developed survey which measured recruitment, training, effectiveness (insert comma here) and public confidence in the LNP. Participants were government officials, members of UNMIL, LNP, and civic organizations (n = 120). Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Qualitative semistructured interview data were also gathered from 18 additional participants to address the challenges for quality improvement in the police security forces. The results were inductively coded and organized across themes and patterns. Quantitative findings indicated a moderately significant correlation between police perceived knowledge and job effectiveness (r = -0.35). However, qualitative findings show the government of Liberia failed to provide adequate resource support to complement the training due to its weak commitment. Diversity of trainers from contrasting policing jurisdictions produced an outcome that lacked a country-specific context for Liberia. This study promotes positive social change by informing future police training interventions by the United Nations on a host county's policing needs.

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Timoney, Caroline. "Reflections on the evolving jurisprudence concerning the presence of the accused : focusing on National Commissioner of the South African Police Service v Southern African Human Rights Litigation Centre and Another." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15197.

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On 30 October 2014 South Africa's Constitutional Court unanimously stated that the South African Police Service was obligated to investigate allegations of torture in Zimbabwe. This landmark decision, based on South Africa's international obligations and domestic legislation, is rooted in the Court's interpretation of universal jurisdiction and in particular its application of the presumption of the "anticipated presence" of the accused. The case, first heard in the North Gauteng High Court in 2012 before being taken on appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court, concerned allegations of torture against ZANU-PF officials and Zimbabwean police during the run-up to elections in 2007. This final judgment imposes a binding obligation on the South African Police Service to investigate the allegations, prior to any decision on further prosecution. This dissertation begins by providing a background to South Africa's implementation of the Rome Statute domestically before focusing on the theoretical framework of universal jurisdiction. This is followed by an examination of the South African jurisprudence, in particular the judgment of the Constitutional Court in National Commissioner of the South African Police Service v Southern African Human Rights Litigation Centre and Another. The Constitutional Court's decision to allow for the exercise of universal jurisdiction in absentia (otherwise known as "anticipated presence") must be located within the broader concept of jurisdiction. Anticipated presence is a controversial issue and this paper will explain both the Court's reasoning as well as possible implications of this judgment. The fight against impunity for perpetrators of international crimes, emphasised by both the Rome Statute and South Africa's own legislation, has been strengthened by this judgment. This paper will also examine the remaining areas of concern which were not addressed by the Constitutional Court. This Constitutional Court judgment will define the approach of South African courts in forthcoming cases concerning the application of the Rome Statute. Despite the Constitutional Court's failure to take all factors into account in its judgment, this landmark decision has changed the legal landscape considerably and will be a powerful tool to counter the culture of impunity.

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Ільченко, Олександр Васильович, Александр Васильевич Ильченко, and Oleksandr Vasylovych Ilchenko. "Adaptation of the european experience for personnel procedures in police of Ukraine." Thesis, Baltija Publishing, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/70889.

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Сьогодні в Україні відбувається активне формування та реформування поліції, що має велике значення, враховуючи роль і функції поліції в суспільстві. У багатьох країнах вже сформований поліцейський інститут і є одним з найстаріших державних установ, що характеризуються особливим генезисом становлення і розвитку, включаючи великий досвід кадрових процедур. Проте адміністративні моделі формування та функціонування поліції постійно змінюються, специфіка її діяльності визначається низкою національних особливостей під впливом нинішньої політико-правової та соціально-економічної ситуації в державі. Отже, вивчення зарубіжного досвіду у сфері кадрових процедур у поліції з урахуванням поточної реформи в Україні залишається актуальним
Сегодня в Украине происходит активное формирование и реформирование полиции, что имеет большое значение, учитывая роль и функции полиции в обществе. Во многих странах институт полиции уже сформирован и является одним из старейших государственных учреждений, для которого характерен особый генезис становления и развития, в том числе большой опыт работы с персоналом. Однако административные модели формирования и функционирования полиции постоянно меняются, специфика ее деятельности определяется рядом национальных особенностей под влиянием текущей политико-правовой и социально-экономической ситуации в государстве. Поэтому изучение зарубежного опыта кадровых процедур в полиции с учетом проводимой в Украине реформы продолжает оставаться актуальным
Today, Ukraine experiences an active formation and reformation of the police, which is of great importance, given the role and functions of the police in society. In many countries, the police institute has already been formed, and is among the oldest state institutions characterized by a special genesis of formation and development, including a great experience in personnel procedures. However, the administrative models for the formation and functioning of the police undergo constant changes, the specifics of its activities are determined by a number of national features under the influence of the current political and legal and socio-economic situation in the state. Therefore, the study of foreign experience in personnel procedures in the police given the ongoing reform in Ukraine continues to be relevant

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Owen, Oliver H. "The Nigeria police force : an institutional ethnography." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e824783a-8ba0-4d96-8519-0ee2b2090fc8.

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This thesis is an institutional ethnography of the Nigeria Police Force. It concentrates on evidence from 18 months of fieldwork in one particular police station, in the pseudonymised town of Dutsin Bature in central Nigeria, and draws comparative evidence from examples and locations elsewhere in Nigeria. The fieldwork evidence is also supported by analyses of public discourse, literature reviews, some formal interviews and historical research. The thesis aims to fill a gap in empirical scholarship by looking at policing in Nigeria primarily from the level of everyday practice, and deriving understandings of the ways the overall system works, rather than by taking normative structural approaches and basing suppositions of actual behaviour upon these. It also aims to document emic perspectives on policing in Nigeria, in contrast to most existing scholarship and public discourse which takes an external perspective, from which the voices and worldviews of police themselves are absent. The thesis situates this ethnography within three theoretical terrains. First, developing understandings of policing and public security in Africa, which have often neglected in-depth studies of formal police forces. Secondly, enlarging the ethnographic study of formal institutions in African states, to develop a closer understanding of what state systems are and how they function, beyond the overtly dysfunctionalist perspectives which have dominated recent scholarship. Thirdly, informing ongoing debates over state and society in Africa, problematising understandings which see these as separate entities instead of mutually constitutive, and drawing attention to the ways in which the two interpenetrate and together mould the public sphere. The thesis begins with a historical overview of the trajectory of formal policing in Nigeria, then examines public understandings and representations of policing, before moving inside the institutional boundaries, considering in turn the human composition of the police, training and character formation, the way police officers do their work in Dutsin Bature, Nigerian police officers’ preoccupation with risk and the systemic effects of their efforts to mitigate it, and finally officers’ subjective perspectives on their work, their lived realities, and on Nigeria in an era of transition. These build together to suggest some conclusions pertinent to the theoretical perspectives.

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Fazekas, Boglar. "The adoption of a police and judicial co-operation regime for the African Union." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4440.

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In 1991 the Treaty enacting the African Economic Community (AEC)1 was signed by the African Heads of State and Government.2 The AEC aims to establish regional free markets that would then be transformed into a continent-wide single market in six subsequent stages enabling the free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital until 2025 at the latest.3 However, to make sure that the free movement of persons in Africa would not also become a "free flow of criminals", the installation of a common market will require intensified police and judicial co-operation, information exchange and external border controls. 1 Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community adopted by the Heads of State and Government of Member States of the Organisation of African Unity in Abuja, Nigeria, 3 June 1991. 2 Art. 6(1) Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. 3 Arts. 4(2)(h) and 4(2)(i) Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. Furthermore, the age of globalisation calls into question the traditional concepts of sovereignty. Nowadays individual states are often unable to supervise their complete territory and battle to guard their borders against unwanted goods, people and ideas. Many facets of globalisation - including fast technological development and social and economic interaction - encourage governments to cooperate in order to try to achieve objectives that, acting on their own, they may not believe they can accomplish. Or to express the same thought in its negative sense: to fight unwanted consequences of this development, acting on their own, the states may not be able to achieve. This means that sooner or later the African States will have to address the problem of how to develop a police and judicial regime in criminal matters in order to fight against organised transnational crime. The question therefore is not whether the African States should engage in police and judicial co-operation, but rather what form it should take. The aim of this master treatise is to define the cornerstones of a possible future adoption of a police and judicial regime for the African Union (AU). There are numerous police and judicial co-operations around the world of various types so to make the task more manageable this treaty looks at the European Union (EU) in some detail and uses it as an example or as a guideline to sketch out a possible development of a police and judicial co-operation within the AU. This is for the reason that the EU has succeeded in creating a sophisticated regime of police and judicial co-operation and thus serves as a model of how co-operation levels can be created, handled, and preserved. The EU also serves as an example of how certain obstacles can make co-operation difficult or even prevent efforts for an effective transnational police and judicial co-operation. However, the current EU is the result of the specific circumstances in which its Member States and organs have responded to the economic and political changes they have been faced with. The AU has to operate amidst a political setting and various other circumstances that are very different. As a result the police and judicial co-operation regime of the AU will be very different from the EU model. This treatise argues that due to the vast number of participating states in the AU and the AU's decision-making practice, the continental level is not an appropriate point of departure for the AU to adopt a police and judicial co-operation regime. Police and judicial co-operation within the AU will at first have to be pursued at a sub-regional level. The co-operation should start at the already subdivided Regional Economic Communities (RECs) established by the AEC. Only in time, if at all, will the sub-regional markets be prepared to merge into a continent-wide integration. This is why at the present time the AU will have to accept a mere supervising and stimulating part in pursuing the ultimate objective of developing a police and judicial co-operation on a continent-wide level. Furthermore, this treatise assesses that the huge number of economic, social, and political challenges impair the AU's action ability with the result that it will not be able to establish a supranational legal body comparable to that of the EU in the near future. Also, the African Heads of State and Government are too interested in keeping their sovereign powers to themselves. This is why in Africa integration is more likely to be achieved with an intergovernmental approach. Therefore, police and judicial co-operation should first be exercised by means of informal meetings of the Interior and Justice Ministers and any resulting acts should be classified as (traditional) public international law. This is not to imply that the AU has no role to play here, for said meetings will have to be coordinated and supervised. In order to do justice to its supervising role it is necessary to empower the organs of the AU. This treatise analyses that for the AU to establish an efficient institutional framework, it is extremely important that the Assembly's monopoly over proposing legislation and establishing new organs is changed. Consensus decisions between fifty-four Member States would in an optimal case be replaced by a system where no organ is in total control. Finally, this treatise emphasises the necessity to push ahead with the development of the regional free markets as envisioned by the AEC. Similar to the development in the EU, this will bring about new challenges in combating new types of transnational crimes. This treatise demonstrates that this challenge might bring the necessary momentum to formally introduce police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters, usually a high policy area, on the agenda of the AU. In conclusion, this treatise shows that co-operation in such a sensitive area as security policy first and foremost needs a sufficient amount of trust between the decision makers of the involved states. To develop this necessary trust and the processes building upon this, this treatise argues that a regular meeting between the Interior and Justice Ministers, either inside or outside the framework of the AU, should be launched. Through these meetings the AU could gradually develop a platform for discussion in the area of criminal law and thereby slowly intensify its information exchange and operational co-operation. The history of the EU has shown that the development of a supranational legal system first and foremost requires mutual trust in each other's respective legal systems. Trust is generated by communication in an informal atmosphere. Therefore, this treatise argues that a colloquial intergovernmental co-operation within the field of criminal law is the correct approach for the AU to develop a police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters.

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45

Chetty, Mahesh. "A new role for the non-aligned movement in a post-cold war era." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002977.

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With the disappearance of the superpower conflict that characterised the Cold War era, many observers have begun to question whether the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) has a role to play in the post Cold War era. However the emergence of a number of issues on the international agenda, such as United Nations peacekeeping operations, global environmental issues and an increasing unwillingness on the part of the major economic powers to abide by GATT/WTO rules, have increasingly become of concern to non-aligned states. However whilst the United States has recognised that these issues require leadership in dealing with them, it has not been willing to supply that leadership. It shall therefore be argued that the changing nature of hegemony in world politics has set conditions that allow non-aligned middle powers and institutions greater scope for action and influence. The emergence of these issues has provided a scope for non-aligned middle powers, acting in accordance with their interests to play alternate leadership roles within an expanded scope for institutions, such as organisations, regimes and multilateralism, in addressing the interests of non-aligned states. Firstly in looking at an expanded role for organisations, the United States has increasingly been unwilling to play a leadership role within UN peacekeeping operations. The continuing importance of the neutrality of UN peacekeeping operations has provided a scope for nonaligned middle powers to play a burden-sharing role with the great powers in addressing the concerns of non-aligned states with regard to these operations. Secondly in looking at an expanded scope for regimes, the emergence of a regime in the issue of ozone depletion may provide a foundation to analyse how non-aligned middle powers may play a bridge-building role between North and South in the issue of climate change. Middle powers could therefore play this role in the absence of United States leadership within this issue. Thirdly, the role of the Cairns Group within the Uruguay Round in addressing non-aligned states’ interests of maintaining stable agricultural trade, can be seen as a model of small group multilateralism in bridging the divide between the major powers in issue specific areas.

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Discours, Maxime. "L’arbitrage international à l’épreuve de l’expansionnisme du droit de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100037.

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Quels rapports entretiennent l’Union européenne et l’arbitrage international ? Intuitivement, il serait tentant de répondre que leur interaction est limitée, sinon inexistante. De bonnes raisons permettent, d’ailleurs, de le penser. Il n’est que de songer aux logiques différentes desquelles ces deux droits procèdent pour s’en convaincre. De fait, le droit de l’Union européenne repose sur une logique d’expansion et de contrôle tandis que l’arbitrage international repose sur une démarche d’émancipation de l’emprise étatique. Plus encore, il ne faut pas perdre de vue que l’Union ne dispose d’aucune compétence en matière d’arbitrage. L’affaire semble donc entendue. Mais c’est sans compter sur la nature expansionniste de l’Union qui, en raison de la lecture téléologique des objectifs des traités, lui permet d’accroître progressivement son domaine de compétences. Un bref survol du droit positif de l’Union permet de conclure que l’arbitrage est indéniablement affecté par le droit de l’Union. Il s’agira alors, en premier lieu, de déterminer la mesure dans laquelle l’Union peut influencer la pratique arbitrale et les réactions dont disposent les arbitres pour contrer cette influence. Enfin, il y aura lieu d’élaborer des éléments de propositions visant à instaurer une interaction harmonieuse entre le droit de l’arbitrage international et de l’Union européenne
How do the law of the European Union and international arbitral interact with each other? At first sight, one could think that their interaction is limited. Two main arguments can be brought forward to support that idea. Firstly, these two sets of laws proceed from antagonist rationale. On one ahnd the law of the European Union has an expasionist nature which serves its ultimate purpose that is the integration. Secondly, international arbitration aims at getting more independence from states’ laws. Furthermore, the European Union does not have any competence to control international arbitration. Considering these elements, any form of interaction between these two sets of laws seems doubtful. But, one must not forget the European Union’s propensity to increase its competences thanks to the spillover effect. A brief glimpse at the law of the European Union leads to the conclusion that international arbitration is influenced by the European Union. Therefore, the first purpose of this work will be to determine to what extent the law of the European Union can influence the arbitral practice and the means arbitrators have as a defence mechanism. Finally, some propositions will be drawn up in order to set up a smooth interaction between international arbitration and the law of the European Union

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Duratovic, Aldin, and Simon Löfgren. "Security Sector Reform : Structural Reform of the Police force in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-10881.

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This bachelor thesis is the result of a minor field study which took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to contribute to the understanding and improvement of Security Sector Reform (SSR), which could be explained as a process of reformation applied in post-conflict scenarios aimed at the military, police and/or judicial sector which might be an element of insecurity, particularly the police, and very particularly in post conflict scenarios where conflict resolution resulted in a divided police force, by using the BiH as a case study. We have used the theoretical framework/process of SSR and more specifically the part of SSR which touches upon police reform. However, SSR entails reformation of the security sector including military-, police- and judicial sectors, as mentioned our focus will be the police sector. This serving as a foundation for the thesis, we asked the following questions; Taking the point of departure in the Dayton Accords and its complex power sharing structure, which are the underlying factors/reasons why the Security Sector Reformation of the police force has been so problematic and why is there such inability to reach an agreement on this issue, especially in terms of structure? In terms of methodology, this is a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews in combination with previous research. Concluding remarks, progress has been made, however, the reformation of the police is to a large extent dependent on the political will not to do so, not much indicate a change related to this. The status of the BiH police force continues to be de-centralized in terms of structure due to the Dayton Accords which has still serves a fertile ground for the continuation of inefficiency, especially in terms of cooperation, information exchange, administrative issues, war-criminals within the police etc related to the different police forces.

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Blumenfeld, Leah H. "Trading Democracy for Security? The Effects of the International Drug War on the Quality of Democracy in the Dominican Republic, 1996 -2008." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/165.

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The purpose of the research is to study the relationship between international drug interdiction policies and domestic politics in fragile democracies, and to demonstrate how international drug control policies and the use of force fit the rhetoric of war, are legitimized by the principles of a just war, but may also cause collateral damage and negative unintended consequences. The method used is a case study of the Dominican Republic. The research has found that international drug control regimes, primarily led by the U.S. and narrowly focused on interdiction, have influenced an increasingly militarized approach to domestic law enforcement in the Dominican Republic. The collateral damage caused by militarized enforcement comes in the form of negative perceptions of citizen security, loss of respect for the rule of law and due process, and low levels of civil society development. The drug war has exposed the need for significant reform of the institutions charged with carrying out enforcement, the police force and the judicial system in particular. The dissertation concludes that the extent of drug trafficking in the Dominican Republic is beyond the scope of domestic reform efforts alone, but that the programs implemented do show some potential for future success. The dissertation also concludes that the framework of warfare is not the most appropriate for the international problems of drug traffic and abuse. A broader, multipronged approach should be considered by world policy makers in order to address all conditions that allow drugs to flourish without infringing upon democratic and civil rights in the process.

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Steyn, J., and Vries I. de. "Exploring the impact of the SAPS basic training institute in changing the deviant police culture attitudes of new recruits." Acta Criminologica, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001420.

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Abstract The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, demands a fundamental reassessment and transformation of the nature and style of policing in South Africa, from denying the human rights of the majority of South Africans during the ‘apartheid era’ to gaining the trust and respect of all. This includes changing the basic assumptions of individual police officers with regards to the organisation and its environment. Based on the comments of a representative sample (1 168) of newcomers to the South African Police Service (SAPS) during the 2005 calendar year, this article explores the impact that the SAPS basic training institutes have in changing the attitudes of new recruits that conform to deviant themes in police culture. The research found significant evidence that most of the SAPS basic training institutes, excluding the Bisho SAPS Basic Training Institute, only served to either maintain or strengthen newcomers’ attitudes in support of police culture solidarity, isolation and cynicism.

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50

Links, Stalin Bernard. "Peacekeeping or peace enforcement? : a proposed model for intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51871.

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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The principles and characteristics of peacekeeping, as the United Nations (UN) in its search towards global peace and stability originally intended, are not adhered to in Sub-Saharan African countries. In this context, peacekeeping operations are perceived to be synonymous with biased armed intervention and the enforcement of peace through the application of force, often without the consent of the parties involved in conflict. As the political situation in many Sub-Saharan African states deteriorates, a greater need for peacekeeping and even peace enforcement operations has arisen. Mounting pressure on South Africa from regional forces, as well South Africa's own national interest to become involved in peacekeeping, calls for an evaluation of 'Sub-Saharan African peacekeeping' per se. This situation creates a dilemma as regards both the responses by regional organs and the reaction of states to the endemic and escalating conflicts in collapsing states. Can what is currently happening in Sub-Saharan African still be referred to as peacekeeping? Do we need a fresh approach to conflict resolution in Sub- Saharan Africa? Are the UN principles, set in a post-World War " global context, still applicable in a deteriorating intra-state context? In an attempt to find answers to these questions, this research focuses on the nature of peacekeeping operations from an analytical, comparative perspective with the aim of identifying commonalities and differences in the approaches and practices of countries that have participated in peacekeeping operations. Could it be that 'classical' UN peacekeeping has simply become historically outdated and that modern peacekeeping operations are dictated by the socio-political environment and thus requires a new approach? It would appear that the concept of peacekeeping needs to be re-defined from an African perspective in order to equip regional organs with a firm theoretical foundation for possible future involvement in Sub-Saharan African peacekeeping and peace enforcement endeavours. The UN's peacekeeping performance on the African continent over the past decade has raised serious doubts as to whether the UN has the capacity or will to deal effectively with inter-state and more specifically, intra-state conflict. Consequently, Sub-Saharan African peacekeeping is currently standing at a crossroad. It is also evident that a transition needs to be made from 'classical' UN peacekeeping principles to a 'modern' African approach in touch with Africa's prevailing circumstances and demands. From the research findings and case studies, a conclusion is drawn concerning how 'modern' peacekeeping practices compare to 'classical' peacekeeping, as envisaged in Chapter VI of the UN Charter. In addition, a model is proposed for dealing with the unique challenges of Sub-Saharan African intra-state conflict.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beginsels en kenmerke van vredebewaring, soos die Verenigde Nasies (VN) in sy soeke na wêreldvrede en stabiliteit oorspronklik beoog het, word nie in Afrika suid van die Sahara eerbiedig nie. In die konteks, word vredebewaringsoperasies geag as sinoniem te wees met partydige gewapende inmenging en die afdwing van vrede deur die aanwending van mag, dikwels sonder die toestemming van diegene wat in die konflik betrokke is. Die verslegtende politieke situasie in vele lande in Afrika suid van die Sahara bring mee dat 'n groter behoefte bestaan vir vredebewaring en selfs operasies om vrede af te dwing. Toenemende druk op Suid-Afrika deur streeksmagte sowel as Suid-Afrika se eie nasionale belang om by vredebewaring in Afrika betrokke te raak, noodsaak juis 'n evaluasie van vredebewaring in Afrika suid van die Sahara. Hierdie situasie veroorsaak 'n dilemma in sover dit die reaksie betref van streeksorganisasies sowel as dié van mislukkende state wat toenemend by inheemse konflik betrokke raak. Kan dit wat tans in Afrika suid van die Sahara aan die gebeur is steeds beskou word as vredebewaring? Word 'n nuwe benadering tot die beslegting van inheemse konflik in Afrika suid van die Sahara vereis? Is die VN beginsels soos gestel binne 'n globale na-tweedewêreld- oorlogse konteks steeds van toepassing op 'n verslegtende intra-staat konflik konteks? In 'n poging om antwoorde te vind op dié vrae, fokus die navorsing op die aard van vredebewaringsoperasies vanuit 'n analitiese, vergelykende perspektief. Hierdie fokus het ten doel om ooreenkomste en verskille in die benaderings tot en toepassings van vrede in lande wat aan vredebewaringsoperasies deelgeneem het, te identifiseer. Is dit dalk moontlik dat 'klassieke' vredebewaring histories verouderd is en dat 'moderne' vredebewaringsoperasies deur die sosio-politiese omgewing dikteer word en as sulks, 'n nuwe benadering vereis? Dit wil voorkom asof die konsep van vredebewaring vanuit 'n Afrika perspektief her-definieer behoort te word sodat streeksorganisasies toegerus kan word met stewige teoretiese grondbeginsels waarop toekomstige vredebewaringsoperasies in Afrika suid van die Sahara gebaseer kan word. Die VN se vertoning in die bewaring van vrede en meer spesifiek, dié se vertoning die afgelope dekade, laat ernstige twyfel ontstaan oor dié organisasie se vermoë of wil om effektief met konflik binne en tussen state te handel. As gevolg hiervan, bevind Afrika suid van die Sahara haar by 'n kruispad wat die bewaring van vrede aanbetref. Dit is ook duidelik dat daar 'n verskuiwing behoort plaas te vind vanaf 'klassieke' vredebewaringsbeginsels na 'n meer 'moderne' Afrika benadering wat in pas is met Afrika se eiesoortige omstandighede en eise. Vanuit die navorsingsbevindinge en gevallestudies word daar in die gevolgtrekkings gekyk in hoe 'n mate 'moderne' vredebewaring in die praktyk met 'klassieke' vredebewaring, soos beoog in Hoofstuk VI van die VN Handves, vergelyk. Aansluitend hierby, word 'n model voorgestel vir die hantering van die intra-staat vraagstukke wat voortspruit uit konflik binne state in Afrika suid van die Sahara.

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