Дисертації з теми "International fisheries law"

The small-scale fisheries sector makes a valuable contribution to livelihoods and food security, particularly in under-resourced countries. Yet small-scale fishers and fishing communities are often vulnerable and marginalised, and the small-scale sector is largely ignored by governments providing subsidies to their fishing industries. Provisions seeking to ban harmful fisheries subsidies are now the subject of several large international trade agreements and negotiations. While this is a laudable and necessary goal, the binding nature and robust enforcement mechanisms of trade agreements make it imperative that small-scale fisheries are protected and provided for in these agreements in the interests of sustainable development and poverty reduction. The thesis considers how this can be achieved. In order to determine what would best serve the interests of small-scale fisheries in trade agreements, the thesis creates a framework of development needs, which underpins the analysis in the remainder of the thesis. This analysis revolves around three large trade agreements and negotiations containing provisions on fisheries subsidies – namely the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Drawing on the development framework, the thesis identifies a number of shortcomings in these agreements when it comes to protections for small-scale fisheries, including a lack of provision for important development needs and a failure to achieve an appropriate balance between development and sustainability considerations. The thesis also considers potential problems that could arise in the conclusion and enforcement of trade agreements dealing with fisheries subsidies, particularly as these relate to small-scale fisheries and sustainable development. Based on this analysis, the thesis makes a number of recommendations to be incorporated in trade agreements going forward that would adequately protect and promote the interests of small-scale fisheries, while not losing sight of sustainability concerns and the practical realities of negotiating complex international trade agreements. These include, inter alia, exemptions for important social assistance subsidies, better representation and transparency, and measures to improve equity between the small-scale sector and other fishing sectors.

The 1995 UNFSA creates a door for fishing entities’ participation in conservation and management regimes regarding straddling and highly migratory fish stocks through separate RFMOs. However, fishing entities are different from states, leading to some ambiguous circumstances in RFMOs, especially in high seas enforcements. This thesis reviews the concepts of fishing entities and considers fishing entities’ status in international law of the sea and the RFMOs. Then, it considers the role of fishing entity enforcement in high seas with being equivalent to a flag state and non-flag state. This thesis then considers the problems that fishing entities may encounter in high seas enforcement. Finally, it represents the practices of fishing entity enforcement in high seas with a special reference to the role of Taiwan in RFMOs.

This thesis evaluates the impact of the Canadian 200-mile fisheries zone from biological, economic and social perspectives. The factors and events leading to the 200-mile zone are examined. The Canadian management regime post-extension is described. Canada derived significant benefits from the 200-mile zone including increased management authority over a vast area with major fish resources, the displacement of foreign fisheries, the development of Canadian fisheries in areas and for species not previously utilized by Canada, and the opportunity to rebuild overfished fish stocks. However, various problems and constraints have led to continued fisheries instability. These include: (1) Natural resource variability, (2) The common property nature of the resource and resultant overcapacity, (3) Fluctuations in market conditions, (4) Heavy dependence on the fisheries in isolated coastal communities, and (5) Recurrent conflict among competing users and conflicting objectives for fisheries management.
Despite Canada's abundant marine fishery resources, various combinations of these factors have contributed to a recurrent boom-and-bust pattern in many marine fisheries. Extended jurisdiction did not provide a panacea for the problems of the fisheries sector. Continued periodic fluctuations in Canada's marine fisheries and demands for government assistance can be expected unless viable alternative economic opportunities can be developed in the coastal regions.

La gestion et la conservation des ressources halieutiques de la Méditerranée relève à titre principal de la responsabilité de deux organismes régionaux de pêche : la Commission générale des pêches pour la Méditerranée et la Commission internationale pour la conservation des thonidés de l’Atlantique. Le régime juridique se construit donc dans deux enceintes distinctes et se nourrit par ailleurs de l’influence d’autres régimes conventionnels. Ce dédoublement institutionnel aurait pu être alors créateur de conflits de normes de gestion et de conservation ou encore d’interprétation. Pourtant, la fragmentation institutionnelle observée ne constitue pas un obstacle à une unité au cœur du système. Le degré d’interaction entre les deux commissions fait surgir une unité des méthodes et des moyens de mise en œuvre de la gestion et de la conservation des ressources halieutiques de la Méditerranée de sorte que le régime juridique apparaît comme un ensemble, un tout indivisible. L’existence d’une telle unité n’est toutefois pas significative de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité du système
Fisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean relies primarily upon the responsibility of two regional fisheries management organizations: the General fisheries commission for the Mediterranean and the International commission for the conservation of Atlantic tunas. The legal regime is thus built in two distinct arenas and is also nourished by the influence of other conventional regimes. This institutional duplication could thus have resulted in conflicts of norms of management, conservation or even of interpretation. And yet, the observed institutional fragmentation does not appear as an obstacle to unity at the heart of the system. A unity of methods and means of implementation of fisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean derives from the degree of interaction between the two commissions. The regime thus appears as a set, an indivisible whole. Nevertheless, the existence of such unity is not tantamount to effectiveness and efficiency of the system

This thesis seeks to systematically examine the contributions made by the dispute settlement bodies established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to the development of the law of the sea. The two main research questions to be answered are: (i) what kind of contribution have UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies made to the development of the law of the sea? and (ii) what are the factors that impact the performance of UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies in developing the law of the sea? To that end, Chapter 1 provides a working definition for the concept of 'judicial development of international law' in order to establish a framework for an assessment of the contributions of UNCLOS tribunals. Based on this working definition, Chapters 2, 3 and 4 examine the significance of UNCLOS tribunals' decisions in the development of three main areas of the law of the sea, respectively the law on fisheries, the law on the outer continental shelf and the law on marine environmental protection. Based on the findings of these chapters, Chapter 5 analyses the factors that help explain the contributions of UNCLOS tribunals to the law of the sea as identified in the preceding chapters. These factors include: (i) the jurisdictional scope of UNCLOS tribunals, (ii) the institutional design of UNCLOS, (iii) the interpretative method employed by UNCLOS tribunals in deciding their cases and (iv) the perception that UNCLOS tribunals hold regarding their roles. Chapter 6 concludes by taking stock of the contribution of UNCLOS tribunal in these areas and offering some final observations on the role of UNCLOS tribunals in the development of the law of the sea.

L'éveil de la société internationale aux problèmes environnementaux, en particulier ceux touchant les océans et les zones côtières, a permis de développer des principes et notions nécessaires à la protection du milieu marin et de ses ressources. Le concept de pêche responsable vise à atteindre une gestion durable des pêches. Il nécessite la mise en place de mesures de plus en plus contraignantes pour l'activité de pêche afin de limiter son impact sur les ressources biologiques marines et les écosystèmes marins. Dans un contexte global de raréfaction des ressources, la difficulté à trouver un consensus mondial autour des questions les plus urgentes suscite le doute quant à la capacité des organismes internationaux à mettre en place des mesures contraignantes et effectives dans les zones au-delà des juridictions nationales. Il convient donc de s'interroger sur la place que tiennent les acteurs publics dans la gestion durable des ressources halieutiques. L'objet de cette thèse est de vérifier dans quelle mesure les compétences conférées à l'Union européenne en matière de gestion des pêches lui permettent de contribuer à l'application du concept de pêche responsable pour une gestion durable des pêcheries mondiales.

L’évolution du droit international contemporain conduit souvent à poser la question de sa fragmentation. L’existence, dans le droit de la mer, d’une double approche, universelle et régionale, contribue à alimenter ce débat.La présente recherche s’intéresse aux relations, en termes d’interactions, que l’universalisme et le régionalisme entretiennent dans le droit de la mer. Elle tente plus précisément d’en comprendre les mécanismes et les enjeux.Dans un premier temps, l’étude est consacrée à l’analyse des interactions normatives et institutionnelles. Il est observé que le dédoublement de l’ordre des mers est plus apparent que réel, universalisme et régionalisme étant engagés dans des relations montrant leur entrelacement.Dans une seconde phase, l’analyse se tourne vers l’impact de ces interactions, non seulement sur les approches universelle et régionale, mais également sur l’ordre des mers. Il apparaît, en effet, que les relations entre ces deux dynamiques influencent décisivement la gouvernance des espaces marins dans leur ensemble. C’est ce dont rendent compte tant la création que l’application effective des règles chargées d'assurer cette gouvernance internationale
The evolution of contemporary international law often leads to the question of its fragmentation. The presence, in the Law of the Sea, of both a universal and a regional approach contributes towards nourishing this debate.The present research focuses on the relationships, in terms of interaction, between universalism and regionalism within the Law of the Sea. It attempts especially to understand the mechanisms of these interactions and their stakes.At first, the study is devoted to the analysis of normative and institutional interactions. One can observes that the cleavage of the legal order of the seas is more apparent than real, since universalism and regionalism are engaged in relationships showing their intertwining nature.Secondly, the study is turned towards the impact of these interactions, not only on the universal and regional approaches, but also on the legal order of the Sea. Indeed, it appears that the relations between these two components of the Law of the Sea, influence in a decisive way the governance of the oceans as a whole. This influence can be seen in the creation as well as in the effective application of the rules of this international governance

Le droit des pêches maritimes puise ses fondements dans le droit de la mer. La Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982 pense les questions de pêche à travers les espaces maritimes qu’elle établit. La lutte contre la pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée (INN), s’est insinuée à l’intérieur du droit des pêches en transformation, sur lequel on s’interroge ici, et notamment sur la capacité de ce dernier à éradiquer ces activités INN. La pêche INN renvoie à différentes formes d’activités, de méthodes de pêche, ou de conditions d’exercice de la pêche, qu’il importe de clarifier. Les causes de la pêche INN et le traitement à y appliquer intéressent le droit public au moment où celui-ci recherche des parades. Le contenu et la portée des principes du droit international en matière de lutte contre la pêche INN, n'ont pas été pleinement efficaces puisque ce type de pêche persiste. La principale responsabilité de lutter contre la pêche INN incombe aux États, responsables au minimum d’éviter la pêche INN dans leurs mer territoriale et zones sous juridiction (État côtier) et en haute mer par des navires battant leur pavillon (État du pavillon). L’implication des organisations régionales de gestion des pêches (ORGP) ou d’autres États ou le focus sur certains rôles de l’État comme celui de l’"État du port" et l’"État du marché", qui facilitent ou contrent le commerce des produits halieutiques provenant d’activités INN, ont fait émerger des mesures juridiques internationales ou internes plus contraignantes. Dans ce mouvement, la politique commune européenne des pêches et son droit autant dans son volet interne qu’externe ont joué un rôle déterminant
Fisheries Law is taking its foundation within the Law of the sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea addresses fisheries issues through the maritime spaces it establishes. The fight against "illegal, unreported and unregulated" IUU fishing has crept into the Fisheries Law in transformation, which we are considering here, and in particular the latter's ability to eradicate these IUU activities. IUU fishing refers to different forms of fishing activities or methods, or fishing conditions, that need to be clarified. The causes of IUU fishing and the treatment to be applied to it are of full interest to public Law, particularly when it is looking for loopholes. The content and scope of the principles of international Law to combat IUU fishing have not been fully effective since this type of fishing persists. The main responsibility for combating IUU fishing lies with States, which are responsible at a minimum for avoiding IUU fishing in their territorial sea and areas under their jurisdiction (coastal State) and on the high seas by vessels flying their flag (flag State). The involvement of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) or other States or the focus on certain State roles such as the "port State" and the "market State", which facilitate or counter trade in fishery products from IUU activities. This has nevertheless led to the emergence of more restrictive international or national legal measures. In this movement, the European common fisheries policy and its law, both internally and externally, have played a decisive role

Le droit international contemporain est placé face à un défi majeur : assurer la sécurité et laliberté des espaces maritimes alors que l’on y observe une recrudescence des activités illicitesou dangereuses. L’étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de ce défi et tente de cerner la problématiquede l’emploi de la force en mer afin de lutter contre ces activités. Elle se place alors dans lasphère du développement et de la mise en oeuvre de pouvoirs de police dans les zonesmaritimes et tente de montrer l’ambivalence de la police internationale relative à la mer. Elleest caractérisée par une double juxtaposition entre l’objet de l’emploi de la force en mer(activités illicites de personnes privées ou actes illicites des Etats) et entre les acteurs chargésde lutter contre l’illicite en mer. Elle se traduit par deux dialectiques distinctes maisétroitement imbriquées. La première, police internationale en mer et police internationale desmers, repose sur les acteurs de l’illicite et déterminera le corps de règles applicable. Laseconde, emploi de la force décentralisé et emploi de la force centralisé, met en scène lesacteurs de la police relative à la mer et permet de mettre en lumière le besoin croissant d’unegestion commune centralisée des atteintes à l’ordre des mers
Contemporary international law is facing a great challenge: ensuring both the security and theliberty of the oceans while unlawful or hazardous activities at sea are constantly increasing.The study takes its place within this challenge and tries to shed light on the issue of the use offorce at sea in order to combat these activities. It lies within the framework of thedevelopment and the enforcement of police powers on the maritime zones and attempts to putforward the ambivalence of the international police relating to the sea. The ambivalence ischaracterized by a couple of juxtapositions, both between the object of the use of force at sea(private unlawful activities or States’ unlawful acts) and between the actors in charge of thestruggle for the safety of the oceans. It results in two distinct but closely linked dialectics. Thefirst, international police at sea and international police of the sea, relies on the actors of theunlawful acts and determines the relevant body of rules. The second, decentralized andcentralized use of force, emphasizes the increasing need for a global and shared managementof the breaches of the legal order of the sea

Вихренко К. П. Міжнародно-правове регулювання праці в рибальському секторі : дис ... к.ю.н. : 12.00.11 / Вихренко Катерина Петрівна. - Одеса, 2015. - 237 арк.
Дисертацію присвячено міжнародно-правовим засадам регулювання праці у рибальському секторі. Висвітлено еволюцію моделей праці у рибальському секторі та його місце у системі міжнародного правового регулювання. Досліджено розвиток правового регулювання праці у рибальському секторі під егідою МОП та його кодифікацію, визначено специфіку правового регулювання праці у рибальському секторі в актах ММО та ФАО. Окреслено процеси відображення міжнародних правових стандартів праці у рибальському секторі у праві ЄС. Узагальнено специфіку імплементації цих міжнародних стандартів у право іноземних держав та визначено особливості практики їх застосування в Україні. Міжнародно-правове регулювання праці у рибальському секторі визначено як процес утворення, реалізації, імплементації та виконання норм міжнародних договорів, схвалених під егідою ООН, ММО, МОП та ФАО, щодо трудових та пов’язаних з ними відносин членів екіпажів (персоналу, рибалок) на риболовних суднах, що здійснюють власну діяльність в рамках їх мореплавства. Реалізація, імплементація та виконання цих норм відбувається шляхом схвалення актів права ЄС, національного законодавства, положень галузевих та колективних угод, утворення організаційних механізмів підготовки, контролю, охорони праці, ведення тристороннього діалогу, розслідування інцидентів у рибальському секторі.
Диссертация посвящена международным правовым основам регулирования труда в рыболовном секторе. Рассматривается эволюция моделей работы в рыболовном секторе и его место в системе международного правового регулирования. Исследовано развитие правового регулирования труда в рыболовном секторе под эгидой МОТ и его кодификация. Определяется специфика правового регулирования труда в рыболовном секторе в актах ММО и ФАО. Очерчены процессы отображения международных правовых стандартов труда в рыболовном секторе в праве ЕС. Определены специфика имплементации этих международных стандартов в праве иностранных государств, особенности практики их применения. Международно-правовое регулирование труда в рыболовном секторе определено как процесс реализации, внедрения и выполнения норм международных договоров, одобренных под эгидой ООН, ММО, МОТ и ФАО, в трудовых и связанных с ними отношениях членов экипажей (персонала, рыбаков) на рыболовных судах, осуществляющих свою деятельность в рамках мореплавания. Реализация, имплементация и выполнение этих норм происходит путем принятия актов права ЕС, национального законодательства, положений отраслевых и коллективных соглашений и договоров, организационных механизмов подготовки, контроля, охраны труда, ведения трехстороннего диалога, расследования инцидентов в рыболовном секторе.
The thesis is dedicated to the international legal grounds of regulation the labour relations in the fishing sector. The evolution of labour models in this sector and its place in the international legal regulation are lighted at. The development of international legal regulation of labour in the fishing sector under the auspices of the ILO, also as its codification in XXI cent., are investigated, the specific features of international legal regulation of labour in this sector in acts of IMO and FAO are determined at. Processes of reflecting into EU law the international legal standards of labour in the fishing sector are outlined. Author made the overview of specifics the implementation of those labour international standards in the right of foreign countries and lighted the peculiarities of such implementation practices in Ukraine. International legal regulation of labour in the fishing sector is defined as the process of implementation, realization and enforcement of the international agreements` norms approved by aegis the UN, IMO, ILO and FAO on labour and related relations of the fishing vessels` crew members (staff, fishermen) carrying out their activities within shipping. Such implementation, realization and enforcement of those standards is being through the acts of approval of the EU law, the national laws, the regulations of sector and collective agreements, the institutional mechanisms` preparation, monitoring, providing labor safety, holding trilateral dialogue, investigating incidents in the fishing sector. Thesis shows the mechanisms of application to regulate the labour relations in fishing sector the norms of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982; the UN Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the UNCLOS, 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995; the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 1993; the Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels, 1977, superseded by the Torremolinos Protocol, 1993 and by the Cape Town Agreement, 2012; the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F), 1995; the ILO Convention Concerning Work in the Fishing Sector № 188, 2007, other ILO conventions and recommendations etc. Author proves that national legislation and sector collective agreements, also as the legal practice for fishermen labor have significant differences in modern countries, particularly in the implementation of international standards. The main differences are in relation to fishermen as to the employees or as to the self-employed individuals, in the status of national fishermen associations, in priority of collective or sector agreements for establishing basic conditions of individual labour contracts fishermen and others. Anyway the developed countries implement now not only the demands of conventions that are in force, such as STCW-F, but also the norms of agreements that are not in force but have the significant importance for fishing sector, such as Torremolinos Convention, Protocol and Agreement or ILO Convention № 188.

This dissertation traces the development of the international law of marine fisheries from its origins to the end of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982. Analysis is made of the law's development in terms of both the pre-existing law and broader aspects of the contemporary international law-making process. Where necessary, the law's development is placed in its wider social, economic, political and technological context. The discussion is divided into three main parts. The first part sees the development of the law from its roots in ancient Mediterranean legal systems to the end of World War II. Discussion focusses on fishery-related aspects of the elaboration of the concept of maritime jurisdiction in medieval law; the 'Mare Liberum' - 'Mare Liberum' debate between Grotius and Seiden and their successors; the gradual and widespread coalescence in State practice of fishery jurisdiction and the three-mile limit of the territorial sea in the nineteenth century; and various efforts to codify the law during the period. The second part covers the early post-WWII period and features the rise of the concept of the coastal State's 'special interest' in adjacent fisheries. Discussed in some detail are the Truman Proclamations relating to fisheries and the continental shelf which began the modern international movement towards extended coastal State fishery jurisdiction; the 1951 Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case before the International Court of Justice; international reaction to the Truman Proclamations; and the deliberations of the first two United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea. The third part discusses the development of the law from 1960 to the end of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III). Attention focusses on the spread of special fishery zones after UNCLOS II; the 1974 Fisheries Jurisdiction case before the International Court of Justice; the proceedings and contribution of the United Nations Sea-Bed Committee and UNCLOS III to the development of the law; and State practice from 1973 to 1982. The study ends with a consideration of the state of the law at the end of UNCLOS III.

This thesis analyses the legal issues arising when a fully exploited or overexploited international fishery cannot, because a significant part of the fishing takes place on the high seas where there is a customary and conventional right of all States for their national to fish on the high seas, readily be closed to new entrants. If the complete collapse of the fishery predicted by the economics literature (and in many instances borne out by real-world examples) is not to ensue, some way must be found of circumventing this problem of open access. Drawing largely on the documented history of the interactions among the States (and Taiwan) involved in the southern bluefin tuna (SBT) fishery, supplemented where relevant by reports of meetings of treaty-based commissions managing other international fisheries, the thesis traces, and attempts to explain, the development of a property-rights mentality among existing participants in the fisheries implicit in the arguments they employ to minimise newcomers’ catch or keep them out altogether. Though at odds with the formal rule, to which they nonetheless continue to appear attached, some accommodation of the property concept will be needed if the recovery of the stocks to the biomass that generates the maximum sustainable yield is ever to take place. At present the participants in the SBT and other depleted international fisheries have insufficient incentive to insist on the catch reductions necessary to permit this recovery and thereby, it is argued, are collectively in breach of their obligations to all other States that are potential new entrants. Among the possible solutions explored are the development of trading in fishery commission quotas – these, as shown by an analysis from first principles, are negative obligations (for catch not to exceed given limits) and thus lack the positive characteristics of truly tradable assets, but, as also demonstrated, they can even so be made to fulfil asset-like functions if the commission as a whole is willing. The well developed system of accounting for catch that any worthwhile trading mechanism would require in turn gives rise to the conclusion that this, in the form of State responsibility – in terms of both attribution of fishing activities on the high seas to the flag State and the secondary obligation to wipe out the consequences of breach of a primary obligation that occurs when limits are exceeded – has hitherto been a neglected area of international fisheries law that invites further research. Meanwhile, the paradoxical result is that the freedom to fish is not just the source of the overfishing problem but potentially also a necessary part of its solution, in that a small number of new entrants may be the only ones with a sufficient economic interest to enforce the obligation to permit the stocks’ recovery.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
95
Recently, as the attention to the conservation for marine resources become higher and higher, and after the UNCLOS has been set up, many RFMOs have come out with the support of Article 64 of UNCLOS. According to Article 64 of UNCLOS : in regions for which no appropriate international organization exists, the coastal State and other States whose nationals harvest these species in the region shall co-operate to establish such an organization and participate in its work. The provisions of paragraph 1 apply in addition to the other provisions of this Part. The goal of UNCLOS is to conservative and manages specific type of fish. Since ROC is not the contracting party of UNCLOS, it is not allowed to access many RFMOs and as a result not to become their members officially. Since UNFSA created the term “fishing entity” in 1995, Article 1.3 of the UNFSA: This Agreement applies mutatis mutandis to other fishing entities whose vessels fish on the high sea. And Article17.3: States which are members of a subregional or regional fisheries management organization or participants in a subregional or a regional fisheries management arrangement shall, individually, or jointly, request the fishing entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 3, which have fishing vessels in the relevant area to cooperate fully with such organization or arrangement in implementing the conservation and management measures it has established, with a view to having such measure applied de facto as extensively as possible to fishing activities in the relevant area. Such fishing entities shall enjoy benefit from participation in the fishery commensurate with their commitment to comply with conservation and management measures in respect of the stock. These agreements have given a new explanation to legal status of fishing entity. They helped ROC, as a fishing entity, to get a special status in International fishery law, and to make ROC accessing the RFMOs more successfully. Currently, ROC has accessed several RFMOs as an identity of “fishing entity.” There are five famous RFMOs, such as: Commission of Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), and Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). Among these RFMOs, ROC has accessed as different identities such as Member, Observer and Invited Expert, etc. Especially, in CCSBT and WCPFC, ROC accessed as their member. On the contrary, in ICCAT and IATTC, ROC is only as an observer since its identity has been regarded a province of China. Therefore, what is the legal status of “fishing entity” of ROC in RFMOs? What are the rights and obligations of ROC? What’s the difference between “fishing entity” and “contracting party” when they both are the member identities? In this essay, we tried to discuss the questions above through the practice of five RFMOs. Moreover, these questions themselves are the topics of this essay. Hope we can verify and clarify where should ROC go and how to improve and how to reach a better status through the discussion in the essay.

In 2002, at the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) a plan emerged to restore the approximately 60% of global fish stocks, which have been fished to the brink of destruction, to biologically sustainable levels by 2015. This plan was made in an attempt to secure greater food security for many of the world's people. However, severe Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing in many of the world's fisheries makes the realisation of such a plan difficult, especially in the developing context where there are little means for regulating ocean fishery usage effectively. This dissertation examines the nature of IUU fishing, and attempts to find possible solutions to this pervasive problem for many coastal states in the developing world. The methods employed by the study comprise a review of literature pertaining to both theoretical and practical dilemmas, as well as a more focussed examination on IUU fishing in Senegal. Using a process of inductive analysis the case is contrasted with the theory in view of finding routes to improved resource exploitation mechanisms in the region. The study concludes that the global over-fishing crisis may create a window of opportunity for developing countries in possession of such resources to better manage their fisheries and take advantage of possible comparative advantages in international trade in fish products, thus improving balance of payments problems. However in order to achieve this, as a first measure the problem of IUU fishing must be eradicated.
Thesis (M.Pol.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Since the 1950s, the capacity of fishing fleets has increased significantly. As a result, there have been frequent cases of overfishing, particularly of some marine species that have not yet recovered. In 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), an international treaty, was adopted and signed. It has led to the creation of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and defined the rights and responsibilities of States with regard to the use of the seas and oceans. The Convention has become the legal framework for marine and maritime activities. However, the lack of stronger agreements leaves a wide range of problems, such as illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, a rapidly growing world population, the environment and human degradation. These problems are exacerbated by climate change, ocean warming, and increasing pollution of our marine spaces. One third of the world's fisheries is currently overexploited and calls for a global approach to restore once abundant ocean resources. Through case studies and analysis of the status quo in fisheries management, this thesis aims to provide the reader with an understanding of the multi-faceted anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic issues facing our oceans. Nature-based solutions are available and must be integrated. The institutional framework of Ostrom's institutions provides answers to some of the governance problems.
Desde a década de 1950, a capacidade das frotas de pesca aumentou significativamente. Em consequência, registaram-se casos frequentes de sobrepesca, especialmente de algumas espécies marinhas que ainda não recuperaram. Em 1982, foi adoptada e assinada a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (UNCLOS), um tratado internacional. Conduziu à criação de Zonas Económicas Exclusivas (ZEE) e definiu os direitos e responsabilidades dos Estados no que respeita à utilização dos mares e oceanos. No entanto, a falta de acordos mais fortes deixa uma vasta gama de problemas, como a pesca ilegal, não declarada e não regulamentada (IUU), o rápido crescimento da população mundial, o ambiente e a degradação humana. Estes problemas são exacerbados pelas alterações climáticas, pelo aquecimento dos oceanos e pela crescente poluição dos nossos espaços marinhos. Um terço da pesca mundial está actualmente sobreexplorada e exige uma abordagem global para restaurar os abundantes recursos dos oceanos. Através de estudos de caso e análise do status quo na gestão das pescas, esta tese visa proporcionar ao leitor uma compreensão das multifacetadas questões antropogénicas e não antropogénicas que os nossos oceanos enfrentam. Soluções baseadas na natureza estão disponíveis e devem ser integradas. O quadro institucional da Ostrom (1990) fornece respostas para alguns dos problemas de governança.